1
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Xie F. Natural polymer starch-based materials for flexible electronic sensor development: A review of recent progress. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122116. [PMID: 38710566 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
In response to the burgeoning interest in the development of highly conformable and resilient flexible electronic sensors capable of transducing diverse physical stimuli, this review investigates the pivotal role of natural polymers, specifically those derived from starch, in crafting sustainable and biocompatible sensing materials. Expounding on cutting-edge research, the exploration delves into innovative strategies employed to leverage the distinctive attributes of starch in conjunction with other polymers for the fabrication of advanced sensors. The comprehensive discussion encompasses a spectrum of starch-based materials, spanning all-starch-based gels to starch-based soft composites, meticulously scrutinizing their applications in constructing resistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric sensors. These intricately designed sensors exhibit proficiency in detecting an array of stimuli, including strain, temperature, humidity, liquids, and enzymes, thereby playing a pivotal role in the continuous and non-invasive monitoring of human body motions, physiological signals, and environmental conditions. The review highlights the intricate interplay between material properties, sensor design, and sensing performance, emphasizing the unique advantages conferred by starch-based materials, such as self-adhesiveness, self-healability, and re-processibility facilitated by dynamic bonding. In conclusion, the paper outlines current challenges and future research opportunities in this evolving field, offering valuable insights for prospective investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
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2
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Chenani H, Saeidi M, Rastkhiz MA, Bolghanabadi N, Aghaii AH, Orouji M, Hatamie A, Simchi A. Challenges and Advances of Hydrogel-Based Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors for Real-Time Monitoring of Biofluids: From Lab to Market. A Review. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8160-8183. [PMID: 38377558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Chenani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 89694 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Saeidi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 89694 Tehran, Iran
| | - MahsaSadat Adel Rastkhiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 89694 Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Bolghanabadi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 89694 Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Aghaii
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 89694 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Orouji
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 89694 Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hatamie
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Prof. Sobouti Boulevard, PO Box 45195-1159, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Simchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 89694 Tehran, Iran
- Center for Bioscience and Technology, Institute for Convergence Science and Technology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
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3
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Sun Z, Yin Y, Liu B, Xue T, Zou Q. Amphibious Multifunctional Hydrogel Flexible Haptic Sensor with Self-Compensation Mechanism. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3232. [PMID: 38794086 PMCID: PMC11125873 DOI: 10.3390/s24103232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, hydrogel-based wearable flexible electronic devices have attracted much attention. However, hydrogel-based sensors are affected by structural fatigue, material aging, and water absorption and swelling, making stability and accuracy a major challenge. In this study, we present a DN-SPEZ dual-network hydrogel prepared using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate (SA), ethylene glycol (EG), and ZnSO4 and propose a self-calibration compensation strategy. The strategy utilizes a metal salt solution to adjust the carrier concentration of the hydrogel to mitigate the resistance drift phenomenon to improve the stability and accuracy of hydrogel sensors in amphibious scenarios, such as land and water. The ExpGrow model was used to characterize the trend of the ∆R/R0 dynamic response curves of the hydrogels in the stress tests, and the average deviation of the fitted curves ϵ¯ was calculated to quantify the stability differences of different groups. The results showed that the stability of the uncompensated group was much lower than that of the compensated group utilizing LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and AlCl3 solutions (ϵ¯ in the uncompensated group in air was 276.158, 1.888, 2.971, 30.586, and 13.561 times higher than that of the compensated group in LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and AlCl3, respectively; ϵ¯ in the uncompensated group in seawater was 10.287 times, 1.008 times, 1.161 times, 4.986 times, 1.281 times, respectively, higher than that of the compensated group in LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and AlCl3). In addition, for the ranking of the compensation effect of different compensation solutions, the concentration of the compensation solution and the ionic radius and charge of the cation were found to be important factors in determining the compensation effect. Detection of events in amphibious environments such as swallowing, robotic arm grasping, Morse code, and finger-wrist bending was also performed in this study. This work provides a viable method for stability and accuracy enhancement of dual-network hydrogel sensors with strain and pressure sensing capabilities and offers solutions for sensor applications in both airborne and underwater amphibious environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Sun
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Yunjiang Yin
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Baoguo Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Tao Xue
- Center of Analysis and Testing Facilities, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Qiang Zou
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Y.); (B.L.)
- Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Internet of Things, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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4
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Li Z, Lu J, Ji T, Xue Y, Zhao L, Zhao K, Jia B, Wang B, Wang J, Zhang S, Jiang Z. Self-Healing Hydrogel Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306350. [PMID: 37987498 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have emerged as powerful building blocks to develop various soft bioelectronics because of their tissue-like mechanical properties, superior bio-compatibility, the ability to conduct both electrons and ions, and multiple stimuli-responsiveness. However, hydrogels are vulnerable to mechanical damage, which limits their usage in developing durable hydrogel-based bioelectronics. Self-healing hydrogels aim to endow bioelectronics with the property of repairing specific functions after mechanical failure, thus improving their durability, reliability, and longevity. This review discusses recent advances in self-healing hydrogels, from the self-healing mechanisms, material chemistry, and strategies for multiple properties improvement of hydrogel materials, to the design, fabrication, and applications of various hydrogel-based bioelectronics, including wearable physical and biochemical sensors, supercapacitors, flexible display devices, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), implantable bioelectronics, etc. Furthermore, the persisting challenges hampering the development of self-healing hydrogel bioelectronics and their prospects are proposed. This review is expected to expedite the research and applications of self-healing hydrogels for various self-healing bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jijian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tian Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yumeng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Kang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Boqing Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jiaxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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5
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Wen Y, Sun F, Xie Z, Zhang M, An Z, Liu B, Sun Y, Wang F, Mao Y. Machine learning-assisted novel recyclable flexible triboelectric nanogenerators for intelligent motion. iScience 2024; 27:109615. [PMID: 38632997 PMCID: PMC11022051 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In the smart era, big data analysis based on sensor units is important in intelligent motion. In this study, a dance sports and injury monitoring system (DIMS) based on a recyclable flexible triboelectric nanogenerator (RF-TENG) sensor module, a data processing hardware module, and an upper computer intelligent analysis module are developed to promote intelligent motion. The resultant RF-TENG exhibits an ultra-fast response time of 17 ms, coupled with robust stability demonstrated over 4200 operational cycles, with 6% variation in output voltage. The DIMS enables immersive training by providing visual feedback on sports status and interacting with virtual games. Combined with machine learning (K-nearest neighbor), good classification results are achieved for ground-jumping techniques. In addition, it shows some potential in sports injury prediction (i.e., ankle sprains, knee hyperextension). Overall, the sensing system designed in this study has broad prospects for future applications in intelligent motion and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhang Wen
- Physical Education Department, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Fengxin Sun
- Physical Education Department, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Zhenning Xie
- Physical Education Department, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Physical Education Department, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Zida An
- Faculty of Robot Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang 110035, China
| | - Yuning Sun
- Physical Education Department, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Faculty of Robot Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yupeng Mao
- Physical Education Department, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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6
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Li Y, Cheng Q, Deng Z, Zhang T, Luo M, Huang X, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhao X. Recent Progress of Anti-Freezing, Anti-Drying, and Anti-Swelling Conductive Hydrogels and Their Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:971. [PMID: 38611229 PMCID: PMC11013939 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are soft-wet materials with a hydrophilic three-dimensional network structure offering controllable stretchability, conductivity, and biocompatibility. However, traditional conductive hydrogels only operate in mild environments and exhibit poor environmental tolerance due to their high water content and hydrophilic network, which result in undesirable swelling, susceptibility to freezing at sub-zero temperatures, and structural dehydration through evaporation. The application range of conductive hydrogels is significantly restricted by these limitations. Therefore, developing environmentally tolerant conductive hydrogels (ETCHs) is crucial to increasing the application scope of these materials. In this review, we summarize recent strategies for designing multifunctional conductive hydrogels that possess anti-freezing, anti-drying, and anti-swelling properties. Furthermore, we briefly introduce some of the applications of ETCHs, including wearable sensors, bioelectrodes, soft robots, and wound dressings. The current development status of different types of ETCHs and their limitations are analyzed to further discuss future research directions and development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Qiwei Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Zexing Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Man Luo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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7
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Imani KBC, Dodda JM, Yoon J, Torres FG, Imran AB, Deen GR, Al‐Ansari R. Seamless Integration of Conducting Hydrogels in Daily Life: From Preparation to Wearable Application. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306784. [PMID: 38240470 PMCID: PMC10987148 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels (CHs) have received significant attention for use in wearable devices because they retain their softness and flexibility while maintaining high conductivity. CHs are well suited for applications in skin-contact electronics and biomedical devices owing to their high biocompatibility and conformality. Although highly conductive hydrogels for smart wearable devices are extensively researched, a detailed summary of the outstanding results of CHs is required for a comprehensive understanding. In this review, the recent progress in the preparation and fabrication of CHs is summarized for smart wearable devices. Improvements in the mechanical, electrical, and functional properties of high-performance wearable devices are also discussed. Furthermore, recent examples of innovative and highly functional devices based on CHs that can be seamlessly integrated into daily lives are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusuma Betha Cahaya Imani
- Graduate Department of Chemical MaterialsInstitute for Plastic Information and Energy MaterialsSustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research CenterPusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Jagan Mohan Dodda
- New Technologies – Research Centre (NTC)University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 8Pilsen301 00Czech Republic
| | - Jinhwan Yoon
- Graduate Department of Chemical MaterialsInstitute for Plastic Information and Energy MaterialsSustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research CenterPusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Fernando G. Torres
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru. Av. Universitaria 1801Lima15088Peru
| | - Abu Bin Imran
- Department of ChemistryBangladesh University of Engineering and TechnologyDhaka1000Bangladesh
| | - G. Roshan Deen
- Materials for Medicine Research GroupSchool of MedicineThe Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)Medical University of BahrainBusaiteen15503Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Renad Al‐Ansari
- Materials for Medicine Research GroupSchool of MedicineThe Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)Medical University of BahrainBusaiteen15503Kingdom of Bahrain
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8
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Shi W, Jang S, Kuss MA, Alimi OA, Liu B, Palik J, Tan L, Krishnan MA, Jin Y, Yu C, Duan B. Digital Light Processing 4D Printing of Poloxamer Micelles for Facile Fabrication of Multifunctional Biocompatible Hydrogels as Tailored Wearable Sensors. ACS NANO 2024; 18:7580-7595. [PMID: 38422400 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The lack of both digital light processing (DLP) compatible and biocompatible photopolymers, along with inappropriate material properties required for wearable sensor applications, substantially hinders the employment of DLP 3D printing in the fabrication of multifunctional hydrogels. Herein, we discovered and implemented a photoreactive poloxamer derivative, Pluronic F-127 diacrylate, which overcomes these limitations and is optimized to achieve DLP 3D printed micelle-based hydrogels with high structural complexity, resolution, and precision. In addition, the dehydrated hydrogels exhibit a shape-memory effect and are conformally attached to the geometry of the detection point after rehydration, which implies the 4D printing characteristic of the fabrication process and is beneficial for the storage and application of the device. The excellent cytocompatibility and in vivo biocompatibility further strengthen the potential application of the poloxamer micelle-based hydrogels as a platform for multifunctional wearable systems. After processing them with a lithium chloride (LiCl) solution, multifunctional conductive ionic hydrogels with antifreezing and antiswelling properties along with good transparency and water retention are easily prepared. As capacitive flexible sensors, the DLP 3D printed micelle-based hydrogel devices exhibit excellent sensitivity, cycling stability, and durability in detecting multimodal deformations. Moreover, the DLP 3D printed conductive hydrogels are successfully applied as real-time human motion and tactile sensors with satisfactory sensing performances even in a -20 °C low-temperature environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Seonmin Jang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mitchell A Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Olawale A Alimi
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Jayden Palik
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Mena Asha Krishnan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Yifei Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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9
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Zhang L, Du W, Kim JH, Yu CC, Dagdeviren C. An Emerging Era: Conformable Ultrasound Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307664. [PMID: 37792426 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Conformable electronics are regarded as the next generation of personal healthcare monitoring and remote diagnosis devices. In recent years, piezoelectric-based conformable ultrasound electronics (cUSE) have been intensively studied due to their unique capabilities, including nonradiative monitoring, soft tissue imaging, deep signal decoding, wireless power transfer, portability, and compatibility. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of cUSE for use in biomedical and healthcare monitoring systems and a summary of their recent advancements. Following an introduction to the fundamentals of piezoelectrics and ultrasound transducers, the critical parameters for transducer design are discussed. Next, five types of cUSE with their advantages and limitations are highlighted, and the fabrication of cUSE using advanced technologies is discussed. In addition, the working function, acoustic performance, and accomplishments in various applications are thoroughly summarized. It is noted that application considerations must be given to the tradeoffs between material selection, manufacturing processes, acoustic performance, mechanical integrity, and the entire integrated system. Finally, current challenges and directions for the development of cUSE are highlighted, and research flow is provided as the roadmap for future research. In conclusion, these advances in the fields of piezoelectric materials, ultrasound transducers, and conformable electronics spark an emerging era of biomedicine and personal healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Wenya Du
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jin-Hoon Kim
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chia-Chen Yu
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Canan Dagdeviren
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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10
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Zhang M, Xing J, Zhong Y, Zhang T, Liu X, Xing D. Advanced function, design and application of skin substitutes for skin regeneration. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100918. [PMID: 38223459 PMCID: PMC10784320 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of skin substitutes aims to replace, mimic, or improve the functions of human skin, regenerate damaged skin tissue, and replace or enhance skin function. This includes artificial skin, scaffolds or devices designed for treatment, imitation, or improvement of skin function in wounds and injuries. Therefore, tremendous efforts have been made to develop functional skin substitutes. However, there is still few reports systematically discuss the relationship between the advanced function and design requirements. In this paper, we review the classification, functions, and design requirements of artificial skin or skin substitutes. Different manufacturing strategies for skin substitutes such as hydrogels, 3D/4D printing, electrospinning, microfluidics are summarized. This review also introduces currently available skin substitutes in clinical trials and on the market and the related regulatory requirements. Finally, the prospects and challenges of skin substitutes in the field of tissue engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiyao Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yingjie Zhong
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xinlin Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dongming Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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11
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Yu H, Guo H, Wang J, Zhao T, Zou W, Zhou P, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Zhong Y, Wang X, Liu L. Skin-Inspired Capacitive Flexible Tactile Sensor with an Asymmetric Structure for Detecting Directional Shear Forces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305883. [PMID: 38060841 PMCID: PMC10853706 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors based on micro-/nanostructures can be integrated into robots to achieve sensitive tactile perception. However, conventional symmetric structures, such as pyramids or hemispheres, can sense only the magnitude of a force and not its direction. In this study, a capacitive flexible tactile sensor inspired by skin structures and based on an asymmetric microhair structure array to perceive directional shear force is designed. Asymmetric microhair structures are obtained by two-photon polymerization (TPP) and replication. Owing to the features of asymmetric microhair structures, different shear force directions result in different deformations. The designed device can determine the directions of both static and dynamic shear forces. Additionally, it exhibits large response scales ranging from 30 Pa to 300 kPa and maintains high stability even after 5000 cycles; the final relative capacitive change (ΔC/C0 ) is <2.5%. This flexible tactile sensor has the potential to improve the perception and manipulation ability of dexterous hands and enhance the intelligence of robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of RoboticsShenyang Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent ManufacturingChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
| | - Hongji Guo
- State Key Laboratory of RoboticsShenyang Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent ManufacturingChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
| | - Jingang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of RoboticsShenyang Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent ManufacturingChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Tianming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of RoboticsShenyang Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent ManufacturingChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
| | - Wuhao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of RoboticsShenyang Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent ManufacturingChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Peilin Zhou
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China
| | - Zhuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of RoboticsShenyang Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent ManufacturingChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
| | - Yuzhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of RoboticsShenyang Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent ManufacturingChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Jianchen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of RoboticsShenyang Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent ManufacturingChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Ya Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of RoboticsShenyang Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent ManufacturingChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xiaoduo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of RoboticsShenyang Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent ManufacturingChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of RoboticsShenyang Institute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent ManufacturingChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
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12
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Huang Y, Song B, Chen K, Kong D, Yuan J. Time-gated luminescent probes for lysosomal singlet oxygen: Synthesis, characterizations and bioimaging applications. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342063. [PMID: 38182371 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Single oxygen (1O2), the molecular oxygen at its excited state, plays a crucial role in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of some diseases owing to its strong oxidizing property to destroy malignant cells. Although the fluorescent probe technique has proven its powerful application abilities for detection of 1O2 in biological systems, most of the reported fluorescent probes suffered from the interference of background autofluorescence of biological samples. It is clear that the real-time and in situ, background-free fluorescent detection of 1O2 generated in live cells, especially in some organelles, is of great significance for understanding the action mechanism of PDT drugs. RESULTS By introducing a lysosome-anchoring motif, a morpholine moiety, into a 1O2-specifically-reactive terpyridine polyacid ligand, [4'-(9-anthryl)-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine-6,6″-diyl] bis(methylenenitrilo) tetrakis (acetic acid) (ATTA), and chelating with lanthanide ions (Eu3+ or Tb3+), two lanthanide complex-based "turn-on" luminescent probes that can be used for the background-free time-gated luminescent (TGL) detection of lysosomal 1O2, Lyso-ATTA-Eu3+ and Lyso-ATTA-Tb3+, have been developed. The probes exhibit fast luminescence responses (within 2.5 min) towards 1O2 with high selectivity and sensitivity (<0.75 μM) in a wide pH range (4-11). And the excellent lysosome-localization performance of the probes allowed them to be used for the monitoring of endogenous 1O2 in lysosomes, which enabled the variability of lysosomal-1O2 concentrations induced by different photosensitizers to be successfully discriminated. Furthermore, by doping Lyso-ATTA-Eu3+ into the polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel, the smart luminescent sensor film, PEG-Lyso-ATTA-Eu3+, was prepared, and successfully used for the detection of the on-site 1O2 production during the PDT process of psoriatic disease in model mice. SIGNIFICANT Two lysosome-targetable background-free TGL probes for 1O2 were firstly reported. The developed smart luminescent sensor film could be a powerful tool for the clinical monitoring of PDT on skin diseases without using sophisticated and expensive instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundi Huang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bo Song
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Kaiwen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Deshu Kong
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingli Yuan
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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13
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Sirithunge C, Wang H, Iida F. Soft touchless sensors and touchless sensing for soft robots. Front Robot AI 2024; 11:1224216. [PMID: 38312746 PMCID: PMC10830750 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2024.1224216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Soft robots are characterized by their mechanical compliance, making them well-suited for various bio-inspired applications. However, the challenge of preserving their flexibility during deployment has necessitated using soft sensors which can enhance their mobility, energy efficiency, and spatial adaptability. Through emulating the structure, strategies, and working principles of human senses, soft robots can detect stimuli without direct contact with soft touchless sensors and tactile stimuli. This has resulted in noteworthy progress within the field of soft robotics. Nevertheless, soft, touchless sensors offer the advantage of non-invasive sensing and gripping without the drawbacks linked to physical contact. Consequently, the popularity of soft touchless sensors has grown in recent years, as they facilitate intuitive and safe interactions with humans, other robots, and the surrounding environment. This review explores the emerging confluence of touchless sensing and soft robotics, outlining a roadmap for deployable soft robots to achieve human-level dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huijiang Wang
- Bio-Inspired Robotics Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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14
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Alsaafeen NB, Bawazir SS, Jena KK, Seitak A, Fatma B, Pitsalidis C, Khandoker A, Pappa AM. One-Pot Synthesis of a Robust Crosslinker-Free Thermo-Reversible Conducting Hydrogel Electrode for Epidermal Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38215030 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Traditional epidermal electrodes, typically made of silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl), have been widely used in various applications, including electrophysiological recordings and biosignal monitoring. However, they present limitations due to inherent material mismatches with the skin. This often results in high interface impedance, discomfort, and potential skin irritation, particularly during prolonged use or for individuals with sensitive skin. While various tissue-mimicking materials have been explored, their mechanical advantages often come at the expense of conductivity, resulting in low-quality recordings. We herein report the facile fabrication of conducting and stretchable hydrogels using a "one-pot" method. This approach involves the synthesis of a natural hydrogel, termed Golde, composed of abundant and eco-friendly components, including gelatin, chitosan, and glycerol. To enhance the conductivity of the hydrogel, various conducting materials, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), thermally reduced graphene (TRG), and MXene, are introduced. The resulting conducting hydrogels exhibit remarkable robustness, do not require crosslinkers, and possess a unique thermo-reversible property, simplifying the fabrication process and ensuring enhanced long-term stability. Moreover, their fabrication is sustainable, as it employs environmentally friendly materials and processes while retaining their skin-friendly characteristics. The resulting hydrogel electrodes were tested for electrocardiogram (ECG) signal acquisition and outperformed commercial electrodes even when implemented in an all-flexible electrode setup simply using copper tape, owing to their inherent adhesiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmi B Alsaafeen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
- Center for Catalysis and Separation, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Sarah S Bawazir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Kishore K Jena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Aibobek Seitak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Bushara Fatma
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Ahsan Khandoker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
- Center for Catalysis and Separation, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
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15
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Mo F, Hang L, Xu M, Cheng L, Cui M, Chen L, Liang G, Wei J. Rational Design of Dynamically Super-Tough and Super-Stretchable Hydrogels for Deformable Energy Storage Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2305557. [PMID: 38193273 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels possess unique polymer networks that offer flexibility/stretchability, high ionic conductivity, and resistance to electrolyte leakage, making them suitable for deformable energy storage devices. Endowing the mechanical functionality of the hydrogel electrolytes focus on either enhancing the stretchability or the toughness. However, the stretchability and the toughness are generally a trade-off that the stretchable gels are intrinsically prone to damage and sensitive to notches and cracks. Here, the regulating strategies on the hydrogel's mechanical properties are provided to develop the designated hydrogel electrolyte, where different polymeric network structures are constructed, including single network structures, semi-interpenetrating network structures, and interpenetrating dual-network structures. A comprehensive comparison of these polymer network structures is conducted to evaluate their mechanical stretchability and toughness. Designing super-tough and super-stretchable hydrogels based on specific application requirements can be realized by striking a balance by regulating the hydrogel structure. In specific, incorporating semi-interpenetrating networks significantly can enhance stretchability to achieve a break elongation up to 1300%, while the interpenetrating dual-networks can largely improve the toughness to realize the extraordinary fracture toughness of 6.843 kJ m-2 . These findings offer valuable designing guidance for designated hydrogel electrolytes and the deformable zinc-silver battery is demonstrated with high mechanical stability and electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funian Mo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Hang
- The Department of Medical Imaging, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Functional Imaging and Artificial Intelligence for Major Brain Diseases, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 518037, P. R. China
| | - Maji Xu
- Wuhan Bright Diode Laser Technologies Co., Ltd., Lake High-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430000, P. R. China
| | - Lukuan Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Mangwei Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lina Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Guojin Liang
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wei
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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16
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Wan H, Wu B, Hou L, Wu P. Amphibious Polymer Materials with High Strength and Superb Toughness in Various Aquatic and Atmospheric Environments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307290. [PMID: 37683287 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the fabrication of amphibious polymer materials with outstanding mechanical performances, both underwater and in the air is reported. A polyvinyl alcohol/poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate) (PVA/PMEA) composite with multiscale nanostructures is prepared by combining solvent exchange and thermal annealing strategies, which contributes to nanophase separation with rigid PVA-rich and soft PMEA-rich phases and high-density crystalline domains of PVA chains, respectively. Benefiting from the multiscale nanostructure, the PVA/PMEA hydrogel demonstrates excellent stability in harsh (such as acidic, alkaline, and saline) aqueous solutions, as well as superior mechanical behavior with a breaking strength of up to 34.8 MPa and toughness of up to 214.2 MJ m-3 . Dehydrating the PVA/PMEA hydrogel results in an extremely robust plastic with a breaking strength of 65.4 MPa and toughness of 430.9 MJ m-3 . This study provides a promising phase-structure engineering route for constructing high-performance polymer materials for complex load-bearing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Baohu Wu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Lei Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Peiyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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17
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Zhao X, Jiang H, Sun P, Wei R, Jiang S, Hu J, Zhang S. Multifunction E-Skin Based on MXene-PA-Hydrogel for Human Behavior Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:56275-56284. [PMID: 37982453 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have attracted significant attention in various fields, such as smart sensing, human-machine interaction, and biomedicines, due to their excellent flexibility and versatility. However, current hydrogel electronic skins are still limited in stretchability, and their sensing functionality is often single-purpose, making it difficult to meet the requirements of complex environments and multitasking. In this study, we developed an MXene nanoplatelet and phytic acid-coreinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite, denoted as MXene-PA-PVA. The strong hydrogen bonds formed by the interaction of the different components and the enhancement of chain entanglement result in a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the PVA/PA/MXene composite hydrogel. This improvement is reflected in an increase of 271.43% in the maximum tensile strain and 35.29% in the maximum fracture stress. Moreover, the composite hydrogel exhibits excellent adhesion, water retention, heat resistance, and conductivity properties. The PVA/PA composite material combined with MXene demonstrates great potential for use as multifunctional sensors for strain and temperature detection with a strain-sensing sensitivity of 3.23 and a resistance temperature coefficient of 8.67. By leveraging the multifunctional characteristics of this composite hydrogel, electronic skin can accurately monitor human behavior and physiological reactions. This advancement opens up new possibilities for flexible electronic devices and human-machine interactions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiong Zhao
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Haocheng Jiang
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Ping Sun
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
| | - Ruichao Wei
- Research Institute of New Energy Vehicle Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- School of Automobile and Transportation, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Saihua Jiang
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Jianying Hu
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, Southeast University, Road #2, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shuidong Zhang
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
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18
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Wang EY, Sarmadi M, Ying B, Jaklenec A, Langer R. Recent advances in nano- and micro-scale carrier systems for controlled delivery of vaccines. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122345. [PMID: 37918182 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines provide substantial safety against infectious diseases, saving millions of lives each year. The recent COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of vaccination in providing mass-scale immunization against outbreaks. However, the delivery of vaccines imposes a unique set of challenges due to their large molecular size and low room temperature stability. Advanced biomaterials and delivery systems such as nano- and mciro-scale carriers are becoming critical components for successful vaccine development. In this review, we provide an updated overview of recent advances in the development of nano- and micro-scale carriers for controlled delivery of vaccines, focusing on carriers compatible with nucleic acid-based vaccines and therapeutics that emerged amid the recent pandemic. We start by detailing nano-scale delivery systems, focusing on nanoparticles, then move on to microscale systems including hydrogels, microparticles, and 3D printed microneedle patches. Additionally, we delve into emerging methods that move beyond traditional needle-based applications utilizing innovative delivery systems. Future challenges for clinical translation and manufacturing in this rapidly advancing field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Yan Wang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Morteza Sarmadi
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Binbin Ying
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ana Jaklenec
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Robert Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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19
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Ho B, Zhao J, Liu J, Tang L, Guan Z, Li X, Li M, Howard E, Wheeler R, Bae J. SEMPro: A Data-Driven Pipeline To Learn Structure-Property Insights from Scanning Electron Microscopy Images. ACS MATERIALS LETTERS 2023; 5:3117-3125. [PMID: 37969140 PMCID: PMC10630981 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.3c00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing hydrogel microstructure through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images is crucial in understanding hydrogel properties. However, the analysis of SEM images in hydrogel research heavily relies on the intuition of individual researchers and is constrained by the limited size of the dataset. To address this, we propose SEMPro, a data-driven solution using web-scraping and deep learning (DL) to compile and analyze the structure-property relationships of hydrogels through SEM images. It accurately predicts the elastic modulus from SEM images within the same order of magnitude and displays a learned extraction of modulus-relevant features in SEM images as seen through the nontrivial activation mapping and transfer learning. By employing Explainable AI through activation map exposure, SEMPro validates the model predictions. SEMPro represents a closed-loop data collection and analysis pipeline, providing critical insights into hydrogels and soft materials. This innovative approach has the potential to revolutionize hydrogel research, offering high-dimensional insights for further advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Ho
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jiayu Zhao
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Liu
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lisa Tang
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Chemical
Engineering Program, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhecun Guan
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Xiao Li
- Material
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Minghao Li
- Material
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elizabeth Howard
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Rebecca Wheeler
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Chemical
Engineering Program, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jinhye Bae
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Chemical
Engineering Program, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Material
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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20
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Li Y, Miao R, Yang Y, Han L, Han Q. A zinc-ion battery-type self-powered strain sensing system by using a high-performance ionic hydrogel. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:8022-8032. [PMID: 37830392 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00993a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors based on conductive hydrogels have profound implications for wearable electronics and health-monitoring systems. However, such sensors still need to integrate with energy providing devices to drive their functions. Herein, we develop a soaking-free polyacrylamide/carboxymethyl cellulose/tannic acid (PAAM/CMC/TA) hydrogel containing 2 M ZnSO4 + 0.1 M MnSO4 electrolyte for a novel zinc-ion battery-type self-powered strain sensing system. The synthesized hydrogel possesses desirable stretchability (tensile strain/stress of 622%/132 kPa), self-healing and self-adhesive properties, as well as good ionic conductivity (0.76 ± 0.04 S m-1). A mechanically durable Zn-MnO2 battery is developed using the PAAM/CMC/TA hydrogel and it can deliver a high specific capacity (223.0 mA h g-1) and maintain stable energy outputs under severe mechanical deformations. The electrochemical behavior of the battery can recover even after several self-healing cycles. Due to the excellent strain and pressure sensing properties of the PAAM/CMC/TA hydrogel, the battery combined with a fixed resistor served as a self-powered wearable sensing device, which could translate different human movements into distinguishable electrical signals without an external power supply. Our work provides guidance for the development of next-generation self-powered sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Li
- Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Runtian Miao
- Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yong Yang
- Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Lin Han
- Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Qiangshan Han
- Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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21
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Wei J, Xiao P, Chen T. Water-Resistant Conductive Gels toward Underwater Wearable Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211758. [PMID: 36857417 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Conductive gels are developing vigorously as superior wearable sensing materials due to their intrinsic conductivity, softness, stretchability, and biocompatibility, showing a great potential in many aspects of lives. However, compared to their wide application on land, it is significant yet rather challenging for traditional conductive gels to realize sensing application under water. The swelling of gels and the loss of conductive components in the aqueous environment, resulted from the diffusion across the interface, lead to structural instability and sensing performance decline. Fortunately, great efforts are devoted to improving the water resistance of conductive gels and employing them in the field of underwater wearable sensing in recent years, and some exciting achievements are obtained, which are of great significance for promoting the safety and efficiency of underwater activities. However, there is no review to thoroughly summarize the underwater sensing application of conductive gels. This review presents a brief overview of the representative design strategies for developing water-resistant conductive gels and their diversified applications in the underwater sensing field as wearable sensors. Finally, the ongoing challenges for further developing water-resistant conductive gels for underwater wearable sensing are also discussed along with recommendations for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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22
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Zhang Z, Zhu Z, Zhou P, Zou Y, Yang J, Haick H, Wang Y. Soft Bioelectronics for Therapeutics. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17634-17667. [PMID: 37677154 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Soft bioelectronics play an increasingly crucial role in high-precision therapeutics due to their softness, biocompatibility, clinical accuracy, long-term stability, and patient-friendliness. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest representative therapeutic applications of advanced soft bioelectronics, ranging from wearable therapeutics for skin wounds, diabetes, ophthalmic diseases, muscle disorders, and other diseases to implantable therapeutics against complex diseases, such as cardiac arrhythmias, cancer, neurological diseases, and others. We also highlight key challenges and opportunities for future clinical translation and commercialization of soft therapeutic bioelectronics toward personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongman Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhongtai Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yunfan Zou
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
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23
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Zhong L, Zhang Y, Liu F, Wang L, Feng Q, Chen C, Xu Z. Muscle-inspired anisotropic carboxymethyl cellulose-based double-network conductive hydrogels for flexible strain sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125973. [PMID: 37495000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels are considered one of the most promising materials for preparing flexible sensors due to their flexible and extensible properties. However, conventional hydrogels' weak mechanical and isotropic properties are greatly limited in practical applications. Here, the internal structure of the hydrogel was regulated by pre-stretching synergistic ion crosslinking to construct a carboxymethyl cellulose-based double network-oriented hydrogel similar to muscle. The introduction of pre-stretching increased the tensile strength of the double-network hydrogel from 1.45 MPa to 4.32 MPa, and its light transmittance increased from 67.3 % to 84.5 %. In addition, the hydrogel's thermal stability and electrical conductivity were improved to a certain extent. Its good mechanical properties and conductive properties can be converted into stable electrical signal output during deformation. The carboxymethyl cellulose-based double network oriented hydrogels were further assembled as flexible substrates into flexible sensor devices. The hydrogel sensors can monitor simple joint movements as well as complex spatial movements, which makes them have potential application value in the research field of intelligent response electronic devices such as flexible wearables, intelligent strain sensing, and soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Luzhen Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chuchu Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhaoyang Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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24
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Won D, Bang J, Choi SH, Pyun KR, Jeong S, Lee Y, Ko SH. Transparent Electronics for Wearable Electronics Application. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9982-10078. [PMID: 37542724 PMCID: PMC10452793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in wearable electronics offer seamless integration with the human body for extracting various biophysical and biochemical information for real-time health monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and augmented reality. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to imparting stretchability/flexibility and softness to electronic devices through materials science and structural modifications that enable stable and comfortable integration of these devices with the curvilinear and soft human body. However, the optical properties of these devices are still in the early stages of consideration. By incorporating transparency, visual information from interfacing biological systems can be preserved and utilized for comprehensive clinical diagnosis with image analysis techniques. Additionally, transparency provides optical imperceptibility, alleviating reluctance to wear the device on exposed skin. This review discusses the recent advancement of transparent wearable electronics in a comprehensive way that includes materials, processing, devices, and applications. Materials for transparent wearable electronics are discussed regarding their characteristics, synthesis, and engineering strategies for property enhancements. We also examine bridging techniques for stable integration with the soft human body. Building blocks for wearable electronic systems, including sensors, energy devices, actuators, and displays, are discussed with their mechanisms and performances. Lastly, we summarize the potential applications and conclude with the remaining challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeyeon Won
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junhyuk Bang
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seok Hwan Choi
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Pyun
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute
of Engineering Research/Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design
(SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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25
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Agarwal N, Solanki VS, Ameta KL, Yadav VK, Gupta P, Wanale SG, Shrivastava R, Soni A, Sahoo DK, Patel A. 4-Dimensional printing: exploring current and future capabilities in biomedical and healthcare systems-a Concise review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1251425. [PMID: 37675401 PMCID: PMC10478005 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1251425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Dimensional Printing (4DP) is the latest concept in the pharmacy and biomedical segment with enormous potential in dosage from personalization and medication designing, which adopts time as the fourth dimension, giving printed structures the flexibility to modify their morphology. It can be defined as the fabrication in morphology with the help of smart/intelligent materials like polymers that permit the final object to alter its properties, shape, or function in response to external stimuli such as heat, light, pH, and moisture. The applications of 4DP in biomedicines and healthcare are explored with a focus on tissue engineering, artificial organs, drug delivery, pharmaceutical and biomedical field, etc. In the medical treatments and pharmaceutical field 4DP is paving the way with unlimited potential applications; however, its mainstream use in healthcare and medical treatments is highly dependent on future developments and thorough research findings. Therefore, previous innovations with smart materials are likely to act as precursors of 4DP in many industries. This review highlights the most recent applications of 4DP technology and smart materials in biomedical and healthcare fields which can show a better perspective of 4DP applications in the future. However, in view of the existing limitations, major challenges of this technology must be addressed along with some suggestions for future research. We believe that the application of proper regulatory constraints with 4DP technology would pave the way for the next technological revolution in the biomedical and healthcare sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Navyug Kanya Mahavidyalaya, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Vijendra Singh Solanki
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science and Research (ISR), IPS Academy, Indore, India
| | - Keshav Lalit Ameta
- Centre for Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Material Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gujarat, India
| | - Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, India
| | - Premlata Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science and Research (ISR), IPS Academy, Indore, India
| | | | - Ruchi Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science and Research (ISR), IPS Academy, Indore, India
| | - Anjali Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Medicaps University, Indore, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ashish Patel
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, India
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26
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Wan J, Liang Y, Wei X, Liang H, Chen XL. Chitosan-based double network hydrogel loading herbal small molecule for accelerating wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125610. [PMID: 37392909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Skin injuries are one of the most common clinical traumas worldwide, and wound dressings are considered to be one of key factors in wound healing. Natural polymer-based hydrogels have been developed as ideal materials for a new generation of dressings due to their excellent biocompatibility and wetting ability. However, the inadequate mechanical performances and lack of efficacy in promoting wound healing have limited the application of natural polymer-based hydrogels as wound dressings. In this work, a double network hydrogel based on natural chitosan molecules was constructed to enhance the mechanical properties, and emodin, a herbal natural product, was loaded into the hydrogel to improve the healing effect of the dressing. The structure of the chitosan-emodin network formed by Schiff base reaction and microcrystalline network of biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol endowed hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties and ensured its integrity as wound dressings. Moreover, the hydrogel showed excellent wound healing properties due to the loading of emodin. The hydrogel dressing could promote cell proliferation, cell migration, and secretion of growth factors. The animal experimental results also demonstrated that the hydrogel dressing facilitated the regeneration of blood vessels and collagen and accelerated wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wan
- Department of Burns, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230088, PR China
| | - Yongzhi Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- Department of Burns, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230088, PR China
| | - Haiyi Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Xu-Lin Chen
- Department of Burns, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230088, PR China.
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27
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Ullah R, Shah LA, Khan M, Ara L. Guar gum reinforced conductive hydrogel for strain sensing and electronic devices. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125666. [PMID: 37406904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobically associated conductive hydrogels got great attention due to their excellent properties like stretchability, energy dissipation mechanism, and strain sensor. But hydrophobically associated hydrogels have poor mechanical properties and time response to external stimuli. To enhance the mechanical properties and response to stimuli, Acrylamide- co-Butyl acrylate/Gum based conductive hydrogels were prepared. SDS works as a cross-linker and micelle-forming agent while NaCl makes hydrogel as conductive. The results show that our % strain sensing reached up to 400 %, and fracture stress and fracture strain reached to 0.5 MPa and 401 % respectively. Besides this, it's having an excellent response to continuous stretching and unstretching multiple cycles without any fracture up to 180 s and an excellent time response of 190 s. The conductivity of the hydrogel was 0.20 Sm-1. The hydrophobic hydrogels showed a clear and quick response to human motions like finger, wresting, writing, speaking, etc. Interestingly, our prepared hydrogels can detect the mood of the human face. Similarly, the hydrogels were found efficient in bridging the surface of electronic devices with human skin. This indicates that our prepared hydrogels can monitor human body motion and will replace the existing materials used in strain sensors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafi Ullah
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Luqman Ali Shah
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Mansoor Khan
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Latafat Ara
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
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28
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Yao Y, Hui Y, Wang Z, Chen H, Zhu H, Zhou N. Granular Ionogel Particle Inks for 3D Printed Tough and Stretchable Ionotronics. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0104. [PMID: 37292516 PMCID: PMC10246561 DOI: 10.34133/research.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ionogels have garnered great attention as promising soft conducting materials for the fabrication of flexible energy storage devices, soft actuators, and ionotronics. However, the leakage of the ionic liquids, weak mechanical strength, and poor manufacturability have greatly limited their reliability and applications. Here, we propose a new ionogel synthesis strategy by utilizing granular zwitterionic microparticles to stabilize ionic liquids. The ionic liquids swell the microparticles and physically crosslink microparticles via either electronic interaction or hydrogen bonding. Further introducing a photocurable acrylic monomer enables the fabrication of double-network (DN) ionogels with high stretchability (>600%) and ultrahigh toughness (fracture energy > 10 kJ/m2). The synthesized ionogels exhibit a wide working temperature of -60 to 90 °C. By tuning the crosslinking density of microparticles and physical crosslinking strength of ionogels, we synthesize DN ionogel inks and print them into three-dimensional (3D) motifs. Several ionogel-based ionotronics are 3D printed as demonstrations, including strain gauges, humidity sensors, and ionic skins made of capacitive touch sensor arrays. Via covalently linking ionogels with silicone elastomers, we integrate the ionogel sensors onto pneumatic soft actuators and demonstrate their capacities in sensing large deformation. As our last demonstration, multimaterial direct ink writing is harnessed to fabricate highly stretchable and durable alternating-current electroluminescent devices with arbitrary structures. Our printable granular ionogel ink represents a versatile platform for the future manufacturing of ionotronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering,
Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology,
Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue Hui
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering,
Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology,
Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials,
the University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering,
Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology,
Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hehao Chen
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering,
Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology,
Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Heng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic System, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Nanjia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering,
Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology,
Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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29
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Barhoum A, Sadak O, Ramirez IA, Iverson N. Stimuli-bioresponsive hydrogels as new generation materials for implantable, wearable, and disposable biosensors for medical diagnostics: Principles, opportunities, and challenges. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 317:102920. [PMID: 37207377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are excellent water-swollen polymeric materials for use in wearable, implantable, and disposable biosensors. Hydrogels have unique properties such as low cost, ease of preparation, transparency, rapid response to external conditions, biocompatibility and self-adhesion to the skin, flexibility, and strain sensitivity, making them ideal for use in biosensor platforms. This review provides a detailed overview of advanced applications of stimuli-responsive hydrogels in biosensor platforms, from hydrogel synthesis and functionalization for bioreceptor immobilization to several important diagnostic applications. Emphasis is placed on recent advances in the fabrication of ultrasensitive fluorescent and electrically conductive hydrogels and their applications in wearable, implantable, and disposable biosensors for quantitative measurements. Design, modification, and assembly techniques of fluorescent, ionically conductive, and electrically conductive hydrogels to improve performance will be addressed. The advantages and performance improvements of immobilizing bioreceptors (e.g., antibodies, enzymes, and aptamers), and incorporating fluorescent and electrically conductive nanomaterials are described, as are their limitations. Potential applications of hydrogels in implantable, wearable, disposable portable biosensors for quantitative detection of the various bioanalytes (ions, molecules, drugs, proteins, and biomarkers) are discussed. Finally, the global market for hydrogel-based biosensors and future challenges and prospects are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt; National Center for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 Y074, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Omer Sadak
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey
| | - Ivon Acosta Ramirez
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Nicole Iverson
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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30
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Rybak D, Su YC, Li Y, Ding B, Lv X, Li Z, Yeh YC, Nakielski P, Rinoldi C, Pierini F, Dodda JM. Evolution of nanostructured skin patches towards multifunctional wearable platforms for biomedical applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8044-8083. [PMID: 37070933 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of skin patches have promoted the development of wearable and implantable bioelectronics for long-term, continuous healthcare management and targeted therapy. However, the design of electronic skin (e-skin) patches with stretchable components is still challenging and requires an in-depth understanding of the skin-attachable substrate layer, functional biomaterials and advanced self-powered electronics. In this comprehensive review, we present the evolution of skin patches from functional nanostructured materials to multi-functional and stimuli-responsive patches towards flexible substrates and emerging biomaterials for e-skin patches, including the material selection, structure design and promising applications. Stretchable sensors and self-powered e-skin patches are also discussed, ranging from electrical stimulation for clinical procedures to continuous health monitoring and integrated systems for comprehensive healthcare management. Moreover, an integrated energy harvester with bioelectronics enables the fabrication of self-powered electronic skin patches, which can effectively solve the energy supply and overcome the drawbacks induced by bulky battery-driven devices. However, to realize the full potential offered by these advancements, several challenges must be addressed for next-generation e-skin patches. Finally, future opportunities and positive outlooks are presented on the future directions of bioelectronics. It is believed that innovative material design, structure engineering, and in-depth study of fundamental principles can foster the rapid evolution of electronic skin patches, and eventually enable self-powered close-looped bioelectronic systems to benefit mankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rybak
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Yu-Chia Su
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bin Ding
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China.
| | - Xiaoshuang Lv
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Modern Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhaoling Li
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Modern Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi-Cheun Yeh
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pawel Nakielski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Chiara Rinoldi
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Filippo Pierini
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jagan Mohan Dodda
- New Technologies - Research Centre (NTC), University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 8, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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31
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Zhao Z, Hu YP, Liu KY, Yu W, Li GX, Meng CZ, Guo SJ. Recent Development of Self-Powered Tactile Sensors Based on Ionic Hydrogels. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030257. [PMID: 36975706 PMCID: PMC10048595 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymer networks with excellent flexibility. In recent years, ionic hydrogels have attracted extensive attention in the development of tactile sensors owing to their unique properties, such as ionic conductivity and mechanical properties. These features enable ionic hydrogel-based tactile sensors with exceptional performance in detecting human body movement and identifying external stimuli. Currently, there is a pressing demand for the development of self-powered tactile sensors that integrate ionic conductors and portable power sources into a single device for practical applications. In this paper, we introduce the basic properties of ionic hydrogels and highlight their application in self-powered sensors working in triboelectric, piezoionic, ionic diode, battery, and thermoelectric modes. We also summarize the current difficulty and prospect the future development of ionic hydrogel self-powered sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Yong-Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Kai-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Guo-Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Chui-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Shi-Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
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Lu C, Chen X, Zhang X. Highly Sensitive Artificial Skin Perception Enabled by a Bio-inspired Interface. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1624-1629. [PMID: 36926850 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Piezoionic strain sensors have attracted enormous attention in artificial skin perception because of high sensitivity, lightweight, and flexibility. However, their sensing properties are limited by a weak material interface based on physical adhesion, which usually leads to fast performance deterioration under mechanical conditions. In this work, a bio-inspired interface has been reported based on an in situ growth strategy and then utilized for piezoionic sensor assembly. The robust coupling interface provides fast kinetic of ion transfer and prevents interface slippage under external strains. The as-fabricated sensors give high sensing voltage with high sensitivity. It delivers excellent cycling stability with performance retention above 90% over thousands of bending cycles in air. Further, the sensors have been explored as an effective platform for skin perception, and many detections can be realized within our devices, such as skin touch, eye movement, cheek bulging, and finger movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Hou C, Cao C, Ma R, Ai L, Hu Z, Huang Y, Yao X. Press-N-Go On-Skin Sensor with High Interfacial Toughness for Continuous Healthcare Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11379-11387. [PMID: 36791211 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On-skin electronic sensors are demanded for healthcare monitoring such as the continuous recording of biopotential and motion signals from patients. However, the mechanical mismatches and poor interface adhesion at the skin/sensor interfaces always cause high interfacial impedance and artifacts, frequent interfacial failure, and unexpected depletion of the device, which significantly limit the performance of the sensors. We here develop an on-skin sensor based on a conductive pressure-sensitive tape, which is assembled from supramolecular dual-cross-linked hydrogel composites. Both covalent and noncovalent cross-links in the hydrogel networks could harvest high flexibility, pressure-sensitive adhesion, and high interfacial toughness altogether, enabling a convenient "Press-N-Go" application of the sensor on human skin without additional pre/post-treatment on the skin or the senor. The high conformability and low resistivity of the tape can sustainably lower the interfacial impedance and thus improve signal quality in various measurement conditions. Our design provides a feasible path to develop interface-toughened on-skin electronics, which is desired in dynamic human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changshun Hou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Liqing Ai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Zuojun Hu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xi Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518075, P. R. China
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Sands M, Kim J. A low-cost and open-source measurement system to determine the Young's and shear moduli and Poisson's ratio of soft materials using a Raspberry Pi camera module and 3D printed parts. HARDWAREX 2023; 13:e00386. [PMID: 36582477 PMCID: PMC9793308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Advances in biomedical and engineering fields have greatly increased the need for understanding of soft structures. Soft materials such as gelatin and gelatin-based hydrogels have grown in popularity for use in a wide variety of applications including tissue engineering, biofabrication, and organ transplantation. With hydrogel structures being used in such demanding applications, it is crucial to properly characterize the dynamic behavior of these soft structures. Although there have been major improvements in measurement technology for determining the mechanical properties of soft, translucent materials, it remains quite challenging to reliably measure the Young's and shear moduli of these materials in a way that remains straightforward, low-cost, and non-contact. This research aims to address the weaknesses in modern measurement methods and develop a system suitable for characterizing the elastic moduli of soft materials that requires only four, inexpensive, off-the-shelf components. Utilizing a Raspberry Pi, stepping motor, and an inexpensive camera, the Young's and shear moduli of a gelatin column is measured five times. The standard deviation between measurement was observed to be less than 0.15% with high accuracy having an error of less than 4.6% when compared to relatively expensive, conventional measurement techniques.
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35
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Duan S, Shi Q, Hong J, Zhu D, Lin Y, Li Y, Lei W, Lee C, Wu J. Water-Modulated Biomimetic Hyper-Attribute-Gel Electronic Skin for Robotics and Skin-Attachable Wearables. ACS NANO 2023; 17:1355-1371. [PMID: 36629247 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin), mimicking the physical-chemical and sensory properties of human skin, is promising to be applied as robotic skins and skin-attachable wearables with multisensory functionalities. To date, most e-skins are dedicated to sensory function development to mimic human skins in one or several aspects, yet advanced e-skin covering all the hyper-attributes (including both the sensory and physical-chemical properties) of human skins is seldom reported. Herein, a water-modulated biomimetic hyper-attribute-gel (Hygel) e-skin with reversible gel-solid transition is proposed, which exhibits all the desired skin-like physical-chemical properties (stretchability, self-healing, biocompatibility, biodegradability, weak acidity, antibacterial activities, flame retardance, and temperature adaptivity), sensory properties (pressure, temperature, humidity, strain, and contact), function reconfigurability, and evolvability. Then the Hygel e-skin is applied as an on-robot e-skin and skin-attached wearable to demonstrate its highly skin-like attributes in capturing multiple sensory information, reconfiguring desired functions, and excellent skin compatibility for real-time gesture recognition via deep learning. This Hygel e-skin may find more applications in advanced robotics and even skin-replaceable artificial skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengshun Duan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Qiongfeng Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Jianlong Hong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Yucheng Lin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608
| | - Jun Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
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36
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Xu J, Jiang Y, Gao L. Synthetic strain-stiffening hydrogels towards mechanical adaptability. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:221-243. [PMID: 36507877 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01743a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms are made of wet, soft tissues. However, there is only one candidate to simultaneously replicate the mechanical and composition features of load-bearing tissues, that is, strain-stiffening hydrogels. The conventional mechanical match design principle is mostly limited to stiffness matching. However, this strategy cannot sufficiently and necessarily lead to mechanical matching over the whole physiologic deformation period for tissues and damages the tissues over time. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the reported synthetic strain-stiffening hydrogels and particularly focus on the relationship between their structure and performance. Initially, we present a brief introduction on the significance of strain-stiffening hydrogels in mimicking the mechanics of tissues, and then we discuss the qualitative evaluation of the strain-stiffening behaviors to guide the design of materials towards mimicking soft tissue. After distinguishing the mechanical testing methods, we focus on the methods for the preparation of typical strain-stiffening hydrogels based on categories, such as network without strand entanglement, semiflexible network, and anisotropic networks. Subsequently, we discuss the structural evolution of strain-stiffening hydrogels. We hope that this review will serve as an updated introduction and reference for researchers who are interested in exploring strain-stiffening hydrogels as tissue-mimics for addressing the societal needs at various frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Xu
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yin Jiang
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Liang Gao
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. .,Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang 515200, China
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Wang X, Li X, Wang B, Chen J, Zhang L, Zhang K, He M, Xue Y, Yang G. Preparation of Salt-Induced Ultra-Stretchable Nanocellulose Composite Hydrogel for Self-Powered Sensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:nano13010157. [PMID: 36616068 PMCID: PMC9823758 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have attracted much attraction for promising flexible electronics due to the versatile tunability of the properties. However, there is still a big obstacle to balance between the multi-properties and performance of wearable electronics. Herein, we propose a salt-percolated nanocellulose composite hydrogel which was fabricated via radical polymerization with acrylic acid as polymer networks (NaCl-CNCs-PAA). CNCs were utilized as a reinforcing agent to enhance the mechanical properties of the hydrogel. Moreover, the abundant hydroxyl groups endow the hydrogel with noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, and the robustness of the hydrogel was thus improved. NaCl incorporation induced the electrostatic interaction between CNCs and PAA polymer blocks, thus facilitating the improvement of the stretchability of the hydrogel. The as-obtained hydrogel exhibited excellent stretchability, ionic conductivity, mechanical robustness and anti-freezing properties, making it suitable for self-powered sensing applications. A single-mode triboelectric nanogenerator (C-TENG) was fabricated by utilizing the composite hydrogel as electrodes. This C-TENG could effectively convert biomechanical energy to electricity (89.2 V, 1.8 µA, 32.1 nC, and the max power density of 60.8 mW m-2 at 1.5 Hz.) Moreover, the composite hydrogel was applied for strain sensing to detect human motions. The nanocellulose composite hydrogel can achieve the application as a power supply in integrated sensing systems and as a strain sensor for human motion detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xincai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Baobin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jiachuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Ming He
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Guihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
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38
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Wang Z, Ma Z, Wang S, Pi M, Wang X, Li M, Lu H, Cui W, Ran R. Cellulose nanocrystal/phytic acid reinforced conductive hydrogels for antifreezing and antibacterial wearable sensors. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 298:120128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Morena AG, Tzanov T. Antibacterial lignin-based nanoparticles and their use in composite materials. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4447-4469. [PMID: 36341306 PMCID: PMC9595106 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00423b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, one of the most abundant biopolymers on earth, has been traditionally considered a low-value by-product of the pulp and paper industries. This renewable raw material, besides being a source of valuable molecules for the chemical industry, also has antioxidant, UV-absorbing, and antibacterial properties in its macromolecular form. Moreover, lignin in the form of nanoparticles (LigNPs) presents advantages over bulk lignin, such as higher reactivity due to its larger surface-to-volume ratio. In view of the rapid surge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), caused by the overuse of antibiotics, continuous development of novel antibacterial agents is needed. The use of LigNPs as antibacterial agents is a suitable alternative to conventional antibiotics for topical application or chemical disinfectants for surfaces and packaging. Besides, their multiple and unspecific targets in the bacterial cell may prevent the emergence of AMR. This review summarizes the latest developments in antibacterial nano-formulated lignin, both in dispersion and embedded in materials. The following roles of lignin in the formulation of antibacterial NPs have been analyzed: (i) an antibacterial active in nanoformulations, (ii) a reducing and capping agent for antimicrobial metals, and (iii) a carrier of other antibacterial agents. Finally, the review covers the inclusion of LigNPs in films, fibers, hydrogels, and foams, for obtaining antibacterial lignin-based nanocomposites for a variety of applications, including food packaging, wound healing, and medical coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gala Morena
- Group of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Rambla Sant Nebridi 22 Terrassa 08222 Spain +34 93 739 82 25 +34 93 739 85 70
| | - Tzanko Tzanov
- Group of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Rambla Sant Nebridi 22 Terrassa 08222 Spain +34 93 739 82 25 +34 93 739 85 70
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40
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Wearable smart devices in cancer diagnosis and remote clinical trial monitoring: Transforming the healthcare applications. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103314. [PMID: 35798227 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades, the era of digitalization in pharmaceutical device manufacturing has gained significant momentum for maintaining human health. From various available technologies, internet of things (IoT) sensors are being increasingly used as wearable devices (e.g., smart watches, wrist bands, mobile phones, tablets, implantable pumps, etc.) that enable real-time monitoring of data. Such devices are integrated with smart materials that typically monitor the real-time data (blood pressure, blood sugar, heart and pulse rate, cytokine levels, etc.) to advise patients and physicians. Hence, there has been a great demand for wearable devices as potential tools for remote clinical trial monitoring in cancers and other diseases and they are proving to be very cost-effective.
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41
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Khosla NK, Lesinski JM, Colombo M, Bezinge L, deMello AJ, Richards DA. Simplifying the complex: accessible microfluidic solutions for contemporary processes within in vitro diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3340-3360. [PMID: 35984715 PMCID: PMC9469643 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00609j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In vitro diagnostics (IVDs) form the cornerstone of modern medicine. They are routinely employed throughout the entire treatment pathway, from initial diagnosis through to prognosis, treatment planning, and post-treatment surveillance. Given the proven links between high quality diagnostic testing and overall health, ensuring broad access to IVDs has long been a focus of both researchers and medical professionals. Unfortunately, the current diagnostic paradigm relies heavily on centralized laboratories, complex and expensive equipment, and highly trained personnel. It is commonly assumed that this level of complexity is required to achieve the performance necessary for sensitive and specific disease diagnosis, and that making something affordable and accessible entails significant compromises in test performance. However, recent work in the field of microfluidics is challenging this notion. By exploiting the unique features of microfluidic systems, researchers have been able to create progressively simple devices that can perform increasingly complex diagnostic assays. This review details how microfluidic technologies are disrupting the status quo, and facilitating the development of simple, affordable, and accessible integrated IVDs. Importantly, we discuss the advantages and limitations of various approaches, and highlight the remaining challenges within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan K Khosla
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Jake M Lesinski
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Monika Colombo
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Léonard Bezinge
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel A Richards
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
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43
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Piezoionic strain sensors enabled by force-voltage coupling from ionogels. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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44
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Qin Z, Liu S, Bai J, Yin J, Li N, Jiao T. Ionic conductive hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose reinforced hydrogels with extreme stretchability, self-adhesion and anti-freezing ability for highly sensitive skin-like sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:90-96. [PMID: 35970366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ionically-conductive hydrogels are attracting increasing interest as skin-like sensors, however, the fabrication of ion-conductive hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties, high conductivity, self-adhesion and anti-freezing ability for high-performance sensors remains a challenge. Herein, a highly ion-conductive hydrogel is prepared by introducing LiCl into polyacrylamide/hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (PAM/HPMC) composite hydrogel. The introduction of LiCl simultaneously endows the PAM/HPMC/LiCl hydrogel with outstanding stretchability (1453 %), high tensile strength (135 kPa), skin-like elasticity (9.18 kPa), high conductivity (7.85 S/m), good adhesiveness and wide operating temperature range. Impressively, this ion-conductive hydrogel can be utilized in skin-like sensor, which achieves high strain sensitivity (GF = 11.19) with wide sensing ranges (up to 600 %), and excellent endurance over 250 consecutive stretching. As a result, the wearable sensor assembled from the hydrogels can be used to detect complex human activities with high stability even at -40 °C. This work promotes the development of ion-conductive hydrogels with broad operating temperature in advanced sensory platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Shide Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Jiahui Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Juanjuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Tifeng Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
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Chau AL, Getty PT, Rhode AR, Bates CM, Hawker CJ, Pitenis AA. Superlubricity of pH-responsive hydrogels in extreme environments. Front Chem 2022; 10:891519. [PMID: 36034669 PMCID: PMC9405656 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.891519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (P(AAm-co-AA)) hydrogels are highly tunable and pH-responsive materials frequently used in biomedical applications. The swelling behavior and mechanical properties of these gels have been extensively characterized and are thought to be controlled by the protonation state of the acrylic acid (AA) through the regulation of solution pH. However, their tribological properties have been underexplored. Here, we hypothesized that electrostatics and the protonation state of AA would drive the tribological properties of these polyelectrolyte gels. P(AAm-co-AA) hydrogels were prepared with constant acrylamide (AAm) concentration (33 wt%) and varying AA concentration to control the amount of ionizable groups in the gel. The monomer:crosslinker molar ratio (200:1) was kept constant. Hydrogel swelling, stiffness, and friction behavior were studied by systematically varying the acrylic acid (AA) concentration from 0–12 wt% and controlling solution pH (0.35, 7, 13.8) and ionic strength (I = 0 or 0.25 M). The stiffness and friction coefficient of bulk hydrogels were evaluated using a microtribometer and borosilicate glass probes as countersurfaces. The swelling behavior and elastic modulus of these polyelectrolyte hydrogels were highly sensitive to solution pH and poorly predicted the friction coefficient (µ), which decreased with increasing AA concentration. P(AAm-co-AA) hydrogels with the greatest AA concentrations (12 wt%) exhibited superlubricity (µ = 0.005 ± 0.001) when swollen in unbuffered, deionized water (pH = 7, I = 0 M) and 0.5 M NaOH (pH = 13.8, I = 0.25 M) (µ = 0.005 ± 0.002). Friction coefficients generally decreased with increasing AA and increasing solution pH. We postulate that tunable lubricity in P(AAm-co-AA) gels arises from changes in the protonation state of acrylic acid and electrostatic interactions between the probe and hydrogel surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Chau
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Patrick T. Getty
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Andrew R. Rhode
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Christopher M. Bates
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Angela A. Pitenis
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Angela A. Pitenis,
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Ates HC, Nguyen PQ, Gonzalez-Macia L, Morales-Narváez E, Güder F, Collins JJ, Dincer C. End-to-end design of wearable sensors. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:887-907. [PMID: 35910814 PMCID: PMC9306444 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices provide an alternative pathway to clinical diagnostics by exploiting various physical, chemical and biological sensors to mine physiological (biophysical and/or biochemical) information in real time (preferably, continuously) and in a non-invasive or minimally invasive manner. These sensors can be worn in the form of glasses, jewellery, face masks, wristwatches, fitness bands, tattoo-like devices, bandages or other patches, and textiles. Wearables such as smartwatches have already proved their capability for the early detection and monitoring of the progression and treatment of various diseases, such as COVID-19 and Parkinson disease, through biophysical signals. Next-generation wearable sensors that enable the multimodal and/or multiplexed measurement of physical parameters and biochemical markers in real time and continuously could be a transformative technology for diagnostics, allowing for high-resolution and time-resolved historical recording of the health status of an individual. In this Review, we examine the building blocks of such wearable sensors, including the substrate materials, sensing mechanisms, power modules and decision-making units, by reflecting on the recent developments in the materials, engineering and data science of these components. Finally, we synthesize current trends in the field to provide predictions for the future trajectory of wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ceren Ates
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Q. Nguyen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Eden Morales-Narváez
- Biophotonic Nanosensors Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, León, Mexico
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James J. Collins
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Can Dincer
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Zhou X, Xie X, Ma X, Mu Q, Gong X, Huang Z, Zhao Y, Chu X, Ma H, Xu W. Highly Stretchable and Adhesive Poly (N, N‐dimethylacrylamide)/Laponite Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Wearable Sensor Devices. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Xinmin Xie
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Xintao Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Qiyu Mu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Xuyang Gong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Zixu Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Yi Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Hecheng Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Jinan 250012 China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
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Protick F, Amit SK, Amar K, Nath SD, Akand R, Davis VA, Nilufar S, Chowdhury F. Additive Manufacturing of Viscoelastic Polyacrylamide Substrates for Mechanosensing Studies. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:24384-24395. [PMID: 35874232 PMCID: PMC9301700 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymerized polyacrylamide (PAA) substrates are linearly elastic hydrogels that are widely used in mechanosensing studies due to their biocompatibility, wide range of functionalization capability, and tunable mechanical properties. However, such cellular response on purely elastic substrates, which do not mimic the viscoelastic living tissues, may not be physiologically relevant. Because the cellular response on 2D viscoelastic PAA substrates remains largely unknown, we used stereolithography (SLA)-based additive manufacturing technique to create viscoelastic PAA substrates with tunable mechanical properties that allow us to identify physiologically relevant cellular behaviors. Three PAA substrates of different complex moduli were fabricated by SLA. By embedding fluorescent markers during the additive manufacturing of the substrates, we show a homogeneous and uniform composition throughout, which conventional manufacturing techniques cannot produce. Rheological investigation of the additively manufactured PAA substrates shows a viscoelastic behavior with a 5-10% loss moduli compared to their elastic moduli, mimicking the living tissues. To understand the cell mechanosensing on the dissipative PAA substrates, single live cells were seeded on PAA substrates to establish the basic relationships between cell traction, cytoskeletal prestress, and cell spreading. With the increasing substrate moduli, we observed a concomitant increase in cellular traction and prestress, but not cell spreading, suggesting that cell spreading can be decoupled from traction and intracellular prestress in physiologically relevant environments. Together, additively manufactured PAA substrates fill the void of lacking real tissue like viscoelastic materials that can be used in a variety of mechanosensing studies with superior reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardeen
Kabir Protick
- School
of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Materials Engineering, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Sadat Kamal Amit
- Samuel
Ginn Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Kshitij Amar
- School
of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Materials Engineering, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Shukantu Dev Nath
- School
of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Materials Engineering, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Rafee Akand
- School
of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Materials Engineering, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Virginia A. Davis
- Samuel
Ginn Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Sabrina Nilufar
- School
of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Materials Engineering, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Farhan Chowdhury
- School
of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Materials Engineering, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
- Biomedical
Engineering Program, School of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical
Engineering, Southern Illinois University
Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United
States
- Materials
Technology Center, Southern Illinois University
Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United
States
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49
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Thermal-Mechanical Coupling Model Based on the Hybrid Finite Element Method for Solving Bipolar the Plate Deformation of Hydrogen Fuel Cells. MACHINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/machines10070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New energy is the focus of attention all over the world, and research into new energy can inject new vitality into the industrial system. Hydrogen fuel cells are not only environmentally friendly, but also rich in reserves that can be used as a strategic resource for the entire country. The difficulty lies in the safe design of application equipment and the batch generation and storage of hydrogen. In addition, fuel cells have the disadvantage of a slow start-up. Based on the above problems, this paper proposes a hybrid-element method to solve the thermal-mechanical coupling model of fuel cell plate, which can effectively solve the thermal stress change, temperature field distribution and displacement change of the battery plate when working. Firstly, the hybrid-element algorithm is given for 2D plate deformation. Then, the deformation application of a 3D fuel cell plate is given. The 2D numerical results show that the hybrid finite element method (FEM) is more flexible for realizing the flexible combination of sub-mesh and finite element basis functions, and has a better mesh quality compared to the traditional constant strain triangular element (CST) adaptive FEM and quadrilateral isoparametric element (Q4) adaptive FEM. This method achieves a balance between numerical accuracy and solving efficiency for the multi-porous elastic plate. In addition, a deformation control formula is given which can display the displacement deformation and stress merge to same graph, since it is convenient to quickly compare the regions where the displacement and stress extremum appear. In short, the hybrid finite element method proposed in this paper has good mesh evaluation results, and when the number of discrete elements is equivalent, the hybrid element converges faster and the solution efficiency is higher. This paper also provides a good numerical theory and simulation reference for industrial mechanics and new energy applications.
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Bercea M. Bioinspired Hydrogels as Platforms for Life-Science Applications: Challenges and Opportunities. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122365. [PMID: 35745941 PMCID: PMC9229923 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels, as interconnected networks (polymer mesh; physically, chemically, or dynamic crosslinked networks) incorporating a high amount of water, present structural characteristics similar to soft natural tissue. They enable the diffusion of different molecules (ions, drugs, and grow factors) and have the ability to take over the action of external factors. Their nature provides a wide variety of raw materials and inspiration for functional soft matter obtained by complex mechanisms and hierarchical self-assembly. Over the last decade, many studies focused on developing innovative and high-performance materials, with new or improved functions, by mimicking biological structures at different length scales. Hydrogels with natural or synthetic origin can be engineered as bulk materials, micro- or nanoparticles, patches, membranes, supramolecular pathways, bio-inks, etc. The specific features of hydrogels make them suitable for a wide variety of applications, including tissue engineering scaffolds (repair/regeneration), wound healing, drug delivery carriers, bio-inks, soft robotics, sensors, actuators, catalysis, food safety, and hygiene products. This review is focused on recent advances in the field of bioinspired hydrogels that can serve as platforms for life-science applications. A brief outlook on the actual trends and future directions is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bercea
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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