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Nguyen HX, Kipping T, Banga AK. Polymeric Microneedles Enhance Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:845. [PMID: 39065542 PMCID: PMC11280287 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This research presents the efficacy of polymeric microneedles in improving the transdermal permeation of methotrexate across human skin. These microneedles were fabricated from PLGA Expansorb® 50-2A and 50-8A and subjected to comprehensive characterization via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and mechanical analysis. We developed and assessed a methotrexate hydrogel for physicochemical and rheological properties. Dye binding, histological examinations, and assessments of skin integrity demonstrated the effective microporation of the skin by PLGA microneedles. We measured the dimensions of microchannels in the skin using scanning electron microscopy, pore uniformity analysis, and confocal microscopy. The skin permeation and disposition of methotrexate were researched in vitro. PLGA 50-8A microneedles appeared significantly longer, sharper, and more mechanically uniform than PLGA 50-2A needles. PLGA 50-8A needles generated substantially more microchannels, as well as deeper, larger, and more uniform channels in the skin than PLGA 50-2A needles. Microneedle insertion substantially reduced skin electrical resistance, accompanied by an elevation in transepidermal water loss values. PLGA 50-8A microneedle treatment provided a significantly higher cumulative delivery, flux, diffusion coefficient, permeability coefficient, and predicted steady-state plasma concentration; however, there was a shorter lag time than for PLGA 50-2A needles, base-treated, and untreated groups (p < 0.05). Conclusively, skin microporation using polymeric microneedles significantly improved the transdermal delivery of methotrexate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep X. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam;
| | - Thomas Kipping
- MilliporeSigma, a Business of Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ajay K. Banga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Helmy AM. Overview of recent advancements in the iontophoretic drug delivery to various tissues and organs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Andanooru Chandrappa NK, Channakeshavaiah Ravikumar B, Rangegowda SM. Iontophoretic delivery of methotrexate in the treatment of palmar psoriasis: A randomised controlled study. Australas J Dermatol 2020; 61:140-146. [PMID: 31944270 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Palmoplantar psoriasis is a localised variant of psoriasis. Topical therapy is the preferred treatment modality, but in severe and recalcitrant cases, systemic drugs like methotrexate are prescribed, with potential for significant adverse effects. Iontophoresis is gaining popularity in enhancing the transdermal delivery of drugs in ionic state. This study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the efficacy of topical methotrexate by iontophoresis technique with clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment in the treatment of palmar psoriasis. METHODS This was a prospective randomised controlled study conducted on patients with palmar psoriasis. Group 1 patients (n = 31) were treated with once weekly iontophoretic delivery of methotrexate over 6 sittings, and group 2 patients (n = 31) were treated with clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment, twice daily for 6 weeks. Severity of palmar psoriasis was assessed by modified Palmoplantar Pustular Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (m-PPPASI), and treatment was considered as satisfactory when there was >50% improvement. RESULTS Sixty two patients were recruited, of which 50 completed the study. Eight out of 25 (32%) patients in group 1 and 12 out of 25 (48%) patients in group 2 showed satisfactory improvement at the end of 6 weeks. However, this difference was statistically not significant (P = 0.25). Burn injury was noted in 12 (48%) group 1 patients with no adverse effects in group 2. CONCLUSION Iontophoretic delivery of methotrexate is a promising therapeutic modality, the efficacy of which is comparable to that of clobetasol propionate ointment in the treatment of palmar psoriasis.
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Nguyen HX, Banga AK. Electrically and Ultrasonically Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030117. [PMID: 30081603 PMCID: PMC6161078 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used sonophoresis and iontophoresis to enhance the in vitro delivery of methotrexate through human cadaver skin. Iontophoresis was applied for 60 min at a 0.4 mA/sq·cm current density, while low-frequency sonophoresis was applied at a 20 kHz frequency (2 min application, and 6.9 W/sq·cm intensity). The treated skin was characterized by dye binding, transepidermal water loss, skin electrical resistance, and skin temperature measurement. Both sonophoresis and iontophoresis resulted in a significant reduction in skin electrical resistance as well as a marked increase in transepidermal water loss value (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the ultrasonic waves resulted in a significant increase in skin temperature (p < 0.05). In permeation studies, the use of iontophoresis led to a significantly higher drug permeability than the untreated group (n = 4, p < 0.05). The skin became markedly more permeable to methotrexate after the treatment by sonophoresis than by iontophoresis (p < 0.01). A synergistic effect for the combined application of sonophoresis and iontophoresis was also observed. Drug distribution in the skin layers revealed a significantly higher level of methotrexate in the sonicated skin than that in iontophoresis and untreated groups. Iontophoresis and low-frequency sonophoresis were found to enhance the transdermal and intradermal delivery of methotrexate in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep X Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Ajay K Banga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Jaisamut P, Wiwattanawongsa K, Graidist P, Sangsen Y, Wiwattanapatapee R. Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Curcumin Using a Supersaturatable Self-Microemulsifying System Incorporating a Hydrophilic Polymer; In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:730-740. [PMID: 28975598 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A supersaturatable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) with a reduced amount of surfactant and incorporation of a polymer precipitation inhibitor, Eudragit® E PO was developed. The optimized S-SMEDDS formulation (SS-15) consisted of 55% surfactants, 40% oils, and 5% Eudragit® E PO (curcumin at 44.4 mg/g of the formulation). The precipitation profiles from the supersaturation assay revealed that the curcumin S-SMEDDS performed as a better inhibitor of curcumin precipitation in simulated gastric fluid over a 240-min study than the normal curcumin SMEDDS and an aqueous curcumin suspension. In addition, the mean droplet size of the curcumin S-SMEDDS (21.6 ± 0.1 nm) was significantly smaller than the SMEDDS (28.1 ± 0.3 nm). The curcumin S-SMEDDS exhibited a threefold reduction of Caco-2 cell toxicity when compared to the curcumin SMEDDS because of the reduced toxic effect of the surfactant present in the SMEDDS formulation. In addition, the absorptive permeability across the Caco-2 monolayer of curcumin in the S-SMEDDS was significantly higher than for the unformulated curcumin (~ 5-folds). The plasma concentration-time profiles from the oral absorption studies in rats dosed with the curcumin S-SMEDDS showed a 1.22- and 53.14-fold increased absorption of curcumin, compared to the SMEDDS and the aqueous suspension, respectively. The curcumin S-SMEDDS was stable under both intermediate and accelerated conditions after 6 months of storage.
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Zeb A, Qureshi OS, Yu CH, Akram M, Kim HS, Kim MS, Kang JH, Majid A, Chang SY, Bae ON, Kim JK. Enhanced anti-rheumatic activity of methotrexate-entrapped ultradeformable liposomal gel in adjuvant-induced arthritis rat model. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zuo T, Chen H, Xiang S, Hong J, Cao S, Weng L, Zhang L, Liu L, Li H, Zhu H, Liu Q. Cryptotanshinone-Loaded Cerasomes Formulation: In Vitro Drug Release, in Vivo Pharmacokinetics, and in Vivo Efficacy for Topical Therapy of Acne. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:1326-1335. [PMID: 30023507 PMCID: PMC6044685 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerasomes (CS), evolved from liposomes, are novel drug-delivery systems that have potential medical application as carriers for drugs or active ingredients. Although many studies have been conducted on the pharmaceutical and physicochemical properties of CS, the role of CS in influencing the in vivo plasma and topical pharmacokinetics and efficacy of topical drug delivery remain unclear. In this context, we chose cryptotanshinone (CTS) as a model drug for the preparation of CTS-CS by means of the ethanol injection method to investigate their in vitro/in vivo drug-release behavior and in vivo efficacy. (1) In in vitro studies, CTS-CS gel was proven to be capable of achieving a higher permeation rate and significant accumulation in the dermis of isolated rat skin using Franz diffusion cells. (2) In in vivo studies, microdialysis experiments used to measure the plasma and topical pharmacokinetics demonstrated that the CS had a high drug concentration, short peak time, and slow elimination. Meanwhile, the plasma area under the concentration-time curve of CTS-CS gel was less than half that for the CTS gel in 12 h, which indicates that the drug bioavailability dramatically increased in the experiments. (3) In in vivo efficacy studies, we duplicated a rat acne model and performed antiacne efficacy experiments. The CTS-CS gel improved the antiacne efficacy compared to that of ordinary CTS gel. Moreover, it inhibited the expression of interleukin-1α and androgen receptors effectively. All of these results show that CTS-CS gel has significant potential for the treatment of acne induced by inflammation and excessive secretion of androgen, suggesting that CS formulations were designed as a good therapeutic option for skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zuo
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern
Medical University, 1023
Shatainan Road, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Huoji Chen
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern
Medical University, 1023
Shatainan Road, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Shijian Xiang
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern
Medical University, 1023
Shatainan Road, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Junhui Hong
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern
Medical University, 1023
Shatainan Road, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Siwei Cao
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern
Medical University, 1023
Shatainan Road, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Lidong Weng
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern
Medical University, 1023
Shatainan Road, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern
Medical University, 1023
Shatainan Road, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern
Medical University, 1023
Shatainan Road, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangzhou
Red Cross Hospital, 396 Tongfuzhong Road, Guangzhou 510220, P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Zhu
- Combining
Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Southern Medical University, 13 Shiliugang Road, Guangzhou 510315, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern
Medical University, 1023
Shatainan Road, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
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Zeb A, Qureshi OS, Kim HS, Cha JH, Kim HS, Kim JK. Improved skin permeation of methotrexate via nanosized ultradeformable liposomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:3813-24. [PMID: 27540293 PMCID: PMC4982511 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s109565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate methotrexate-entrapped ultradeformable liposomes (MTX-UDLs) for potential transdermal application. MTX-UDLs were prepared by extrusion method with phosphatidylcholine as a bilayer matrix and sodium cholate or Tween 80 as an edge activator. The physicochemical properties of MTX-UDLs were determined in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The deformability of MTX-UDLs was compared with that of methotrexate-entrapped conventional liposomes (MTX-CLs) using a steel pressure filter device. The skin permeation of MTX-UDLs was investigated using Franz diffusion cell, and the skin penetration depth of rhodamine 6G-entrapped UDLs was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. MTX-UDLs showed a narrow size distribution, with the particle size of ~100 nm. The deformability of MTX-UDLs was two to five times greater than that of MTX-CLs. The skin permeation of MTX-UDLs was significantly improved compared with MTX-CLs and free MTX solution. The optimized UDLs (phosphatidylcholine: Tween 80 =7:3, w/w) showed a higher fluorescence intensity than conventional liposomes at every increment of skin depth. Thus, the optimized UDLs could be promising nanocarriers for systemic delivery of MTX across skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alam Zeb
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Omer Salman Qureshi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Seo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Cha
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoo-Seong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ki Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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Patel H, Joshi A, Joshi A, Stagni G. Transdermal Delivery of Etoposide Phosphate I: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2114-22. [PMID: 27233689 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy frequently requires long periods of multiple intravenous infusions that often results in patients opting out of treatment. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of delivering one of these anticancer agents: etoposide phosphate (ETP) transdermally using iontophoresis and a combination of iontophoresis/microporation. The iontophoresis conditions for ETP were first optimized in vitro then tested in vivo in a rabbit model. Both ETP and its active form etoposide (VP) were quantified in dermis (via microdialysis sampling) and in plasma, with a specially developed high-performance liquid chromatography method. In vitro, the amount of total etoposide permeated and the steady state flux increased (p < 0.05) with increase in iontophoretic current densities (100-400 μA/cm(2)). At 300 μA/cm(2), microporation/iontophoresis further improved both parameters by 2- and 2.8-fold, respectively. In vivo, exposure increased proportionally to current density in plasma, whereas dermal concentration dropped significantly at the highest current density. Microporation led to a 50% increase in Cmax and AUClast values in both skin and plasma. In conclusion, a mild current density (300 μA/cm(2)) and a small surface area (10.1 cm(2)) achieved and maintained the minimum effective concentration for the entire duration of electrical current delivery; microporation further increased the plasma concentrations at the same current density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiren Patel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Abhay Joshi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Amit Joshi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Grazia Stagni
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201.
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Quist SR, Quist J, Birkenmaier J, Stauch T, Gollnick HP. Pharmacokinetic profile of methotrexate in psoriatic skin via the oral or subcutaneous route using dermal microdialysis showing higher methotrexate bioavailability in psoriasis plaques than in non-lesional skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30:1537-43. [PMID: 27005005 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this pilot study was to use microdialysis to evaluate levels of Methotrexate (MTX) directly in psoriatic skin following oral or subcutaneous administration of MTX to elaborate a complete pharmacokinetic profile within the dermal skin. METHODS Six patients with chronic plaque psoriasis on the arm undergoing treatment with MTX were included in a mono-centre clinical trial. Patients were under treatment with p.o. or s.c. MTX (7.5 and 15 mg) for at least 3 months. Interstitial fluid was collected ex vivo via dermal microdialysis from lesional or non-lesional skin and via intravenous microdialysis as well as blood serum every hour up to 10 h after methotrexate administration every hour. MTX was analysed via liquid chromatography. RESULTS The area under the curve (AUC) of methotrexate from peripheral blood was up to four times higher than from microdiaylsis, which detection of free unbound MTX. The AUC from dialysates in psoriatic lesional skin was higher than in non-lesional psoriatic skin, and the AUC levels from i.v. microdialysis were non-significantly higher than those from lesional psoriatic skin. Pharmacokinetic profiles were individually quite different and did not primarily depend on the dose or the means (p.o. vs. s.c.) in which it was administered. CONCLUSION Dermal microdialysis is a valid tool to evaluate levels of methotrexate in the skin of psoriasis patients. Drug levels and bioavailability of methotrexate were higher in lesional than non-lesional psoriatic skin. The individual AUC of MTX was not primarily dependent on the route or dose of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Quist
- Clinic of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Quist
- Clinic of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Birkenmaier
- Laboratory Volkmann, Central Medical Laboratory, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Stauch
- Laboratory Volkmann, Central Medical Laboratory, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H P Gollnick
- Clinic of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Petchsomrit A, Sermkaew N, Wiwattanapatapee R. Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose-based sponges loaded self-microemulsifying curcumin: Preparation, characterization, andin vivooral absorption studies. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpa Petchsomrit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Prince of Songkla University; Songkhla 90112 Thailand
- Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Prince of Songkla University; Songkhla 90112 Thailand
| | - Namfa Sermkaew
- Drug and Cosmetic Research and Development Unit; School of Pharmacy; Walailak University; Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand
| | - Ruedeekorn Wiwattanapatapee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Prince of Songkla University; Songkhla 90112 Thailand
- Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Prince of Songkla University; Songkhla 90112 Thailand
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Chen AZ, Chen LQ, Wang SB, Wang YQ, Zha JZ. Study of magnetic silk fibroin nanoparticles for massage-like transdermal drug delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:4639-51. [PMID: 26229467 PMCID: PMC4516257 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s85999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A synergistic approach by the combination of magnetic nanoparticles with an alternating magnetic field for transdermal drug delivery was investigated. Methotrexate-loaded silk fibroin magnetic nanoparticles were prepared using suspension-enhanced dispersion by supercritical CO2. The physiochemical properties of the magnetic nanoparticles were characterized. In vitro studies on drug permeation across skin were performed under different magnetic fields in comparison with passive diffusion. The permeation flux enhancement factor was found to increase under a stationary magnetic field, while an alternating magnetic field enhanced drug permeation more effectively; the combination of stationary and alternating magnetic fields, which has a massage-like effect on the skin, achieved the best result. The mechanistic studies using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrate that an alternating magnetic field can change the ordered structure of the stratum corneum lipid bilayers from the gel to the lipid-crystalline state, which can increase the fluidity of the stratum corneum lipids, thus enhancing skin penetration. Compared with the other groups, the fluorescence signal with a bigger area detected in deeper regions of the skin also reveals that the simulated massage could enhance the drug permeation across the skin by increasing the follicular transport. The combination of magnetic nanoparticles with stationary/alternating magnetic fields has potential for effective massage-like transdermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Zheng Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China ; Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China ; Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Qing Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China ; Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China ; Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Qiong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Zhe Zha
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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Patel H, Joshi A, Joshi A, Stagni G. Effect of microporation on passive and iontophoretic delivery of diclofenac sodium. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 41:1962-7. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1019353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Patel DR, Joshi A, Patel HH, Stagni G. Development andin-vivoevaluation of ondansetron gels for transdermal delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:1030-6. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.925916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Joshi A, Stagni G, Cleary A, Patel K, Weiss DS, Hagins M. Iontophoresis Successfully Delivers Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate to Dermis as Measured by Microdialysis. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:191-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shukla C, Bashaw E, Stagni G, Benfeldt E. Applications of dermal microdialysis: a review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Liquid and solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems for improving the oral bioavailability of andrographolide from a crude extract of Andrographis paniculata. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:459-66. [PMID: 23973887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop self-microemulsifying formulations of an Andrographis paniculata extract in liquid and pellet forms for an improved oral delivery of andrographolide. The optimized liquid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) was composed of A. paniculata extract (11.1%), Capryol 90 (40%), Cremophor RH 40 (40%) and Labrasol (8.9%). This liquid SMEDDS was further adsorbed onto colloidal silicon dioxide and microcrystalline cellulose, and converted to SMEDDS pellets by the extrusion/spheronization technique. The microemulsion droplet sizes of the liquid and pellet formulations after dilution with water were in the range of 23.4 and 30.3 nm. The in vitro release of andrographolide from the liquid SMEDDS and SMEDDS pellets was 97.64% (SD 1.97%) and 97.74% (SD 3.36%) within 15 min, respectively while the release from the initial extract was only 10%. The oral absorption of andrographolide was determined in rabbits. The C(max) value of andrographolide from the A. paniculata extract liquid SMEDDS and SMEDDS pellet formulations (equivalent to 17.5mg/kg of andrographolide) was 6-fold and 5-fold greater than the value from the initial extract in aqueous suspension (equivalent to 35 mg/kg of andrographolide), respectively. In addition, the AUC(0-12h) was increased 15-fold by the liquid SMEDDS and 13-fold by the SMEDDS pellets compared to the extract in aqueous suspension, respectively. The results clearly indicated that the liquid and solid SMEDDS could be effectively used to improve the dissolution and oral bioavailability that would also enable a reduction in the dose of the poorly water soluble A. paniculata extract.
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Tre ES, Patel C, Aghara S, Yadav C, Stagni G. Optimization of perfusate pH to improve microdialysis recovery of lipophilic compounds. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2012; 66:276-80. [PMID: 22884908 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microdialysis (MD) allows sampling of compounds in-vivo from tissues' interstitial fluid. However, molecules insoluble at physiological pH have usually extremely low recovery. The addition of albumin to the perfusate or the use of isotonic lipoemulsion improves recovery of these molecules although it requires a cleaning step before HPLC analysis. This study investigates the possibility of improving the MD recovery of compounds insoluble at physiological pH but soluble at a different pH. The probe is perfused with an isotonic solution adjusted to pH values at which the compound has maximum solubility. Ketoconazole (KTC), clotrimazole (CLT) and tretinoin (TTN) were selected as model drugs because they are almost insoluble at pH 7.4 but soluble at pH 4 for KTC and CTL; and at pH 9 for TTN. METHODS Linear microdialysis probes were used to collect KTC, CLT or TTN from a standard solution of the compounds. Probes were perfused with 0.01 M pH 7.4 isotonic buffer solution (1) without or (2) with 5% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA); or (3) with 20% isotonic lipoemulsion; or (4) with 0.01 M pH 4 isotonic buffer solution for KTC and CLT or 0.01 M pH 9 isotonic buffer solution for TTN. The method was then tested in-vivo, in rabbit skin, to assess the skin tolerance to the non-physiological perfusates and to monitor KTC and TTN delivery from commercial cream products. RESULTS In-vitro, the optimized-pH perfusate increased MD recovery significantly (P<0.001): 6.9 (KTC), 8.3 (CLT), and 2.0 (TTN) times compared to the physiological pH and 1.4 and 1.2 compared to the BSA and lipoemulsion respectively. No evidence of irritation or edema was observed in-vivo. However, KTC and TTN were not detected in-vivo with any of the modified perfusate tested. DISCUSSION These findings show that the optimized-pH perfusate effectively increases the in-vitro microdialysis recovery of KTC, CLT and TTN and that it is well tolerated in-vivo. However, the compounds tested (KTC and TTN) could not be detected in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle S Tre
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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Abstract
Methotrexate has been reported as an immunosuppressant and an antimetabolite widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. However, it causes various toxicities and has low bioavailability when taken orally, thus, it is desirable that the drug be delivered transdermally. The water solubility and charged structure of methotrexate, however, limits its use via the transdermal route mainly due to the highly organized microstructure of the stratum corneum. Hence, various technologies, such as chemical enhancers, iontophoresis, electroporation, ultrasound and microneedles, either alone or in combination, are being explored to enhance its permeability by disrupting the barrier property of the skin. The present article discusses the past, present and future of transdermal delivery of methotrexate.
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Vemulapalli V, Yang Y, Siddoju S, Conjeevaram R, Teunissen H, Myers T, Banga A. In vitro and in vivo iontophoretic transdermal delivery of an anti-parkinsonian agent. Int J Pharm 2011; 420:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Wei H, Wang S, Xu F, Xu L, Zheng J, Chen Y. Topical bioequivalence of acyclovir creams using dermal microdialysis in pigs: a new model to evaluate bioequivalence for topical formulations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:785-91. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.625032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Prasad R, Anand S, Koul V. Biophysical assessment of DC iontophoresis and current density on transdermal permeation of methotrexate. Int J Pharm Investig 2011; 1:234-9. [PMID: 23071949 PMCID: PMC3465143 DOI: 10.4103/2230-973x.93011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effect of DC iontophoresis using low (0.2 mA/cm(2)) and high current density (0.5 mA/cm(2)) on transdermal permeation of methotrexate loaded into polyacrylamide hydrogel patch was investigated. RESULTS Flux of 20.57 ± 1.02 μg/cm(2)/h and 36.8 ± 2.21 μg/cm(2)/h was achieved with low and high current density DC iontophoresis, respectively. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier Transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra and microscopic studies of the treated skin samples supported the permeation results. A greater decrease in the peak height of asymmetric, symmetric C-H stretching vibration and ester peak was noticed with 0.5 mA/cm(2) current density as compared to 0.2 mA/cm(2) current density samples. Furthermore, an increase in the ratio of amide I and amide II bands from 2.6 to 11 with increase in current density was noticed, thus indicating that hydration levels are associated with iontophoresis and play an important role in increasing the drug permeation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed increase in pore size of the hair follicles. Light microscopy studies of the skin samples treated with low current density DC iontophoresis demonstrated epidermal thinning and focal disruptions, spongiosis and appendageal dilatations. With higher current density, disruption of epidermis in almost half of the sectioned area, loss of appendages and fractured collagen in the dermis was noticed. Moreover, the reversibility studies conducted in vivo on mice revealed that the recovery process had started within 24 h and is complete in 48 h for lower current density treated animals. However, the histological changes associated with 0.5 mA/cm(2) current density were not reversible in 48 h and edema, appendageal dilatations along with focal disruption of epidermis persisted. CONCLUSION Hence our study suggests that high density current is not well-tolerated by the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Prasad
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sneh Anand
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Veena Koul
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Juluru R, Shukla C, Yin H, Stagni G. Skin microdialysis-based estimation of systemic bioavailability fraction. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:405-13. [PMID: 21935951 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Systemic bioavailability is usually determined from plasma data. However, when plasma is difficult to access, as in young children, alternative methods would be particularly beneficial. The present study investigates the possibility of calculating systemic bioavailability fraction (F) from skin concentrations measured by two microdialysis (MD) sampling methods: continuous microdialysis and intermittent microdialysis. When the drug concentration in skin is a linear and time-invariant function of plasma concentration, the area under the drug concentration curve in skin is directly proportional to the drug absorbed systemically. To verify this theory, we compared the F estimated from MD concentrations in the skin with that obtained from the plasma data in the same experiment. Two model drugs were selected for the study: amoxicillin and ketoprofen. Drugs were administered to rabbits as intravenous infusion or oral suspension according to a randomized crossover design. F estimated by either MD method was not significantly different from that obtained from the plasma for both drugs tested. However, the skin data exhibited a larger variability. These results confirm that skin MD could be an alternative way to obtain data for the calculation of systemic fraction of drug absorbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Juluru
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA
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Patel M, Joshi A, Hassanzadeth H, Juluru R, Stagni G. Quantification of dermal and transdermal delivery of meloxicam gels in rabbits. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:613-7. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.534098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Patel S, Shukla C, Patel G, Stagni G. Pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline in rabbit skin and plasma following iontophoretic administrations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 36:379-84. [DOI: 10.3109/03639040903188463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Vemulapalli V, Yang Y, Friden PM, Banga AK. Synergistic effect of iontophoresis and soluble microneedles for transdermal delivery of methotrexate. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:27-33. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.1.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the transdermal iontophoretic delivery of methotrexate, alone or in combination with microneedles, in-vitro and in-vivo using intracutaneous microdialysis in the hairless rat. The average depth of the microdialysis probe in the skin was found to be 0.54 mm. Methotrexate was stable in the presence of an applied electric field as determined by cyclic voltammetry. A current density of 0.4 mA cm−2 applied for 60 min was used in combination with maltose microneedles to enhance delivery of methotrexate across the skin. Delivery was enhanced by iontophoresis and microneedles, both in-vitro and in-vivo. A synergistic 25-fold enhancement of delivery was observed in-vivo when a combination of microneedles and iontophoresis was used compared with either modality alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswatej Vemulapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | | | - Ajay K Banga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Prasad R, Anand S, Khar RK, Dinda AK, Koul V. Studies on in vitro and in vivo transdermal flux enhancement of methotrexate by a combinational approach in comparison to oral delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35:1281-92. [DOI: 10.3109/03639040902882322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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Shukla C, Patel V, Juluru R, Stagni G. Quantification and prediction of skin pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin and cefuroxime. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2009; 30:281-93. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Delgado-Charro M. Recent advances on transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery and non-invasive sampling. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(09)50015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Vemulapalli V, Banga AK, Friden PM. Optimization of Iontophoretic Parameters for the Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate. Drug Deliv 2008; 15:437-42. [DOI: 10.1080/10717540802035145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Dubey V, Mishra D, Dutta T, Nahar M, Saraf DK, Jain NK. Dermal and transdermal delivery of an anti-psoriatic agent via ethanolic liposomes. J Control Release 2007; 123:148-54. [PMID: 17884226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current investigation is to evaluate the transdermal potential of novel vesicular carrier, ethosomes, bearing methotrexate (MTX), an anti-psoriatic, anti-neoplastic, highly hydrosoluble agent having limited transdermal permeation. MTX loaded ethosomes were prepared, optimized and characterized for vesicular shape and surface morphology, vesicular size, entrapment efficiency, stability, in vitro human skin permeation and vesicle-skin interaction. The formulation (EE(9)) having 3% phospholipid content and 45% ethanol showing the greatest entrapment (68.71+/-1.4%) and optimal nanometric size range (143+/-16 nm) was selected for further transdermal permeation studies. Stability profile of prepared system assessed for 120 days revealed very low aggregation and growth in vesicular size (8.8+/-1.2%). MTX loaded ethosomal carriers also provided an enhanced transdermal flux of 57.2+/-4.34 microg/cm(2)/h and decreased lag time of 0.9 h across human cadaver skin. Skin permeation profile of the developed formulation further assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed an enhanced permeation of Rhodamine Red (RR) loaded formulations to the deeper layers of the skin (170 microm). Also, the formulation retained its penetration power after storage. Vesicle skin interaction study also highlighted the penetration enhancing effect of ethosomes with some visual penetration pathways and corneocytes swelling, a measure of retentive nature of formulation. Our results suggests that ethosomes are an efficient carrier for dermal and transdermal delivery of MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Dubey
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar (M.P.), 470003, India.
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Eljarrat-Binstock E, Domb AJ, Orucov F, Frucht-Pery J, Pe'er J. Methotrexate delivery to the eye using transscleral hydrogel iontophoresis. Curr Eye Res 2007; 32:639-46. [PMID: 17852187 DOI: 10.1080/02713680701528674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate methotrexate penetration and distribution profile in ocular structures after short low current transscleral hydrogel iontophoresis. METHODS Methotrexate iontophoresis was studied in rabbits using drug-loaded hydrogels mounted on a portable iontophoretic device. Drug distribution profile was evaluated 2, 4, and 8 hours after iontophoretic treatment of 1.6 mA/cm2 for 4 min. Ocular drug levels were also determined two hours after iontophoretic treatment of 5 mA/cm2, compared to mock iontophoresis and intravitreal injection of methotrexate. RESULTS Therapeutic drug levels were maintained for at least 8 h at the sclera and retina and for 2 h at the aqueous humor following the iontophoretic treatment. After increasing the current density, a twice-higher concentration was achieved at the vitreous and 8 to 20 time higher concentrations at the retina and sclera. CONCLUSIONS A short low current non-invasive iontophoretic treatment using methotrexate-loaded hydrogels has a potential clinical value in treating ocular inflammatory diseases and intraocular lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Eljarrat-Binstock
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Prasad R, Koul V, Anand S, Khar RK. Effect of DC/mDC iontophoresis and terpenes on transdermal permeation of methotrexate: In vitro study. Int J Pharm 2007; 333:70-8. [PMID: 17116378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The systemic toxicity caused by methotrexate limits its use and transdermal delivery would be a possible alternative. Transdermal permeation of methotrexate loaded into polyacrylamide-based hydrogel patch, across mice skin was studied in vitro after pretreatment with terpenes and ethanol, alone or in combination with iontophoresis (DC/mDC). Polyacrylamide patches gave the maximum flux as compared to the copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid. Of the terpenes used, pure menthol showed maximum enhancement (38%), whereas pure limonene elicited a minimum of 9.9% enhancement. Binary combination of menthol and ethanol increased the permeation to 54.9%, which was further enhanced to 93.69% and 117% when used in combination with DC and square wave (mDC) iontophoresis, respectively. ATR-FTIR of the stratum corneum treated with terpenes showed a split in the asymmetric C-H stretching vibrations along with decrease in peak heights and areas of asymmetric, symmetric C-H stretching, C=O stretching and amide bands. A split in amide II band was observed with iontophoresis. ATR-FTIR studies suggest conformational changes in the lipid-protein domains thereby increasing permeation. Histopathological studies on treated skin samples, gave an insight about the anatomical changes brought by the application of various enhancers. Binary mixture of menthol and ethanol in combination with square wave gave best results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prasad
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Zhang L, Zhang Z, Wu K. In vivo and real time determination of ornidazole and tinidazole and pharmacokinetic study by capillary electrophoresis with microdialysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1453-7. [PMID: 16698213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive method for in vivo and real time monitoring unbound ornidazole (ONZ) and tinidazole (TNZ) in rabbit blood using capillary electrophoresis coupled with microdialysis. The UV wavelength was set at 214 nm and all separations were performed in 20 mM Tris-H3PO4 (pH 1.5) buffer. Microdialysis probes were perfused at 4 microl/min resulting in relative recoveries of 33.1+/-3.6% and 34.8+/-3.3% (n=3) for ONZ and TNZ, respectively. The linearity was studied in the concentration range of 1.0-412 microg/ml for ONZ and 1.0-520 microg/ml for TNZ. The detection limits were 0.7 microg/ml for ONZ and 0.6 microg/ml for TNZ (S/N=3). All separation could be achieved within 15 min. This method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of ONZ and TNZ in rabbit blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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Wang L, Zhang Z, Yang W. Pharmacokinetic study of trimebutine maleate in rabbit blood using in vivo microdialysis coupled to capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:399-403. [PMID: 15939564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In vivo microdialysis was used together with capillary electrophoresis (CE) to monitor the concentration of trimebutine maleate (TM) in rabbit blood. Dialysis probe was perfused at 3 microl/min resulting in relative recovery of 26.6+/-3.1% (n=3). After a one step sample preparation the samples were injected directly into the capillary. TM was detected on-column using UV detector at 214 nm. Separation of TM from other components in the dialysate was achieved within 15 min. Evaluation was based on the relative collected peak height (TM/IS). The response for TM in the blood dialysate was linear over the range of 0.5-100 microg/ml. The detection limit of TM in the blood dialysate was 0.1 microg/ml (S/N=3). This method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of trimebutine maleate in rabbit blood following oral administration of 200 mg/kg. It provides a fast and simple technique for the pharmacokinetic study of TM in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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Chaturvedula A, Joshi DP, Anderson C, Morris R, Sembrowich WL, Banga AK. Dermal, subdermal, and systemic concentrations of granisetron by iontophoretic delivery. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1313-9. [PMID: 16078141 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-5335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to demonstrate the iontophoretic delivery of granisetron hydrochloride by novel, self-contained iontophoretic patches and to determine the subcutaneous and dermal absorption kinetics using microdialysis. METHODS In vitro iontophoretic delivery of granisetron hydrochloride was evaluated at 5, 10, or 20 mg/ml concentrations of donor using Franz diffusion cells and hairless rat skin as a membrane. In vivo studies were performed in hairless rats. Animals received either subcutaneous or dermal microdialysis probes and iontophoretic patches filled with drug formulation were applied on the abdominal area such that the probe lies below the anode chamber. Blood and microdialysate samples were collected at different time intervals. Intravenous administration of granisetron was also done to determine the basic pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULTS Iontophoretic patches delivered current constantly throughout the patch application. The patches delivered granisetron hydrochloride at a rate of 14.91+/-4.53 microg/min/kg. Similar concentrations of granisetron hydrochloride in dermal and subcutaneous tissue were observed. Depot formation was identified in the subcutaneous and dermal profiles, indicating that subcutaneous structures are also responsible for the depot formation of the drug in the dermis. CONCLUSION The patches successfully delivered granisetron hydrochloride by iontophoresis and depot formation was observed in the dermal and subcutaneous structures in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyappa Chaturvedula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
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Mathy FX, Lombry C, Verbeeck RK, Préat V. Study of the percutaneous penetration of flurbiprofen by cutaneous and subcutaneous microdialysis after iontophoretic delivery in rat. J Pharm Sci 2005; 94:144-52. [PMID: 15761938 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The percutaneous penetration of flurbiprofen delivered by iontophoresis was investigated in the hairless rat. Unbound concentrations of flurbiprofen in dermis and subcutaneous tissue were continuously measured by on-line microdialysis. Simultaneously, a conventional blood sampling was performed. Linear microdialysis probes were implanted in dermis and in subcutaneous tissue at a depth of 398.3 +/- 15.3 and 1878 +/- 35.8 microm, respectively. Commercial patches were used to deliver flurbiprofen for 15 min at a current density of 0.4 mA/cm(2). In vivo recoveries of both probes, determined by using naproxen as retrodialysis calibrator, were 26.0 +/- 0.3 and 72.9 +/- 0.7% for dermal and subcutaneous probe, respectively. After iontophoretic delivery, a gradient in mean tissue unbound concentrations was observed, with a C(max) in dermis of 8.7 +/- 0.4 microg/mL as compared with subcutaneous C(max) of 0.5 +/- 0.1 microg/mL. The area under the unbound concentration curve in dermis was 13-fold higher than that in the subcutaneous tissue. Total plasma concentration curves showed a rapid absorption phase with a T(max) of 30 min and C(max) of 1.8 +/- 0.1 microg/mL. In conclusion, iontophoresis delivery was demonstrated to be efficient to deliver a high amount of flurbiprofen in dermis and underlying tissue with a fast input rate whereas maintaining a low plasma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Mathy
- Unité de Pharmacie Galénique, Industrielle et Officinale, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, UCL 73.20, 1200 Brussels Belgium
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