Fangchinoline diminishes STAT3 activation by stimulating oxidative stress and targeting SHP-1 protein in multiple myeloma model

Fangchinoline suppresses nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression by inhibiting SQLE to regulate the PI3K/AKT pathway dysregulation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Squalene epoxidase (SQLE), a key enzyme in cholesterol metabolism, remains underexplored in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Additionally, the therapeutic potential of Fangchinoline, an alkaloid with anticancer properties, has yet to be systematically evaluated. This research investigates Fangchinoline's efficacy in NPC treatment and SQLE-related mechanisms.

METHODS

Drug screening in NPC cell lines C666-1 and 5-8F identified potential candidates. IC50 values were determined using CCK-8 assays, and apoptosis, proliferation, and invasion were assessed via Annexin V/PI staining, EdU staining, and Transwell assays. Cholesterol levels were quantified using a TG kit. RNA sequencing with GO/KEGG analyses identified key pathways. Correlation analysis was performed via cBioPortal and GEPIA2 databases, protein interaction networks via STRING and Cytoscape, and survival analysis via Kaplan-Meier curves. Gene and protein expression were validated with qPCR and Western blot, and an NPC mouse model confirmed in vivo efficacy.

RESULTS

Fangchinoline inhibited NPC cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and reduced cholesterol accumulation. RNA sequencing revealed that Fangchinoline downregulated SQLE expression, suppressing the PI3K/AKT pathway. Correlation and protein interaction analyses highlighted SQLE's role in NPC progression, and survival analysis confirmed its clinical relevance. By targeting SQLE and disrupting cholesterol metabolism, Fangchinoline suppressed tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates that Fangchinoline inhibits NPC growth by targeting SQLE and disrupting the PI3K/AKT pathway, providing new insights into SQLE as a therapeutic target in NPC.

Current Understanding of the Exosomes and Their Associated Biomolecules in the Glioblastoma Biology, Clinical Treatment, and Diagnosis

Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive brain tumor with a low survival rate. Due to its heterogeneous composition, high invasiveness, and frequent recurrence after surgery, treatment success has been limited. In addition, due to the brain's unique immune status and the suppressor tumor microenvironment (TME), glioblastoma treatment has faced more challenges. Exosomes play a critical role in cancer metastasis by regulating cell-cell interactions that promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, treatment resistance, and immunological regulation in the tumor microenvironment. This review explores the pivotal role of exosomes in the development of glioblastoma, with a focus on their potential as non-invasive biomarkers for prognosis, early detection and real-time monitoring of disease progression. Notably, exosome-based drug delivery methods hold promise for overcoming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and developing targeted therapies for glioblastoma. Despite challenges in clinical translation, the potential for personalized exosome = -054321`therapies and the capacity to enhance therapeutic responses in glioblastoma, present intriguing opportunities for improving patient outcomes. It seems that getting a good and current grasp of the role of exosomes in the fight against glioblastoma would properly serve the scientific community to further their understanding of the related potentials of these biological moieties.

Fangchinoline-mediated autophagy inhibition amplifies antigen presentation and PD-1 blockade efficacy in lung cancer

Cancer cells frequently exhibit MHC-I deficiency, impairing immune-mediated cytotoxicity even in the presence of PD-1 checkpoint inhibition. To date, no clinically approved therapies exist that can upregulate MHC-I expression to boost immune responses against cancer cells. Emerging evidence has shown that autophagy plays a role in MHC-I molecule degradation, contributing to reduced recognition of cancer cells by CD8+ T cells. We previously report that fangchinoline, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid derived from Chinese herb, is a novel autophagy inhibitor with an adjuvant of chemotherapy against lung cancer. In this study we investigated the modulatory effects of PD-1 blockade combined with fangchinoline on CD8+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment of lung cancer. We showed an inverse correlation between elevated autophagic activity and decreased MHC-I surface expression-a phenomenon often associated with poor clinical efficacies-in various human lung cancer cell lines (NCI-H1299, NCI-H1975, A549, NCI-H1650 and NCI-H446) compared with normal bronchial epithelial cells lung cancer. Knockdown of ATG4 and ATG5 resulted in increased MHC-I expression and enhanced tumor antigen presentation in NCI-H1975, NCI-H1299 and A549 cells. As autophagy receptors were crucial for transporting proteins to autophagosomes for degradation, we sequentially silenced various autophagy receptors and found that NDP52 knockdown specifically restored MHC-I expression, suggesting that NDP52-mediated autophagy might contribute to MHC-I degradation, and autophagy inhibition might enhance immune-mediated cancer cell death. We showed that pretreatment of LLC-OVA cells with the autophagy inhibitor fangchinoline (1.25, 2.5, 5 μM) followed by coculture with CD8+ T cells, dose-dependently enhanced immune killing. In both in vitro and in vivo experiments, we showed that fangchinoline combined with anti-PD-1 therapy significantly increased CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In conclusion, this study highlights NDP52 as a key autophagy receptor involved in MHC-I degradation and provides a new insight into tumor immune evasion. Combining autophagy inhibition with immunotherapy may be a promising therapeutic strategy for anticancer immunity enhancement.

TREM2 alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by attenuating ferroptosis via the SHP1/STAT3 pathway

Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a complex and life-threatening condition characterized by excessive inflammatory responses, ferroptosis, and oxidative stress. A comprehensive investigation and effective therapeutic strategies are crucial for managing this condition. In this study, we established in vivo sepsis models using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in wild-type (WT) mice and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) knockout (TREM2-KO) mice to assess lung morphology, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis. In vitro, RAW264.7 cells with TREM2 overexpression (TREM2-OE) or knockdown (TREM2-SiRNA) were utilized to assess oxidative stress and ferroptosis. RNA sequencing of LPS-stimulated cells transfected with either vector or TREM2-OE revealed significant differences in inflammation- and ferroptosis-related pathways. LPS-induced lung injury and ferroptosis were exacerbated in TREM2-KO mice and TREM2-SiRNA cells but alleviated by the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1). Mechanistically, TREM2-KO led to SHP1 downregulation and STAT3-P upregulation, which were reversed by the SHP1 agonist SC-43. These findings highlight the role of TREM2 in the SHP1/STAT3 signaling pathway and its regulatory effects on ferroptosis. Our study demonstrates that TREM2, via the SHP1/STAT3 pathway, suppresses oxidative stress and ferroptosis, thereby significantly mitigating sepsis-induced ALI. These results underscore the pivotal role of TREM2 in modulating inflammatory responses and immunity, providing a theoretical foundation for developing therapeutic strategies.

Fangchinoline alleviates the progression of osteoarthritis through the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway

Osteoarthritis is a progressive, chronic joint disease characterized by pain, stiffness, and limited mobility, which can lead to physical disability in severe cases. Owing to its complex pathological features, effective treatments for osteoarthritis are lacking. Fangchinoline is a natural alkaloid found in the tuberous roots of plants belonging to the Menispermaceae family. Fangchinoline reportedly possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties; however, its role in osteoarthritis progression remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective effects and potential mechanisms of fangchinoline against osteoarthritis. In vitro, we confirmed that fangchinoline alleviates interleukin-1β-induced cartilage inflammation, reduces the levels of metabolic factors, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloproteinase-3, and modulates the expression of aggrecan, which enhances extracellular matrix synthesis. In vivo, we demonstrated that fangchinoline can ameliorate articular cartilage degeneration and reduce inflammatory destruction in a destabilization of the medial meniscus mouse model. The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in osteoarthritis has been a primary target for drug development, and our results suggest that fangchinoline exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the activity of IKKα/β. Using an in vitro human cartilage culture model, we further validated that fangchinoline significantly mitigates cartilage degeneration and inflammation by modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. This evidence highlights its dual action in preserving cartilage integrity and suppressing inflammatory responses. These findings collectively underscore fangchinoline as a potent inhibitor of NF-κB, capable of attenuating key pathological processes associated with osteoarthritis. Therefore, fangchinoline emerges as a promising therapeutic candidate for slowing the progression of osteoarthritis.

A Comprehensive Appraisal of Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids Isolated From Genus Cyclea for Anticancer Potential

The pharmaceutical industry and academia are continuously searching for novel and effective anticancer lead compounds to ensure patient safety, provide a cure, and surpass all other obstacles. Given the indeterminate nature of cancer etiology, the importance of drugs capable of targeting multiple pathways cannot be overstated. Among naturally occurring compounds, bisbenzylisoquinoline (BBIQ) alkaloids, such as berberine, tetrandrine, chelidonine, and berbamine, have demonstrated significant anticancer potential by modulating diverse signaling pathways. Several of these compounds are currently in clinical trials, highlighting their relevance in cancer treatment. This review emphasizes the need for further investigation into the anticancer properties of BBIQ alkaloids, particularly those isolated from eight Cyclea species in India. With around 27 BBIQ alkaloids identified, these compounds hold promise, especially in combating multidrug resistance-a critical challenge in cancer therapy. Given the rising cancer incidence, these alkaloids warrant a deeper exploration of their therapeutic potential.

Discovery of 2-Pyrazolines That Inhibit the Phosphorylation of STAT3 as Nanomolar Cytotoxic Agents

STAT3 has emerged as a validated target in cancer, being functionally associated with breast cancer (BC) development, growth, resistance to chemotherapy, metastasis, and evasion of immune surveillance. Previously, a series of compounds consisting of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine tethered 2-pyrazolines (referred to as ITPs) were developed that inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) BC cells. Herein, a new library of derivatives consisting of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine clubbed 2-pyrazolines 2(a-o) and its amide derivatives 3(a-af) have been synthesized. Among these derivatives, 3n and 3p displayed efficacy to reduce ER+ BC cell viability, with IC50 values of 55 and 15 nM, respectively. Molecular docking simulations predicted that compound 3p bound to STAT3 protein, with a binding energy of -9.56 kcal/mol. Using Western blot analysis, it was demonstrated that treatment of ER+ BC cells with compound 3p decreased the levels of phosphorylated STAT3 at the Tyr705 residue. In conclusion, this investigation presents the synthesis of imidazopyridine clubbed 2-pyrazolines that exhibit significant efficacy in reducing viability of ER+ BC cells. In silico docking and Western blot analyses together support compound 3p as a promising novel inhibitor of STAT3 phosphorylation, suggesting its potential as a valuable candidate for further therapeutic development.

Fangchinoline eliminates intracellular Salmonella by enhancing lysosomal function via the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis

INTRODUCTION

Salmonella, a foodborne zoonotic pathogen, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in animals and humans globally. With the prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains, Salmonellosis has become a formidable challenge. Host-directed therapy (HDT) has recently emerged as a promising anti-infective approach for treating intracellular bacterial infections.

OBJECTIVES

Plant-derived natural products, owing to their structural and functional diversity, are increasingly being explored and utilized as encouraging candidates for HDT compounds. This study aims to identify and screen natural compounds with potential as HDT for the treatment of intracellular Salmonella infections.

METHODS

A cell-based screening approach was deployed to identify natural compounds capable of mitigating the intracellular replication of S. enterica. Safety and efficacy of the candidate compounds were evaluated using multiple animal models. RNA sequencing, ELISA, and immunoblotting analyses were conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action.

RESULTS

Our results reveal that fangchinoline (FAN) effectively reduces S. enterica survival both in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, FAN also displays anti-infective activity against other intracellular pathogens, including multidrug-resistant isolates. A 14-day safety evaluation in mice showed no significant toxic or adverse effects from FAN administration. RNA sequencing analysis reveals an upregulation of lysosome pathways in S. enterica-infected cells treated with FAN. Mechanistic studies indicate that FAN increases acid lysosomal quantities and fosters autophagic response in Salmonella-infected cells via the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis. In addition, FAN alleviates the inflammatory response in Salmonella-infected cells by inactivating the NF-κB pathway.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that FAN represents a lead HDT compound for tackling recalcitrant infections caused by intracellular bacterial pathogens.

Biological Cargo: Exosomes and their Role in Cancer Progression and Metastasis

Cancer cells are among the many types of cells that release exosomes, which are nanovesicles. Because of their many potential applications, exosomes have recently garnered much attention from cancer researchers. The bioactive substances that exosomes release as cargo have been the subject of several investigations. The substances in question may operate as biomarkers for diagnosis or affect apoptosis, the immune system, the development and spread of cancer, and other processes. Others have begun to look at exosomes in experimental therapeutic trials because they believe they may be useful in the treatment of cancer. This review started with a short description of exosome biogenesis and key features. Next, the potential of tumor-derived exosomes and oncosomes to influence the immune system throughout the development of cancer, as well as alter tumor microenvironments (TMEs) and pre-metastatic niche creation, was investigated. Finally, there was talk of exosomes' possible use in cancer treatment. Furthermore, there is emerging consensus about the potential application of exosomes to be biological reprogrammers of cancer cells, either as carriers of naturally occurring chemicals, including anticancer medications, or as carriers of anticancer vaccines for immunotherapy as well as boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). We briefly review the key ideas and logic behind this intriguing therapy recommendation.

Fangchinoline suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating ROS accumulation via the TRIM7/Nrf2 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Dysregulation of redox homeostasis is associated with developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Oxidative stress (OS) is distinguished by the accumulation of ROS, which plays a variety of roles in cancer pathology. Fangchinoline (FAN), a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, has anti-cancer pharmacological activity. However, the regulatory mechanism of FAN on OS and whether it can inhibit HCC by mediating OS are still unclear.

HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE

This paper aims to explore the effectiveness of FAN in preventing HCC via regulating OS and identify the underlying molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

We used the primary HCC mouse model and hepatoma cell line to explore the suppressive effect of FAN on hepatocarcinogenesis. To study the role of ROS in the anti-hepatocarcinoma effect of FAN in cell model and mouse model. The mechanism of FAN-induced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway activation was studied through various techniques, including generation of Nrf2 and tripartite motif containing 7 (TRIM7) gene overexpressing or knockdown cell model, co-immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry and subcutaneous tumor xenograft models constructed by the stable TRIM7-overexpression HLE cells, etc. RESULTS: We showed that FAN significantly inhibited cell proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis in HCC cells and primary HCC mouse model. The FAN-induced mitochondrial dysfunction promoted ROS accumulation, and using N-Acetylcysteine to clear ROS reversed the anti-HCC effects of FAN. We observed that FAN is capable of activating the Nrf2 pathway. This effect was thought to be due to the fact that, in response to the FAN-induced OS, the cancer cells created a feedback loop to stable Nrf2 via depressing the K48-linkage ubiquitination of it, which was caused by reduced binding of kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and Nrf2 and elevated TRIM7 expression. Indeed, overexpression of TRIM7 suppressed the anti-hepatocarcinoma effect of FAN.

CONCLUSION

The study determines the anti-liver cancer effect of FAN and first describes the positive regulatory effect of TRIM7 on Nrf2 signaling. We reveal that TRIM7/Nrf2 signaling served as a target of FAN-induced ROS accumulation in HCC, which helps to clarify the mechanism of action of FAN against HCC and provides a theoretical basis for FAN as an anti-cancer drug.

Fangchinoline protects hepatic ischemia/reperfusion liver injury in rats through anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation properties: an in silico study

Liver ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common cause of organ failure, developed by a sudden block in the blood and oxygen supply and subsequent restoration. I/R damage is responsible for acute and chronic rejection after organ transplantation, accounting for 10% of early graft failure. The study investigated the therapeutic properties of fangchinoline in liver injury-induced rats. The rats were divided into three groups: Sham, I/R without pretreatment, and I/R + 10 mg/kg fangchinoline pretreatment. Blood and liver samples were collected for assays, and an in silico docking analysis was conducted to determine fangchinoline's inhibitory effect. The pretreatment with 10 mg/kg of fangchinoline effectively reduced hepatic marker enzymes such as AST, LDH, and ALT in the serum of rats with liver I/R damage. Fangchinoline treatment significantly reduced interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in I/R-induced rats, boosting antioxidants and decreasing MDA. Histopathological studies showed liver injury protection, and fangchinoline inhibited TNF-α and IL-6 with improved binding affinity. Fangchinoline has hepatoprotective properties by reducing inflammation in rats with liver I/R damage, as demonstrated in the current study. Hence, it can be an effective salutary agent in preventing liver damage caused by I/R.

Fangchinoline inhibits metastasis and reduces inflammation-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting the FOXM1-ADAM17 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Efforts have been focused on developing new anti-HCC agents and understanding their pharmacology. However, few agents have been able to effectively combat tumor growth and invasiveness due to the rapid progression of HCC. In this study, we discovered that fangchinoline (FAN), a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid derived from Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, effectively inhibited the migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCC cells. FAN treatment also led to the suppression of IL6 and IL1β release, as well as the expression of inflammation-related proteins such as COX-2 and iNOS, and the activation of the NF-κB pathway, thereby reducing inflammation-related EMT. Additionally, FAN directly bound to forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1), resulting in decreased levels of FOXM1 proteins and disruption of the FOXM1-ADAM17 axis. Our in vivo findings confirmed that FAN effectively hindered the growth and lung metastasis of HCCLM3-xenograft tumors. Importantly, the upregulation of FOXM1 in HCC tissue suggested that targeting FOXM1 inhibition with FAN or its inhibitors could be a promising therapeutic approach for HCC. Overall, this study elucidated the anti-tumor effects and potential pharmacological mechanisms of FAN, and proposed that targeting FOXM1 inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy for HCC with potential clinical applications.

Fragment-based design and synthesis of coumarin-based thiazoles as dual c-MET/STAT-3 inhibitors for potential antitumor agents

c-MET and STAT-3 are significant targets for cancer treatments. Here, we describe a class of very effective dual STAT-3 and c-MET inhibitors with coumarin-based thiazoles (3a-o) as its scaffold. Spectroscopic evidence (NMR, HRMS, and HPLC) validated the structural discoveries of the new compounds. The cytotoxic activity of these compounds was also tested against a panel of cancer cells in accordance with US-NCI guidelines. Compound 3g proved to be active at 10 µM, thus it was automatically scheduled to be tested at five doses. Towards SNB-75 (CNS cancer cell line), compound 3g showed notable in vitro anti-cancer activity with GI50 = 1.43 μM. For the molecular targets, compound 3g displayed potent activity towards STAT-3 and c-MET having IC50 of 4.7 µM and 12.67, respectively, compared to Cabozantinib (IC50 = 15 nM of c-MET) and STAT-3-IN-3 (IC50 = 2.1 µM of STAT-3). Moreover, compound 3g significantly induced apoptosis in SNB-75 cells, causing a 3.04-fold increase in apoptotic cell death (treated cells exhibited 11.53 % overall apoptosis, against 3.04 % in reference cells) and a 3.58-fold increase in necrosis. Moreover, it arrests cells at the G2 phase. Dual inhibition of c-MET and STAT-3 protein kinase was further validated using RT-PCR. The target compound's binding mechanism was determined by the application of molecular docking.

Circulating tumor cells: from new biological insights to clinical practice

The primary reason for high mortality rates among cancer patients is metastasis, where tumor cells migrate through the bloodstream from the original site to other parts of the body. Recent advancements in technology have significantly enhanced our comprehension of the mechanisms behind the bloodborne spread of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). One critical process, DNA methylation, regulates gene expression and chromosome stability, thus maintaining dynamic equilibrium in the body. Global hypomethylation and locus-specific hypermethylation are examples of changes in DNA methylation patterns that are pivotal to carcinogenesis. This comprehensive review first provides an overview of the various processes that contribute to the formation of CTCs, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), immune surveillance, and colonization. We then conduct an in-depth analysis of how modifications in DNA methylation within CTCs impact each of these critical stages during CTC dissemination. Furthermore, we explored potential clinical implications of changes in DNA methylation in CTCs for patients with cancer. By understanding these epigenetic modifications, we can gain insights into the metastatic process and identify new biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and targeted therapies. This review aims to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical application, highlighting the significance of DNA methylation in the context of cancer metastasis and offering new avenues for improving patient outcomes.

Kaempferide triggers apoptosis and paraptosis in pancreatic tumor cells by modulating the ROS production, SHP-1 expression, and the STAT3 pathway

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest diseases with a poor prognosis and a five-survival rate. The STAT3 pathway is hyperactivated which contributes to the sustained proliferative signals in pancreatic cancer cells. We have isolated kaempferide (KF), an O-methylated flavonol, from the green propolis of Mimosa tenuiflora and examined its effect on two forms of cell death namely, apoptosis and paraptosis. KF significantly increased the cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP. It also downmodulated the expression of Alix (an intracellular inhibitor of paraptosis) and increased the expression of CHOP and ATF4 (transcription factors that promote paraptosis) indicating that KF promotes apoptosis as well as paraptosis. KF also increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) suggesting the perturbance of the redox state. N-acetylcysteine reverted the apoptosis- and paraptosis-inducing effects of KF. Some ROS inducers are known to suppress the STAT3 pathway and investigation revealed that KF downmodulates STAT3 and its upstream kinases (JAK1, JAK2, and Src). Additionally, KF also elevated the expression of SHP-1, a tyrosine phosphatase which is involved in the negative modulation of the STAT3 pathway. Knockdown of SHP-1 prevented KF-driven STAT3 inhibition. Altogether, KF has been identified as a promoter of apoptosis and paraptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through the elevation of ROS generation and SHP-1 expression.

Fangchinoline inhibits mouse oocyte meiosis by disturbing MPF activity

Fangchinoline (FA) is an alkaloid derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Fangji. Numerous studies have shown that FA has a toxic effect on various cancer cells, but little is known about its toxic effects on germ cells, especially oocytes. In this study, we investigated the effects of FA on mouse oocyte maturation and its potential mechanisms. Our results showed that FA did not affect meiosis resumption but inhibited the first polar body extrusion. This inhibition is not due to abnormalities at the organelle level, such as chromosomes and mitochondrial, which was proved by detection of DNA damage and reactive oxygen species. Further studies revealed that FA arrested the oocyte at the metaphase I stage, and this arrest was not caused by abnormal kinetochore-microtubule attachment or spindle assembly checkpoint activation. Instead, FA inhibits the activity of anaphase-promoting complexes (APC/C), as evidenced by the inhibition of CCNB1 degeneration. The decreased activity of APC/C may be due to a reduction in CDC25B activity as indicated by the high phosphorylation level of CDC25B (Ser323). This may further enhance Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) activity, which plays a critical role in meiosis. In conclusion, our study suggests that the metaphase I arrest caused by FA may be due to abnormalities in MPF and APC/C activity.

Fangchinoline targets human renal cell carcinoma cells through modulation of apoptotic and non‑apoptotic cell deaths

The process of apoptosis is one of the essential processes involved in maintenance of homeostasis in the human body. It can aid to remove misfolded proteins or cellular organelles. This sequence is especially necessary in cancer cells. However, specifically targeting already apoptotic pathways can induce drug resistance in cancer cells and hence drugs can induce cell death by alternative mechanism. We investigated whether fangchinoline (FCN) can target renal carcinoma cells by inducing multiple cell death mechanisms. Both paraptosis, autophagy, and apoptosis were induced by FCN through stimulation of diverse molecular signaling pathways. FCN induced ROS production with GSH/GSSG imbalance, and ER stress. In addition, formation of autophagosome and autophagy related markers were stimulated by FCN. Moreover, FCN induced cell cycle arrest and PARP cleavage. Except for blocking protein synthesis, these three cell death pathways were found to be complementarily working together with each other. FCN also exhibited synergistic effects with paclitaxel in inducing programmed cell death in RCC cells. Our data indicates that FCN could induce apoptotic cell death and non-apoptotic cell death pathways and can be con-tribute to development of novel cancer prevention or therapy.

Nanoliposomes as nonviral vectors in cancer gene therapy

Nonviral vectors, such as liposomes, offer potential for targeted gene delivery in cancer therapy. Liposomes, composed of phospholipid vesicles, have demonstrated efficacy as nanocarriers for genetic tools, addressing the limitations of off-targeting and degradation commonly associated with traditional gene therapy approaches. Due to their biocompatibility, stability, and tunable physicochemical properties, they offer potential in overcoming the challenges associated with gene therapy, such as low transfection efficiency and poor stability in biological fluids. Despite these advancements, there remains a gap in understanding the optimal utilization of nanoliposomes for enhanced gene delivery in cancer treatment. This review delves into the present state of nanoliposomes as carriers for genetic tools in cancer therapy, sheds light on their potential to safeguard genetic payloads and facilitate cell internalization alongside the evolution of smart nanocarriers for targeted delivery. The challenges linked to their biocompatibility and the factors that restrict their effectiveness in gene delivery are also discussed along with exploring the potential of nanoliposomes in cancer gene therapy strategies by analyzing recent advancements and offering future directions.

Brassinin alleviates cancer cachexia by suppressing diverse inflammatory mechanisms in mice

Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial condition that contributes to the death of about 20% of cancer patients. It has the potential to cause weight loss, reduction in muscle mass, and loss of fat tissue, significantly lowering the quality of life. Currently, there are no approved drugs for cancer cachexia. Here, we have explored the possible impact of brassinin (BSN) on cancer cachexia under in vitro and in vivo settings. After differentiation, C2C12 and 3T3-L1 cells were incubated with colorectal carcinoma cells conditioned media or BSN. For preclinical studies, mice were injected with HT-29 cells followed by intraperitoneal administration of BSN, and muscle and adipose tissues were evaluated by Western blotting and hematoxylin and eosin staining. BSN effectively suppressed muscle atrophy by down-regulating the levels of Muscle RING-finger protein-1 and Atrogin-1, while also increasing the expression of myosin heavy chain in cachexia-induced-C2C12 myotubes. The induction of adipogenesis by BSN prevented adipocyte atrophy in cachexia-induced 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We also noted that BSN disrupted the interaction between COX-2 and signaling transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) promoter, leading to down-regulation of STAT3 activation. Moreover, it was found that BSN inhibited weight loss in mice and demonstrated anti-cachexic effects. Overall, our observations indicate that BSN can attenuate cancer cachexia through diverse mechanisms.

Fangchinoline inhibits growth and biofilm of Candida albicans by inducing ROS overproduction

Infections caused by Candida species, especially Candida albicans, threaten the public health and create economic burden. Shortage of antifungals and emergence of drug resistance call for new antifungal therapies while natural products were attractive sources for developing new drugs. In our study, fangchinoline, a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid from Chinese herb Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, exerted antifungal effects on planktonic growth of several Candida species including C. albicans, with MIC no more than 50 μg/mL. In addition, results from microscopic, MTT and XTT reduction assays showed that fangchinoline had inhibitory activities against the multiple virulence factors of C. albicans, such as adhesion, hyphal growth and biofilm formation. Furthermore, this compound could also suppress the metabolic activity of preformed C. albicans biofilms. PI staining, followed by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) analysis showed that fangchinoline can elevate permeability of cell membrane. DCFH-DA staining suggested its anti-Candida mechanism also involved overproduction of intracellular ROS, which was further confirmed by N-acetyl-cysteine rescue tests. Moreover, fangchinoline showed synergy with three antifungal drugs (amphotericin B, fluconazole and caspofungin), further indicating its potential use in treating C. albicans infections. Therefore, these results indicated that fangchinoline could be a potential candidate for developing anti-Candida therapies.

Deciphering JAK/STAT signaling pathway: A multifaceted approach to tumorigenesis, progression and therapeutic interventions

The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway, essential for cellular communication, orchestrates a myriad of physiological and pathological processes. Recently, the intricate association between the pathway's dysregulation and the progression of malignant tumors has garnered increasing attention. Nevertheless, there is no systematic summary detailing the anticancer effects of molecules targeting the JAK/STAT pathway in the context of tumor progression. This review offers a comprehensive overview of pharmaceutical agents targeting the JAK/STAT pathway, encompassing phytochemicals, synthetic drugs, and biomolecules. These agents can manifest their anticancer effects through various mechanisms, including inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis, suppressing tumor metastasis, and angiogenesis. Notably, we emphasize the clinical challenges of drug resistance while spotlighting the potential of integrating JAK/STAT inhibitors with other therapies as a transformative approach in cancer treatment. Moreover, this review delves into the avant-garde strategy of employing nanocarriers to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of anticancer drugs, significantly amplifying their therapeutic prowess. Through this academic exploration of the multifaceted roles of the JAK/STAT pathway in the cancer milieu, we aim to sketch a visionary trajectory for future oncological interventions.

Cannabidiol activates MAPK pathway to induce apoptosis, paraptosis, and autophagy in colorectal cancer cells

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation by natural compounds is known to be involved in the induction of apoptosis, paraptosis, and autophagy. Cannabidiol (CBD), a bioactive compound found in Cannabis sativa, is endowed with many pharmacological activities. We investigated the cytotoxic effect of CBD in a panel of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (HT-29, SW480, HCT-116, and HCT-15). CBD induced significant cytotoxicity as evidenced by the results of MTT  assay, live-dead assay, and flow cytometric analysis. Since CBD displayed cytotoxicity against CRC cells, we examined the effect of CBD on apoptosis, paraptosis, and autophagy. CBD decreased the expression of antiapoptotic proteins and increased the Annexin-V-positive as well as TUNEL-positive cells suggesting that CBD induces apoptosis. CBD increased the expression of ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) and CHOP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein), elevated endoplasmic reticulum stress, and enhanced reactive oxygen species levels indicating that CBD also promotes paraptosis. CBD also induced the expression of Atg7, phospho-Beclin-1, and LC3 suggesting that CBD also accelerates autophagy. Since, the MAPK pathway is a common cascade that is involved in the regulation of apoptosis, paraptosis, and autophagy, we investigated the effect of CBD on the activation of JNK, p38, and ERK pathways. CBD activated all the forms of MAPK proteins and pharmacological inhibition of these proteins reverted the observed effects. Our findings implied that CBD could induce CRC cell death by activating apoptosis, paraptosis, and autophagy through the activation of the MAPK pathway.

Cortistatin prevents glucocorticoid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral head via the GHSR1a/Akt pathway

Long-term use of glucocorticoids (GCs) is known to be a predominant cause of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Moreover, GCs can mediate apoptosis of various cell types by exaggerating oxidative stress. We have previously found that Cortistatin (CST) antagonizes oxidative stress and improves cell apoptosis in several conditions. In this study, we detected that the CST expression levels were diminished in patients with ONFH compared with femoral neck fracture (FNF). In addition, a GC-induced rat ONFH model was established, which impaired bone quality in the femoral head. Then, administration of CST attenuated these ONFH phenotypes. Furthermore, osteoblast and endothelial cells were cultured and stimulated with dexamethasone (Dex) in the presence or absence of recombinant CST. As a result, Dex induced impaired anabolic metabolism of osteoblasts and suppressed tube formation in endothelial cells, while additional treatment with CST reversed this damage to the cells. Moreover, blocking GHSR1a, a well-accepted receptor of CST, or blocking the AKT signaling pathway largely abolished the protective function of CST in Dex-induced disorder of the cells. Taken together, we indicate that CST has the capability to prevent GC-induced apoptosis and metabolic disorder of osteoblasts in the pathogenesis of ONFH via the GHSR1a/AKT signaling pathway.

Drug target therapy and emerging clinical relevance of exosomes in meningeal tumors

Meningioma is the most common central nervous system (CNS) tumor. In recent decades, several efforts have been made to eradicate this disease. Surgery and radiotherapy remain the standard treatment options for these tumors. Drug therapy comes to play its role when both surgery and radiotherapy fail to treat the tumor. This mostly happens when the tumors are close to vital brain structures and are nonbenign. Although a wide variety of chemotherapeutic drugs and molecular targeted drugs such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, alkylating agents, endocrine drugs, interferon, and targeted molecular pathway inhibitors have been studied, the roles of numerous drugs remain unexplored. Recent interest is growing toward studying and engineering exosomes for the treatment of different types of cancer including meningioma. The latest studies have shown the involvement of exosomes in the theragnostic of various cancers such as the lung and pancreas in the form of biomarkers, drug delivery vehicles, and vaccines. Proper attention to this new emerging technology can be a boon in finding the consistent treatment of meningioma.

Apoptotic activity of genipin in human oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro by regulating STAT3 signaling

Genipin, a natural compound derived from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, was reported to have activity against various cancer types. In this study, we determined the underlying mechanism for genipin-induced cell death in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The growth-inhibitory effects of genipin in human OSCC cells was examined by the Cell Counting Kit-8 and soft agar assays. The effects of genipin on apoptosis were assessed by nuclear morphological changes by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, measurement of the sub-G1 population, and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double staining. The underlying mechanism of genipin activity was analyzed by western blot analysis, subcellular fractionation of the nucleus and cytoplasm, immunocytochemistry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Genipin inhibited the growth of OSCC cells and induced apoptosis, which was mediated by a caspase-dependent pathway. Genipin reduced the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) at Tyr705 and its nuclear localization. Furthermore, inhibition of p-STAT3Tyr705 levels following genipin treatment was required for the reduction of survivin and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) expression, leading to apoptotic cell death. The genipin-mediated reduction in survivin and Mcl-1 expression was caused by transcriptional and/or posttranslational regulatory mechanisms. The results provide insight into the regulatory mechanism by which genipin induces apoptotic cell death through the abrogation of nuclear STAT3 phosphorylation and suggest that genipin may represent a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of human OSCC.

Discovery of imidazopyridine-pyrazoline-hybrid structure as SHP-1 agonist that suppresses phospho-STAT3 signaling in human breast cancer cells

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) promotes breast cancer malignancy and controls key processes including proliferation, differentiation, and survival in breast cancer cells. Although many methods for treating breast cancer have been improved, there is still a need to discover and develop new methods for breast cancer treatment. Therefore, we synthesized a new compound 2-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-(3-(2,6-dimethylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethanone (DIP). We aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of DIP in breast cancer cells and clarify its mode of action. We noted that DIP abrogated STAT3 activation and STAT3 upstream kinases janus-activated kinase (JAK) and Src kinases. In addition, DIP promoted the levels of SHP-1 protein and acts as SHP-1 agonist. Further, silencing of SHP-1 gene reversed the DIP-induced attenuation of STAT3 activation and apoptosis. DIP also induced apoptosis through modulating PARP cleavage and oncogenic proteins. Moreover, DIP also significantly enhanced the apoptotic effects of docetaxel through the suppression of STAT3 activation in breast cancer cells. Overall, our data indicated that DIP may act as a suppressor of STAT3 cascade, and it could be a new therapeutic strategy in breast cancer cells.

A new triazolyl-indolo-quinoxaline induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by abrogating the STAT3/5 pathway through upregulation of PTPεC

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT5 are the transcription factors that have been studied extensively in relevance to the development of cancers in humans. Suppression of either STAT3 or STAT5-mediated signaling events has been demonstrated to be effective in inducing cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Herein, new hybrids of triazolyl-indolo-quinoxaline are synthesized and examined for their effect on the activation of STAT3 and STAT5 pathways in gastric cancer (GC) cells. Among the newly synthesized compounds, 2,3-difluoro-6-((1-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl)methyl)-6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline (DTI) displayed selective cytotoxicity against GC cells over their normal counterpart. Flow cytometric analysis, annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, live and dead assay, and caspase activation experiments suggested DTI as a potent inducer of apoptosis. The mechanistic approach revealed that DTI imparts cytotoxicity via downregulating the phosphorylation of STAT3Y705 and STAT5Y694/699 . DTI significantly reduced the nuclear pool of STAT3/STAT5 and reduced the DNA interaction ability of STAT3/STAT5 as evidenced by immunofluorescence and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Further investigation revealed that inhibitory effects towards STAT proteins were mediated through the suppression of upstream kinases such as JAK1, JAK2, and Src. Treatment of GC cells with pervanadate counteracted the DTI-driven STAT3/STAT5 inhibition suggesting the involvement of tyrosine phosphatase. Upon DTI exposure, there was a significant upregulation in the mRNA and protein expression of PTPεC, which is a negative regulator of the JAK-STAT pathway. Knockdown of PTPεC suppressed the DTI-induced STATs inhibition in GC cells. Taken together, triazolyl-indolo-quinoxaline is presented as a new inhibitor of the STAT3/STAT5 pathway in GC cells.

Noncoding RNAs as regulators of STAT3 pathway in gastrointestinal cancers: Roles in cancer progression and therapeutic response

Gastrointestinal (GI) tumors (cancers of the esophagus, gastric, liver, pancreas, colon, and rectum) contribute to a large number of deaths worldwide. STAT3 is an oncogenic transcription factor that promotes the transcription of genes associated with proliferation, antiapoptosis, survival, and metastasis. STAT3 is overactivated in many human malignancies including GI tumors which accelerates tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Research in recent years demonstrated that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a major role in the regulation of many signaling pathways including the STAT3 pathway. The major types of endogenous ncRNAs that are being extensively studied in oncology are microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs. These ncRNAs can either be tumor-promoters or tumor-suppressors and each one of them imparts their activity via different mechanisms. The STAT3 pathway is also tightly modulated by ncRNAs. In this article, we have elaborated on the tumor-promoting role of STAT3 signaling in GI tumors. Subsequently, we have comprehensively discussed the oncogenic as well as tumor suppressor functions and mechanism of action of ncRNAs that are known to modulate STAT3 signaling in GI cancers.

Cycloastragenol exerts protective effects against UVB irradiation in human dermal fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes

BACKGROUND

Cycloastragenol (CAG) is a triterpene aglycone of astragaloside IV that possesses various pharmacological actions including improving telomerase activity, inhibiting inflammation and cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis.

OBJECTIVE

CAG has also shown effect to significantly improve the appearance of aging skin but, its molecular mechanism of protective effect against UVB induced-damage have not been elucidated. We investigated the potential effect of CAG on UVB wrinkle promoting activities and skin-moisturizing effects in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and HaCaT keratinocytes.

METHODS

After UVB irradiation or H2O2 treatment, the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and ROS generation were measured in CAG-treated HDF cells. In addition, after UVB irradiation, hyaluronic acid and skin hydration factors (filaggrin and SPT) were also analyzed in CAG (0-0.5-1-2 µM)-treated HDF and HaCaT cells.

RESULTS

We found that CAG caused a significant decrease in the levels of UVB-induced MMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-13 and ROS generation, also increased UVB-damaged Collagen Ⅰ. We also noted that CAG increased cell viability and can regulate MMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-13and Collagen Ⅰ in H2O2-damaged HDF cells. Moreover, we noticed that CAG effectively enhanced levels of hyaluronic acid and expression of skin hydration factors (filaggrin and serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT)) in UVB-damaged HDF and HaCaT cells.

CONCLUSION

This is first report indicating that CAG can exhibit protective effect against UVB and H2O2-induced damages and can contribute in maintenance of healthy skin.

Liquid extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma strongly predicts a poor prognosis and is associated with bortezomib resistance gene upregulation

BACKGROUND-AIM

Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) relapse with extramedullary disease (EMD) exhibits an aggressive disease course and poor prognostic features. Myelomatous effusion (ME) is a rare subtype of EMD.

METHODS

In this retrospective study, we analyzed the baseline characteristics and therapies of 14 EMD patients relapse with ME and 21 EMD patients relapse without ME.

RESULTS

Patients with ME relapse demonstrated higher concentrations of serum lactate dehydrogenase, a higher fraction in the International Staging System stage III, and poorer event-free survival (EFS) (9.3 vs. 36.57 months; P = 0.0013) and overall survival (OS) (12.06 vs. 42.64 months; P < 0.001). The multivariate analysis showed that the presence of ME (hazard ratio [HR] 12.57; P = 0.003) and lack of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation therapy (HR 4.382; P = 0.014) were predictive factors for poor OS. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we discovered several bortezomib resistance genes were highly expressed in extramedullary malignant plasma cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of ME strongly predicts a poor prognosis in patients with MM relapse with EMD, and bortezomib resistance genes are highly expressed in extramedullary malignant plasma cells.

A hybrid nanopharmaceutical for specific-amplifying oxidative stress to initiate a cascade of catalytic therapy for pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress (OS) induced by an imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants is an important aspect in anticancer therapy, however, as an adaptive response, excessive glutathione (GSH) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) acts as an antioxidant against high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and prevents OS damage to maintain redox homoeostasis, suppressing the clinical efficacy of OS-induced anticancer therapies.

RESULTS

A naturally occurring ROS-activating drug, galangin (GAL), is introduced into a Fenton-like catalyst (SiO₂@MnO₂) to form a TME stimulus-responsive hybrid nanopharmaceutical (SiO₂-GAL@MnO₂, denoted SG@M) for enhancing oxidative stress. Once exposed to TME, as MnO₂ responds and consumes GSH, the released Mn²⁺ converts endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) into hydroxyl radicals (·OH), which together with the subsequent release of GAL from SiO₂ increases ROS. The "overwhelming" ROS cause OS-mediated mitochondrial malfunction with a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which releases cytochrome c from mitochondria, activates the Caspase 9/Caspase 3 apoptotic cascade pathway. Downregulation of JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation levels blocks the JAK2/STAT3 cell proliferation pathway, whereas downregulation of Cyclin B1 protein levels arrest the cell cycle in the G2/M phase. During 18 days of in vivo treatment observation, tumor growth inhibition was found to be 62.7%, inhibiting the progression of pancreatic cancer. Additionally, the O₂ and Mn²⁺ released during this cascade catalytic effect improve ultrasound imaging (USI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respectively.

CONCLUSION

This hybrid nanopharmaceutical based on oxidative stress amplification provides a strategy for multifunctional integrated therapy of malignant tumors and image-visualized pharmaceutical delivery.

Cysteamine and N-Acetyl-cysteine Alleviate Placental Oxidative Stress and Barrier Function Damage Induced by Deoxynivalenol

Sows are highly sensitive to deoxynivalenol (DON) and susceptible to reproductive toxicity caused by oxidative stress, but the potential mechanisms and effective interventions remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of two antioxidants (cysteamine and N-acetyl-cysteine) in regulating the reproductive performance, redox status, and placental barrier function of sows and their potential mechanisms under DON exposure. Maternal dietary supply of antioxidants from day 85 of gestation to parturition reduced the incidence of stillbirths and low-birth-weight piglets under DON exposure. Moreover, the alleviation of DON-induced reproductive toxicity by dietary antioxidants was associated with the alleviation of placental oxidative stress, the enhancement of the placental barrier, and the vascular function of sows. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro vascularized placental barrier modeling further demonstrated that antioxidants could reverse both DON transport across the placenta and DON-induced increase of placental barrier permeability. The molecular mechanism of antioxidant resistance to DON toxicity may be related to the signal transducer and activator of the transcription-3-occludin/zonula occludens-1 signaling pathway. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential of antioxidants to protect the mother from DON-induced reproductive toxicity by alleviating placental oxidative stress and enhancing the placental barrier.

ASCT2-mediated glutamine uptake of epithelial cells facilitates CCL5-induced T cell infiltration via ROS-STAT3 pathway in oral lichen planus

BACKGROUND

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by T cell infiltration at lesion sites. T cell migration is greatly facilitated by chemokines produced by epithelial cells. Studies have noted the potential role of glutamine uptake in OLP and other inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of altered glutamine uptake of epithelial cells on T cell infiltration and its underlying mechanisms in OLP.

METHODS

Immunohistochemistry was used to identify the expressions of glutamine transporter alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 (ASCT2) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) in oral tissues of OLP and healthy controls. Human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) were treated with glutamine deprivation and ASCT2 inhibiter GPNA respectively to detect the expressions of CCL5 and its related signaling molecules. Additionally, we had determined the impact of epithelial cell-derived CCL5 on T-cell migration using a co-culture system in vitro.

RESULTS

ASCT2 and CCL5 expressions in OLP were significantly higher than healthy controls and positively correlated with the density of inflammatory infiltrations. Glutamine supplement significantly increased CCL5 production in HGECs, which was effectively inhibited by GPNA. Besides, glutamine could inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production to activate the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) causing higher expression level of CCL5 in HGECs. Simultaneously, T cell migration could be blocked by anti-CCL5 neutralizing antibody and STAT3 inhibitor stattic in the co-culture system.

CONCLUSION

The upregulated ASCT2-mediated glutamine uptake in epithelial cells promotes CCL5 production via ROS-STAT3 signaling, which boosts the T-cell infiltration in OLP lesion.

Deciphering STAT3 signaling potential in hepatocellular carcinoma: tumorigenesis, treatment resistance, and pharmacological significance

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered one of the greatest challenges to human life and is the most common form of liver cancer. Treatment of HCC depends on chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy, all of which have their own drawbacks, and patients may develop resistance to these therapies due to the aggressive behavior of HCC cells. New and effective therapies for HCC can be developed by targeting molecular signaling pathways. The expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in human cancer cells changes, and during cancer progression, the expression tends to increase. After induction of STAT3 signaling by growth factors and cytokines, STAT3 is phosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus to regulate cancer progression. The concept of the current review revolves around the expression and phosphorylation status of STAT3 in HCC, and studies show that the expression of STAT3 is high during the progression of HCC. This review addresses the function of STAT3 as an oncogenic factor in HCC, as STAT3 is able to prevent apoptosis and thus promote the progression of HCC. Moreover, STAT3 regulates both survival- and death-inducing autophagy in HCC and promotes cancer metastasis by inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, upregulation of STAT3 is associated with the occurrence of chemoresistance and radioresistance in HCC. Specifically, non-protein-coding transcripts regulate STAT3 signaling in HCC, and their inhibition by antitumor agents may affect tumor progression. In this review, all these topics are discussed in detail to provide further insight into the role of STAT3 in tumorigenesis, treatment resistance, and pharmacological regulation of HCC.

Discovery of Pyrimidine- and Coumarin-Linked Hybrid Molecules as Inducers of JNK Phosphorylation through ROS Generation in Breast Cancer Cells

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer exhibits early relapses, poor prognoses, and high recurrence rates. Herein, a JNK-targeting compound has been developed that may be of utility in HER2-positive mammary carcinoma. The design of a pyrimidine-and coumarin-linked structure targeting JNK was explored and the lead structure PC-12 [4-(3-((2-((4-chlorobenzyl)thio) pyrimidin-4-yl)oxy)propoxy)-6-fluoro-2H-chromen-2-one (5d)] was observed to selectively inhibit the proliferation of HER2-positive BC cells. The compound PC-12 exerted DNA damage and induced apoptosis in HER-2 positive BC cells more significantly compared to HER-2 negative BC cells. PC-12 induced PARP cleavage and down-regulated the expression of IAP-1, BCL-2, SURVIVIN, and CYCLIN D1 in BC cells. In silico and theoretical calculations showed that PC-12 could interact with JNK, and in vitro studies demonstrated that it enhanced JNK phosphorylation through ROS generation. Overall, these findings will assist the discovery of new compounds targeting JNK for use in HER2-positive BC cells.

Non-coding RNAs and exosomal ncRNAs in multiple myeloma: An emphasis on molecular pathways

One of the most common hematological malignancies is multiple myeloma (MM) that its mortality and morbidity have increased. The incidence rate of MM is suggested to be higher in Europe and various kinds of therapeutic strategies including stem cell transplantation. However, MM treatment is still challenging and gene therapy has been shown to be promising. The non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs are considered as key players in initiation, development and progression of MM. In the present review, the role of ncRNAs in MM progression and drug resistance is highlighted to provide new insights for future experiments for their targeting and treatment of MM. The miRNAs affect proliferation and invasion of MM cells, and targeting tumor-promoting miRNAs can induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and reduces proliferation of MM cells. Furthermore, miRNA regulation is of importance for modulating metastasis and chemotherapy response of tumor cells. The lncRNAs exert the same function and determine proliferation, migration and therapy response of MM cells. Notably, lncRNAs mainly target miRNAs in regulating MM progression. The circRNAs also target different molecular pathways in regulating MM malignancy that miRNAs are the most well-known ones. Furthermore, clinical application of ncRNAs in MM is discussed.

Brucein D imparts a growth inhibitory effect in multiple myeloma cells by abrogating the Akt-driven signaling pathway

The Akt signaling pathway is an oncogenic cascade activated in the bone marrow microenvironment of multiple myeloma (MM) cells and contributes to their uncontrolled proliferation. Abrogation of Akt signaling has been presented as one of the prime therapeutic targets in the treatment of MM. In the present report, we have investigated the effect of Brucein D (BD) on Akt-driven signaling events in MM cells. BD (300 nM) substantially inhibited cell viability and imparted growth-inhibitory effects in U266 cells as evidenced by cell viability assays and flow cytometric analysis. Effect of BD on cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. Apoptotic cells and cell cycle arrest by BD were analyzed by flow cytometer. The results of the TUNEL assay and western blotting showed that BD induces apoptosis of MM cells by activating caspase-8 and 9 with subsequent reduction in the expression of antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, survivin, cyclin D1, COX-2, VEGF, MMP-9). Analysis of activated kinases by Phospho-Kinase Array Kit revealed that Akt, p70S6K, HSP60, p53, and WNK1 were strongly expressed in untreated cells and BD treatment reversed this effect. Using transfection experiments, AKT depletion led to a decrease in phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, and WNK. However, Akt overexpression led to increase in phosphorylation of these proteins. Depletion of Akt potentiated the apoptosis-inducing effect of BD whereas overexpression displayed resistance to BD-induced apoptosis suggesting the role of Akt in chemoresistance. Taken together, BD mitigates Akt-dependent signaling pathways in MM cells to impart its anticancer activity.

Skin Improvement with Antioxidant Effect of Yuja (Citrus junos) Peel Fractions: Wrinkles, Moisturizing, and Whitening

Yuja (Citrus junos) has been cultivated and used for food and medicinal purposes in China and Korea. Its antioxidant, anti-wrinkle, moisturizing, and whitening effects were evaluated in HaCaT, HDF, and B16F10 cells. UVB has been known to cause cellular stress and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ambivalence of oxidative stress has been reported; however, excessive levels of ROS contribute to skin aging through the loss of elasticity and collagen fibers of connective tissue in the dermis. Skin aging is one of the biological processes that is affected by various factors, including UVB. Pro-Collagen I and hyaluronic acid contents were measured in UVB-irradiated HaCaT and HDF cells to evaluate the anti-wrinkle and moisturizing effects of Yuja-peel (YJP) fractions in -EA (ethyl acetate), -Hex (hexane), and -BuOH (butanol). The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in collagen degradation was confirmed to be inhibited by YJP fractions at both the protein and mRNA levels. Filaggrin and serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), which are moisturizing factors, were induced by YJP fractions. B16F10 cells were treated with α-MSH to induce hyperpigmentation, and then the whitening efficacy of YJP fractions was verified by observing a decrease in melanin content. Overall, our results contribute to the development of various novel skin-improving cosmetics and pharmaceuticals with YJP fractions as active ingredients.

Fangchinoline abrogates growth and survival of hepatocellular carcinoma by negative regulation of c-met/HGF and its associated downstream signaling pathways

Among all cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a lethal disease with limited treatment options. In this study, we have analyzed the possible inhibitory effects of Fangchinoline (FCN) on c-Met, a protein known to regulate the rapid phosphorylation of downstream signals, as well as mediate aberrant growth, metastasis, survival, and motility in cancer. FCN inhibited the activation of c-Met and its downstream signals PI3K, AKT, mTOR, MEK, and ERK under in vitro settings. Moreover, c-Met gene silencing lead to suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK signaling pathways, and induced apoptotic cell death upon exposure to FCN. In addition, FCN markedly inhibited the expression of the various oncogenic proteins such as Bcl-2/xl, survivin, IAP-1/2, cyclin D1, and COX-2. In vivo studies in HepG2 cells xenograft mouse model showed that FCN could significantly attenuate the tumor volume and weight, without affecting significant loss in the body weight. Similar to in vitro studies, expression level of c-Met and PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MEK/ERK signals was also suppressed by FCN in the tissues obtained from mice. Therefore, the novel findings of this study suggest that FCN can potentially function as a potent anticancer agent against HCC.

Potential Application of Leelamine as a Novel Regulator of Chemokine-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells

CXCR7 and CXCR4 are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be stimulated by CXCL12 in various human cancers. CXCR7/4–CXCL12 binding can initiate activation of multiple pathways including JAK/STAT and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) signaling, and initiate epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. It is established that cancer cell invasion and migration are caused because of these events. In particular, the EMT process is an important process that can determine the prognosis for cancer. Since the antitumor effect of leelamine (LEE) has been reported in various previous studies, here, we have evaluated the influence of LEE on the CXCR7/4 signaling axis and EMT processes. We first found that LEE suppressed expression of CXCR7 and CXCR4 both at the protein and mRNA levels, and showed inhibitory effects on these chemokines even after stimulation by CXCL12 ligand. In addition, LEE also reduced the level of MnSOD and inhibited the EMT process to attenuate the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells. In addition, phosphorylation of the JAK/STAT pathway, which acts down-stream of these chemokines, was also abrogated by LEE. It was also confirmed that LEE can induce an imbalance of GSH/GSSG and increases ROS, thereby resulting in antitumor activity. Thus, we establish that targeting CXCR7/4 in breast cancer cells can not only inhibit the invasion and migration of cancer cells but also can affect JAK/STAT, EMT process, and production of ROS. Overall, the findings suggest that LEE can function as a novel agent affecting the breast cancer.

Emerging role of exosomes in cancer progression and tumor microenvironment remodeling

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the factors responsible for its progression need to be elucidated. Exosomes are structures with an average size of 100 nm that can transport proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This review focuses on the role of exosomes in cancer progression and therapy. We discuss how exosomes are able to modulate components of the tumor microenvironment and influence proliferation and migration rates of cancer cells. We also highlight that, depending on their cargo, exosomes can suppress or promote tumor cell progression and can enhance or reduce cancer cell response to radio- and chemo-therapies. In addition, we describe how exosomes can trigger chronic inflammation and lead to immune evasion and tumor progression by focusing on their ability to transfer non-coding RNAs between cells and modulate other molecular signaling pathways such as PTEN and PI3K/Akt in cancer. Subsequently, we discuss the use of exosomes as carriers of anti-tumor agents and genetic tools to control cancer progression. We then discuss the role of tumor-derived exosomes in carcinogenesis. Finally, we devote a section to the study of exosomes as diagnostic and prognostic tools in clinical courses that is important for the treatment of cancer patients. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of exosomes in cancer therapy, focusing on their therapeutic value in cancer progression and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment.

2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine Targets Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Abrogating Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Expression and TGFβ-Driven Signaling Cascades in Colon Cancer Cells

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial process in which the polarized epithelial cells acquire the properties of mesenchymal cells and gain invasive properties. We have previously demonstrated that manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) can regulate the EMT phenotype by modulating the intracellular reactive oxygen species. In this report, we have demonstrated the EMT-suppressive effects of 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP, an alkaloid isolated from Chuanxiong) in colon cancer cells. TMP suppressed the expression of MnSOD, fibronectin, vimentin, MMP-9, and N-cadherin with a parallel elevation of occludin and E-cadherin in unstimulated and TGFβ-stimulated cells. Functionally, TMP treatment reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of colon cancer cells. TMP treatment also modulated constitutive activated as well as TGFβ-stimulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Wnt/GSK3/β-catenin, and MAPK signaling pathways. TMP also inhibited the EMT program in the colon cancer cells-transfected with pcDNA3-MnSOD through modulation of MnSOD, EMT-related proteins, and oncogenic pathways. Overall, these data indicated that TMP may inhibit the EMT program through MnSOD-mediated abrogation of multiple signaling events in colon cancer cells.

Fangchinoline inhibits non-small cell lung cancer metastasis by reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppressing the cytosolic ROS-related Akt-mTOR signaling pathway

Few drugs alleviate non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) metastasis effectively. Small molecular screening demonstrated that fangchinoline (Fan) reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in NSCLC cells, inhibiting cell invasion and migration. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of Fan-treated NSCLC cells revealed that Fan potently quenched the NADP⁺ metabolic process. Molecular docking analysis revealed that Fan directly and specifically targeted NOX4. NOX4 was associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC in both The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Hong Kong cohorts. In mitochondrial DNA-depleted ρ⁰ NSCLC cells, Fan decreased cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) to inhibit the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway by directly promoting NOX4 degradation. In TCGA and Hong Kong cohorts, NOX4 upregulation acted as a driver event as it positively correlated with metastasis and oxidative stress. Single-cell RNA-seq indicated that NOX4 was overexpressed, especially in cancer cells, cancer stem cells, and endothelial cells. In mice, Fan significantly impeded subcutaneous xenograft formation and reduced metastatic nodule numbers in mouse lung and liver. Drug sensitivity testing demonstrated that Fan suppressed patient-derived organoid growth dose-dependently. Fan is a potent small molecule for alleviating NSCLC metastasis by directly targeting NOX4 and is a potential novel therapeutic agent.

Brassinin Enhances Apoptosis in Hepatic Carcinoma by Inducing Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Suppressing the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway

Plants from the family Brassicaceae produce brassinin (BSN), which is an essential indole phytoalexin. BSN can kill certain types of cancer cells. Using hepatocarcinoma (HCC) cells, we examined the molecular mechanisms of BSN. We found that HCC cell growth was suppressed and apoptosis was induced by BSN via the downregulation of the JAK/STAT3 pathway. The cytoplasmic latent transcription factor STAT3, belonging to the STAT family, acted as both a signal transducer and an activator and was linked to tumor progression and decreased survival. BSN incubation caused HCC cells to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). By activating caspase-9/-3 and PARP cleavage, Bcl-2 was reduced, and apoptosis was increased. BSN inhibited constitutive STAT3, JAK2, and Src phosphorylation. The JAK/STAT signaling cascade was confirmed by siRNA silencing STAT3 in HCC cells. BSN also suppressed apoptosis by Z-Val-Ala-Asp-Fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK), an apoptotic inhibitor. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited the production of ROS and diminished BSN-induced apoptosis. Our findings suggested that BSN has potential as a treatment for cancer.

Targeting autophagy in prostate cancer: preclinical and clinical evidence for therapeutic response

Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and new estimates revealed prostate cancer as the leading cause of death in men in 2021. Therefore, new strategies are pertinent in the treatment of this malignant disease. Macroautophagy/autophagy is a “self-degradation” mechanism capable of facilitating the turnover of long-lived and toxic macromolecules and organelles. Recently, attention has been drawn towards the role of autophagy in cancer and how its modulation provides effective cancer therapy. In the present review, we provide a mechanistic discussion of autophagy in prostate cancer. Autophagy can promote/inhibit proliferation and survival of prostate cancer cells. Besides, metastasis of prostate cancer cells is affected (via induction and inhibition) by autophagy. Autophagy can affect the response of prostate cancer cells to therapy such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, given the close association between autophagy and apoptosis. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that upstream mediators such as AMPK, non-coding RNAs, KLF5, MTOR and others regulate autophagy in prostate cancer. Anti-tumor compounds, for instance phytochemicals, dually inhibit or induce autophagy in prostate cancer therapy. For improving prostate cancer therapy, nanotherapeutics such as chitosan nanoparticles have been developed. With respect to the context-dependent role of autophagy in prostate cancer, genetic tools such as siRNA and CRISPR-Cas9 can be utilized for targeting autophagic genes. Finally, these findings can be translated into preclinical and clinical studies to improve survival and prognosis of prostate cancer patients.

• Prostate cancer is among the leading causes of death in men where targeting autophagy is of importance in treatment;

• Autophagy governs proliferation and metastasis capacity of prostate cancer cells;

• Autophagy modulation is of interest in improving the therapeutic response of prostate cancer cells;

• Molecular pathways, especially involving non-coding RNAs, regulate autophagy in prostate cancer;

• Autophagy possesses both diagnostic and prognostic roles in prostate cancer, with promises for clinical application.