The gut ecosystem and immune tolerance

Mucosal implications of oral Jak3-targeted drugs in COVID patients

The JAK family, particularly JAK3, plays a crucial role in immune signaling and inflammatory responses. Dysregulated JAK3 activation in SARS-CoV-2 infections has been associated with severe inflammation and respiratory complications, making JAK inhibitors a viable therapeutic option. However, their use raises concerns regarding immunosuppression, which could increase susceptibility to secondary infections. While long-term adverse effects are less of a concern in acute COVID-19 treatment, patient selection and monitoring remain critical. Furthermore, adverse effects associated with oral JAK3 inhibitors necessitate the exploration of alternative strategies to optimize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing risks. This review highlights the role of JAK3 in immune and epithelial cells, examines the adverse effects of oral JAK3 inhibitors in COVID-19 and other treatments, and discusses alternative therapeutic strategies for improving patient outcomes.

Parasite and host immune factors that impact the development of a mucosal vaccine for Cryptosporidium

The parasite Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of diarrhea and death in malnourished children and immunocompromised individuals and an important enteric pathogen of livestock. A mucosal vaccine to mitigate clinical disease and decrease transmission would address the public health impact of this organism, but current options are limited. The development of a rational strategy for vaccination requires an appreciation of the parasite life cycle, how Cryptosporidium interacts with its host cell (the enterocyte), and the immune mechanisms that act locally to control this organism. Here we review current knowledge of the adaptive immune mechanisms that mediate resistance to Cryptosporidium, their relevance to vaccine design, and how recent advances in parasite genetics inform vaccine development.

Are single nucleotide polymorphisms underutilized for guiding treatment of inflammatory bowel disease?

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and IBD unclassified (IBDU), significantly impacts quality of life. Despite significant advances in the management of the conditions, responses to treatments vary greatly, and this is due partly to our natural genetic variation. Here we will review the evidence for whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have the potential to guide treatment decisions for people with IBD. We will first consider SNPs that exhibit strong associations with IBD pathogenesis and their relevance to epithelial barrier integrity, cytokine production, and immune system function. Then, we will cover those SNPs implicated in altering response to our various current IBD therapeutics, including the recently implemented drugs ustekinumab and tofacitinib. Finally, we will explore lesser-known SNPs that exhibit complex relationships with the disease and which may be undervalued as pharmacogenetic tools. Overall, it will be demonstrated that SNPs associated with IBD pathology are largely distinct from those predicting response to treatments and that new discoveries of clinically useful tools can be expected from therapy-focused investigations. Given the growing list of treatments available, we argue that beneficial personalization of treatments based on SNPs is still underutilized.

Range-Wide Assessment of the Tasmanian Devil Gut Microbiome

The gut microbiome is an important component of host health and function and is influenced by internal and external factors such as host phylogeny, age, diet, and environment. Monitoring the gut microbiome has become an increasingly important management tool for wild populations of threatened species. The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is the largest extant carnivorous marsupial from the island state of Tasmania, Australia. Devils are currently endangered due to devil facial tumor disease. Previous assessments have shown differences between captive and wild devil gut microbiomes and changes during translocations. However, wild gut microbiome variability across Tasmania and the drivers of these differences are not well understood. We conducted a range-wide assessment of gut microbiomes at 10 locations across Tasmania, via 16S rRNA sequencing, and tested the influence of diet (12S vertebrate sequencing), location, sex, and cohort. We show that the five most abundant phyla and genera were consistent across all 10 locations. Location, cohort, and sex impacted bacterial richness, but location did not impact diversity. While there were differences in diet across the state, there was no strong evidence of differences between juveniles and adults, nor between males and females. Contrary to our hypothesis, the vertebrate diet explained a small amount of variation in microbial communities. We suspect that other variables, such as environmental factors and immune system development, may have a stronger influence on gut microbiome variability. Dietary components missed by our 12S primer, including invertebrates and plants, may also contribute to these patterns. Adjustments to dietary supplementation are not recommended when preparing devils for translocation to different sites. Future research should prioritize collecting environmental samples for microbial analysis and integrating metabolomics to elucidate functional differences associated with Tasmanian devil gut microbiome variability.

Physicochemical characterization and protective effects of raw and nine-steamed Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharides on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice

Polygonatum cyrtonema (PC) is a traditional Chinese herb used in both food and medicine with considerable bioactivity. The nine-steam processed pieces of PC are the main form of clinical application, while research has focused on the polysaccharide of their crude form. This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and protective effects of polysaccharides from both crude PC (PCP) and nine-steamed PC (NPCP) against cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression. The findings indicate significant differences in the physicochemical characteristics of PCP and NPCP. The nine steaming treatments reduced the polysaccharide content by 8.15 %, and significantly altered monosaccharide proportion. Both polysaccharides accelerated the recovery of spleen and thymus indexes and restored the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IgA, IgM, and IgG in the serum of CTX-treated mice in a dose-dependent manner as well as improved the morphology of spleen, thymus, and colon tissues. Furthermore, PCP and NPCP promoted the production of SCFAs and the recovery of intestinal flora in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice. NPCP exhibited a better protective effect against CTX-induced immunosuppression. The results of this study confirm the importance of the nine-steaming method for PC and provide a basis for the further development of NPCP as a functional food to alleviate CTX-induced immunosuppression.

Unveiling the microbial orchestra: exploring the role of microbiota in cancer development and treatment

The human microbiota comprises a diverse microbial ecosystem that significantly impacts health and disease. Among its components, the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic, immunologic, and inflammatory responses. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in microbial composition, has been linked to carcinogenesis through mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, metabolic disturbances, epigenetic modifications, and immune system dysregulation. Additionally, dysbiosis influences the efficacy and toxicity of cancer therapies. Given these associations, there is growing interest in leveraging the microbiota as a biomarker for cancer detection and outcome prediction. Notably, distinct microbial signatures have been identified across various cancer types, suggesting their potential as diagnostic markers. Furthermore, modulation of the microbiota presents a promising avenue for improving cancer treatment outcomes through strategies such as antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary interventions, small-molecule inhibitors, and phage therapy. To explore these relationships, we conducted a comprehensive literature review using Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar as our primary online databases, focusing on indexed peer-reviewed articles up to the present year. This review aims to elucidate the role of dysbiosis in cancer development, examine the molecular mechanisms involved, and assess the impact of microbiota on cancer therapies. Additionally, we highlight microbiota-based therapeutic strategies and discuss their potential applications in cancer management. A deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between the microbiota and cancer may pave the way for novel approaches to cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment optimization.

The influence of the gut microbiota on B cells in autoimmune diseases

Mounting evidence shows that gut microbiota communities and the human immune system coexist and influence each other, and there are a number of reports of a correlation between specific changes in gut microbiota and the occurrence of autoimmune diseases. B lymphocytes play a central role in the regulation of both gut microbiota communities and in autoimmune diseases. Here, we summarize evidence of the influence of gut microbiota-B cell pathways on autoimmune diseases and how B cells regulate microorganisms, which provides mechanistic insights with relevance for identification of potential therapeutic targets and related fields.

The impact of neonatal antibiotic exposure on the development of childhood food allergies

Food allergies (FAs) in children have become increasingly prevalent. While early life factors such as gut microbiome disruptions have been implicated, the association between neonatal antibiotic exposure and subsequent FAs remains a topic of ongoing debate. This nationwide cohort study aimed to investigate the impact of neonatal antibiotic exposure on the development of childhood FA. This population-based retrospective cohort study analyzed data from Clalit-Healthcare-Services, Israel's largest state-mandated healthcare provider. The cohort included neonates (aged 0-60 days) admitted with fever between 2011 and 2018. Patients with confirmed infectious etiologies were excluded. The cohort was divided into two groups: those who received systemic antibiotics (Antibiotic ( +)) and those who did not (Antibiotic ( -)). FA cases were identified using ICD-9 codes up to age 6. Multivariate logistic regression and survival analysis models were utilized and adjusted for inflammatory markers, maternal atopy, and socioeconomic status. Among 2780 neonates, 1220 received antibiotics, while 1560 did not. The incidence of FAs was significantly higher in the Antibiotic ( +) group compared to the Antibiotic ( -) group (2.5% vs. 1.3%, P = 0.02). Adjusted analysis revealed that systemic antibiotic exposure during the neonatal period was associated with a threefold increased risk of FA up to age 6 (OR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.34-6.92, P = 0.01). Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence linking neonatal antibiotic exposure to an increased risk of childhood FAs, particularly in the first 2 years of life. The findings highlight the importance of judicious antibiotic use in young infants.

The Impact of Antibiotic Therapy on Intestinal Microbiota: Dysbiosis, Antibiotic Resistance, and Restoration Strategies

The human gut microbiota-an intricate and dynamic ecosystem-plays a pivotal role in metabolic regulation, immune modulation, and the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. Although antibiotic therapy is indispensable for managing bacterial infections, it profoundly disrupts gut microbial communities. Such dysbiosis is typified by diminished diversity and shifts in community structure, especially among beneficial bacterial genera (e.g., Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium), and fosters antibiotic-resistant strains and the horizontal transfer of resistance genes. These alterations compromise colonization resistance, increase intestinal permeability, and amplify susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens like Clostridioides difficile. Beyond gastrointestinal disorders, emerging evidence associates dysbiosis with systemic conditions, including chronic inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegenerative diseases, underscoring the relevance of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The recovery of pre-existing gut communities post-antibiotic therapy is highly variable, influenced by drug spectrum, dosage, and treatment duration. Innovative interventions-such as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, synbiotics, and precision microbiome therapeutics-have shown promise in counteracting dysbiosis and mitigating its adverse effects. These therapies align closely with antibiotic stewardship programs aimed at minimizing unnecessary antibiotic use to preserve microbial diversity and curtail the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms. This review emphasizes the pressing need for microbiota-centered strategies to optimize antibiotic administration, promote long-term health resilience, and alleviate the disease burden associated with antibiotic-induced dysbiosis.

STAT Signature Dish: Serving Immunity with a Side of Dietary Control

Immunity is a fundamental aspect of animal biology, defined as the host's ability to detect and defend against harmful pathogens and toxic substances to preserve homeostasis. However, immune defenses are metabolically demanding, requiring the efficient allocation of limited resources to balance immune function with other physiological and developmental needs. To achieve this balance, organisms have evolved sophisticated signaling networks that enable precise, context-specific responses to internal and external cues. These networks are essential for survival and adaptation in multicellular systems. Central to this regulatory architecture is the STAT (signal transducer and activator of Transcription) family, a group of versatile signaling molecules that govern a wide array of biological processes across eukaryotes. STAT signaling demonstrates remarkable plasticity, from orchestrating host defense mechanisms to regulating dietary metabolism. Despite its critical role, the cell-specific and context-dependent nuances of STAT signaling remain incompletely understood, highlighting a significant gap in our understanding. This review delves into emerging perspectives on immunity, presenting dynamic frameworks to explore the complexity and adaptability of STAT signaling and the underlying logic driving cellular decision-making. It emphasizes how STAT pathways integrate diverse physiological processes, from immune responses to dietary regulation, ultimately supporting organismal balance and homeostasis.

Effects of psychological stress on inflammatory bowel disease via affecting the microbiota-gut-brain axis

ABSTRACT

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic intestinal inflammatory condition with chronic and relapsing manifestations and is characterized by a disturbance in the interplay between the intestinal microbiota, the gut, and the brain. The microbiota-gut-brain axis involves interactions among the nervous system, the neuroendocrine system, the gut microbiota, and the host immune system. Increasing published data indicate that psychological stress exacerbates the severity of IBD due to its negative effects on the microbiota-gut-brain axis, including alterations in the stress response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the balance between the sympathetic nervous system and vagus nerves, the homeostasis of the intestinal flora and metabolites, and normal intestinal immunity and permeability. Although the current evidence is insufficient, psychotropic agents, psychotherapies, and interventions targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis show the potential to improve symptoms and quality of life in IBD patients. Therefore, further studies that translate recent findings into therapeutic approaches that improve both physical and psychological well-being are needed.

The Complex Role of Gut Microbiota in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis: From Pathogenetic Factor to Therapeutic Target

The role of gut microbiota (GM) and intestinal dysbiosis in triggering the onset and/or modulating the severity and progression of lupus nephritis (LN) has been the object of intense research over the last few years. Some alterations at the phyla level, such as the abundance of Proteobacteria and reduction in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio and in α-diversity have been consistently reported in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), whereas a more specific role has been ascribed to some species (Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Ruminococcus gnavus) in LN. Underlying mechanisms include microbial translocation through a "leaky gut" and subsequent molecular mimicry, immune dysregulation (alteration of IFNγ levels and of balance between Treg and Th17 subsets), and epigenetic interactions. Levels of bacterial metabolites, such as butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), appear to play a key role in modulating LN. Beyond bacterial components of GM, virome and mycobiome are also increasingly recognized as important players in the modulation of an immune response. On the other hand, microbiota-based therapy appears promising and includes diet, prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The modulation of microbiota could correct critical alterations, such as F/B ratio and Treg/Th17 imbalance, and blunt production of autoantibodies and renal damage. Despite current limits, GM is emerging as a powerful environmental factor that could be harnessed to interfere with key mechanisms leading to SLE, preventing flares and organ damage, including LN. The aim of this review is to provide a state-of-the-art analysis of the role of GM in triggering and modulating SLE and LN on the one hand, while exploring possible therapeutic manipulation of GM to control the disease on the other hand.

Antimicrobial peptide AP2 ameliorates Salmonella Typhimurium infection by modulating gut microbiota

BACKGROUND

Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and proteins are essential for shaping and maintaining a healthy gut microbiota, contributing to anti-inflammatory responses and resistance to pathogen colonization. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) infection is one of the most frequently reported bacterial diseases worldwide. Manipulation of the gut microbiota through exogenous antimicrobial peptides may protect against ST colonization and improve clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

This study demonstrated that oral administration of the antimicrobial peptide AP2 (2 µg /mouse), an optimized version of native apidaecin IB (AP IB), provided protective effects against ST infection in mice. These effects were evidenced by reduced ST-induced body weight loss and lower levels of serum inflammatory cytokines. A 16 S rRNA-based analysis of the cecal microbiota revealed that AP2 significantly modulated the gut microbiota, increasing the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium while decreasing that of Akkermansia at the genus level. Furthermore, the transplantation of fecal microbiota from AP2-treated donor mice, rather than from Control mice, significantly reduced cecal damage caused by ST and decreased the concentration of ST by one order of magnitude after infection.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which exogenous antimicrobial peptides mitigate Salmonella Typhimurium infection through the modulation of gut microbiota.

The gut microbiome, immune modulation, and cognitive decline: insights on the gut-brain axis

The gut microbiome has emerged as a pivotal area of research due to its significant influence on the immune system and cognitive functions. Cognitive disorders, including dementia and Parkinson's disease, represent substantial global health challenges. This review explores the relationship between gut microbiota, immune modulation, and cognitive decline, with a particular focus on the gut-brain axis. Research indicates that gut bacteria produce metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which affect mucosal immunity, antigen presentation, and immune responses, thereby influencing cognitive functions. A noteworthy correlation has been identified between imbalances in the gut microbiome and cognitive impairments, suggesting novel pathways for the treatment of cognitive disorders. Additionally, factors such as diet, environment, and pharmaceuticals play a role in shaping the composition of the gut microbiome, subsequently impacting both immune and cognitive health. This article aims to clarify the complex interactions among gut microbiota, immune regulation, and cognitive disorders, evaluating their potential as therapeutic targets. The goal is to promote microbiome-based treatments and lay the groundwork for future research in this field.

Mechanobiological Approach for Intestinal Mucosal Immunology

The intestinal area is composed of diverse cell types that harmonize gut homeostasis, which is influenced by both endogenous and exogenous factors. Notably, the environment of the intestine is exposed to several types of mechanical forces, including shear stress generated by fluid flow, compression and stretch generated by luminal contents and peristaltic waves of the intestine, and stiffness attributed to the extracellular matrix. These forces play critical roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Many efforts have been made to simulate the actual intestinal environment in vitro. The three-dimensional organoid culture system has emerged as a powerful tool for studying the mechanism of the intestinal epithelial barrier, mimicking rapidly renewing epithelium from intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in vivo. However, many aspects of how mechanical forces, such as shear stress, stiffness, compression, and stretch forces, influence the intestinal area remain unresolved. Here, we review the recent studies elucidating the impact of mechanical forces on intestinal immunity, interaction with the gut microbiome, and intestinal diseases.

Gut dysbiosis narrative in psoriasis: matched-pair approach identifies only subtle shifts correlated with elevated fecal calprotectin

Many studies have reported gut microbiome alterations in psoriasis patients, suggesting dysbiosis. While evidence for dysbiosis and its link to pathogenesis remains inconclusive, murine models of psoriasis suggest that gut microbiome alterations develop in response to psoriasis-like inflammation. Hence, the dominant narrative about gut microbiome alterations' impact on disease should be evaluated critically with more data and a well-powered approach. In this case-control study, we used deep sequencing of fecal samples from 53 psoriasis patients and 47 healthy donors to reconstruct the strain/species-level content of the gut microbiome. Unlike previous studies, we first identified matched pairs for each patient with healthy donors to adjust for microbiome variability and increase power. We found no evidence for depleted gut community diversity and apparent divergence in structure between patients and healthy individuals. However, our matched-pair approach identified a subtle but systematic increase in select bacteria among patients, e.g., Megasphaera elsdenii and Eubacterium CAG 180. We next showed that these enriched species were correlated with elevated biomarkers of intestinal and systemic inflammation and liver function. Functionally, one of the top species, Megasphaera elsdenii, is a potent lactate utilizer in the context of intestinal lactic acidosis and inflammation. While our findings hardly support overt dysbiosis in the large intestine, the observed microbial changes correlate with moderately elevated calprotectin, albeit at levels not enough to diagnose ongoing inflammation. Hence, the sources of elevated inflammatory markers in patients' intestines remain unclear and warrant further investigation to clarify their cause-and-effect relationship with the disease.

IMPORTANCE

With sufficient taxonomic resolution and sample size, this study critically evaluates new and published data on the gut microbiome in psoriasis patients. It shows that observed taxonomic changes in patients are modest and do not meet strict criteria for gut dysbiosis, at least in the large intestine. Instead, observed taxonomic changes in psoriasis patients can be explained by the microbial response to possible low-grade inflammation with unknown localization in the intestine and unclear impact on the host. The authors point out that published endoscopic data point to the small intestine as the site of gut inflammation. Therefore, further research focused on the small intestine would be informative to clarify the hypothetical gut-psoriasis link.

Rebalancing immune homeostasis in combating disease: The impact of medicine food homology plants and gut microbiome

BACKGROUND

Gut microbiota plays an important role in multiple human physiological processes and an imbalance in it, including the species, abundance, and metabolites can lead to diseases. These enteric microorganisms modulate immune homeostasis by presenting a myriad of antigenic determinants and microbial metabolites. Medicinal and food homologous (MFH) plants, edible herbal materials for both medicine and food, are important parts of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). MFH plants have drawn much attention due to their strong biological activity and low toxicity. However, the interplay of MFH and gut microbiota in rebalancing the immune homeostasis in combating diseases needs systematic illumination.

PURPOSE

The review discusses the interaction between MFH and gut microbiota, including the effect of MFH on the major group of gut microbiota and the metabolic effect of gut microbiota on MFH. Moreover, how gut microbiota influences the immune system in terms of innate and adaptive immunity is addressed. Finally, the immunoregulatory mechanisms of MFH in regulation of host pathophysiology via gut microbiota are summarized.

METHODS

Literature was searched, analyzed, and collected using databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using relevant keywords. The obtained articles were screened and summarized by the research content of MFH and gut microbiota in immune regulation.

RESULTS

The review demonstrates the interaction between MFH and gut microbiota in disease prevention and treatment. Not only do the intestinal microorganisms and intestinal mucosa constitute an important immune barrier of the human body, but also lymphoid tissue and diffused immune cells within the mucosa participate in the response of innate immunity and adaptive immunity. MFH modulates immune regulation by affecting intestinal flora, helps maintain the balance of the immune system and interfere with the occurrence and development of a broad category of diseases.

CONCLUSION

Being absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, MFH can have profound effects on gut microbiota. In turn, the gut microbiota also actively participate in the bioconversion of complex constituents from MFH, which could further influence their physiological and pharmacological properties. The review deepens the understanding of the relationship among MFH, gut microbiota, immune system, and human diseases and further promotes the progression of additional relevant research.

Filgrastim Efficiency in Cats Naturally Infected with Feline Panleukopenia Virus

Feline Panleukopenia (FPL) infection is caused by feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), and it is considered one of the most severe cat's infectious diseases. Since there is no specific antiviral treatment for FPL, the therapeutic protocol usually is focused on fluid therapy and supportive care. However, filgrastim, a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) used in human medicine to treat neutropenia and leukopenia, has been lately used in treating FPV disease, providing promising results. During January 2022 and September 2024, twenty-two cats diagnosed with feline panleukopenia virus were subjected to filgrastim (Zarzio®, Sandoz, Kundl, Austria) administration at a dose of 6 µg/kg for 3 consecutive days. The 4th day was a break day, and in the 5th day, the complete blood count was repeated. White blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils parameters improved after Zarzio® administration, with a significant statistical difference (p < 0.01) when their values between day 1 (pre Zarzio® administration) and day 5 (post Zarzio® administration) were analysed. However, red blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit and platelets parameters registered a considerable reduction from day 1 to day 5 with a significant statistical difference (p < 0.01), considered as post-administration side effects. In our study, the survival rate following Zarzio® administration was 100%, suggesting that the protocol involving three doses is effective in restoring the leukopenia and neutropenia.

Inflammasomes in Intestinal Disease: Mechanisms of Activation and Therapeutic Strategies

NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a family of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) implicated in the innate immune sensing of pathogens and damage signals. NLRs act as sensors in multi-protein complexes called inflammasomes. Inflammasome activity is necessary for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, although their aberrant activation contributes to the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal diseases. In this review, we summarize the main features of the predominant types of inflammasomes involved in gastrointestinal immune responses and their implications in intestinal disease, including Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), celiac disease, and Colorectal Cancer (CRC). In addition, we report therapeutic discoveries that target the inflammasome pathway, highlighting promising novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of intestinal diseases. Collectively, our understanding of the mechanisms of intestinal inflammasome activation and their interactions with other immune pathways appear to be not fully elucidated. Moreover, the clinical relevance of the efficacy of inflammasome inhibitors has not been evaluated. Despite these limitations, a greater understanding of the effectiveness, specificity, and reliability of pharmacological and natural inhibitors that target inflammasome components could be an opportunity to develop new therapeutic options for the treatment of intestinal disease.

Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharides enhance intestinal immunity of mice through regulating the microbiota

The Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharides (RGP) have various benefits such as enhancing immune cell activity, decreasing oxidative stress and delaying or inhibiting tumor occurrence. Although much research has been directed at understanding the role of RGP, its influence on gut immunity is largely understudied. Here, we aimed to dissect the immune-regulating effects of RGP in the mice intestines. In vivo experiments involving the oral administration of RGP to mice at dosages of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg over seven consecutive days revealed that RGP therapy significantly increased the percentages of CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD19+ B lymphocytes in intestines and improved the integrity of the mucosal barrier. Moreover, RGP modified the gut microbiota composition by enhancing the abundance of beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus and Akkermansia. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments further revealed that RGP modulated the host's intestinal immunological function by altering the gut microbiota composition. These findings indicate that RGP may control the immunological function of the intestines.

Microbial function matters: Microbiome-aware nano-ecotoxicology needs functional endpoints besides compositional data

The microbiome provides an active barrier to the external environment and aids in the metabolism of the host. Nanomaterials are known to interact with this microbiome host plane. Given the recent advances in techniques to study the microbiome, there has been a vast increase in studies trying to find causality in host response via the microbiome in nano-ecotoxicology. Our review integrates the latest advancements in understanding the microbiome's role in elucidating host health related to nanomaterial exposure, thereby explicitly emphasizing the gap between compositional and functional studies. Both the techniques used to interfere and the current understanding of microbiome-host relationships in nano-ecotoxicology are discussed. To further highlight the functional side of the microbiome, we performed an explorative meta-analysis to bridge the gap between top-down and bottom-up studies. This review gives a perspective on generalising microbiome-aware nano-ecotoxicology and discusses methodologies to enhance the interpretation of nanomaterial or chemical exposure to host-microbiome interactions. The current study discloses that correlations built on compositional data are not a good proxy for host outcome and more in-depth analysis coupled with functional analysis should be explored more in microbiome-aware nano-ecotoxicology.

2'-Fucosyllactose and 3'-Sialyllactose Reduce Mortality in Neonatal Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Infection by Improving the Construction of Intestinal Mucosal Immunity

Human milk oligosaccharides could prevent pathogenic bacterial infections in neonates; however, direct in vivo anti-infection evidence was still lacking. Here, we systematically evaluated the effects of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) on the structural development and functional maturation in neonates and their defense against enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection. It was found that supplementation with 2'-FL and 3'-SL improved the resistance of weaned mice to enteroaggregative E. coli. The mechanism related to the promotion of 2'-FL and 3'-SL in the maturation of intestinal mucosal immunity by promoting stem cell differentiation, mucus layer integrity, and tight junction formation. 2'-FL and 3'-SL significantly increased the ratio of Th1 and Treg cells in the lamina propria, contents of short-chain fatty acids, as well as the serum content of IgA. This study lays a theoretical basis for the application of 2'-FL and 3'-SL in infant formula, as well as the development of intestinal health products.

Microplastics and human health: unveiling the gut microbiome disruption and chronic disease risks

Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, are increasingly recognized as environmental contaminants with potential health risks. These emerge as breakdown products of larger plastics and are omnipresent in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. They are primarily composed of polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and additives that enhance their performance. MPs also adsorb harmful environmental chemicals like persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals, posing risks to human and environmental health. Human exposure to MPs occurs mainly through ingestion and inhalation, with MPs detected in food products, water, and even the air. MPs have been shown to accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract, disrupting the gut microbiome, and causing dysbiosis-a harmful imbalance between beneficial and harmful bacteria. This disruption has been linked to various health issues, including gastrointestinal disorders, systemic inflammation, and chronic diseases. Furthermore, the gut-brain axis may be affected, with potential neuroinflammatory consequences. As research continues to unravel the health impacts of MP exposure, understanding the mechanisms of accumulation and the broader implications on human health is crucial. This review highlights the effects of MPs on human health, emphasizing their impact on the gut microbiome. We discuss the potential connections between MP exposure and cardiometabolic and inflammatory diseases, and disorders related to the Gut-Brain Axis. By synthesizing the latest research, this work sheds light on the silent yet pervasive threat posed by MPs and underscores the importance of further studies to understand their health impacts fully.

Maidong Dishao Decoction mitigates submandibular gland injury in NOD mice through modulation of gut microbiota and restoration of Th17/Treg immune balance

Background

Primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) is a common chronic autoimmune disease that presents limited treatment options and poses significant challenges for patients. Maidong Dishao Decoction (MDDST), a traditional Chinese medicine compound, has demonstrated potential in alleviating dryness symptoms associated with pSS. Therefore, it is important to study the specific mechanism of its therapeutic effect.

Objective

This study aims to investigate the effects of MDDST on gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the Th17/Treg immune balance in non-obese diabetes (NOD) mice.

Methods

The study employed ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-exactive mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS) to identify the primary components of MDDST. Subsequently, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and flow cytometry analyses were conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effects of MDDST in NOD mice. Additionally, 16S rDNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were utilized to assess the influence of MDDST on gut microbiota and SCFAs. Finally, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and SCFA-based interventions were performed to elucidate the mechanisms through which MDDST exerts its effects.

Results

The research findings demonstrate that MDDST exerts therapeutic effects on NOD mice, primarily manifested as reduced inflammation, decreased water intake, ameliorated pathological changes and lowered levels of Sjogren's syndrome antigen A (SSA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Additionally, MDDST significantly decreased serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-17 (IL-17), while enhancing levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), thereby regulating the Th17/Treg immune balance. Further investigations revealed that MDDST treatment induces alterations in gut microbiota composition and elevates SCFA levels in the gut. Subsequent FMT and SCFA intervention experiments demonstrated a downregulation of pSS-related phenotypes.

Conclusion

In summary, MDDST demonstrates protective effects against pSS by restoring the balance between Th17 and Treg cells. The therapeutic effects can be partially attributed to its regulation of gut microbiota and SCFAs. Our finding provides a new option for treating pSS.

The Role of the Microbiome and of Radiotherapy-Derived Metabolites in Breast Cancer

The gut microbiome has emerged as a crucial player in modulating cancer therapies, including radiotherapy. In the case of breast cancer, the interplay between the microbiome and radiotherapy-derived metabolites may enhance therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse effects. In this review, we explore the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiome and breast cancer. We explain how gut microbiome composition influences cancer progression and treatment response, and how breast cancer and its treatments influence microbiome composition. A dual role for radiotherapy-derived metabolites is explored in this article, highlighting both their therapeutic benefits and potential hazards. By integrating genomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics tools, we present a comprehensive overview of these interactions. The study provides real-world insight through case studies and clinical trials, while therapeutic innovations such as probiotics, and dietary interventions are examined for their potential to modulate the microbiome and enhance treatment effectiveness. Moreover, ethical considerations and patient perspectives are discussed, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Towards revolutionizing treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes, the review concludes with future research directions. It also envisions integrating microbiome and metabolite research into personalized breast cancer therapy.

Unravelling the Role of Gut and Oral Microbiota in the Pediatric Population with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease that results in the destruction of pancreatic β cells, leading to hyperglycaemia and the need for lifelong insulin therapy. Although genetic predisposition and environmental factors are considered key contributors to T1DM, the exact causes of the disease remain partially unclear. Recent evidence has focused on the relationship between the gut, the oral cavity, immune regulation, and systemic inflammation. In individuals with T1DM, changes in the gut and oral microbial composition are commonly observed, indicating that dysbiosis may contribute to immune dysregulation. Gut dysbiosis can influence the immune system through increased intestinal permeability, altered production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and interactions with the mucosal immune system, potentially triggering the autoimmune response. Similarly, oral dysbiosis may contribute to the development of systemic inflammation and thus influence the progression of T1DM. A comprehensive understanding of these relationships is essential for the identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring, as well as for the development of therapies aimed at restoring microbial balance. This review presents a synthesis of current research on the connection between T1DM and microbiome dysbiosis, with a focus on the gut and oral microbiomes in pediatric populations. It explores potential mechanisms by which microbial dysbiosis contributes to the pathogenesis of T1DM and examines the potential of microbiome-based therapies, including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). This complex relationship highlights the need for longitudinal studies to monitor microbiome changes over time, investigate causal relationships between specific microbial species and T1DM, and develop personalised medicine approaches.

Oral Anti-Inflammatory and Symbiotic Effects of Fermented Lingonberry Juice-Potential Benefits in IBD

Microbial dysbiosis may manifest as inflammation both orally and in the gastrointestinal tract. Altered oral and gut microbiota composition and decreased diversity have been shown in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and periodontal disease (PD). Recent studies have verified transmission of oral opportunistic microbes to the gut. Prebiotics, probiotics, or dietary interventions are suggested to alleviate IBD symptoms in addition to medicinal treatment. Lingonberries contain multiple bioactive molecules, phenolics, which have a broad spectrum of effects, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proteolytic, and anti-cancer properties. An all-natural product, fermented lingonberry juice (FLJ), is discussed as a potential natural anti-inflammatory substance. FLJ has been shown in clinical human trials to promote the growth of oral lactobacilli, and inhibit growth of the opportunistic oral pathogens Candida, Streptococcus mutans, and periodontopathogens, and decrease inflammation, oral destructive proteolysis (aMMP-8), and dental microbial plaque load. Lactobacilli are probiotic and considered also beneficial for gut health. Considering the positive outcome of these oral studies and the fact that FLJ may be swallowed safely, it might be beneficial also for the gut mucosa by balancing the microbiota and reducing proteolytic inflammation.

Intestinal Microbiota and Its Effect on Vaccine-Induced Immune Amplification and Tolerance

This review provides the potential of intestinal microbiota in vaccine design and application, exploring the current insights into the interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the immune system, with a focus on its intermediary function in vaccine efficacy. It summarizes families and genera of bacteria that are part of the intestinal microbiota that may enhance or diminish vaccine efficacy and discusses the foundational principles of vaccine sequence design and the application of gut microbial characteristics in vaccine development. Future research should further investigate the use of multi-omics technologies to elucidate the interactive mechanisms between intestinal microbiota and vaccine-induced immune responses, aiming to optimize and improve vaccine design.

The updated role of budesonide in managing children and adolescents with allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a prevalent disease in childhood and adolescence. A type 2 inflammation characterizes AR and, mainly, sustains nasal obstruction. Budesonide aqueous nasal spray (BANS) is an intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) available since the early 1980s. BANS is indicated for treating allergic rhinitis. There is evidence about its efficacy in treating children and adolescents with seasonal and perennial AR. In addition, BANS is safe with negligible local and systemic side effects. Recent guidelines for patients with AR recommend the use of INCS as first line in many situations. In particular, AR patients (and their parents) may assess the perception of symptoms' severity using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). A score ≥5/10 means uncontrolled symptoms and requires adequate treatment. BANS could appropriately be used in patients with uncontrolled symptoms and/or moderate/severe nasal obstruction. In conclusion, BANS represents a valuable option in managing children and adolescents with AR.

Male Tract Microbiota and Male Infertility

In recent years, several studies have analyzed the composition of the male genital tract microbiota and its changes in infertility or in different situations associated with infertility. The aim of this narrative review is to obtain more insight on this topic; in particular, to describe actual evidence about changes in the semen microbiota in patients with infertility, male tract infections, or HPV infections. In semen, an increase in semen Prevotella spp. is associated with oligozoospermia and with obesity-associated asthenozoospermia; an increase in Pseudomonas is more frequently associated with asthenozoospermia and oligozoospermia; a reduction in Lactobacilli spp. (namely in Lactobacillus crispatus) may represent a marker of low semen quality. However, an increase in Lactobacillus iners is considered a risk factor for a reduced sperm concentration. In patients with prostatitis, there is a reduction in Lactobacillus spp. and an increase in Streptococcus spp., opening important perspectives about the role of probiotic treatments in these patients. Finally, an increase in Fusobacteria spp. was observed in patients with an HPV infection. In the conclusion, we underline the interactions between the seminal and vaginal microbiota, so that further studies should focus on the "couple genital microbiota".

Interactions between Dietary Antioxidants, Dietary Fiber and the Gut Microbiome: Their Putative Role in Inflammation and Cancer

The intricate relationship between the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome and the progression of chronic non-communicable diseases underscores the significance of developing strategies to modulate the GI microbiota for promoting human health. The administration of probiotics and prebiotics represents a good strategy that enhances the population of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal lumen post-consumption, which has a positive impact on human health. In addition, dietary fibers serve as a significant energy source for bacteria inhabiting the cecum and colon. Research articles and reviews sourced from various global databases were systematically analyzed using specific phrases and keywords to investigate these relationships. There is a clear association between dietary fiber intake and improved colon function, gut motility, and reduced colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Moreover, the state of health is reflected in the reciprocal and bidirectional relationships among food, dietary antioxidants, inflammation, and body composition. They are known for their antioxidant properties and their ability to inhibit angiogenesis, metastasis, and cell proliferation. Additionally, they promote cell survival, modulate immune and inflammatory responses, and inactivate pro-carcinogens. These actions collectively contribute to their role in cancer prevention. In different investigations, antioxidant supplements containing vitamins have been shown to lower the risk of specific cancer types. In contrast, some evidence suggests that taking antioxidant supplements can increase the risk of developing cancer. Ultimately, collaborative efforts among immunologists, clinicians, nutritionists, and dietitians are imperative for designing well-structured nutritional trials to corroborate the clinical efficacy of dietary therapy in managing inflammation and preventing carcinogenesis. This review seeks to explore the interrelationships among dietary antioxidants, dietary fiber, and the gut microbiome, with a particular focus on their potential implications in inflammation and cancer.

Recent Progress of Oral Functional Nanomaterials for Intestinal Microbiota Regulation

The gut microbiota is closely associated with human health, and alterations in gut microbiota can influence various physiological and pathological activities in the human body. Therefore, microbiota regulation has become an important strategy in current disease treatment, albeit facing numerous challenges. Nanomaterials, owing to their excellent protective properties, drug release capabilities, targeting abilities, and good biocompatibility, have been widely developed and utilized in pharmaceuticals and dietary fields. In recent years, significant progress has been made in research on utilizing nanomaterials to assist in regulating gut microbiota for disease intervention. This review explores the latest advancements in the application of nanomaterials for microbiota regulation and offers insights into the future development of nanomaterials in modulating gut microbiota.

Cellular Components of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Their Involvement in Aging-Associated Cognitive Impairment

Human life expectancy has been significantly extended, which poses major challenges to our healthcare and social systems. Aging-associated cognitive impairment is attributed to endothelial dysfunction in the cardiovascular system and neurological dysfunction in the central nervous system. The central nervous system is considered an immune-privileged tissue due to the exquisite protection provided by the blood-brain barrier. The present review provides an overview of the structure and function of blood-brain barrier, extending the cell components of blood-brain barrier from endothelial cells and pericytes to astrocytes, perivascular macrophages and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In particular, the pathological changes in the blood-brain barrier in aging, with special focus on the underlying mechanisms and molecular changes, are presented. Furthermore, the potential preventive/therapeutic strategies against aging-associated blood-brain barrier disruption are discussed.

Genetic insights into the gut microbiota, herpes zoster, and postherpetic neuralgia: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Background

An increasing amount of evidence suggests that gastrointestinal diseases are risk factors for herpes zoster (HZ) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Among them, the gut microbiota may play a crucial role in this process. Therefore, this study aims to explore the potential causal association between the gut microbiota and HZ and PHN.

Methods

Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to detect the causal effect between HZ and PHN and the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota data were derived from the MiBioGen consortium, while HZ and PHN data were obtained from the FinnGen database. We selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables with a threshold of p < 1 × 10⁻⁵ for the association with the gut microbiota in forward MR analysis and p < 5 × 10⁻8 for the association with HZ or PHN in reverse MR analysis and then removed SNPs in linkage disequilibrium (r 2 < 0.001) within a distance of 10,000 kb for both the gut microbiota and HZ and PHN. These SNPs were utilized to assess the causal effect between exposures and outcomes using inverse-variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted mean, and weighted median tests.

Results

The class Deltaproteobacteria, order Desulfovibrionales, family Desulfovibrionaceae, and genus Coprococcus 2 were found to reduce the risk of HZ, while the phylum Cyanobacteria, genus Eubacterium rectale group appeared to increase it. The class Coriobacteriia, order Coriobacteriales, family Coriobacteriaceae, genus Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 and genus Ruminococcaceae UCG011 were found to reduce the risk of PHN, while the genus Candidatus Soleaferrea, genus Eubacterium rectale group, and genus Methanobrevibacter appeared to increase it. Moreover, the onset of HZ was found to increase the level of the genus Eubacterium rectale group. These findings remained robust and unaffected by heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy among SNPs in both forward and reverse MR analysis.

Conclusion

This MR study provided evidence supporting a potential causal relationship between the gut microbiota and HZ and PHN. Moreover, we found that the causal effect between the gut microbiota and HZ is bidirectional. Further studies are required to clarify the biological mechanisms linking the gut microbiota and these conditions.

Budenoside aqueous nasal spray: an updated reappraisal in rhinitis management

Allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic rhinitis are prevalent diseases. In western countries, type 2 inflammation usually characterizes these medical conditions and mainly sustains nasal obstruction. Budesonide aqueous nasal spray (BANS) is an intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) that has been available since the early 1980s. BANS is indicated for treating allergic rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis, and nasal polyps (both as treatment and prevention after surgery). Consolidated evidence confirms its efficacy in treating seasonal and perennial AR, and nonallergic rhinitis. In addition, BANS is safe with negligible local and systemic side effects. Recent guidelines for patients with AR recommend using INCS as the first line in many situations. In particular, patients may assess the perception of symptoms' severity using the Visual Analog Scale. A score ≥5/10 means uncontrolled symptoms and requires adequate treatment. BANS could appropriately be used in patients with uncontrolled symptoms and/or moderate/severe nasal obstruction. In conclusion, BANS represents a valuable option in managing patients with type 2 inflammation of the nose.

Role of the immune system in liver transplantation and its implications for therapeutic interventions

Liver transplantation (LT) stands as the gold standard for treating end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, yet postoperative complications continue to impact survival rates. The liver's unique immune system, governed by a microenvironment of diverse immune cells, is disrupted during processes like ischemia-reperfusion injury posttransplantation, leading to immune imbalance, inflammation, and subsequent complications. In the posttransplantation period, immune cells within the liver collaboratively foster a tolerant environment, crucial for immune tolerance and liver regeneration. While clinical trials exploring cell therapy for LT complications exist, a comprehensive summary is lacking. This review provides an insight into the intricacies of the liver's immune microenvironment, with a specific focus on macrophages and T cells as primary immune players. Delving into the immunological dynamics at different stages of LT, we explore the disruptions after LT and subsequent immune responses. Focusing on immune cell targeting for treating liver transplant complications, we provide a comprehensive summary of ongoing clinical trials in this domain, especially cell therapies. Furthermore, we offer innovative treatment strategies that leverage the opportunities and prospects identified in the therapeutic landscape. This review seeks to advance our understanding of LT immunology and steer the development of precise therapies for postoperative complications.

Microbial-Related Metabolites May Be Involved in Eight Major Biological Processes and Represent Potential Diagnostic Markers in Gastric Cancer

Metabolites associated with microbes regulate human immunity, inhibit bacterial colonization, and promote pathogenicity. Integrating microbe and metabolome research in GC provides a direction for understanding the microbe-associated pathophysiological process of metabolic changes and disease occurrence. The present study included 30 GC patients with 30 cancerous tissues and paired non-cancerous tissues (NCs) as controls. LC-MS/MS metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing were performed to obtain the metabolic and microbial characteristics. Integrated analysis of the microbes and metabolomes was conducted to explore the coexistence relationship between the microbial and metabolic characteristics of GC and to identify microbial-related metabolite diagnostic markers. The metabolic analysis showed that the overall metabolite distribution differed between the GC tissues and the NC tissues: 25 metabolites were enriched in the NC tissues and 42 metabolites were enriched in the GC tissues. The α and β microbial diversities were higher in the GC tissues than in the NC tissues, with 11 differential phyla and 52 differential genera. In the correlation and coexistence integrated analysis, 66 differential metabolites were correlated and coexisted, with specific differential microbes. The microbes in the GC tissue likely regulated eight metabolic pathways. In the efficacy evaluation of the microbial-related differential metabolites in the diagnosis of GC, 12 differential metabolites (area under the curve [AUC] >0.9) exerted relatively high diagnostic efficiency, and the combined diagnostic efficacy of 5 to 6 microbial-related differential metabolites was higher than the diagnostic efficacy of a single feature. Therefore, microbial diversity and metabolite distribution differed between the GC tissues and the NC tissues. Microbial-related metabolites may be involved in eight major metabolism-based biological processes in GC and represent potential diagnostic markers.