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De Leeuw E, Hammad H. The role of dendritic cells in respiratory viral infection. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:230250. [PMID: 38811032 PMCID: PMC11134197 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0250-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections represent one of the major causes of death worldwide. The recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic alone claimed the lives of over 6 million people around the globe. It is therefore crucial to understand how the immune system responds to these threats and how respiratory infection can be controlled and constrained. Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the key players in antiviral immunity because of their ability to detect pathogens. They can orchestrate an immune response that will, in most cases, lead to viral clearance. Different subsets of DCs are present in the lung and each subset can contribute to antiviral responses through various mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the role of the different lung DC subsets in response to common respiratory viruses, with a focus on respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. We also review how lung DC-mediated responses to respiratory viruses can lead to the worsening of an existing chronic pulmonary disease such as asthma. Throughout the review, we discuss results obtained from animal studies as well as results generated from infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth De Leeuw
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology and Immunoregulation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology and Immunoregulation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Van der Borght K, Brimnes J, Haspeslagh E, Brand S, Neyt K, Gupta S, Knudsen NPH, Hammad H, Andersen PS, Lambrecht BN. Sublingual allergen immunotherapy prevents house dust mite inhalant type 2 immunity through dendritic cell-mediated induction of Foxp3 + regulatory T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00028-X. [PMID: 38570140 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Sublingual allergen immunotherapy (SLIT) is an emerging treatment option for allergic asthma and a potential disease-modifying strategy for asthma prevention. The key cellular events leading to such long-term tolerance remain to be fully elucidated. We administered prophylactic SLIT in a mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-driven allergic asthma. HDM extract was sublingually administered over 3 weeks followed by intratracheal sensitization and intranasal challenges with HDM. Prophylactic SLIT prevented allergic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity with a low lab-to-lab variation. The HDM-specific T helper (Th)2 (cluster of differentiation 4 Th) response was shifted by SLIT toward a regulatory and Th17 response in the lung and mediastinal lymph node. By using Derp1-specific cluster of differentiation 4+ T cells (1-DER), we found that SLIT blocked 1-DER T cell recruitment to the mediastinal lymph node and dampened IL-4 secretion following intratracheal HDM sensitization. Sublingually administered Derp1 protein activated 1-DER T cells in the cervical lymph node via chemokine receptor7+ migratory dendritic cells (DC). DCs migrating from the oral submucosa to the cervical lymph node after SLIT-induced Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. When mice were sensitized with HDM, prior prophylactic SLIT increased Derp1 specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) and lowered Th2 recruitment in the lung. By using Foxp3-diphtheria toxin receptor mice, Tregs were found to contribute to the immunoregulatory prophylactic effect of SLIT on type 2 immunity. These findings in a mouse model suggest that DC-mediated functional Treg induction in oral mucosa draining lymph nodes is one of the driving mechanisms behind the disease-modifying effect of prophylactic SLIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van der Borght
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens Brimnes
- Immunology Department, In vivo Biology Team, ALK Abelló A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Eline Haspeslagh
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Brand
- Immunology Department, In vivo Biology Team, ALK Abelló A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Katrijn Neyt
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shashank Gupta
- Immunology Department, In vivo Biology Team, ALK Abelló A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter S Andersen
- Immunology Department, In vivo Biology Team, ALK Abelló A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Liu J, Su B, Tao P, Yang X, Zheng L, Lin Y, Zou X, Yang H, Wu W, Zhang T, Li H. Interplay of IL-33 and IL-35 Modulates Th2/Th17 Responses in Cigarette Smoke Exposure HDM-Induced Asthma. Inflammation 2024; 47:173-190. [PMID: 37737467 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) facilitates adverse effects on the airway inflammation and treatment of asthma. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which CS exacerbates asthma. The roles of IL-33 and IL-35 in asthma development were examined by treatment with IL-33 knockout (IL-33 KO) or transfection of adenovirus encoding IL-35 (Ad-IL-35) in a murine model of cigarette smoke-exposure asthma. Furthermore, the involvement of IL-33 and IL-35 in regulating DCs and Th2/Th17 cells was examined in a coculture system of DCs with CD4+ T cells. Additionally, we observed the effect of CpG-ODNs on the balance of IL-33 and IL-35. We show that CS and house dust mite (HDM) exposure induced IL-33 and suppressed IL-35 levels in cigarette smoke-exposure asthma in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with IL-33 KO or Ad-IL-35 significantly attenuated airway hyperreactivity, goblet hyperplasia, airway remodelling, and eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration in the lung tissues from asthmatic mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated reciprocal regulation between CS and HDM-modulated IL-33 and IL-35. Mechanistically, IL-33 KO (or anti-ST2) and Ad-IL-35 attenuated Th2- and Th17-associated inflammation by downregulating TSLP-DC signalling. Finally, administration of CpG-ODNs suppressed the expression of IL-33/ST2 and elevated the levels of IL-35, which is mainly derived from CD4+Foxp+ Tregs, to alleviate Th2- and Th17-associated inflammation by inhibiting the activation of BMDCs. Taken together, the IL-33/ST2 pathway drives the DC-Th2 and Th17 responses of cigarette smoke-exposure asthma, while IL-35 has the opposite effect. CpG-ODNs represent a potential therapeutic strategy for modulating the balance of IL-33 and IL-35 to suppress allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Beiting Su
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizhi Tao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuena Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusen Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Zou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailing Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantuo Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongtao Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Cros A, De Juan A, Leclère R, Sampaio JL, San Roman M, Maurin M, Heurtebise-Chrétien S, Segura E. Homeostatic activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor by dietary ligands dampens cutaneous allergic responses by controlling Langerhans cells migration. eLife 2023; 12:86413. [PMID: 37190854 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary compounds can affect the development of inflammatory responses at distant sites. However, the mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. Here, we addressed the influence on allergic responses of dietary agonists of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In cutaneous papain-induced allergy, we found that lack of dietary AhR ligands exacerbates allergic responses. This phenomenon was tissue-specific as airway allergy was unaffected by the diet. In addition, lack of dietary AhR ligands worsened asthma-like allergy in a model of 'atopic march.' Mice deprived of dietary AhR ligands displayed impaired Langerhans cell migration, leading to exaggerated T cell responses. Mechanistically, dietary AhR ligands regulated the inflammatory profile of epidermal cells, without affecting barrier function. In particular, we evidenced TGF-β hyperproduction in the skin of mice deprived of dietary AhR ligands, explaining Langerhans cell retention. Our work identifies an essential role for homeostatic activation of AhR by dietary ligands in the dampening of cutaneous allergic responses and uncovers the importance of the gut-skin axis in the development of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Cros
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, Paris, France
| | - Alba De Juan
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Leclère
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Plateforme de Pathologie Expérimentale, Paris, France
| | - Julio L Sampaio
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Plateforme de Métabolomique et Lipidomique, Paris, France
| | - Mabel San Roman
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, Paris, France
| | | | - Elodie Segura
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, Paris, France
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León B. Understanding the development of Th2 cell-driven allergic airway disease in early life. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 3:1080153. [PMID: 36704753 PMCID: PMC9872036 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.1080153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and food allergy, are caused by abnormal responses to relatively harmless foreign proteins called allergens found in pollen, fungal spores, house dust mites (HDM), animal dander, or certain foods. In particular, the activation of allergen-specific helper T cells towards a type 2 (Th2) phenotype during the first encounters with the allergen, also known as the sensitization phase, is the leading cause of the subsequent development of allergic disease. Infants and children are especially prone to developing Th2 cell responses after initial contact with allergens. But in addition, the rates of allergic sensitization and the development of allergic diseases among children are increasing in the industrialized world and have been associated with living in urban settings. Particularly for respiratory allergies, greater susceptibility to developing allergic Th2 cell responses has been shown in children living in urban environments containing low levels of microbial contaminants, principally bacterial endotoxins [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)], in the causative aeroallergens. This review highlights the current understanding of the factors that balance Th2 cell immunity to environmental allergens, with a particular focus on the determinants that program conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) toward or away from a Th2 stimulatory function. In this context, it discusses transcription factor-guided functional specialization of type-2 cDCs (cDC2s) and how the integration of signals derived from the environment drives this process. In addition, it analyzes observational and mechanistic studies supporting an essential role for innate sensing of microbial-derived products contained in aeroallergens in modulating allergic Th2 cell immune responses. Finally, this review examines whether hyporesponsiveness to microbial stimulation, particularly to LPS, is a risk factor for the induction of Th2 cell responses and allergic sensitization during infancy and early childhood and the potential factors that may affect early-age response to LPS and other environmental microbial components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Cook-Mills JM, Emmerson LN. Epithelial barrier regulation, antigen sampling, and food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:493-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Laoubi L, Lacoffrette M, Valsesia S, Lenief V, Guironnet-Paquet A, Mosnier A, Dubois G, Cartier A, Monti L, Marvel J, Espinosa E, Malissen B, Henri S, Mondoulet L, Sampson HA, Nosbaum A, Nicolas JF, Dioszeghy V, Vocanson M. Epicutaneous allergen immunotherapy induces a profound and selective modulation in skin dendritic cell subsets. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:1194-1208. [PMID: 35779666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) protocols have recently been developed to restore tolerance in patients with food allergy (FA). The mechanisms by which EPIT protocols promote desensitization rely on a profound immune deviation of pathogenic T and B cell responses. OBJECTIVE To date, little is known about the contribution of skin dendritic cells (skDCs) to T cell remodeling and EPIT efficacy. METHODS We capitalized on a preclinical model of food allergy to ovalbumin (OVA) to characterize the phenotype and functions of OVA+ skDCs throughout the course of EPIT. RESULTS Our results showed that both Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal conventional cDC1 and cDC2 subsets retained their ability to capture OVA in the skin and to migrate toward the skin-draining lymph nodes during EPIT. However, their activation/maturation status was significantly impaired, as evidenced by the gradual and selective reduction of CD86, CD40, and OVA protein expression in respective subsets. Phenotypic changes during EPIT were also characterized by a progressive diversification of single cell gene signatures within each DC subset. Interestingly, we observed that OVA+ LCs progressively lost their capacity to prime CD4+ TEFF, but gained TREG stimulatory properties. In contrast, cDC1 were inefficient in priming CD4+ TEFF or in reactivating TMEMin vitro, while cDC2 retained moderate stimulatory properties, and progressively biased type-2 immunity toward type-1 and type-17 responses. CONCLUSIONS Our results therefore emphasize that the acquisition of distinct phenotypic and functional specializations by skDCs during EPIT is at the cornerstone of the desensitization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Laoubi
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université de Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France; DBV Technologies, Montrouge, France
| | - Morgane Lacoffrette
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université de Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Séverine Valsesia
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université de Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Vanina Lenief
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université de Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Guironnet-Paquet
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université de Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Amandine Mosnier
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université de Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Gwendoline Dubois
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université de Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Anna Cartier
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université de Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Laurine Monti
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université de Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université de Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Eric Espinosa
- Inserm, U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Toulouse F-31037, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31062, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Henri
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | | | - Hugh A Sampson
- DBV Technologies, Montrouge, France; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Audrey Nosbaum
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université de Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France; Allergology and Clinical Immunology Department, Lyon Sud University Hospital, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Jean-François Nicolas
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université de Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France; Allergology and Clinical Immunology Department, Lyon Sud University Hospital, Pierre Bénite, France
| | | | - Marc Vocanson
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université de Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France.
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Dectin-2 promotes house dust mite-skewed Th2 response through the activation of cDC2s. Cell Immunol 2022; 378:104558. [PMID: 35717749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of Dectin-2 (gene symbol, Clec4n) in house dust mite (HDM) induced Th2 immune response and the exact mechanism remains controversial. In this study, we illustrated that, Clec4n-/- mice had decreased Th2 immune response following HDM challenge, which may ascribe to dramatically reduced type 2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC2s) in lung of Clec4n-/- mice, as cDC2s from lung of Clec4n-/- mice after challenging had less ability to induce Th2 response with decreased production of IL-4/IL-13. Further in vitro experiments showed the activation of Clec4n-/--BMDCs significantly decreased after HDM stimulation accompanied with decreased activation of Syk-NF-κB and Syk-JNK signal pathway. Importantly, Dectin-2 expression in PBMCs from asthmatic patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Dectin-2 could promote cDC2s activation in lung, which polarizes Th2 immune response outlining a novel mechanism of asthma development.
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Ogasawara A, Yuki T, Katagiri A, Lai YT, Takahashi Y, Basketter D, Sakaguchi H. Proteolytic activity accelerates the T H17/T H22 recall response to an epicutaneous protein allergen-induced T H2 response. J Immunotoxicol 2022; 19:27-33. [PMID: 35378053 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2022.2049665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicutaneous exposure to protein allergens, such as papain, house dust mite (HDM), and ovalbumin (OVA), represents an important mode of sensitization for skin diseases including protein contact dermatitis, immunologic contact urticaria, and atopic dermatitis. These diseases are inducible by re-exposure to an allergen at both original skin sensitization and distant skin sites. In this study, we examined the serum IgE/IgG1 response, differentiation of T-helper (TH) cells, and epicutaneous TH recall response in mice pre-sensitized with protein allergens through the back skin and subsequently challenged on the ear skin. Repeated epicutaneous sensitization with allergenic proteins including papain, HDM, OVA, and protease inhibitor-treated papain, but not bovine serum albumin, induced serum allergen-specific antibody production, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis responses, and TH2 differentiation in the skin draining lymph node (DLN) cells. Sensitization with papain or HDM, which have protease activity, resulted in the differentiation of TH17 as well as TH2. In papain- or HDM-sensitized mice, a subsequent single challenge on the ear skin induced the expression of TH2 and TH17/TH22 cytokines. These results suggest that allergenic proteins induce the differentiation of TH2 in skin DLN cells and an antibody response. These findings may be useful for identifying proteins of high and low allergenic potential. Moreover, allergenic proteins containing protease activity may also differentiate TH17 and induce TH2 and TH17/TH22 recall responses at epicutaneous challenge sites. This suggests that allergen protease activity accelerates the onset of skin diseases caused by protein allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ogasawara
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takuo Yuki
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Asuka Katagiri
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yi-Ting Lai
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Sakaguchi
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
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10
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Jeon YH, Ahn K, Kim J, Shin M, Hong SJ, Lee SY, Pyun BY, Min TK, Jung M, Lee J, Song TW, Kim HY, Lee S, Jeong K, Hwang Y, Kim M, Lee YJ, Kim MJ, Lee JY, Yum HY, Jang GC, Park YA, Kim JH. Clinical Characteristics of Atopic Dermatitis in Korean School-Aged Children and Adolescents According to Onset Age and Severity. J Korean Med Sci 2022; 37:e30. [PMID: 35075829 PMCID: PMC8787802 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a heterogeneous disease with different age of onset, disease course, clinical symptoms, severity, and risk of comorbidity. The characteristics of children with AD also vary by age or country. However, little is known about the clinical characteristics of AD in Korean school-aged children and adolescents. Furthermore, there are few studies on phenotypic differences according to onset age. This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics and phenotypes according to onset age and severity of AD in children and adolescents in Korea. METHODS AD patients aged 6-18 years who presented to 18 hospitals nationwide were surveyed. The patients were examined for disease severity by pediatric allergy specialists, and data on history of other allergic diseases, familial allergy history, onset age, trigger factors, lesion sites, treatment history and quality of life were collected. The results of the patient's allergy test were also analyzed. The patients were classified into infancy-onset (< 2 years of age), preschool-onset (2-5 years of age), and childhood-onset (≥ 6 years of age) groups. Study population was analyzed for clinical features according to onset-age groups and severity groups. RESULTS A total of 258 patients with a mean age of 10.62 ± 3.18 years were included in the study. Infancy-onset group accounted for about 60% of all patients and presented significantly more other allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and asthma (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively). Food allergy symptoms and diagnoses were highly relevant to both earlier onset and more severe group. Inhalant allergen sensitization was significantly associated with both infancy-onset group and severe group (P = 0.012 and P = 0.024, respectively). A family history of food allergies was significantly associated with infancy-onset group (P = 0.036). Severe group was significantly associated with a family history of AD, especially a paternal history of AD (P = 0.048 and P = 0.004, respectively). Facial (periorbital, ear, and cheek) lesions, periauricular fissures, hand/foot eczema, and xerosis were associated with infancy-onset group. The earlier the onset of AD, the poorer the quality of life (P = 0.038). Systemic immunosuppressants were used in only 9.6% of the patients in the severe group. CONCLUSION This study analyzed the clinical features of AD in Korean children and adolescents through a multicenter nationwide study and demonstrated the phenotypic differences according to onset age and severity. Considering the findings that the early-onset group is more severe and accompanied by more systemic allergic diseases, early management should be emphasized in young children and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Hoon Jeon
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Kangmo Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Meeyong Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Soo-Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bok Yang Pyun
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taek Ki Min
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Tae Won Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyunguk Jeong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yoonha Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Busan St. Mary's Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Sejong, Korea
| | - Yong Ju Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hye Yung Yum
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gwang Cheon Jang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young A Park
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Ilsan Hospital, CHA University School of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea.
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11
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Suaini NHA, Yap GC, Tung BDP, Loo EXL, Goh AEN, Teoh OH, Tan KH, Godfrey KM, Lee BW, Shek LPC, Van Bever H, Chong YS, Tham EH. Atopic dermatitis trajectories to age 8 years in the GUSTO cohort. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 51:1195-1206. [PMID: 34310791 PMCID: PMC7611621 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heterogeneity of childhood atopic dermatitis (AD) underscores the need to understand latent phenotypes that may inform risk stratification and disease prognostication. OBJECTIVE To identify AD trajectories across the first 8 years of life and investigate risk factors associated with each trajectory and their relationships with other comorbidities. METHODS Data were collected prospectively from 1152 mother-offspring dyads in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort from ages 3 months to 8 years. AD was defined based on parent-reported doctor's diagnosis. An unsupervised machine learning technique was used to determine AD trajectories. RESULTS Three AD trajectories were identified as follows: early-onset transient (6.3%), late-onset persistent (6.3%) and early-onset persistent (2.1%), alongside a no AD/reference group (85.2%). Early-onset transient AD was positively associated with male gender, family history of atopy, house dust mite sensitization and some measures of wheezing. Early-onset persistent AD was associated with antenatal/intrapartum antibiotic use, food sensitization and some measures of wheezing. Late-onset persistent AD was associated with a family history of atopy, some measures of house dust mite sensitization and some measures of allergic rhinitis and wheezing. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Three AD trajectories were identified in this birth cohort, with different risk factors and prognostic implications. Further work is needed to understand the molecular and immunological origins of these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor H. A. Suaini
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Gaik Chin Yap
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Bui Do Phuong Tung
- Department of Architecture, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Evelyn Xiu Ling Loo
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Anne Eng Neo Goh
- Allergy service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital (KKH), Singapore
| | - Oon Hoe Teoh
- Respiratory Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital (KKH), Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital (KKH), Singapore
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, SO16 6YD, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, SO16 6YD, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Lynette Pei-chi Shek
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Hugo Van Bever
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
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12
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Marschall P, Wei R, Segaud J, Yao W, Hener P, German BF, Meyer P, Hugel C, Ada Da Silva G, Braun R, Kaplan DH, Li M. Dual function of Langerhans cells in skin TSLP-promoted T FH differentiation in mouse atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1778-1794. [PMID: 33068561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is among the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, usually occurring early in life, and often preceding other atopic diseases such as asthma. TH2 has been believed to play a crucial role in cellular and humoral response in AD, but accumulating evidence has shown that follicular helper T cell (TFH), a critical player in humoral immunity, is associated with disease severity and plays an important role in AD pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES This study aimed at investigating how TFHs are generated during the pathogenesis of AD, particularly what is the role of keratinocyte-derived cytokine TSLP and Langerhans cells (LCs). METHODS Two experimental AD mouse models were employed: (1) triggered by the overproduction of TSLP through topical application of MC903, and (2) induced by epicutaneous allergen ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization. RESULTS This study demonstrated that the development of TFHs and germinal center (GC) response were crucially dependent on TSLP in both the MC903 model and the OVA sensitization model. Moreover, we found that LCs promoted TFH differentiation and GC response in the MC903 model, and the depletion of Langerin+ dendritic cells (DCs) or selective depletion of LCs diminished the TFH/GC response. By contrast, in the model with OVA sensitization, LCs inhibited TFH/GC response and suppressed TH2 skin inflammation and the subsequent asthma. Transcriptomic analysis of Langerin+ and Langerin- migratory DCs revealed that Langerin+ DCs became activated in the MC903 model, whereas these cells remained inactivated in OVA sensitization model. CONCLUSIONS Together, these studies revealed a dual functionality of LCs in TSLP-promoted TFH and TH2 differentiation in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Marschall
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Ruicheng Wei
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Justine Segaud
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Wenjin Yao
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre Hener
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Beatriz Falcon German
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre Meyer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Cecile Hugel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Grace Ada Da Silva
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Mei Li
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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13
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Abstract
As the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) sense the microenvironment and shape the ensuing adaptive immune response. DCs can induce both immune activation and immune tolerance according to the peripheral cues. Recent work has established that DCs comprise several phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous subsets that differentially regulate T lymphocyte differentiation. This review summarizes both mouse and human DC subset phenotypes, development, diversification, and function. We focus on advances in our understanding of how different DC subsets regulate distinct CD4+ T helper (Th) cell differentiation outcomes, including Th1, Th2, Th17, T follicular helper, and T regulatory cells. We review DC subset intrinsic properties, local tissue microenvironments, and other immune cells that together determine Th cell differentiation during homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Shuting Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
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14
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The basic immunology of asthma. Cell 2021; 184:1469-1485. [PMID: 33711259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In many asthmatics, chronic airway inflammation is driven by IL-4-, IL-5-, and IL-13-producing Th2 cells or ILC2s. Type 2 cytokines promote hallmark features of the disease such as eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), IgE production, and susceptibility to exacerbations. However, only half the asthmatics have this "type 2-high" signature, and "type 2-low" asthma is more associated with obesity, presence of neutrophils, and unresponsiveness to corticosteroids, the mainstay asthma therapy. Here, we review the underlying immunological basis of various asthma endotypes by discussing results obtained from animal studies as well as results generated in clinical studies targeting specific immune pathways.
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15
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Perkin MR, Logan K, Marrs T, Radulovic S, Craven J, Boyle RJ, Chalmers JR, Williams HC, Versteeg SA, van Ree R, Lack G, Flohr C. Association of frequent moisturizer use in early infancy with the development of food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:967-976.e1. [PMID: 33678253 PMCID: PMC9393761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Perkin
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Kirsty Logan
- Paediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Marrs
- Paediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzana Radulovic
- Paediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Craven
- Paediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Boyle
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne R Chalmers
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hywel C Williams
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Serge A Versteeg
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon Lack
- Paediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Flohr
- Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Ubags ND, Trompette A, Pernot J, Nibbering B, Wong NC, Pattaroni C, Rapin A, Nicod LP, Harris NL, Marsland BJ. Microbiome-induced antigen-presenting cell recruitment coordinates skin and lung allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1049-1062.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Dermal IRF4+ dendritic cells and monocytes license CD4+ T helper cells to distinct cytokine profiles. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5637. [PMID: 33159073 PMCID: PMC7647995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19463-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen (Ag)-presenting cells (APC) instruct CD4+ helper T (Th) cell responses, but it is unclear whether different APC subsets contribute uniquely in determining Th differentiation in pathogen-specific settings. Here, we use skin-relevant, fluorescently-labeled bacterial, helminth or fungal pathogens to track and characterize the APC populations that drive Th responses in vivo. All pathogens are taken up by a population of IRF4+ dermal migratory dendritic cells (migDC2) that similarly upregulate surface co-stimulatory molecules but express pathogen-specific cytokine and chemokine transcripts. Depletion of migDC2 reduces the amount of Ag in lymph node and the development of IFNγ, IL-4 and IL-17A responses without gain of other cytokine responses. Ag+ monocytes are an essential source of IL-12 for both innate and adaptive IFNγ production, and inhibit follicular Th cell development. Our results thus suggest that Th cell differentiation does not require specialized APC subsets, but is driven by inducible and pathogen-specific transcriptional programs in Ag+ migDC2 and monocytes.
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18
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Substance P Release by Sensory Neurons Triggers Dendritic Cell Migration and Initiates the Type-2 Immune Response to Allergens. Immunity 2020; 53:1063-1077.e7. [PMID: 33098765 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) of the cDC2 lineage initiate allergic immunity and in the dermis are marked by their expression of CD301b. CD301b+ dermal DCs respond to allergens encountered in vivo, but not in vitro. This suggests that another cell in the dermis may sense allergens and relay that information to activate and induce the migration of CD301b+ DCs to the draining lymph node (dLN). Using a model of cutaneous allergen exposure, we show that allergens directly activated TRPV1+ sensory neurons leading to itch and pain behaviors. Allergen-activated sensory neurons released the neuropeptide Substance P, which stimulated proximally located CD301b+ DCs through the Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member A1 (MRGPRA1). Substance P induced CD301b+ DC migration to the dLN where they initiated T helper-2 cell differentiation. Thus, sensory neurons act as primary sensors of allergens, linking exposure to activation of allergic-skewing DCs and the initiation of an allergic immune response.
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19
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Mayer JU, Brown SL, MacDonald AS, Milling SW. Defined Intestinal Regions Are Drained by Specific Lymph Nodes That Mount Distinct Th1 and Th2 Responses Against Schistosoma mansoni Eggs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:592325. [PMID: 33193437 PMCID: PMC7644866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.592325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance of type 1 and type 2 immune responses plays a crucial role in anti-helminth immunity and can either support chronic infection or drive type 2 mediated expulsion of the parasite. Helminth antigens and secreted molecules directly influence this balance and induce a favorable immunological environment for the parasite’s survival. However, less is known if the site of infection also influences the balance of type 1 and type 2 immunity. Here, we report that tissue-specific immune responses are mounted against helminth antigens, which elicited strong IL-4 responses when injected into the skin, while the same antigen, delivered into the intestinal subserosa, induced increased IFN-γ and reduced Th2 responses. Immune responses in individual mesenteric lymph nodes that drain defined regions of the intestine furthermore displayed a site-specific pattern of type 1 and type 2 immunity after Schistosoma mansoni or Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection. S. mansoni egg-specific Th2 responses were detectable in all mesenteric lymph nodes but Th1 responses were only present in those draining the colon, while H. polygyrus infection elicited mixed Th1 and Th2 responses in the lymph nodes associated with the site of infection. Similar site-specific type 1 and type 2 immune responses were observed in the draining lymph nodes after the controlled delivery of S. mansoni eggs into different segments of the small and large intestine using microsurgical techniques. Different subsets of intestinal dendritic cells were hereby responsible for the uptake and priming of Th1 and Th2 responses against helminth antigens. Migratory CD11b+CD103− and especially CD11b+CD103+ DC2s transported S. mansoni egg antigens to the draining lymph nodes to induce Th1 and Th2 responses, while CD103+ DC1s induced only IFN-γ responses. In contrast, H. polygyrus antigens were predominantly transported by CD11b+CD103− DC2s and CD103+ DC1s and all DC subsets induced similar Th1 but weaker Th2 responses, compared to S. mansoni egg antigens. The development of adaptive anti-helminth immune responses is therefore influenced by the antigen itself, the uptake and priming characteristics of antigen-positive dendritic cell subsets and the site of infection, which shape the level of Th1 and Th2 responses in order to create a favorable immunological environment for the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes U Mayer
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sheila L Brown
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon W Milling
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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20
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Vroman H, Uden D, Bergen IM, Hulst JAC, Lukkes M, Loo G, Clausen BE, Boon L, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, Hendriks RW, Kool M. Tnfaip3 expression in pulmonary conventional type 1 Langerin-expressing dendritic cells regulates T helper 2-mediated airway inflammation in mice. Allergy 2020; 75:2587-2598. [PMID: 32329078 PMCID: PMC7687104 DOI: 10.1111/all.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) control anti‐viral and anti‐tumor immunity by inducing antigen‐specific cytotoxic CD8+ T‐cell responses. Controversy exists whether cDC1s also control CD4+ T helper 2 (Th2) cell responses, since suppressive and activating roles have been reported. DC activation status, controlled by the transcription factor NF‐κB, might determine the precise outcome of Th‐cell differentiation upon encounter with cDC1s. To investigate the role of activated cDC1s in Th2‐driven immune responses, pulmonary cDC1s were activated by targeted deletion of A20/Tnfaip3, a negative regulator of NF‐κB signaling. Methods To target pulmonary cDC1s, Cd207 (Langerin)‐mediated excision of A20/Tnfaip3 was used, generating Tnfaip3fl/flxCd207+/cre (Tnfaip3Lg‐KO) mice. Mice were exposed to house dust mite (HDM) to provoke Th2‐mediated immune responses. Results Mice harboring Tnfaip3‐deficient cDC1s did not develop Th2‐driven eosinophilic airway inflammation upon HDM exposure, but rather showed elevated numbers of IFNγ‐expressing CD8+ T cells. In addition, Tnfaip3Lg‐KO mice harbored increased numbers of IL‐12–expressing cDC1s and elevated PD‐L1 expression in all pulmonary DC subsets. Blocking either IL‐12 or IFNγ in Tnfaip3Lg‐KO mice restored Th2 responses, whereas administration of recombinant IFNγ during HDM sensitization in C57Bl/6 mice blocked Th2 development. Conclusions These findings indicate that the activation status of cDC1s, shown by their specific expression of co‐inhibitory molecules and cytokines, critically contributes to the development of Th2 cell–mediated disorders, most likely by influencing IFNγ production in CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Vroman
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium
| | - Denise Uden
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M. Bergen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Melanie Lukkes
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Geert Loo
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Björn E. Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | | | - Bart N. Lambrecht
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Rudi W. Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Kool
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
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21
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Lamiable O, Mayer JU, Munoz-Erazo L, Ronchese F. Dendritic cells in Th2 immune responses and allergic sensitization. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:807-818. [PMID: 32738152 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Allergic responses are characterized by the activation of a specific subset of effector CD4+ T cells, the T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells, that respond to harmless environmental antigens causing inflammation and pathology. Th2 cells are also found in the context of parasite infections, where they can mediate parasite clearance and expulsion, and support tissue repair. The process that leads to the activation of Th2 cells in vivo is incompletely understood: while it has become clear that "conventional" dendritic cells are essential antigen-presenting cells for the initiation of Th2 immune responses, the molecules that are expressed by dendritic cells exposed to allergens, and the mediators that are produced as a consequence and signal to naïve CD4+ T cells to promote their development into effector Th2, remain to be defined. Here we summarize recent developments in the identification of the dendritic cell subsets involved in Th2 responses, review potential mechanisms proposed to explain the generation of these immune responses, and discuss the direct and indirect signals that condition dendritic cells to drive the development of Th2 responses during allergen or parasite exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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22
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Hilligan KL, Ronchese F. Antigen presentation by dendritic cells and their instruction of CD4+ T helper cell responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:587-599. [PMID: 32433540 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are powerful antigen-presenting cells that are essential for the priming of T cell responses. In addition to providing T-cell-receptor ligands and co-stimulatory molecules for naive T cell activation and expansion, dendritic cells are thought to also provide signals for the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into effector T cell populations. The mechanisms by which dendritic cells are able to adapt and respond to the great variety of infectious stimuli they are confronted with, and prime an appropriate CD4+ T cell response, are only partly understood. It is known that in the steady-state dendritic cells are highly heterogenous both in phenotype and transcriptional profile, and that this variability is dependent on developmental lineage, maturation stage, and the tissue environment in which dendritic cells are located. Exposure to infectious agents interfaces with this pre-existing heterogeneity by providing ligands for pattern-recognition and toll-like receptors that are variably expressed on different dendritic cell subsets, and elicit production of cytokines and chemokines to support innate cell activation and drive T cell differentiation. Here we review current information on dendritic cell biology, their heterogeneity, and the properties of different dendritic cell subsets. We then consider the signals required for the development of different types of Th immune responses, and the cellular and molecular evidence implicating different subsets of dendritic cells in providing such signals. We outline how dendritic cell subsets tailor their response according to the infectious agent, and how such transcriptional plasticity enables them to drive different types of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Hilligan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.,Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
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23
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Filbey KJ, Mehta PH, Meijlink KJ, Pellefigues C, Schmidt AJ, Le Gros G. The Gastrointestinal Helminth Heligmosomoides bakeri Suppresses Inflammation in a Model of Contact Hypersensitivity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:950. [PMID: 32508831 PMCID: PMC7249854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminths regulate host immune responses to ensure their own long-term survival. Numerous studies have demonstrated that these helminth-induced regulatory mechanisms can also limit host inflammatory responses in several disease models. We used the Heligmosomoides bakeri (Hb) infection model (also known as H. polygyrus or H. polygyrus bakeri in the literature) to test whether such immune regulation affects skin inflammatory responses induced by the model contact sensitiser dibutyl phthalate fluorescein isothiocynate (DBP-FITC). Skin lysates from DBP-FITC-sensitized, Hb-infected mice produced less neutrophil specific chemokines and had significantly reduced levels of skin thickening and cellular inflammatory responses in tissue and draining lymph nodes (LNs) compared to uninfected mice. Hb-induced suppression did not appear to be mediated by regulatory T cells, nor was it due to impaired dendritic cell (DC) activity. Mice cleared of infection remained unresponsive to DBP-FITC sensitization indicating that suppression was not via the secretion of Hb-derived short-lived regulatory molecules, although long-term effects on cells cannot be ruled out. Importantly, similar helminth-induced suppression of inflammation was also seen in the draining LN after intradermal injection of the ubiquitous allergen house dust mite (HDM). These findings demonstrate that Hb infection attenuates skin inflammatory responses by suppressing chemokine production and recruitment of innate cells. These findings further contribute to the growing body of evidence that helminth infection can modulate inflammatory and allergic responses via a number of mechanisms with potential to be exploited in therapeutic and preventative strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara J Filbey
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Palak H Mehta
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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24
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Inflammatory Type 2 cDCs Acquire Features of cDC1s and Macrophages to Orchestrate Immunity to Respiratory Virus Infection. Immunity 2020; 52:1039-1056.e9. [PMID: 32392463 PMCID: PMC7207120 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic and functional dichotomy between IRF8+ type 1 and IRF4+ type 2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s and cDC2s, respectively) is well accepted; it is unknown how robust this dichotomy is under inflammatory conditions, when additionally monocyte-derived cells (MCs) become competent antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Using single-cell technologies in models of respiratory viral infection, we found that lung cDC2s acquired expression of the Fc receptor CD64 shared with MCs and of IRF8 shared with cDC1s. These inflammatory cDC2s (inf-cDC2s) were superior in inducing CD4+ T helper (Th) cell polarization while simultaneously presenting antigen to CD8+ T cells. When carefully separated from inf-cDC2s, MCs lacked APC function. Inf-cDC2s matured in response to cell-intrinsic Toll-like receptor and type 1 interferon receptor signaling, upregulated an IRF8-dependent maturation module, and acquired antigens via convalescent serum and Fc receptors. Because hybrid inf-cDC2s are easily confused with monocyte-derived cells, their existence could explain why APC functions have been attributed to MCs. Type I interferon drives differentiation of inf-cDC2s that closely resemble MCs Inf-cDC2s prime CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, whereas MCs lack APC function Inf-cDC2s internalize antibody-complexed antigen via Fc receptors IRF8 controls maturation gene module in inf-cDC2s
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25
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Ronchese F, Hilligan KL, Mayer JU. Dendritic cells and the skin environment. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 64:56-62. [PMID: 32387901 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The skin is inhabited by several immune cell populations that serve as a first line of defence against pathogen invasion. Amongst these populations are dendritic cells, which play an essential sentinel function by taking up antigen or infectious agents and transporting them to the lymph node for T cell recognition and the priming of immune responses. In this review, we briefly summarise recent advances showing how skin dendritic cells are connected to a network of epithelial and stromal cells, which provide structural support, growth factors, spatial cues, contact with the external environment and the skin microbiome, and favour interactions with other immune cells. We propose that this network creates a unique skin environment that may condition dendritic cell phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Kerry L Hilligan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand; Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Johannes U Mayer
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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26
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Korotchenko E, Moya R, Scheiblhofer S, Joubert IA, Horejs‐Hoeck J, Hauser M, Calzada D, Iraola V, Carnés J, Weiss R. Laser-facilitated epicutaneous immunotherapy with depigmented house dust mite extract alleviates allergic responses in a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation. Allergy 2020; 75:1217-1228. [PMID: 31880319 DOI: 10.1111/all.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin-based immunotherapy of type 1 allergies has recently been re-investigated as an alternative for subcutaneous injections. In the current study, we employed a mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced lung inflammation to explore the potential of laser-facilitated epicutaneous allergen-specific treatment. METHODS Mice were sensitized against native Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract and repeatedly treated by application of depigmented D pteronyssinus extract via laser-generated skin micropores or by subcutaneous injection with or without alum. Following aerosol challenges, lung function was determined by whole-body plethysmography and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for cellular composition and cytokine levels. HDM-specific IgG subclass antibodies were determined by ELISA. Serum as well as cell-bound IgE was measured by ELISA, rat basophil leukemia cell assay, and ex vivo using a basophil activation test, respectively. Cultured lymphocytes were analyzed for cytokine secretion profiles and cellular polarization by flow cytometry. RESULTS Immunization of mice by subcutaneous injection or epicutaneous laser microporation induced comparable IgG antibody levels, but the latter preferentially induced regulatory T cells and in general downregulated T cell cytokine production. This effect was found to be a result of the laser treatment itself, independent from extract application. Epicutaneous treatment of sensitized animals led to induction of blocking IgG, and improvement of lung function, superior compared to the effects of subcutaneous therapy. During the whole therapy schedule, no local or systemic side effects occurred. CONCLUSION Allergen-specific immunotherapy with depigmented HDM extract via laser-generated skin micropores offers a safe and effective treatment option for HDM-induced allergy and lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniia Korotchenko
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Raquel Moya
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit Laboratorios LETI S.L.U Madrid Spain
| | - Sandra Scheiblhofer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Isabella A Joubert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs‐Hoeck
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Michael Hauser
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - David Calzada
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit Laboratorios LETI S.L.U Madrid Spain
| | - Víctor Iraola
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit Laboratorios LETI S.L.U Madrid Spain
| | - Jerónimo Carnés
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit Laboratorios LETI S.L.U Madrid Spain
| | - Richard Weiss
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
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27
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Transcriptional regulation of DC fate specification. Mol Immunol 2020; 121:38-46. [PMID: 32151907 PMCID: PMC7187805 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells function in the immune system to instruct adaptive immune cells to respond accordingly to different threats. While conventional dendritic cells can be subdivided into two main subtypes, termed cDC1s and cDC2s, it is clear that further heterogeneity exists within these subtypes, particularly for cDC2s. Understanding the signals involved in specifying each of these lineages and subtypes thereof is crucial to (i) enable us to determine their specific functions and (ii) put us in a position to be able to target these cells to promote or prevent a specific function in any given disease setting. Although we still have much to learn regarding the specification of these cells, here we review the most recent advances in our understanding of this and highlight some of the next questions for the future.
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28
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Tsui HC, Ronsmans S, De Sadeleer LJ, Hoet PHM, Nemery B, Vanoirbeek JAJ. Skin Exposure Contributes to Chemical-Induced Asthma: What is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of Animal Models. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2020; 12:579-598. [PMID: 32400126 PMCID: PMC7224990 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2020.12.4.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is generally assumed that allergic asthma originates primarily through sensitization via the respiratory mucosa, but emerging clinical observations and experimental studies indicate that skin exposure to low molecular weight (LMW) agents, i.e. “chemicals,” may lead to systemic sensitization and subsequently develop asthma when the chemical is inhaled. This review aims to evaluate the accumulating experimental evidence that adverse respiratory responses can be elicited upon inhalation of an LMW chemical sensitizer after previous sensitization by dermal exposure. We systematically searched the PubMed and Embase databases up to April 15, 2017, and conducted forward and backward reference tracking. Animal studies involving both skin and airway exposure to LMW agents were included. We extracted 6 indicators of “selective airway hyper-responsiveness” (SAHR)—i.e. respiratory responses that only occurred in previously sensitized animals—and synthesized the evidence level for each indicator into strong, moderate or limited strength. The summarized evidence weight for each chemical agent was graded into high, middle, low or “not possible to assess.” We identified 144 relevant animal studies. These studies involved 29 LMW agents, with 107 (74%) studies investigating the occurrence of SAHR. Indicators of SAHR included physiological, cytological/histological and immunological responses in bronchoalveolar lavage, lung tissue and airway-draining lymph nodes. Evidence for skin exposure-induced SAHR was present for 22 agents; for 7 agents the evidence for SAHR was inconclusive, but could not be excluded. The ability of a chemical to cause sensitization via skin exposure should be regarded as constituting a risk of adverse respiratory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Chang Tsui
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Ronsmans
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurens J De Sadeleer
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Unit for Interstitial Lung Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter H M Hoet
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jeroen A J Vanoirbeek
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Lai JCY, Cheng WK, Hopkins PD, Komba M, Carlow DA, Dutz JP. Topical Adjuvant Application during Subcutaneous Vaccination Promotes Resident Memory T Cell Generation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2443-2450. [PMID: 31578270 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) provide superior protection to a second infection. In this study, we evaluated the use of topical CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) as adjuvant to generate skin TRM in mice. Topical or s.c. CpG ODN adjuvant administration at the time of a s.c. Ag injection led to an accumulation of CD103- CD8 T cells in the epidermis. However, only mice with CpG ODN administered topically had significant numbers of CD103+ Ag-specific CD8 T cells persisting in the local epidermal skin, enhanced circulating memory cells in the blood, and showed protection from intradermal challenge with melanoma cells. Generation of Ag-specific CD8 T cells was dependent on TLR9 expression on hematopoietic cells and partially dependent on receptor expression on stromal cells. Topical challenge of immunized mice at a distal site led to significant expansion of Ag-specific T cells in the blood and accumulation in the challenged skin. We demonstrate that local and systemic T cell memory can be generated with topical CpG ODN at the time of s.c. immunization, suggesting a new method of enhancing current vaccine formulations to generate tissue TRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Wing Ki Cheng
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Patrick D Hopkins
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Mitsuhiro Komba
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Douglas A Carlow
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jan P Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and .,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
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30
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León B, Lund FE. Compartmentalization of dendritic cell and T-cell interactions in the lymph node: Anatomy of T-cell fate decisions. Immunol Rev 2019; 289:84-100. [PMID: 30977197 PMCID: PMC6464380 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Upon receiving cognate and co-stimulatory priming signals from antigen (Ag)-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) in secondary lymphoid tissues, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into distinct effector and memory populations. These alternate cell fate decisions, which ultimately control the T-cell functional attributes, are dictated by programming signals provided by Ag-bearing DCs and by other cells that are present in the microenvironment in which T-cell priming occurs. We know that DCs can be subdivided into multiple populations and that the various DC subsets exhibit differential capacities to initiate development of the different CD4+ T-helper populations. What is less well understood is why different subanatomic regions of secondary lymphoid tissues are colonized by distinct populations of Ag-presenting DCs and how the location of these DCs influences the type of T-cell response that will be generated. Here we review how chemokine receptors and their ligands, which position allergen and nematode-activated DCs within different microdomains of secondary lymphoid tissues, contribute to the establishment of IL-4 committed follicular helper T and type 2 helper cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Frances E. Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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31
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Kumar S, Jeong Y, Ashraf MU, Bae YS. Dendritic Cell-Mediated Th2 Immunity and Immune Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092159. [PMID: 31052382 PMCID: PMC6539046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells that recognize and present antigens to naïve T cells to induce antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Among the T-cell subsets, T helper type 2 (Th2) cells produce the humoral immune responses required for protection against helminthic disease by activating B cells. DCs induce a Th2 immune response at a certain immune environment. Basophil, eosinophil, mast cells, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells also induce Th2 immunity. However, in the case of DCs, controversy remains regarding which subsets of DCs induce Th2 immunity, which genes in DCs are directly or indirectly involved in inducing Th2 immunity, and the detailed mechanisms underlying induction, regulation, or maintenance of the DC-mediated Th2 immunity against allergic environments and parasite infection. A recent study has shown that a genetic defect in DCs causes an enhanced Th2 immunity leading to severe atopic dermatitis. We summarize the Th2 immune-inducing DC subsets, the genetic and environmental factors involved in DC-mediated Th2 immunity, and current therapeutic approaches for Th2-mediated immune disorders. This review is to provide an improved understanding of DC-mediated Th2 immunity and Th1/Th2 immune balancing, leading to control over their adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-Lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Yideul Jeong
- Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-Lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Muhammad Umer Ashraf
- Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-Lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-Lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
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32
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Jiménez‐Saiz R, Ellenbogen Y, Koenig JFE, Gordon ME, Walker TD, Rosace D, Spill P, Bruton K, Kong J, Monteiro K, Wen J, Tuomanen EI, Kolbeck R, Chu DK, Waserman S, Jordana M. IgG1 + B-cell immunity predates IgE responses in epicutaneous sensitization to foods. Allergy 2019; 74:165-175. [PMID: 29790165 DOI: 10.1111/all.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The generation of IgE-mediated food allergy in humans is silent and only diagnosed upon manifestation of clinical symptoms. While experimental models have been used to investigate some mechanisms of allergic sensitization, the generation of humoral immunity and memory remains to be elucidated. Here, we defined the evolution of allergen-specific B-cell responses during epicutaneous sensitization to foods. METHODS Wild-type and genetic knockout animals, and drug or antibody strategies for cell depletion and immunoglobulin signaling blockade were used to investigate epicutaneous sensitization and disease progression; we analyzed allergen-specific germinal centers and IgG1+ memory B cells by flow cytometry, evaluated humoral responses, and determined clinical reactivity (anaphylaxis). RESULTS Epicutaneous sensitization caused microscopic skin damage, inflammation, and recruitment of activated dendritic cells to the draining lymph nodes. This process generated allergen-specific IgG1+ germinal center B cells, serum IgG1, and anaphylaxis that was mediated by the alternative pathway. Whether we used peanut and/or ovalbumin from the egg white for sensitization, the allergen-specific IgG1+ memory compartment predominantly exhibited an immature, pro-germinal center phenotype (PDL-2- CD80- CD35+ CD73+ ). Subsequent subclinical exposures to the allergen induced IgE+ germinal center B cells, serum IgE, and likely activated the classical pathway of anaphylaxis. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that IgG1+ B-cell immunity against food allergens in epicutaneous sensitization precedes the generation of IgE responses. Therefore, the assessment of allergen-specific cellular and humoral IgG1+ immunity may help to identify individuals at risk of developing IgE-mediated food allergy and hence provide a window for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Jiménez‐Saiz
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Y. Ellenbogen
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - J. F. E. Koenig
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - M. E. Gordon
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - T. D. Walker
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - D. Rosace
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - P. Spill
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - K. Bruton
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - J. Kong
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - K. Monteiro
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - J. Wen
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - E. I. Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis TN USA
| | - R. Kolbeck
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity MedImmune LLC Gaithersburg MA USA
| | - D. K. Chu
- Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - S. Waserman
- Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - M. Jordana
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC) McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
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Tham EH, Leung DY. Mechanisms by Which Atopic Dermatitis Predisposes to Food Allergy and the Atopic March. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2019; 11:4-15. [PMID: 30479073 PMCID: PMC6267189 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2019.11.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Atopic march denotes the progression from atopic dermatitis (AD) to the development of other allergic disorders such as immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated food allergy, allergic rhinitis and asthma in later childhood. There is increasing evidence from prospective birth cohort studies that early-onset AD is a risk factor for other allergic diseases or is found in strong association with them. Animal studies now provide mechanistic insights into the pathways that may be responsible for triggering the progression from the skin barrier dysfunction seen in AD to epicutaneous sensitization, food allergy and allergic airway disorders. Recent large randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of early interventions targeted at AD and food allergy prevention. These show great promise for research into future strategies aimed at prevention of the atopic march.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Donald Ym Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
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34
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Farahnak S, Chronopoulos J, Martin JG. Nucleic Acid Sensing in Allergic Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:1-33. [PMID: 30904191 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances indicate that there is crosstalk between allergic disorders and nucleic acid sensing. Triggers that activate inflammatory mechanisms via nucleic acid sensors affect both allergic phenotypes and anti-viral responses, depending on the timing and the order of exposure. Viral respiratory infections, such as those caused by the rhinovirus, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus, are the most frequent cause of significant asthma exacerbations through effects mediated predominantly by TLR3. However, agonists of other nucleic acid sensors, such as TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists, may inhibit allergic inflammation and reduce clinical manifestations of disease. The allergic state can predispose the immune system to both exaggerated responses to viral infections or protection from anti-viral inflammatory responses. TH2 cytokines appear to alter the epithelium, leading to defective viral clearance or exaggerated responses to viral infections. However, a TH2 skewed allergic response may be protective against a TH1-dependent inflammatory anti-viral response. This review briefly introduces the receptors involved in nucleic acid sensing, addresses mechanisms by which nucleic acid sensing and allergic responses can counteract one another, and discusses the strategies in experimental settings, both in animal and human studies, to harness the nucleic acid sensing machinery for the intervention of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroor Farahnak
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia Chronopoulos
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James G Martin
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Tordesillas L, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Dunkin D, Mondoulet L, Agudo J, Merad M, Sampson HA, Berin MC. PDL2 + CD11b + dermal dendritic cells capture topical antigen through hair follicles to prime LAP + Tregs. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5238. [PMID: 30531969 PMCID: PMC6286332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin immune system must discriminate between innocuous antigens and pathogens. Antigen applied topically using a Viaskin® patch elicits immune tolerance that can suppress colitis and food allergy. Here we show how topical antigen is acquired and presented by dendritic cells in the skin. Topical antigen is acquired by Langerhans cells (LC) and CD11b+ cDC2s but not cDC1s, and both LCs and CD11b+ cDC2s reaching the lymph node can prime T cells and expand LAP+ Tregs. However, LCs are neither required nor sufficient for T cell priming, and have no role in tolerance induction. Conversely, IRF-4-dependent cDC2s are required for T cell priming. Acquisition of antigen in the dermis, delivery to the draining lymph node, and generation of tolerance are all absent in hairless mice. These results indicate an important function for hair follicle niche and CD11b+ cDC2s in antigen acquisition, and in generation of primary immune tolerance to topical antigens. Antigen present and presented in the structures of the skin can result in immune responses that elicit tolerance, protective immunity or allergy, depending on the immunological context. Here the authors describe a key role for the hair follicle and CD11b+ dendritic cells in the priming of local antigenic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Tordesillas
- Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.,Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.,Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - David Dunkin
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | - Judith Agudo
- Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Hugh A Sampson
- Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.,Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.,DBV Technologies, Montrouge, 90120, France
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA. .,Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.
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Schuijs MJ, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. Professional and 'Amateur' Antigen-Presenting Cells In Type 2 Immunity. Trends Immunol 2018; 40:22-34. [PMID: 30502024 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for the activation of naïve CD4+ T cells and are considered professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), as are macrophages and B cells. Recently, several innate type 2 immune cells, such as basophils, mast cells (MCs), eosinophils, and innate type 2 lymphocytes (ILC2), have also emerged as harboring APC behavior. Through surface expression or transfer of peptide-loaded MHCII, expression of costimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules, as well as the secretion of polarizing cytokines, these innate cells can extensively communicate with effector and regulatory CD4+ T cells. An exciting new concept is that the complementary tasks of these 'amateur' APCs contribute to shaping and regulating adaptive immunity to allergens and helminths, often in collaboration with professional APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J Schuijs
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Van der Borght K, Scott CL, Martens L, Sichien D, Van Isterdael G, Nindl V, Saeys Y, Boon L, Ludewig B, Gillebert TC, Lambrecht BN. Myocarditis Elicits Dendritic Cell and Monocyte Infiltration in the Heart and Self-Antigen Presentation by Conventional Type 2 Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2714. [PMID: 30524444 PMCID: PMC6258766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune myocarditis often leads to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Although T cell reactivity to cardiac self-antigen is common in the disease, it is unknown which antigen presenting cell (APC) triggers autoimmunity. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) was induced by immunizing mice with α-myosin loaded bone marrow APCs cultured in GM-CSF. APCs found in such cultures include conventional type 2 CD11b+ cDCs (GM-cDC2s) and monocyte-derived cells (GM-MCs). However, only α-myosin loaded GM-cDC2s could induce EAM. We also studied antigen presenting capacity of endogenous type 1 CD24+ cDCs (cDC1s), cDC2s, and MCs for α-myosin-specific TCR-transgenic TCR-M CD4+ T cells. After EAM induction, all cardiac APCs significantly increased and cDCs migrated to the heart-draining mediastinal lymph node (LN). Primarily cDC2s presented α-myosin to TCR-M cells and induced Th1/Th17 differentiation. Loss of IRF4 in Irf4fl/fl.Cd11cCre mice reduced MHCII expression on GM-cDC2s in vitro and cDC2 migration in vivo. However, partly defective cDC2 functions in Irf4fl/fl.Cd11cCre mice did not suppress EAM. MCs were the largest APC subset in the inflamed heart and produced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Targeting APC populations could be exploited in the design of new therapies for cardiac autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van der Borght
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte L Scott
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Martens
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorine Sichien
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Isterdael
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronika Nindl
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Skevaki C, Renz H. Advances in mechanisms of allergic disease in 2017. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1730-1739. [PMID: 30315828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights advances in mechanisms of allergic disease, particularly type 2 innate lymphoid cells, TH2 lymphocytes, B cells, dendritic cells, microbiome and barrier function, eosinophils, and mast cells. During the last year, considerable progress has been made in the further characterization of type 2 inflammation controlled by both adaptive (TH2) and type 2 innate lymphoid effector cells. New pathways of lymphocyte activation, trafficking, and recruitment and effector cell mechanisms have been discovered. The plasticity of lymphocyte effector cell responses is another area in which major progress has been achieved. Accumulating evidence will influence both our understanding of allergic disease and our efforts for allergy prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Skevaki
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps Universität Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps Universität Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.
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Dioszeghy V, Mondoulet L, Laoubi L, Dhelft V, Plaquet C, Bouzereau A, Dupont C, Sampson H. Antigen Uptake by Langerhans Cells Is Required for the Induction of Regulatory T Cells and the Acquisition of Tolerance During Epicutaneous Immunotherapy in OVA-Sensitized Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1951. [PMID: 30233572 PMCID: PMC6129590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is a major immunologic organ that may induce protection, sensitization or tolerance. Epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) has been proposed as an attractive strategy to actively treat food allergy and has been shown to induce tolerance in sensitized mice through the induction of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), especially CD62L+ Tregs. Among immune cells in the skin, dendritic cells are key players in antigen-specific immune activation or regulation. The role of different populations of skin DCs in tolerance induction remains to be elucidated. Using OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice, we demonstrated that the application of a patch containing OVA-A647 to the skin resulted in allergen uptake by Langerhans cells (LCs) and CD11b+ dermal cDC2 and subsequent migration into skin draining lymph nodes. These 2 populations induced Foxp3 expression in CD4+ cells in vitro. Only LCs induced LAP+ cells and CD62L+ Tregs. Using Langerin-eGFP-DTR mice, we analyzed the role of LCs in the mechanisms of tolerance induction by EPIT in vivo. Following complete depletion of LCs, a dramatic decrease in the number of OVA+ DCs and OVA+ CD11b+ dermal cDC2 was observed in skin draining lymph nodes 48 h after epicutaneous application. Likewise, 2 weeks of EPIT in non-depleted mice induced Foxp3+ Tregs, especially CD62L+, and LAP+ Tregs in skin draining lymph nodes and spleen, whereas no induction of Tregs was observed in LC-depleted mice. Following 8 weeks of treatment, EPIT-treated mice showed significant protection against anaphylaxis accompanied by a significant increase of Foxp3+ Tregs, especially CD62L+ Tregs, which was not seen in the absence of LCs. In summary, although both LCs and CD11b+ dermal cDC2s could induce regulatory T cells, the absence of LCs during EPIT impaired treatment efficacy, indicating their crucial role in skin-induced tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christophe Dupont
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Haspeslagh E, Heyndrickx I, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. The hygiene hypothesis: immunological mechanisms of airway tolerance. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 54:102-108. [PMID: 29986301 PMCID: PMC6202673 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial and environmental signals set tonic activation status of barrier tissues. Signaling from barrier tissues licenses dendritic cells to induce T helper 2 cells. Pulmonary immune system in early-life prone to asthma development. Mechanistic understanding needed to translate epidemiological findings in therapies.
The hygiene hypothesis was initially proposed as an explanation for the alarming rise in allergy prevalence in the last century. The immunological idea behind this hypothesis was a lack of infections associated with a Western lifestyle and a consequential reduction in type 1 immune responses. It is now understood that the development of tolerance to allergens depends on microbial colonization and immunostimulatory environmental signals during early-life or passed on by the mother. These environmental cues are sensed and integrated by barrier epithelial cells of the lungs and possibly skin, which in turn instruct dendritic cells to regulate or impede adaptive T cell responses. Recent reports also implicate immunoregulatory macrophages as powerful suppressors of allergy by the microbiome. We propose that loss of adequate microbial stimulation due to a Western lifestyle may result in hypersensitive barrier tissues and the observed rise in type 2 allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Haspeslagh
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 K12, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ines Heyndrickx
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 K12, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 K12, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 K12, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ErasmusMC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Godar M, Deswarte K, Vergote K, Saunders M, de Haard H, Hammad H, Blanchetot C, Lambrecht BN. A bispecific antibody strategy to target multiple type 2 cytokines in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1185-1193.e4. [PMID: 29890236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease in which innate and adaptive immune cells act together to cause eosinophilic inflammation, goblet cell metaplasia (GCM), and bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR). In clinical trials using biologicals against IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) α or IL-5, only a subset of patients with moderate-to-severe asthma responded favorably, suggesting that distinct pathophysiologic mechanisms are at play in subgroups of patients called endotypes. However, the effect of multiple cytokine blockade using bispecific antibodies has not been tested. OBJECTIVE We sought to target simultaneously the IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5 signaling pathways with a novel IL-4Rα/IL-5-bispecific antibody in a murine house dust mite (HDM) model of asthma. METHODS Two mAbs neutralizing IL-4Rα and IL-5 were generated by using a llama-based antibody platform. Their heavy and light chains were then cotransfected in mammalian cells, resulting in a heterogeneous antibody mixture from which the bispecific antibody was isolated by using a dual anti-idiotypic purification process. C57BL/6J mice were finally sensitized and challenged to HDM extracts and treated during challenge with the antibodies. RESULTS We successfully generated and characterized the monospecific and bispecific antibodies targeting IL-4Rα and IL-5. The monospecific antibodies could suppress eosinophilia, IgE synthesis, or both, whereas only the IL-4Rα/IL-5-bispecific antibody and the combination of monospecific antibodies additionally inhibited GCM and BHR. CONCLUSION Type 2 cytokines act synergistically to cause GCM and BHR in HDM-exposed mice. These preclinical results show the feasibility of generating bispecific antibodies that target multiple cytokine signaling pathways as superior inhibitors of asthma features, including the difficult-to-treat GCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Godar
- argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim Deswarte
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karl Vergote
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Hamida Hammad
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Bart N Lambrecht
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Deckers J, Hammad H, Hoste E. Langerhans Cells: Sensing the Environment in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:93. [PMID: 29449841 PMCID: PMC5799717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, our understanding of Langerhans cells (LCs) has drastically changed based on novel findings regarding the developmental origin and biological functions of these epidermis-specific resident immune cells. It has become clear that LCs not only exert pivotal roles in immune surveillance and homeostasis but also impact on pathology by either inducing tolerance or mediating inflammation. Their unique capabilities to self-renew within the epidermis, while also being able to migrate to lymph nodes in order to present antigen, place LCs in a key position to sample the local environment and decide on the appropriate cutaneous immune response. Exciting new data distinguishing LCs from Langerin+ dermal dendritic cells (DCs) on a functional and ontogenic level reveal crucial roles for LCs in trauma and various skin pathologies, which will be thoroughly discussed here. However, despite rapid progress in the field, the exact role of LCs during immune responses has not been completely elucidated. This review focuses on what mouse models that have been developed in order to enable the study of murine LCs and other Langerin-expressing DCs have taught us about LC development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deckers
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Esther Hoste
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Deckers J, Bougarne N, Mylka V, Desmet S, Luypaert A, Devos M, Tanghe G, Van Moorleghem J, Vanheerswynghels M, De Cauwer L, Thommis J, Vuylsteke M, Tavernier J, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, De Bosscher K. Co-Activation of Glucocorticoid Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ in Murine Skin Prevents Worsening of Atopic March. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:1360-1370. [PMID: 29288652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Children with atopic dermatitis show an increased risk to develop asthma later in life, a phenomenon referred to as "atopic march," which emphasizes the need for secondary prevention therapies. This study aimed to investigate whether relief of skin inflammation by glucocorticoids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists might influence the subsequent development of asthma in a murine model for the atopic march in which mice were repeatedly exposed to house dust mite via the skin, followed by exposure to house dust mite in lungs. To abrogate atopic dermatitis, mice received topical treatment with glucocorticoid receptor/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists. Nuclear receptor ligand effects were assessed on primary keratinocytes and dendritic cells, as central players in skin inflammation. Prior house dust mite-induced skin inflammation aggravates allergic airway inflammation and induces a mixed T helper type 2/T helper type 17 response in the lungs. Cutaneous combined activation of glucocorticoid receptor/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ reduced skin inflammation to a higher extent compared to single activation. Additive anti-inflammatory effects were more prominent in dendritic cells, as compared to keratinocytes. Alleviation of allergic skin inflammation by activation of glucocorticoid receptor/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ appeared insufficient to avoid the allergic immune response in the lungs, but efficiently reduced asthma severity by counteracting the Th17 response. Glucocorticoid receptor/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activation represents a potent remedy against allergic skin inflammation and worsening of atopic march.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deckers
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nadia Bougarne
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Viacheslav Mylka
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Desmet
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Astrid Luypaert
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Devos
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giel Tanghe
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Justine Van Moorleghem
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Manon Vanheerswynghels
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lode De Cauwer
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Thommis
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Tavernier
- Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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44
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Ontogeny and function of murine epidermal Langerhans cells. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1068-1075. [PMID: 28926543 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are epidermis-resident antigen-presenting cells that share a common ontogeny with macrophages but function as dendritic cells (DCs). Their development, recruitment and retention in the epidermis is orchestrated by interactions with keratinocytes through multiple mechanisms. LC and dermal DC subsets often show functional redundancy, but LCs are required for specific types of adaptive immune responses when antigen is concentrated in the epidermis. This Review will focus on those developmental and functional properties that are unique to LCs.
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45
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Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic lung disease that affects 300 million people worldwide. It causes the airways of the lungs to swell and narrow due to inflammation (swelling and excess mucus build-up in the airways) and airway constriction (tightening of the muscles surrounding the airways). Atopic asthma is the most common form of asthma, and is triggered by inhaled allergens that ultimately promote the activation of the Th2-like T cells and the development of Th2-mediated chronic inflammation. Different subsets of T cells, including T follicular helper cells, tissue-resident T, cells and Th2 effector cells, play different functions during allergic immune response. Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to play a central role in initiating allergic Th2-type immune responses and in the development of the T cell phenotype. However, this function depends on the complex interaction with other cells of the immune system and determines whether the response to environmental allergens will be one of tolerance or allergic inflammation. This review discusses cell interactions leading to the initiation and maintenance of allergic Th2-type immune responses, particularly those associated with allergic asthma.
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46
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The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1076-1083. [PMID: 28926539 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The immunology of the hygiene hypothesis of allergy is complex and involves the loss of cellular and humoral immunoregulatory pathways as a result of the adoption of a Western lifestyle and the disappearance of chronic infectious diseases. The influence of diet and reduced microbiome diversity now forms the foundation of scientific thinking on how the allergy epidemic occurred, although clear mechanistic insights into the process in humans are still lacking. Here we propose that barrier epithelial cells are heavily influenced by environmental factors and by microbiome-derived danger signals and metabolites, and thus act as important rheostats for immunoregulation, particularly during early postnatal development. Preventive strategies based on this new knowledge could exploit the diversity of the microbial world and the way humans react to it, and possibly restore old symbiotic relationships that have been lost in recent times, without causing disease or requiring a return to an unhygienic life style.
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Vroman H, Hendriks RW, Kool M. Dendritic Cell Subsets in Asthma: Impaired Tolerance or Exaggerated Inflammation? Front Immunol 2017; 8:941. [PMID: 28848549 PMCID: PMC5552666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a prevalent chronic heterogeneous inflammatory disease of the airways, leading to reversible airway obstruction, in which various inflammatory responses can be observed. Mild to moderate asthma patients often present with a Th2-mediated eosinophilic inflammation whereas in severe asthma patients, a Th17-associated neutrophilic or combined Th2 and Th17-mediated eosinophilic/neutrophilic inflammation is observed. The differentiation of these effector Th2 and Th17-cells is induced by allergen-exposed dendritic cells (DCs) that migrate toward the lung draining lymph node. The DC lineage comprises conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), of which the cDC lineage consists of type 1 cDCs (cDC1s) and cDC2s. During inflammation, also monocytes can differentiate into so-called monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). These DC subsets differ both in ontogeny, localization, and in their functional properties. New identification tools and the availability of transgenic mice targeting specific DC subsets enable the investigation of how these different DC subsets contribute to or suppress asthma pathogenesis. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms used by different DC subsets to elicit or hamper the pathogenesis of both Th2-mediated eosinophilic asthma and more severe Th17-mediated neutrophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Vroman
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Kool
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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48
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Deckers J, De Bosscher K, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. Interplay between barrier epithelial cells and dendritic cells in allergic sensitization through the lung and the skin. Immunol Rev 2017; 278:131-144. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deckers
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology; VIB Center for Inflammation Research; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories; Nuclear Receptor Lab; VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology; Ghent Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Biochemistry; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories; Nuclear Receptor Lab; VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology; Ghent Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology; VIB Center for Inflammation Research; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology; VIB Center for Inflammation Research; Ghent Belgium
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