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Yoh HZ, Chen Y, Shokouhi AR, Thissen H, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. The influence of dysfunctional actin on polystyrene-nanotube-mediated mRNA nanoinjection into mammalian cells. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7737-7744. [PMID: 37066984 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01111a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of nanofabrication technologies has transformed the landscape of engineered nano-bio interfaces, especially with vertically aligned nanoneedles (NNs). This enables scientists to venture into new territories, widening NN applications into increasingly more complex cellular manipulation and interrogation. Specifically, for intracellular delivery application, NNs have been shown to mediate the delivery of various bioactive cargos into a wide range of cells-a physical method termed "nanoinjection". Silicon (Si) nanostructures demonstrated great potential in nanoinjection, whereas the use of polymeric NNs for nanoinjection has rarely been explored. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of interaction at the cell-NN interface is subtle and multifaceted, and not fully understood-underpinned by the design versatility of the NN biointerface. Recent studies have suggested that actin dynamic plays a pivotal role influencing the delivery efficacy. In this study, we fabricated a new class of NNs-a programmable polymeric nanotubes (NTs)-from polystyrene (PS) cell cultureware, designed to facilitate mRNA delivery into mouse embryonic fibroblast GPE86 cells. The PSNT delivery platform was able to mediate mRNA delivery with high delivery efficiency (∼83%). We also investigated the role of actin cytoskeleton in PSNTs mediated intracellular delivery by introducing two actin inhibitors-cytochalasin D (Cyto D) and jasplakinolide (Jas)-to cause dysfunctional cytoskeleton, via inhibiting actin polymerization and depolymerization, respectively (before and after the establishment of cell-PSNT interface). By inhibiting actin dynamics 12 h before cell-PSNT interfacing (pre-interface treatment), the mRNA delivery efficiencies were significantly reduced to ∼3% for Cyto D-treated samples and ∼1% for Jas-treated sample, as compared to their post-interface (2 h after cell-PSNT interfacing) counterpart (∼46% and ∼68%, respectively). The added flexibility of PSNTs have shown to help withstand mechanical breakage stemming from cytoskeletal forces in contrast to the SiNTs. Such findings will step-change our capacity to use programmable polymeric NTs in fundamental cellular processes related to intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhe Yoh
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Ali-Reza Shokouhi
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Helmut Thissen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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Chen Y, Yoh HZ, Shokouhi AR, Murayama T, Suu K, Morikawa Y, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. Role of actin cytoskeleton in cargo delivery mediated by vertically aligned silicon nanotubes. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:406. [PMID: 36076230 PMCID: PMC9461134 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanofabrication technologies have been recently applied to the development of engineered nano–bio interfaces for manipulating complex cellular processes. In particular, vertically configurated nanostructures such as nanoneedles (NNs) have been adopted for a variety of biological applications such as mechanotransduction, biosensing, and intracellular delivery. Despite their success in delivering a diverse range of biomolecules into cells, the mechanisms for NN-mediated cargo transport remain to be elucidated. Recent studies have suggested that cytoskeletal elements are involved in generating a tight and functional cell–NN interface that can influence cargo delivery. In this study, by inhibiting actin dynamics using two drugs—cytochalasin D (Cyto D) and jasplakinolide (Jas), we demonstrate that the actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in mRNA delivery mediated by silicon nanotubes (SiNTs). Specifically, actin inhibition 12 h before SiNT-cellular interfacing (pre-interface treatment) significantly dampens mRNA delivery (with efficiencies dropping to 17.2% for Cyto D and 33.1% for Jas) into mouse fibroblast GPE86 cells, compared to that of untreated controls (86.9%). However, actin inhibition initiated 2 h after the establishment of GPE86 cell–SiNT interface (post-interface treatment), has negligible impact on mRNA transfection, maintaining > 80% efficiency for both Cyto D and Jas treatment groups. The results contribute to understanding potential mechanisms involved in NN-mediated intracellular delivery, providing insights into strategic design of cell–nano interfacing under temporal control for improved effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| | - Hao Zhe Yoh
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Ali-Reza Shokouhi
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Takahide Murayama
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Koukou Suu
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morikawa
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,INM-Leibnitz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia. .,Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds campus, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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3
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Kiru L, Zlitni A, Tousley AM, Dalton GN, Wu W, Lafortune F, Liu A, Cunanan KM, Nejadnik H, Sulchek T, Moseley ME, Majzner RG, Daldrup-Link HE. In vivo imaging of nanoparticle-labeled CAR T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2102363119. [PMID: 35101971 PMCID: PMC8832996 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102363119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic osteosarcoma has a poor prognosis with a 2-y, event-free survival rate of ∼15 to 20%, highlighting the need for the advancement of efficacious therapeutics. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a potent strategy for eliminating tumors by harnessing the immune system. However, clinical trials with CAR T cells in solid tumors have encountered significant challenges and have not yet demonstrated convincing evidence of efficacy for a large number of patients. A major bottleneck for the success of CAR T-cell therapy is our inability to monitor the accumulation of the CAR T cells in the tumor with clinical-imaging techniques. To address this, we developed a clinically translatable approach for labeling CAR T cells with iron oxide nanoparticles, which enabled the noninvasive detection of the iron-labeled T cells with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), photoacoustic imaging (PAT), and magnetic particle imaging (MPI). Using a custom-made microfluidics device for T-cell labeling by mechanoporation, we achieved significant nanoparticle uptake in the CAR T cells, while preserving T-cell proliferation, viability, and function. Multimodal MRI, PAT, and MPI demonstrated homing of the T cells to osteosarcomas and off-target sites in animals administered with T cells labeled with the iron oxide nanoparticles, while T cells were not visualized in animals infused with unlabeled cells. This study details the successful labeling of CAR T cells with ferumoxytol, thereby paving the way for monitoring CAR T cells in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Kiru
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Aimen Zlitni
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | | | - Wei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Famyrah Lafortune
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Anna Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Kristen May Cunanan
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hossein Nejadnik
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Todd Sulchek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Michael Eugene Moseley
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Robbie G Majzner
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Heike Elisabeth Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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Chakrabarty P, Gupta P, Illath K, Kar S, Nagai M, Tseng FG, Santra TS. Microfluidic mechanoporation for cellular delivery and analysis. Mater Today Bio 2022; 13:100193. [PMID: 35005598 PMCID: PMC8718663 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient intracellular delivery strategies are essential for developing therapeutic, diagnostic, biological, and various biomedical applications. The recent advancement of micro/nanotechnology has focused numerous researches towards developing microfluidic device-based strategies due to the associated high throughput delivery, cost-effectiveness, robustness, and biocompatible nature. The delivery strategies can be carrier-mediated or membrane disruption-based, where membrane disruption methods find popularity due to reduced toxicity, enhanced delivery efficiency, and cell viability. Among all of the membrane disruption techniques, the mechanoporation strategies are advantageous because of no external energy source required for membrane deformation, thereby achieving high delivery efficiencies and increased cell viability into different cell types with negligible toxicity. The past two decades have consequently seen a tremendous boost in mechanoporation-based research for intracellular delivery and cellular analysis. This article provides a brief review of the most recent developments on microfluidic-based mechanoporation strategies such as microinjection, nanoneedle arrays, cell-squeezing, and hydroporation techniques with their working principle, device fabrication, cellular delivery, and analysis. Moreover, a brief discussion of the different mechanoporation strategies integrated with other delivery methods has also been provided. Finally, the advantages, limitations, and future prospects of this technique are discussed compared to other intracellular delivery techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulasta Chakrabarty
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Srabani Kar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB30FA, UK
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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5
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Rich J, Tian Z, Huang TJ. Sonoporation: Past, Present, and Future. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 7:2100885. [PMID: 35399914 PMCID: PMC8992730 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A surge of research in intracellular delivery technologies is underway with the increased innovations in cell-based therapies and cell reprogramming. Particularly, physical cell membrane permeabilization techniques are highlighted as the leading technologies because of their unique features, including versatility, independence of cargo properties, and high-throughput delivery that is critical for providing the desired cell quantity for cell-based therapies. Amongst the physical permeabilization methods, sonoporation holds great promise and has been demonstrated for delivering a variety of functional cargos, such as biomolecular drugs, proteins, and plasmids, to various cells including cancer, immune, and stem cells. However, traditional bubble-based sonoporation methods usually require special contrast agents. Bubble-based sonoporation methods also have high chances of inducing irreversible damage to critical cell components, lowering the cell viability, and reducing the effectiveness of delivered cargos. To overcome these limitations, several novel non-bubble-based sonoporation mechanisms are under development. This review will cover both the bubble-based and non-bubble-based sonoporation mechanisms being employed for intracellular delivery, the technologies being investigated to overcome the limitations of traditional platforms, as well as perspectives on the future sonoporation mechanisms, technologies, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Penedo M, Shirokawa T, Alam MS, Miyazawa K, Ichikawa T, Okano N, Furusho H, Nakamura C, Fukuma T. Cell penetration efficiency analysis of different atomic force microscopy nanoneedles into living cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7756. [PMID: 33833307 PMCID: PMC8032717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, nanoneedle-based systems have demonstrated to be extremely useful in cell biology. They can be used as nanotools for drug delivery, biosensing or biomolecular recognition inside cells; or they can be employed to select and sort in parallel a large number of living cells. When using these nanoprobes, the most important requirement is to minimize the cell damage, reducing the forces and indentation lengths needed to penetrate the cell membrane. This is normally achieved by reducing the diameter of the nanoneedles. However, several studies have shown that nanoneedles with a flat tip display lower penetration forces and indentation lengths. In this work, we have tested different nanoneedle shapes and diameters to reduce the force and the indentation length needed to penetrate the cell membrane, demonstrating that ultra-thin and sharp nanoprobes can further reduce them, consequently minimizing the cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Penedo
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan. .,Bioengineering department, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IBI-STI LBNI, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Tetsuya Shirokawa
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mohammad Shahidul Alam
- Division of Nano Life Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyazawa
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ichikawa
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Naoko Okano
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Furusho
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chikashi Nakamura
- AIST-INDIA Diverse Assets and Applications International Laboratory (DAILAB), Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute (CMB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan. .,Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan. .,Division of Nano Life Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan. .,Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Chen Y, Wang J, Li X, Hu N, Voelcker NH, Xie X, Elnathan R. Emerging Roles of 1D Vertical Nanostructures in Orchestrating Immune Cell Functions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001668. [PMID: 32844502 PMCID: PMC7461044 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nano-bio cellular interfaces driven by 1D vertical nanostructures (1D-VNS) are set to prompt radical progress in modulating cellular processes at the nanoscale. Here, tuneable cell-VNS interfacial interactions are probed and assessed, highlighting the use of 1D-VNS in immunomodulation, and intracellular delivery into immune cells-both crucial in fundamental and translational biomedical research. With programmable topography and adaptable surface functionalization, 1D-VNS provide unique biophysical and biochemical cues to orchestrate innate and adaptive immunity, both ex vivo and in vivo. The intimate nanoscale cell-VNS interface leads to membrane penetration and cellular deformation, facilitating efficient intracellular delivery of diverse bioactive cargoes into hard-to-transfect immune cells. The unsettled interfacial mechanisms reported to be involved in VNS-mediated intracellular delivery are discussed. By identifying up-to-date progress and fundamental challenges of current 1D-VNS technology in immune-cell manipulation, it is hoped that this report gives timely insights for further advances in developing 1D-VNS as a safe, universal, and highly scalable platform for cell engineering and enrichment in advanced cancer immunotherapy such as chimeric antigen receptor-T therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Melbourne Centre for NanofabricationVictorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility151 Wellington RoadClayton3168Australia
| | - Ji Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversitySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Xiangling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Electronics and Information TechnologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Electronics and Information TechnologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Melbourne Centre for NanofabricationVictorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility151 Wellington RoadClayton3168Australia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash University22 Alliance LaneClaytonVIC3168Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)ClaytonVIC3168Australia
- INM‐Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsCampus D2 2Saarbrücken66123Germany
| | - Xi Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversitySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Electronics and Information TechnologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash University381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Melbourne Centre for NanofabricationVictorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility151 Wellington RoadClayton3168Australia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash University22 Alliance LaneClaytonVIC3168Australia
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Qu Y, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Chen H. Surface-Mediated Intracellular Delivery by Physical Membrane Disruption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31054-31078. [PMID: 32559060 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effective and nondestructive intracellular delivery of exogenous molecules and other functional materials into living cells is of importance for diverse biological fundamental research and therapeutic applications, such as gene editing and cell-based therapies. However, for most exogenous molecules, the cell plasma membrane is effectively impermeable and thus remains the greatest barrier to intracellular delivery. In recent years, methods based on surface-mediated physical membrane disruption have attracted considerable attention. These methods exploit the physical properties of the surface to transiently increase the membrane permeability of cells come in contact thereto, thereby facilitating the efficient intracellular delivery of molecules regardless of molecule or target cell type. In this Review, we focus on recent progress, particularly over the past decade, on these surface-mediated membrane disruption-based delivery systems. According to the membrane disruption mechanism, three categories can be recognized: (i) mechanical penetration, (ii) electroporation, and (iii) photothermal poration. Each of these is discussed in turn and a brief perspective on future developments in this promising area is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangcui Qu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215007, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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9
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Nejadnik H, Jung KO, Theruvath AJ, Kiru L, Liu A, Wu W, Sulchek T, Pratx G, Daldrup-Link HE. Instant labeling of therapeutic cells for multimodality imaging. Theranostics 2020; 10:6024-6034. [PMID: 32483435 PMCID: PMC7255004 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous therapeutic cells are typically harvested and transplanted in one single surgery. This makes it impossible to label them with imaging biomarkers through classical transfection techniques in a laboratory. To solve this problem, we developed a novel microfluidic device, which provides highly efficient labeling of therapeutic cells with imaging biomarkers through mechanoporation. Methods: Studies were performed with a new, custom-designed microfluidic device, which contains ridges, which compress adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) during their device passage. Cell relaxation after compression leads to cell volume exchange for convective transfer of nanoparticles and nanoparticle uptake into the cell. ADSCs were passed through the microfluidic device doped with iron oxide nanoparticles and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The cellular nanoparticle and radiotracer uptake was evaluated with DAB-Prussian blue, fluorescent microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP). Labeled and unlabeled ADSCs were imaged in vitro as well as ex vivo in pig knee specimen with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). T2 relaxation times and radiotracer signal were compared between labeled and unlabeled cell transplants using Student T-test with p<0.05. Results: We report significant labeling of ADSCs with iron oxide nanoparticles and 18F-FDG within 12+/-3 minutes. Mechanoporation of ADSCs with our microfluidic device led to significant nanoparticle (> 1 pg iron per cell) and 18F-FDG uptake (61 mBq/cell), with a labeling efficiency of 95%. The labeled ADSCs could be detected with MRI and PET imaging technologies: Nanoparticle labeled ADSC demonstrated significantly shorter T2 relaxation times (24.2±2.1 ms) compared to unlabeled cells (79.6±0.8 ms) on MRI (p<0.05) and 18F-FDG labeled ADSC showed significantly higher radiotracer uptake (614.3 ± 9.5 Bq / 1×104 cells) compared to controls (0.0 ± 0.0 Bq/ 1×104 cells) on gamma counting (p<0.05). After implantation of dual-labeled ADSCs into pig knee specimen, the labeled ADSCs revealed significantly shorter T2 relaxation times (41±0.6 ms) compared to unlabeled controls (90±1.8 ms) (p<0.05). Conclusion: The labeling of therapeutic cells with our new microfluidic device does not require any chemical intervention, therefore it is broadly and immediately clinically applicable. Cellular labeling using mechanoporation can improve our understanding of in vivo biodistributions of therapeutic cells and ultimately improve long-term outcomes of therapeutic cell transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Nejadnik
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kyung Oh Jung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ashok J. Theruvath
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Louise Kiru
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anna Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Todd Sulchek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Guillem Pratx
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Heike E. Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, CA, 94305, USA
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10
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Higgins SG, Becce M, Belessiotis-Richards A, Seong H, Sero JE, Stevens MM. High-Aspect-Ratio Nanostructured Surfaces as Biological Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903862. [PMID: 31944430 PMCID: PMC7610849 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Materials patterned with high-aspect-ratio nanostructures have features on similar length scales to cellular components. These surfaces are an extreme topography on the cellular level and have become useful tools for perturbing and sensing the cellular environment. Motivation comes from the ability of high-aspect-ratio nanostructures to deliver cargoes into cells and tissues, access the intracellular environment, and control cell behavior. These structures directly perturb cells' ability to sense and respond to external forces, influencing cell fate, and enabling new mechanistic studies. Through careful design of their nanoscale structure, these systems act as biological metamaterials, eliciting unusual biological responses. While predominantly used to interface eukaryotic cells, there is growing interest in nonanimal and prokaryotic cell interfacing. Both experimental and theoretical studies have attempted to develop a mechanistic understanding for the observed behaviors, predominantly focusing on the cell-nanostructure interface. This review considers how high-aspect-ratio nanostructured surfaces are used to both stimulate and sense biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G. Higgins
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | - Hyejeong Seong
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Julia E. Sero
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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11
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Abstract
Nanostructured devices are able to foster the technology for cell membrane poration. With the size smaller than a cell, nanostructures allow efficient poration on the cell membrane. Emerging nanostructures with various physical transduction have been demonstrated to accommodate effective intracellular delivery. Aside from improving poration and intracellular delivery performance, nanostructured devices also allow for the discovery of novel physiochemical phenomena and the biological response of the cell. This article provides a brief introduction to the principles of nanostructured devices for cell poration and outlines the intracellular delivery capability of the technology. In the future, we envision more exploration on new nanostructure designs and creative applications in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apresio K Fajrial
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309 United States of America
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12
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Direct Delivery of Cas9-sgRNA Ribonucleoproteins into Cells Using a Nanoneedle Array. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9050965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system is a powerful and widely used tool for genome editing. Recently, it was reported that direct delivery of Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) reduced off-target effects. Therefore, non-invasive, high-throughput methods are needed for direct delivery of RNPs into cells. Here, we report a novel method for direct delivery of RNPs into cells using a nanostructure with a high-aspect-ratio and uniform nanoneedles. This nanostructure is composed of tens of thousands of nanoneedles laid across a 2D array. Through insertion of the nanoneedle array previously adsorbed with Cas9-sgRNA, it was possible to deliver RNPs directly into mammalian cells for genome editing.
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13
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Yang Z, He G, Cai D, Ren Z. Photothermal Heating-Induced Localized Structural Disruption in a Poly-ε-caprolactone Nanocarrier System for Controlled Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 2:464-469. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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14
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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15
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McGuire AF, Santoro F, Cui B. Interfacing Cells with Vertical Nanoscale Devices: Applications and Characterization. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:101-126. [PMID: 29570360 PMCID: PMC6530470 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the intracellular state of mammalian cells often require probes or molecules to breach the tightly regulated cell membrane. Mammalian cells have been shown to grow well on vertical nanoscale structures in vitro, going out of their way to reach and tightly wrap the structures. A great deal of research has taken advantage of this interaction to bring probes close to the interface or deliver molecules with increased efficiency or ease. In turn, techniques have been developed to characterize this interface. Here, we endeavor to survey this research with an emphasis on the interface as driven by cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allister F McGuire
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
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16
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Azevedo C, Macedo MH, Sarmento B. Strategies for the enhanced intracellular delivery of nanomaterials. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:944-959. [PMID: 28919437 PMCID: PMC7108348 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular delivery of nanomaterials and drugs has been attracting increasing research interest, mainly because of their important effects and functions in several organelles. Targeting specific organelles can help treat or decrease the symptoms of diabetes, cancer, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. Tuning biological and chemical properties enables the creation of functionalized nanomaterials with enhanced intracellular uptake, ability to escape premature lysosome degradation, and to reach a specific target. Here, we provide an update of recent advances in the intracellular delivery mechanisms that could help drugs reach their target more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Azevedo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Macedo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal.
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