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Valenzuela A, Ballestero D, Gan C, Lorca G, Langa E, Pino-Otín MR. Hydroquinone Ecotoxicity: Unveiling Risks in Soil and River Ecosystems with Insights into Microbial Resilience. TOXICS 2024; 12:115. [PMID: 38393210 PMCID: PMC10891836 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite widespread industrial use, the environmental safety of hydroquinone (HQ), a benzene compound from plants used in processes like cosmetics, remains uncertain. This study evaluated the ecotoxicological impact of HQ on soil and river environments, utilizing non-target indicator organisms from diverse trophic levels: Daphnia magna, Aliivibrio fischeri, Allium cepa, and Eisenia fetida. For a more environmentally realistic assessment, microbial communities from a river and untreated soil underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing, with growth and changes in community-level physiological profiling assessed using Biolog EcoPlate™ assays. The water indicator D. magna exhibited the highest sensitivity to HQ (EC50 = 0.142 µg/mL), followed by A. fischeri (EC50 = 1.446 µg/mL), and A. cepa (LC50 = 7.631 µg/mL), while E. fetida showed the highest resistance (EC50 = 234 mg/Kg). Remarkably, microbial communities mitigated HQ impact in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. River microorganisms displayed minimal inhibition, except for a significant reduction in polymer metabolism at the highest concentration (100 µg/mL). Soil communities demonstrated resilience up to 100 µg/mL, beyond which there was a significant decrease in population growth and the capacity to metabolize carbohydrates and polymers. Despite microbial mitigation, HQ remains highly toxic to various trophic levels, emphasizing the necessity for environmental regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - María Rosa Pino-Otín
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.V.); (D.B.); (C.G.); (G.L.); (E.L.)
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2
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Xie Y, Guan D, Deng Y, Sato Y, Luo Y, Chen G. Factors hindering the degradation of pharmaceuticals from human urine in an iron-activated persulfate system. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:130-148. [PMID: 37778790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the degradation of clofibric acid (CFA), bezafibrate (BZF), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in synthetic human urine using a novel mesoporous iron powder-activated persulfate system (mFe-PS system), and identified the factors limiting their degradation in synthetic human urine. A kinetic model was established to expose the radical production in various reaction conditions, and experiments were conducted to verify the modeling results. In the phosphate-containing mFe-PS system, the 120 min removal efficiency of CFA decreased from 95.1% to 76.6% as the phosphate concentration increased from 0.32 to 6.45 mmol/L, but recovered to 90.5% when phosphate concentration increased to 16.10 mmol/L. Meanwhile, the increased concentration of phosphate from 0.32 to 16.10 mmol/L reduced the BZF degradation efficacy from 91.5% to 79.0%, whereas SMX removal improved from 37.3% to 62.9%. The mFe-PS system containing (bi)carbonate, from 4.20 to 166.70 mmol/L, reduced CFA and BZF removal efficiencies from 100% to 76.8% and 80.4%, respectively, and SMX from 83.5% to 56.7% within a 120-min reaction time. In addition, alkaline conditions (pH ≥ 8.0) inhibited CFA and BZF degradations, while nonacidic pH (pH ≥ 7.0) remarkably inhibited SMX degradation. Results of the kinetic model indicated the formation of phosphate (H2PO4·/HPO4·-) and/or carbonate radicals (CO3·-) could limit pharmaceutical removal. The transformation products (TPs) of the pharmaceuticals revealed more incompletely oxidized TPs occurred in the phosphate- and (bi)carbonate-containing mFe-PS systems, and indicated that H2PO4·/HPO4·- mainly degraded pharmaceuticals via a benzene ring-opening reaction while CO3·- preferentially oxidized pharmaceuticals via a hydroxylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiruiwen Xie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Lab, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Dao Guan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Lab, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Yangfan Deng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Lab, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yugo Sato
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Lab, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Lab, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Guanghao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Lab, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Favier L, Hlihor RM, Fekete-Kertész I, Molnár M, Harja M, Vial C. Intensification of the photodegradation efficiency of an emergent water pollutant through process conditions optimization by means of response surface methodology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 328:116928. [PMID: 36521225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been increasingly investigated during the past years and has been recognized as a promising technique for clean and safe water purification. The current study exploits the advantage of this technique demonstrating that the removal of a biorefractory water pollutant named clofibric acid can be really improved by photocatalysis through a parametric comprehensive investigation and optimization study based on response surface methodology. Its novelty comes from the approach used to enhance the efficiency of the photocatalytic degradation of clofibric acid. A custom central composite design consisting of 49 trials was applied for process modeling and a quadratic robust model was derived based on the analysis of variance for the optimization of the process parameters. The effective removal of the target molecule with about 70% carbon mineralization was achieved under optimal photocatalytic conditions: 1.5 mg/L as the initial concentration of pollutant, 0.61 g/L catalyst, and an irradiation time of 190 min. Further, it was provided that nitrates play a positive role in the removal of this pollutant, while hydrogenocarbonates slow down its elimination. The ecotoxicity evaluation at different trophic levels confirmed the low toxicity of photodegradation by-products. Data analysis demonstrated that response surface methodology is a reliable approach for the optimization of the interactive effects of photocatalytic process parameters and is able to enhance their performance for the complete elimination of this hardly removed water pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Favier
- Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France.
| | - Raluca Maria Hlihor
- Ion Ionescu de La Brad" Iasi University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Horticulture, Department of Horticultural Technologies, 3 Aleea Mihail Sadoveanu, 700490, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ildikó Fekete-Kertész
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mónika Molnár
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Harja
- Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, "Cristofor Simionescu" Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, 73 Prof. Dr. Docent Dimitrie Mangeron Str., 700050, Iasi, Romania
| | - Christophe Vial
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Merkus VI, Sommer C, Smollich E, Sures B, Schmidt TC. Acute ecotoxicological effects on daphnids and green algae caused by the ozonation of ibuprofen. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157611. [PMID: 35896135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to its ubiquitous presence in wastewaters, wastewater treatment plant effluents and even surface waters, the removal of the pharmaceutical ibuprofen from water is of special interest. Ozonation is widely applied for the treatment of micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants and is already known to also degrade ibuprofen. However, the formation of a wide range of transformation products during such oxidation steps might affect the aquatic environment. This study focuses on the acute ecotoxicological impact of the ibuprofen ozonation products on the two model organisms Daphnia magna and Desmodesmus subspicatus. For the identification of possibly ecotoxic products, a new workflow combining ecotoxicological testing, analytical methods and toxicity prediction was applied. Examination at different pH conditions with increasing ozone doses can point to respective products for further systematic examination. Seven ozonation products were confirmed in this study, two of them for the first time. Five previously postulated products were rejected. For pH 7 the inhibition of green algae growth was observed for mixtures oxidized with low ozone doses, while at pH 3 the mixtures with higher ozone doses caused toxic effects on the mobility of daphnids. Together with the analytical measurements in combination with ecotoxicity prediction, six products were identified which might have caused the toxic effect on green algae. However, no assignment to the observed toxic effects on daphnids was possible. The gained results indicate that mixture toxicity might play a role in oxidation processes and needs to be considered in ozonation studies concerning the ecotoxicological impact. Furthermore, the different observed toxicity for the two organisms underlines the importance of using multiple test systems for a comprehensive evaluation of the ecotoxicity during ozonation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina I Merkus
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Christina Sommer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Esther Smollich
- Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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5
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Huang F, Gao F, Li C, Campos LC. Photodegradation of free estrogens driven by UV light: Effects of operation mode and water matrix. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155515. [PMID: 35489505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens are endocrine disrupting chemicals that have been frequently detected in diverse water matrices (e.g. surface water, wastewater and drinking water) and caused a series of health risks. This study was aimed at investigating the photochemical degradation of free estrogens estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethyl estradiol (EE2) upon the monochromatic irradiation (253.7 nm). Concerning the practical installation of photolysis treatment, exposing the impacts of photoreactor operation mode (stationary or up-flow) and the water matrix (ultrapure water or natural surface water) on the photolytic behaviour of estrogens was of high importance. The pseudo-first-order rate constants showed that E1 was the most susceptible to UV radiation among chosen estrogens due to its high molar absorption coefficient of 402.4 M-1 cm-1 and quantum yield of 0.065 mol E-1 at λ = 253.7 nm. Moreover, the up-flow mode and the surface water matrix collected from a lake in Regent's Park (London) were found to favour the photodegradation of estrogens due to the introduction of more dissolved oxygens and promotion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. These findings may shed light on the photochemical behaviour of estrogens in some specific scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Huang
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Gao
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Chaoran Li
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Luiza C Campos
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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6
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Wu S, Wang Z, Wan L, Luo C, Baig SA, Xu X. Electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination of clofibric acid (CA) using Pd/Ni foam electrodes: The effects of Ni(OH)2 and complexing agents on electrode preparation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang G, Jiang A, Huang X, Yuan T, Wu H, Li L, Liu Z. Mechanism of One-Step Hydrothermally Synthesized Titanate Catalysts for Ozonation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092706. [PMID: 35566056 PMCID: PMC9103479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A titanate nanotube catalyst for ozonation was synthesized with a simple one-step NaOH hydrothermal treatment without energy-consuming calcination. The synthesized titania catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, porosimetry analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis. The catalyst treated with a higher concentration of NaOH was found to be more catalytically active for phenol removal due to its higher titanate content that would facilitate more OH groups on its surface. Furthermore, the main active oxidizing species of the catalytic ozonation process were recognized as singlet oxygen and superoxide radical, while the hydroxyl radical may only play a minor role. This work provides further support for the correlation between the properties of titania and catalytic performance, which is significant for understanding the mechanism of catalytic ozonation with titania-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geshan Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (L.L.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (X.H.); Tel.: +86-571-8832-0412 (G.Z.)
| | - Anhua Jiang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
| | - Xinwen Huang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (X.H.); Tel.: +86-571-8832-0412 (G.Z.)
| | - Tian Yuan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (L.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Hanrui Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (L.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Lichun Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (L.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zongjian Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (T.Y.); (H.W.); (L.L.); (Z.L.)
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8
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Rothe LE, Botha TL, Feld CK, Weyand M, Zimmermann S, Smit NJ, Wepener V, Sures B. Effects of conventionally-treated and ozonated wastewater on mortality, physiology, body length, and behavior of embryonic and larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117241. [PMID: 33975214 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To date, micropollutants from anthropogenic sources cannot be completely removed from effluents of wastewater treatment plants and therefore enter freshwater systems, where they may impose adverse effects on aquatic organisms, for example, on fish. Advanced treatment such as ozonation aims to reduce micropollutants in wastewater effluents and, thus, to mitigate adverse effects on the environment. To investigate the impact and efficiency of ozonation, four different water types were tested: ozonated wastewater (before and after biological treatment), conventionally-treated wastewater, and water from a river (River Ruhr, Germany) upstream of the wastewater treatment plant effluent. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were used to study lethal and sublethal effects in a modified fish early life-stage test. Mortality occurred during exposure in the water samples from the wastewater treatment plant and the river in the first 24 h post-fertilization, ranging from 12% (conventional wastewater) to 40% (river water). Regarding sublethal endpoints, effects compared to the negative control resulted in significantly higher heart rates (ozonated wastewater), and significantly reduced swimming activity (highly significant in ozonated wastewater and ozone reactor water, significant in only the last time interval in river water). Moreover, the respiration rates were highly increased in both ozonated wastewater samples in comparison to the negative control. Significant differences between the ozonated wastewater samples occurred in the embryonic behavior and heart rates, emphasizing the importance of subsequent biological treatment of the ozonated wastewater. Only the conventionally-treated wastewater sample did not elicit negative responses in zebrafish, indicating that the discharge of conventional wastewater poses no greater risk to embryonic and larval zebrafish than water from the river Ruhr itself. The sublethal endpoints embryonic- and larval behavior, heart rates, and respiration were found to be the most sensitive endpoints in this fish early life-stage test and can add valuable information on the toxicity of environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa E Rothe
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Tarryn L Botha
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council - Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Christian K Feld
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Weyand
- Ruhrverband, Department of River Basin Management, Kronprinzenstr. 37, 45128, Essen, Germany
| | - Sonja Zimmermann
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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Wei J, Ma D, Ma X, Sheng Q, Sun X, Li J, Liu X, Shen J, Zheng M, Wang L. New insight into increased toxicity during ozonation of chlorophenol: The significant contribution of oxidizing intermediates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144569. [PMID: 33477043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biological safety evaluation and toxic by-products identification are critical issues in the partial oxidation process. Previous studies have shown that the whole toxicity increased in the effluent of an ozonation process for chlorophenols removal. Here, this study systematically investigated the changes of acute toxicity during the ozonation of 3-chlorophenol under four key operational conditions, including initial 3-chlorophenol concentration (20-60 mg/L), ozone concentration (14-42 mg/L), reaction pH (3-10) and ozonation time (0-50 min). The results found that the ozonation process induced a significant increase in the acute toxicity, followed by its gradual decrease. The observation of higher acute toxicity increase generally happened at higher initial 3-chlorophenol concentration, lower ozone concentration and lower reaction pH. At the toxicity peaks, the oxidizing intermediates posed acute toxicity equal to 65.8%-96.3% of the whole toxicity. Among them, free active chlorine (FAC) contributed 21.4%-51.6%, and its concentrations significantly correlated to the acute toxicity change. Therefore, two possible FAC generation pathways initiated by ozone molecule were proposed: (i) bond breaking of the oxychloride complex formed by the combination of chloride ion and zwitterion; or (ii) hydrolysis of ozonides formed by the electrophilic reaction of ozone molecule. Together, these results firstly revealed the significant toxicity contribution of oxidizing intermediates during the ozonation of chlorophenols, supporting further development of safe and effective ozone-based water treatment schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dehua Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xuerou Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinyou Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lianjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
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Shi Y, Shen G, Geng J, Fu Y, Li S, Wu G, Wang L, Xu K, Ren H. Predictive models for the degradation of 4 pharmaceutically active compounds in municipal wastewater effluents by the UV/H 2O 2 process. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127944. [PMID: 32854006 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) have been frequently detected in aquatic environment and raised concerns because of their environmental persistence and potential ecological risk, especially carbamazepine (CBZ), erythromycin (ERY), atenolol (ATL) and clofibric acid (CA). The UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process was considered as an effective process to remove pharmaceuticals in wastewater. Because of the diverse structure of pharmaceuticals and the various wastewater matrices, this study established two models to predict the degradation of 4 PhACs in wastewater by UV/H2O2. Besides, the degradation pathway and toxicity of 4 PhACs by UV/H2O2 were explored. The degradation of 4 PhACs by UV/H2O2 followed the pseudo first-order kinetics pattern. The degradation rate of pharmaceuticals decreased as CBZ > ATL > CA > ERY. A kinetic model combining the steady state concentrations of HO∙ successfully predicted the degradation process of pharmaceuticals in 14 secondary municipal wastewater effluents. Also, a water matrix prediction model by response surface methodology (RSM) was established to estimate the degradation of pharmaceuticals well. A detailed and systematic comparison of two models in the objectives of models, predicting target contaminants, types of wastewater and parameters of models was made. In addition, the tentative transformation pathways of 4 PhACs by UV/H2O2 were proposed. 4 PhACs after UV/H2O2 treatment enhanced the toxicity, and prolongation of treatment time can reduce the toxicity on the luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Guochen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Yingying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Liye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
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Xie Y, Dai J, Chen G. Feasibility study on applying the iron-activated persulfate system as a pre-treatment process for clofibric acid selective degradation in municipal wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:140020. [PMID: 32535472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Clofibric acid (CFA) was selected as an example of the widespread micropollutants in municipal wastewater to investigate the feasibility of the application of an iron-activated persulfate (Fe-PS) system for selective micropollutants removal prior to biological wastewater treatment. In pure CFA solution, the CFA degradation rate was accelerated with an increase in oxidant dosage and 2.15 mg·L-1 (0.01 mM) CFA could be completed removed within 30 min with 270 mg·L-1 (1 mM) potassium persulfate (PS) activated by 56 mg·L-1 iron powder (Fe). Although both sulfate radicals (SO4∙-) and hydroxyl radicals (HO∙) were generated in the Fe-PS system, SO4∙- was identified as the dominant oxidant for CFA degradation. To investigate the interference from model compounds in the municipal wastewater, CFA degradation in different concentrations of ammonia or/and glucose solutions, the synthetic municipal wastewater, and real municipal wastewater systems were investigated. A complete removal of CFA was achieved with ammonia or/and glucose interferences. Less than 3% ammonia was removed due to the formation of aminopropyl radicals. About 15% degradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was mainly attributed to the oxidation of glucose by HO∙, Indicating the excellent selective oxidation ability of the Fe-PS system targeting at CFA over glucose. Even though the alkalinity significantly hindered the oxidation of CFA in both synthetic and real municipal wastewater system, the removal efficiency of CFA was significantly higher than that of DOC. The decrease of CFA removal efficiency in municipal wastewater system comparing to the other tests was due to the slow degradation of PS in the system and further hindered the SO4∙- generation. Therefore, the impacts of other impurities in municipal wastewater on the oxidation activities of Fe-PS system should be further investigated. In general, this study confirmed the feasibility of using the Fe-PS system for selective degrading resistant CFA in municipal wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiruiwen Xie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Lab, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ji Dai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Lab, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guanghao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Technology Lab, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Gosset A, Polomé P, Perrodin Y. Ecotoxicological risk assessment of micropollutants from treated urban wastewater effluents for watercourses at a territorial scale: Application and comparison of two approaches. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 224:113437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Wang Y, Li H, Yi P, Zhang H. Degradation of clofibric acid by UV, O 3 and UV/O 3 processes: Performance comparison and degradation pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 379:120771. [PMID: 31255848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, ozonation (O3) and their combination (UV/O3) were used to decompose clofibric acid (CA). The results show that UV system exhibited a very high CA removal rate (0.20 min-1) but the lowest mineralization (14.8%) accompanied by the formation of more toxic products. Ozonation achieved a much lower removal rate (0.05 min-1) but a higher mineralization efficiency (22.7%) in comparison with UV photolysis. The introduction of UV irradiation into O3 system significantly enhanced the removal rate (0.21 min-1) and the mineralization efficiency (68.2%) of CA. The acute toxicity of the reaction solution to Daphnia magna in the UV/O3 process increased during the first 20 min and then decreased, which illustrates that UV/O3 is an effective and safe method for the removal of CA. The intermediate products were identified by LC-MS analysis and the degradation pathways for all the three processes were proposed. The direct photolysis and hydrous electron reduction contributed to the CA elimination in UV alone process. In O3 alone system, the removal of CA occurred via direct ozone oxidation and indirect free radical oxidation. The free radical, ozone, hydrous electron and direct photolysis were involved in the degradation of CA in the UV/O3 process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 129(#), Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Donghua Road 9(#), Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Huiyuan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 129(#), Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Pan Yi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 129(#), Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 129(#), Wuhan 430079, China.
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Ma D, Wei J, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Shen J, Wang L, Zhang P. Acute toxicity evolution during ozonation of mono-chlorophenols and initial identification of highly toxic intermediates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1509-1518. [PMID: 31268092 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00225a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute toxicity changes during ozonation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 3-chlorophenol (3-CP) and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) under various conditions were studied using the luminescence inhibition test. Though the concentrations of mono-chlorophenols (CPs) and TOC decreased constantly, the acute toxicity evidently increased with reaction time until a maximum value was reached during ozonation of 2-CP at pH 3 to 7, 3-CP at pH 3 to 10, and 4-CP at pH 3 and 5. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to understand the relationships between acute toxicity and other physicochemical parameters. The intense interrelations between acute toxicity and SUVA280 were evident under all the pH conditions for 2-CP and 3-CP, and except at pH 12 for 4-CP, which implied that high-weight intermediates were formed and contributed to the increased toxicity. SUVA280 was a possible surrogate measure of acute toxicity during the ozonation of all three CPs. Profiling of acute toxicity in ozonated CPs was conducted using solid phase extraction with a series of different cartridges, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation and the luminescence inhibition bioassay. Considering the acute toxicity evolution under different conditions and profiles of acute toxicity in HPLC fractions, the highly toxic intermediates probably included same non-chlorine carboxylic acids though the three CPs had different substituent positions with higher polarity than their parent compounds. In this study, the acute toxicity evolution during ozonation of CPs and the forcing agents were thoroughly discussed. Therefore, ozonation is expected to be carefully operated and monitored, and toxicity tests should be used to evaluate whether effluent detoxification takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Ma
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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15
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New Evidence of the Enhanced Elimination of a Persistent Drug Used as a Lipid Absorption Inhibitor by Advanced Oxidation with UV-A and Nanosized Catalysts. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9090761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates new evidence of the efficient destruction and mineralization of an emergent organic pollutant using UV-A and titanium nanosized catalysts. The target compound considered in this work is the primary metabolite of a lipid regulator drug, clofibrate, identified in many studies as refractory during conventional wastewater treatment. The photocatalytic performance study was carried out in batch mode at laboratory scale, in aqueous suspension. Kinetic data showed that titanium dioxide P25 Aeroxide® exhibits the highest photocatalytic efficiency compared to the other investigated catalysts. Pollutant degradation and mineralization efficiencies strongly increased when decreasing the initial substrate concentration. Target molecules oxidized faster when the catalyst load increased, and the mineralization was enhanced under acidic conditions: 92% of mineralization was achieved at pH 4 after 190 min of reaction. Radical quenching assays confirmed that HO• and (
h
vb
+
)
were the reactive oxygen species involved in the photocatalytic oxidation of the considered pollutant. In addition, further results revealed that the removal efficiency decreased in real water matrices. Finally, data collected through a series of phytotoxicity tests demonstrated that the photocatalytic process considerably reduces the toxicity of the treated solutions, confirming the process’s effectiveness in the removal of persistent and biorefractory emergent organic water pollutants.
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16
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Sarangapani C, Ziuzina D, Behan P, Boehm D, Gilmore BF, Cullen PJ, Bourke P. Degradation kinetics of cold plasma-treated antibiotics and their antimicrobial activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3955. [PMID: 30850645 PMCID: PMC6408491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics, such as ofloxacin (OFX) and ciprofloxacin (CFX), are often detected in considerable concentrations in both wastewater effluents and surface water. This poses a risk to non-target organisms and to human health. The aim of this work was to study atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) degradation of antibiotics in water and meat effluent and to explore any residual antimicrobial activity of samples submitted to the plasma process. The results revealed that ACP successfully degraded the studied antibiotics and that the reaction mechanism is principally related to attack by hydroxyl radicals and ozone. According to the disk diffusion assay, the activity of both antibiotics was considerably reduced by the plasma treatment. However, a microdilution method demonstrated that CFX exhibited higher antimicrobial activity after ACP treatment than the corresponding control revealing a potentially new platform for future research to improve the efficiency of conventional antibiotic treatments. Importantly, short-term exposures to sub-lethal concentrations of the antibiotic equally reduced bacterial susceptibility to both ACP treated and untreated CFX. As a remediation process, ACP removal of antibiotics in complex wastewater effluents is possible. However, it is recommended that plasma encompass degradant structure activity relationships to ensure that biological activity is eliminated against non-target organisms and that life cycle safety of antibiotic compounds is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Sarangapani
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dana Ziuzina
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Patrice Behan
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela Boehm
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan F Gilmore
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - P J Cullen
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paula Bourke
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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17
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Li S, Tang Y, Zhang J, Hao W, Chen W, Gu F, Hu Z, Li L. Advanced and green ozonation process for removal of clofibric acid in water system: Preparation and mechanism analysis of efficient copper-substituted MCM-48. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Xu Y, Wang Y, Ji J, Wu H, Pi F, Zhang Y, Sun X. Chemical and toxicological alterations of zearalenone under ozone treatment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 36:163-174. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1547425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Research and development department, Guangzhou GRG Metrology &Test Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Fuwei Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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19
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Zhu H, Ma W, Han H, Xu C, Han Y, Ma W. Degradation characteristics of two typical N-heterocycles in ozone process: Efficacy, kinetics, pathways, toxicity and its application to real biologically pretreated coal gasification wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:319-327. [PMID: 29933168 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation of pyridine and indole was investigated both in aqueous solution and biologically pretreated coal gasification wastewater (BPCGW). Experimental results showed that the removal of indole was hardly affected by pH value. Direct reaction rate constant of ozone with pyridine increased from 0.18 M-1 s-1 (protonated pyridine) to 3.03 M-1 s-1 (molecular pyridine), and that with molecular indole was 8.6 × 105 M-1 s-1. Seven and five transformation intermediates were observed for pyridine and indole, respectively. Ozonation pathways were proposed as hydroxylation, opening and cleavage of the aromatic ring. It was found that ammonia nitrogen (NH3N) increased by 3.3 mg L-1 in ozone process, suggesting the broken of the CN bonds of pyridine, indole and other N-heterocyclic compounds. In terms of biochemical oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand (BOD5/COD), toxicity and resazurin dehydrogenase activity (DHA), the biodegradability was improved after ozone treatment, indicating the possibility of ozone combined with biosystem for the treatment of BPCGW. The results of gas chromatograph and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) indicated that primary products during first 10 min might lead to the obstinate toxicity, which was further proved by US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) test. This study would assist in obtaining a better understanding of the application of ozonation pretreatment in BPCGW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Wencheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Hongjun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Chunyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Yuxing Han
- School of Engineering, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Weiwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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20
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Behaviour of aqueous sulfamethizole solution and temperature effects in cold plasma oxidation treatment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8734. [PMID: 29880850 PMCID: PMC5992216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in volume and variety of pharmaceuticals found in natural water bodies has become an increasingly serious environmental problem. The implementation of cold plasma technology, specifically gas-phase pulsed corona discharge (PCD), for sulfamethizole abatement was studied in the present work. It was observed that sulfamethizole is easily oxidized by PCD. The flow rate and pH of the solution have no significant effect on the oxidation. Treatment at low pulse repetition frequency is preferable from the energy efficiency point of view but is more time-consuming. The maximum energy efficiency was around 120 g/kWh at half-life and around 50 g/kWh at the end of the treatment. Increasing the solution temperature from room temperature to 50 °C led to a significant reaction retardation of the process and decrease in energy efficiency. The pseudo-first order reaction rate constant (k1) grows with increase in pulse repetition frequency and does not depend on pH. By contrast, decreasing frequency leads to a reduction of the second order reaction rate constant (k2). At elevated temperature of 50 °C, the k1, k2 values decrease 2 and 2.9 times at 50 pps and 500 pps respectively. Lower temperature of 10 °C had no effect on oxidation efficiency compared with room temperature.
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21
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Zhang X, Liu Z, Kong Q, Liu G, Lv W, Li F, Lin X. Aquatic photodegradation of clofibric acid under simulated sunlight irradiation: kinetics and mechanism analysis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:27796-27804. [PMID: 35542726 PMCID: PMC9083450 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clofibric acid is one of the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals in various aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Zongchao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Qingqing Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Guoguang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Wenying Lv
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Fuhua Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Xiaoxuan Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
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22
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Zhang Y, Hu S, Zhang H, Shen G, Yuan Z, Zhang W. Degradation kinetics and mechanism of sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole in an agricultural soil system with manure application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:1348-1356. [PMID: 28738510 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, under the application of waste-water, manure and biosolids, antibiotics have been used massively in agriculture resulted in antibiotic resistance and potential environmental risks. In the present study, the removal of sulfadiazine (SDZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in an agricultural soil system was explored. All the experiments were conducted under different incubation conditions for 49days. The experimental results indicated that all the degradation processes could effectively follow a first-order kinetic model. Based on the analyses of these two antibiotics, SDZ had a higher reaction rate and a shorter DT50 value. Additionally, there were no marked differences in DT50 values at varying initial concentrations under the same conditions (p>0.05). Compared with the non-sterile soil, the degradation rates of SMX and SDZ were slower (<70%), and the associated DT50 values (>21days) were higher in the sterile soil. Because the biodegradation played a major role, it may be effective for the removal of these contaminants from the soils. The processes of SDZ and SMX degradations were slightly accelerated by applying manure (<20%). There were different accelerating effects on the removal of SDZ and SMX in soils by manure Single- and Repeated-application, which may be related to the amount of manure during the degradation processes, and different methods of adding manure could only affect the degradation rate. The major intermediate products were derived from the hydroxylation, sulfonamide SN bond cleavage and aniline moiety oxidation. Therefore, the present study inferred that possible degradation pathways of SDZ and SMX were hydroxylation of the benzene ring, oxidation of the amine group at the benzene ring, ring open and SN bond cleavage. Results revealed that more attention should be paid to the transformation products because they could be more toxic than the parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shuangqing Hu
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Genxiang Shen
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhejun Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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23
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Madureira J, Ceriani E, Pinhão N, Marotta E, Melo R, Cabo Verde S, Paradisi C, Margaça FMA. Oxidation of clofibric acid in aqueous solution using a non-thermal plasma discharge or gamma radiation. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 187:395-403. [PMID: 28863292 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study degradation of clofibric acid (CFA) in aqueous solution using either ionizing radiation from a60Co source or a non-thermal plasma produced by discharges in the air above the solution. The results obtained with the two technologies are compared in terms of effectiveness of CFA degradation and its by-products. In both cases the CFA degradation follows a quasi-exponential decay in time well modelled by a kinetic scheme which considers the competition between CFA and all reaction intermediates for the reactive species generated in solution as well as the amount of the end product formed. A new degradation law is deduced to explain the results. Although the end-product CO2 was detected and the CFA conversion found to be very high under the studied conditions, HPLC analysis reveals several degradation intermediates still bearing the aromatic ring with the chlorine substituent. The extent of mineralization is rather limited. The energy yield is found to be higher in the gamma radiation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Madureira
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10 ao km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Elisa Ceriani
- Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nuno Pinhão
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ester Marotta
- Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Rita Melo
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10 ao km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Sandra Cabo Verde
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10 ao km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Cristina Paradisi
- Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Fernanda M A Margaça
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10 ao km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
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Degradation of Triton X-100 surfactant/lipid regulator systems by ionizing radiation in water. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Li S, Tang Y, Chen W, Hu Z, Li X, Li L. Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of clofibric acid using Ce/MCM-48: Preparation, reaction mechanism, comparison with Ce/MCM-41. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 504:238-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Zhong X, Cui C, Yu S. Seasonal evaluation of disinfection by-products throughout two full-scale drinking water treatment plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:290-297. [PMID: 28371712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds can occur alpha-hydrogens or beta-diketones substitution reactions with disinfectants contributed to halogenated by-products formation. The objective of this research was to study the occurrence and fate of carbonyl compounds as ozonation by-products at two full-scale drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) using different disinfectants for one year. The quality of the raw water used in both plants was varied according to the season. The higher carbonyl compounds concentrations were found in raw water in spring. Up to 15 (as the sum of both DWTPs) of the 24 carbonyl compounds selected for this work were found after disinfection. The dominant carbonyl compounds were formaldehyde, glyoxal, methyl-glyoxal, fumaric, benzoic, protocatechuic and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid at both DWTPs. In the following steps in each treatment plant, the concentration patterns of these carbonyl compounds differed depending on the type of disinfectant applied. Benzaldehyde was the only aromatic aldehyde detected after oxidation with ozone in spring. As compared with DWTP 1, five new carbonyl compounds were formed (crotonaldehyde, benzaldehyde, formic, oxalic and malonic acid) disinfection by ozone, and the levels of the carbonyl compounds increased. In addition, pre-ozonation (PO) and main ozonation (OZ) increased the levels of carbonyl compounds, however coagulation/flocculation (CF), sand filtration (SF) and granular activated carbon filtration (GAC) decreased the levels of carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhong
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Chongwei Cui
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Shuili Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Chen P, Wang F, Zhang Q, Su Y, Shen L, Yao K, Chen ZF, Liu Y, Cai Z, Lv W, Liu G. Photocatalytic degradation of clofibric acid by g-C 3N 4/P25 composites under simulated sunlight irradiation: The significant effects of reactive species. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 172:193-200. [PMID: 28068571 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutically emerging micropollutants have become an environmental concern in recent years. In the present paper, the reactive species (RSs)-induced degradation mechanism of clofibric acid (CA) was investigated using a newly sunlight-driven g-C3N4/P25 photocatalyst. A very low g-C3N4 content of 8.0 weight percent resulted in a 3.36 and a 2.29 times faster reaction rate for CA photodegradation than for pristine g-C3N4 and P25, respectively. Electron spin resonance and quenching experiments demonstrated the participation of HO, h+, e-, 1O2 and O2·- in the photocatalytic system, and the contribution rates were calculated to 73.3%, 15.3%, 5.1%, 6.7% and 33.1%, respectively. According to the pulse radiolysis measurements and the competitive kinetics approaches, the bimolecular reaction rate constants for HO, e-, and 1O2 with CA were (8.47 ± 0.33) × 109 M-1s-1, (6.41 ± 0.48) × 109 M-1s-1 and (6.6 ± 0.37) × 106 M-1s-1, respectively. RSs were found to significantly influence the degradation of CA, and the degradation pathways occurred primarily via e- reduction, HO addition and 1O2 attack reactions on the basis of mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fengliang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qianxin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuehan Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lingzhi Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kun Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Faculty of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wenying Lv
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guoguang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Sui Q, Gebhardt W, Schröder HF, Zhao W, Lu S, Yu G. Identification of New Oxidation Products of Bezafibrate for Better Understanding of Its Toxicity Evolution and Oxidation Mechanisms during Ozonation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2262-2270. [PMID: 28118709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bezafibrate (BF), a frequently detected pharmaceutical in the aquatic environment, could be effectively removed by ozonation. However, the toxicity of treated water increased, suggesting the generation of toxic oxidation products (OPs). In this study, eight OPs of BF ozonation were identified using a LTQ Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer coupled with HPLC, and six of them have not been previously reported during BF ozonation. Based on the abundant fragments and high assurance of accurate molar mass, structure elucidation was comprehensively performed and discussed. Hydroxylation, loss of methyl propionic acid group, and Crigée mechanism were observed as the oxidation mechanisms of BF ozonation. The toxicity of identified OPs calculated by quantitative structure activity relationship indicated that three OPs were probably more toxic than the precursor compound BF. This result together with the evolution of identified OPs in the treated solutions, indicated that two OPs, namely N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide and N-(2,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide, were the potential toxicity-causing OPs during BF ozonation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to identify toxicity-causing OPs during the BF ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , 200237, Shanghai, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University , 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Wilhelm Gebhardt
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Analytical Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University , Templergraben 55, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Horst Friedrich Schröder
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Analytical Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University , Templergraben 55, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wentao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , 200092 Shanghai, China
| | - Shuguang Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University , 100084 Beijing, China
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Zhao Y, Kuang J, Zhang S, Li X, Wang B, Huang J, Deng S, Wang Y, Yu G. Ozonation of indomethacin: Kinetics, mechanisms and toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:460-470. [PMID: 27233207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation of a commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin (IM) was studied. Kinetic constants of IM with ozone and hydroxyl radicals were measured at an order of magnitude of 105M-1s-1 and 109M-1s-1, respectively. IM was degraded within 7min under the lowest ozone dose, but TOC removal was only 50% even under the highest ozone dose used in the experiments. Ozone rather than hydroxyl radicals was found to be the main oxidant during reaction, with a contribution rate of 80% under pH 7. Six intermediates were identified by high resolution mass spectrometer. Nitrogen atom, CC double bond and benzene ring were found to be the main reaction sites. Electrophilic attack or Criegee cyclo-addition were proved to be the most probable pathways at the first step. The formation mechanism of one of the ozone products was first proposed during the experiment, then confirmed by the density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Acetic acid, formic acid and oxalic acid were detected as small molecule organic products. The toxicity change during ozonation was measured by luminescent bacterium with results showing that the toxicity can be reduced to zero when ozone dose was high enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiangmeng Kuang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, and Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Skoutelis C, Antonopoulou M, Konstantinou I, Vlastos D, Papadaki M. Photodegradation of 2-chloropyridine in aqueous solution: Reaction pathways and genotoxicity of intermediate products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 321:753-763. [PMID: 27726902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
2-Chloropyridine, an important precursor of the chemical industry is also a persistent water pollutant. The genotoxicity of photolytically treated 2-chloropyridine aqueous solution to human lymphocytes initially increases and fluctuates during treatment finally reaching the control values after prolonged treatment. Intermediate products formed were identified; a kinetic scheme for their formation is presented. To identify the source of genotoxicity variations and the potential in vitro effects on human lymphocytes of the partially photo-treated aqueous solution, the genotoxicity of four (the only) commercially available intermediates, i.e., 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, 6-chloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, 2,3-dichloropyridine and 2-pyridinecarbonitrile was measured; the obtained results were used for the reasoning on the variation of the solution genotoxic (including clastogenic as well as aneugenic) events and cytotoxic activity. It was found that 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde and 6-chloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid were highly genotoxic even at the very low concentration measured here. Thus, they likely had a significant contribution to the photolytically treated solution genotoxicity. 2,3-Dichloropyridine was found to be genotoxic but only at concentrations higher than the ones measured in this work. Thus, it was not likely to have contributed to the solution genotoxicity. Finally, at the concentrations measured in this work 2-pyridinecarbonitrile was found to be only cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Skoutelis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, Agrinio GR-30100, Greece
| | - Maria Antonopoulou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, Agrinio GR-30100, Greece
| | - Ioannis Konstantinou
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110, Greece
| | - Dimitris Vlastos
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, Agrinio GR-30100, Greece.
| | - Maria Papadaki
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, Agrinio GR-30100, Greece.
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Shokri A, Mahanpoor K. Degradation of ortho-toluidine from aqueous solution by the TiO2/O3 process. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40090-016-0110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Prasse C, Stalter D, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Oehlmann J, Ternes TA. Spoilt for choice: A critical review on the chemical and biological assessment of current wastewater treatment technologies. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 87:237-70. [PMID: 26431616 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge we have gained in recent years on the presence and effects of compounds discharged by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) brings us to a point where we must question the appropriateness of current water quality evaluation methodologies. An increasing number of anthropogenic chemicals is detected in treated wastewater and there is increasing evidence of adverse environmental effects related to WWTP discharges. It has thus become clear that new strategies are needed to assess overall quality of conventional and advanced treated wastewaters. There is an urgent need for multidisciplinary approaches combining expertise from engineering, analytical and environmental chemistry, (eco)toxicology, and microbiology. This review summarizes the current approaches used to assess treated wastewater quality from the chemical and ecotoxicological perspective. Discussed chemical approaches include target, non-target and suspect analysis, sum parameters, identification and monitoring of transformation products, computational modeling as well as effect directed analysis and toxicity identification evaluation. The discussed ecotoxicological methodologies encompass in vitro testing (cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, endocrine disruption, adaptive stress response activation, toxicogenomics) and in vivo tests (single and multi species, biomonitoring). We critically discuss the benefits and limitations of the different methodologies reviewed. Additionally, we provide an overview of the current state of research regarding the chemical and ecotoxicological evaluation of conventional as well as the most widely used advanced wastewater treatment technologies, i.e., ozonation, advanced oxidation processes, chlorination, activated carbon, and membrane filtration. In particular, possible directions for future research activities in this area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Prasse
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department of Aquatic Chemistry, Koblenz, Germany; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.
| | - Daniel Stalter
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department of Aquatic Chemistry, Koblenz, Germany
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33
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Carlson JC, Stefan MI, Parnis JM, Metcalfe CD. Direct UV photolysis of selected pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine disruptors in aqueous solution. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 84:350-361. [PMID: 26282501 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are micropollutants of emerging concern that have been detected in the aquatic environment and in some cases, in drinking water at nanogram per liter levels. The goal of this study was to evaluate the removal of 15 model PPCPs and EDCs from water by direct UV photolysis, using either low (LP)-or medium (MP) -pressure mercury vapor arc lamps. Some of the model compounds are either weak bases or weak acids, and therefore, the pKa values were determined or confirmed for those compounds using spectrophotometric titrations. The molar absorption coefficients of ionized and non-ionized forms were also determined. The quantum yields at 253.7 nm in phosphate buffer solutions of pH 7.2 were determined to be 0.033 ± 0.004 for sulfamethoxazole, 0.0035 ± 0.0008 for sulfachloropyridazine, 0.006 ± 0.002 for acetaminophen, 0.34 ± 0.07 for triclosan, 0.35 ± 0.14 for estrone, 0.08 ± 0.05 for 17α-ethinylestradiol, 0.086 ± 0.012 for ibuprofen. The quantum yield for 4-n-nonylphenol photolysis at 253.7 nm varied with the initial concentration from 0.32 ± 0.08 at 23 μg/L to 0.092 ± 0.006 at 230 μg/L. The pseudo-first order rate constants determined for direct photolysis at 253.7 nm of the studied micropollutants followed the order: triclosan ≈ sulfamethoxazole >> 4-n-nonylphenol ≈ sulfachloropyridazine ≈ estrone > acetaminophen ≈ 17α-ethinylestradiol ≈ ibuprofen. In contrast to the results observed for the monochromatic radiation (LP lamp), all 15 model compounds photolyzed under exposure to the broadband radiation emitted by the MP lamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules C Carlson
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Mihaela I Stefan
- Trojan Technologies, 3020 Gore Road, London, ON, N5V 4T7, Canada
| | - J Mark Parnis
- Department of Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Chris D Metcalfe
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada.
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Qu R, Feng M, Wang X, Huang Q, Lu J, Wang L, Wang Z. Rapid Removal of Tetrabromobisphenol A by Ozonation in Water: Oxidation Products, Reaction Pathways and Toxicity Assessment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139580. [PMID: 26430733 PMCID: PMC4592209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is one of the most widely used brominated flame retardants and has attracted more and more attention. In this work, the parent TBBPA with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L was completely removed after 6 min of ozonation at pH 8.0, and alkaline conditions favored a more rapid removal than acidic and neutral conditions. The presence of typical anions and humic acid did not significantly affect the degradation of TBBPA. The quenching test using isopropanol indicated that direct ozone oxidation played a dominant role during this process. Seventeen reaction intermediates and products were identified using an electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Notably, the generation of 2,4,6-tribromophenol was first observed in the degradation process of TBBPA. The evolution of reaction products showed that ozonation is an efficient treatment for removal of both TBBPA and intermediates. Sequential transformation of organic bromine to bromide and bromate was confirmed by ion chromatography analysis. Two primary reaction pathways that involve cleavage of central carbon atom and benzene ring cleavage concomitant with debromination were thus proposed and further justified by calculations of frontier electron densities. Furthermore, the total organic carbon data suggested a low mineralization rate, even after the complete removal of TBBPA. Meanwhile, the acute aqueous toxicity of reaction solutions to Photobacterium Phosphoreum and Daphnia magna was rapidly decreased during ozonation. In addition, no obvious difference in the attenuation of TBBPA was found by ozone oxidation using different water matrices, and the effectiveness in natural waters further demonstrates that ozonation can be adopted as a promising technique to treat TBBPA-contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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35
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Sun Q, Wang Y, Li L, Bing J, Wang Y, Yan H. Mechanism for enhanced degradation of clofibric acid in aqueous by catalytic ozonation over MnOx/SBA-15. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 286:276-284. [PMID: 25590821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Comparative experiments were conducted to investigate the catalytic ability of MnO(x)/SBA-15 for the ozonation of clofibric acid (CA) and its reaction mechanism. Compared with ozonation alone, the degradation of CA was barely enhanced, while the removal of TOC was significantly improved by catalytic ozonation (O3/MnO(x)/SBA-15). Adsorption of CA and its intermediates by MnO(x)/SBA-15 was proved unimportant in O3/MnO(x)/SBA-15 due to the insignificant adsorption of CA and little TOC variation after ceasing ozone in stopped-flow experiment. The more remarkably inhibition effect of sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) on the removal of TOC in catalytic ozonation than in ozonation alone elucidated that MnO(x)/SBA-15 facilitated the generation of hydroxyl radicals (OH), which was further verified by electron spin-resonance spectroscopy (ESR). Highly dispersed MnO(x) on SBA-15 were believed to be the main active component in MnO(x)/SBA-15. Some intermediates were indentified and different degradation routes of CA were proposed in both ozonation alone and catalytic ozonation. The amounts of small molecular carboxylic acids (i.e., formic acid (FA), acetic acid (AA) and oxalic acid (OA)) generated in catalytic ozonation were lower than in ozonation alone, resulting from the generation of more OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Sun
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Laisheng Li
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jishuai Bing
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huihua Yan
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Csay T, Rácz G, Salik Á, Takács E, Wojnárovits L. Reactions of clofibric acid with oxidative and reductive radicals—Products, mechanisms, efficiency and toxic effects. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Olmez-Hanci T, Arslan-Alaton I, Dursun D. Investigation of the toxicity of common oxidants used in advanced oxidation processes and their quenching agents. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 278:330-335. [PMID: 24996151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of commonly known oxidants and their quenching agents was investigated by employing a battery of toxicity tests. Hydrogen peroxide toxicity could be effectively eliminated by the enzyme catalase, whereas sodium thiosulfate and ascorbic acid were recommended as suitable quenching agents for the removal of the oxidants persulfate and peroxymonosulfate in the Vibrio fischeri bioassays. None of the studied quenching agents was found to be suitable for persulfate and peroxymonosulfate in the Daphnia magna bioassays since high inhibitory effects were obtained for both oxidants. In the case of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, manganese dioxide powder should be used as an alternative quenching agent to catalase, since this enzyme exhibited a highly toxic effect towards these microalgae. Sodium sulfite, which is extensively used as a quenching agent, was not appropriate for quenching peroxymonosulfate in all studied bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Olmez-Hanci
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Idil Arslan-Alaton
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Dursun
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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Gao S, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Tian J, Qi H, Lin W, Cui F. Oxidation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by chlorine, ozone and permanganate--a comparative study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 274:258-69. [PMID: 24793298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a typical sulfonamide antibiotic, has been widely detected in secondary wastewater effluents and surface waters. In this work we investigated the oxidative degradation of SMX by commonly used oxidants of chlorine, ozone and permanganate. Chlorine and ozone were shown to be more effective for the removal of SMX (0.05-5.0mg/L), as compared with permanganate. Higher pH enhanced the oxidation of SMX by ozone and permanganate, but decreased the removal by chlorine. Moreover, the ozonation of SMX was significantly influenced by the presence of humic acid (HA), which exhibited negligible influence on the oxidation by chlorine and permanganate. Fairly lower mineralization of SMX occurred during the oxidation reactions, with the highest dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal of 13% (for ozone). By using LC-MS/MS, 7, 5 and 5 oxidation products were identified for chlorine, ozone and permanganate and possible transformation pathways were proposed. It was shown that different oxidants shared some common pathways, such as the cleavage of SN bond, the hydroxylation of the benzene ring, etc. On the other hand, each of the oxidants also exhibited exclusive degradation mechanisms, leading to the formation of different transformation products (TPs). This work may provide useful information for the selection of oxidants in water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Logistical Engineering University of PLA, Chongqing 401311, China
| | - Yongpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jiayu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Hong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Guangzhou Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Fuyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Quero-Pastor M, Valenzuela A, Quiroga JM, Acevedo A. Degradation of drugs in water with advanced oxidation processes and ozone. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 137:197-203. [PMID: 24681556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to assess the degradation of a mixture of ibuprofen and clofibric acid and to study the mineralization and toxicity following ozone treatment. To this end, a comparison is presented of the experimental results obtained from ozone treatment using atmospheric air as the feed gas (Experiment I, [O3] = 15 gN/m(3)), with and without addition of H2O2, and those obtained under the same conditions but using concentrated oxygen as the feed gas, obtained by pressure swing adsorption technology (Experiment II, [O3] = 200 gN/m(3)). All tests were conducted using a pilot scale reactor. Under (Experiment II) conditions, degradation exceeded 99% and up to 60% mineralization was achieved for initial compound concentrations, and hydraulic retention time was reduced by 75% compared to (Experiment I). The results of toxicity tests show through increasing the production of ozone gas in (Experiment II), toxicity was eliminated at initial study concentrations of ≤1 mg/l for all treatment times studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Quero-Pastor
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Alvaro Valenzuela
- Ingeniería del Ozono, S.L., Conde de Guevara 5, nave 2, Polígono Industrial El Palmar, El Puerto de Santa María 11500, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jose M Quiroga
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Asuncion Acevedo
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Jurado-Sánchez B, Ballesteros E, Gallego M. Occurrence of carboxylic acids in different steps of two drinking-water treatment plants using different disinfectants. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 51:186-197. [PMID: 24252452 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 35 aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids within two full scale drinking-water treatment plants was evaluated for the first time in this research. At the intake of each plant (raw water), the occurrence of carboxylic acids varied according to the quality of the water source although in both cases 13 acids were detected at average concentrations of 6.9 and 4.7 μg/L (in winter). In the following steps in each treatment plant, the concentration patterns of these compounds differed depending on the type of disinfectant applied. Thus, after disinfection by chloramination, the levels of the acids remained almost constant (average concentration, 6.3 μg/L) and four new acids were formed (butyric, 2-methylbutyric, 3-hydroxybenzoic and 2-nitrobenzoic) at low levels (1.1-5 μg/L). When ozonation/chlorination was used, the total concentration of the carboxylic acids in the raw water sample (4.7 μg/L) increased up to 6 times (average concentration, 26.3 μg/L) after disinfection and 6 new acids (mainly aromatic) were produced at high levels (3.5-100 μg/L). Seasonal variations of the carboxylic acids under study showed that in both plants, maximum levels of all the analytes were reached in the coldest months (autumn and winter), aromatic acids only being found in those seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Evaristo Ballesteros
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, E.P.S. of Linares, University of Jaén, E-23700 Linares, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Gallego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Magdeburg A, Stalter D, Schlüsener M, Ternes T, Oehlmann J. Evaluating the efficiency of advanced wastewater treatment: target analysis of organic contaminants and (geno-)toxicity assessment tell a different story. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 50:35-47. [PMID: 24361518 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
At a pilot scale wastewater treatment plant ozonation and powdered activated carbon filtration were assessed for their efficacy to remove trace organic contaminants from secondary treated effluents. A chemical analysis of 16 organic compounds was accompanied by a comprehensive suite of in vitro and in vivo bioassays with the focus on genotoxicity to account for the potential formation of reactive oxidation products. In vitro experiments were performed with solid phase extracted water samples, in vivo experiments with native wastewater in a flow through test system on site at the treatment plant. The chemical evaluation revealed an efficient oxidation of about half of the selected compounds by more than 90% at an ozone dose of 0.7 g/g DOC. A lower oxidizing efficiency was observed for the iodinated X-ray contrast media (49-55%). Activated carbon treatment (20 mg/L) was less effective for the removal of most pharmaceuticals monitored. The umuC assay on genotoxicity delivered results with about 90% decrease of the effects by ozonation and slightly lower efficiency for PAC treatment. However, the Ames test on mutagenicity with the strain YG7108 revealed a consistent and ozone-dose dependent increase of mutagenicity after wastewater ozonation compared to secondary treatment. Sand filtration as post treatment step reduced the ozone induced mutagenicity only partly. Also the fish early life stage toxicity test revealed an increase in mortality after ozonation and a reduced effect after sand filtration. Only activated carbon treatment reduced the fish mortality compared to conventional treatment on control level. Likewise the in vivo genotoxicity detected with the comet assay using fish erythrocytes confirmed an increased (geno-)toxicity after ozonation, an effect decrease after sand-filtration and no toxic effects after activated carbon treatment. This study demonstrates the need for a cautious selection of methods for the evaluation of advanced (oxidative) treatment technologies and of the effectiveness of post-treatments for elimination of adverse effects caused by oxidative treatments case by case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Magdeburg
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Biological Sciences Division, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Daniel Stalter
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Biological Sciences Division, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Koblenz, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Biological Sciences Division, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Ma XY, Wang XC, Ngo HH, Guo W, Wu MN, Wang N. Bioassay based luminescent bacteria: interferences, improvements, and applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:1-11. [PMID: 23999158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the merits of being time-saving, cost effective and simple operation, the luminescent bacteria toxicity assay (LBTA) has been widely used for environmental pollution monitoring. Based on numerous studies since 2007, this critical review aims to give an overview on the mechanisms, developments and applications of LBTA. Firstly, based on the introduction of the mechanisms of LBTA, this review shows the interferences from the characteristics of testing samples (such as inorganic nutrients, color, turbidity) and summarizes the improvements on pretreatment method, test methods and test systems in recent years. Regarding the factors that affect the toxicity prediction of single chemicals, the correlation between the toxicity index expressed as median effective concentration (EC50) and characters (such as Kow, the alkyl chain length, the anion and the cation) of known chemicals, especially the emerging ionic liquids (ILs), were given an in-depth discussion. The models for predicting the joint effect of mixtures to luminescent bacteria were also presented. For the factors that affect the toxicity of actual waters, the correlation of toxicity of actual samples to luminescent bacteria and their conventional indexes were discussed. Comparing the sensitivity of the LBTA with other bioassays could indicate the feasibility of the LBTA applied on specific samples. The summary on the application of LBTA to environmental samples has been made to find the future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Espejo A, Aguinaco A, García-Araya JF, Beltrán FJ. Sequential ozone advanced oxidation and biological oxidation processes to remove selected pharmaceutical contaminants from an urban wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:1015-1022. [PMID: 24798900 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.894845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sequential treatments consisting in a chemical process followed by a conventional biological treatment, have been applied to remove mixtures of nine contaminants of pharmaceutical type spiked in a primary sedimentation effluent of a municipal wastewater. Combinations of ozone, UVA black light (BL) and Fe(III) or Fe₃O₄ catalysts constituted the chemical systems. Regardless of the Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP), the removal of pharmaceutical compounds was achieved in 1 h of reaction, while total organic carbon (TOC) only diminished between 3.4 and 6%. Among selected ozonation systems to be implemented before the biological treatment, the application of ozone alone in the pre-treatment stage is recommended due to the increase of the biodegradability observed. The application of ozone followed by the conventional biological treatment leads high TOC and COD removal rates, 60 and 61%, respectively, and allows the subsequent biological treatment works with shorter hydraulic residence time (HRT). Moreover, the influence of the application of AOPs before and after a conventional biological process was compared, concluding that the decision to take depends on the characterization of the initial wastewater with pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Espejo
- a Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física , Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz , Spain
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Dong Y, Wu L, Wang G, Zhao H, Jiang P, Feng C. Synergistic Effect of Copper and Cobalt in Cu-Co-O Composite Nanocatalyst for Catalytic Ozonation. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.11.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Santiago-Morales J, Gómez MJ, Herrera-López S, Fernández-Alba AR, García-Calvo E, Rosal R. Energy efficiency for the removal of non-polar pollutants during ultraviolet irradiation, visible light photocatalysis and ozonation of a wastewater effluent. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:5546-5556. [PMID: 23863371 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to assess the removal of a set of non-polar pollutants in biologically treated wastewater using ozonation, ultraviolet (UV 254 nm low pressure mercury lamp) and visible light (Xe-arc lamp) irradiation as well as visible light photocatalysis using Ce-doped TiO2. The compounds tracked include UV filters, synthetic musks, herbicides, insecticides, antiseptics and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Raw wastewater and treated samples were analyzed using stir-bar sorptive extraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (SBSE-CG × GC-TOF-MS). Ozone treatment could remove most pollutants with a global efficiency of over 95% for 209 μM ozone dosage. UV irradiation reduced the total concentration of the sixteen pollutants tested by an average of 63% with high removal of the sunscreen 2-ethylhexyl trans-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), the synthetic musk 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyltetrahydronaphthalene (tonalide, AHTN) and several herbicides. Visible light Ce-TiO2 photocatalysis reached ~70% overall removal with particularly high efficiency for synthetic musks. In terms of power usage efficiency expressed as nmol kJ(-1), the results showed that ozonation was by far the most efficient process, ten-fold over Xe/Ce-TiO2 visible light photocatalysis, the latter being in turn considerably more efficient than UV irradiation. In all cases the efficiency decreased along the treatments due to the lower reaction rate at lower pollutant concentration. The use of photocatalysis greatly improved the efficiency of visible light irradiation. The collector area per order decreased from 9.14 ± 5.11 m(2) m(-3) order(-1) for visible light irradiation to 0.16 ± 0.03 m(2) m(-3) order(-1) for Ce-TiO2 photocatalysis. The toxicity of treated wastewater was assessed using the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Ozonation reduced the toxicity of treated wastewater, while UV irradiation and visible light photocatalysis limited by 20-25% the algal growth due to the accumulation of reaction by-products. Three transformation products were identified and tracked along the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Santiago-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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46
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Margot J, Kienle C, Magnet A, Weil M, Rossi L, de Alencastro LF, Abegglen C, Thonney D, Chèvre N, Schärer M, Barry DA. Treatment of micropollutants in municipal wastewater: ozone or powdered activated carbon? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 461-462:480-98. [PMID: 23751332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Many organic micropollutants present in wastewater, such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides, are poorly removed in conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To reduce the release of these substances into the aquatic environment, advanced wastewater treatments are necessary. In this context, two large-scale pilot advanced treatments were tested in parallel over more than one year at the municipal WWTP of Lausanne, Switzerland. The treatments were: i) oxidation by ozone followed by sand filtration (SF) and ii) powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption followed by either ultrafiltration (UF) or sand filtration. More than 70 potentially problematic substances (pharmaceuticals, pesticides, endocrine disruptors, drug metabolites and other common chemicals) were regularly measured at different stages of treatment. Additionally, several ecotoxicological tests such as the Yeast Estrogen Screen, a combined algae bioassay and a fish early life stage test were performed to evaluate effluent toxicity. Both treatments significantly improved the effluent quality. Micropollutants were removed on average over 80% compared with raw wastewater, with an average ozone dose of 5.7 mg O3 l(-1) or a PAC dose between 10 and 20 mg l(-1). Depending on the chemical properties of the substances (presence of electron-rich moieties, charge and hydrophobicity), either ozone or PAC performed better. Both advanced treatments led to a clear reduction in toxicity of the effluents, with PAC-UF performing slightly better overall. As both treatments had, on average, relatively similar efficiency, further criteria relevant to their implementation were considered, including local constraints (e.g., safety, sludge disposal, disinfection), operational feasibility and cost. For sensitive receiving waters (drinking water resources or recreational waters), the PAC-UF treatment, despite its current higher cost, was considered to be the most suitable option, enabling good removal of most micropollutants and macropollutants without forming problematic by-products, the strongest decrease in toxicity and a total disinfection of the effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Margot
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Saravanan M, Ramesh M. Short and long-term effects of clofibric acid and diclofenac on certain biochemical and ionoregulatory responses in an Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:388-396. [PMID: 23777676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of pharmaceuticals in human and veterinary medicine and aquaculture practices pose a serious threat to aquatic organisms. In the present investigation, Cirrhinus mrigala an Indian major carp was exposed to different concentrations of clofibric acid (CA) and diclofenac (DCF) and certain biochemical and ionoregulatory responses were assessed under short and long term exposures. During short-term (96h) exposure period, plasma glucose and sodium (Na(+)) levels were increased at all concentrations (1, 10 and 100μgL(-1)) of CA and DCF treated fish. Plasma protein and chloride (Cl(-)) levels were found to be decreased at all concentrations of CA and DCF exposed fish comparatively to control groups. Meanwhile an increase in plasma potassium (K(+)) level was noted in fish exposed to CA treatments alone and in DCF treatments it was decreased. In long-term exposure (35d), plasma Na(+) and Cl(-) levels were found to be significantly increased at all concentration of CA and DCF. However, a biphasic trend was observed in plasma glucose, protein and K(+) levels. In both the treatments, a significant (P<0.01 and P<0.05) changes were observed in all parameters measured in fish exposed to different concentrations of CA and DCF. The results of the present investigation indicate that both the drugs caused significant changes in biochemical and ionoregulatory responses of fish at all concentrations. The alterations of these parameters can be useful in monitoring of pharmaceutical residues present in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saravanan
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kovalova L, Siegrist H, von Gunten U, Eugster J, Hagenbuch M, Wittmer A, Moser R, McArdell CS. Elimination of micropollutants during post-treatment of hospital wastewater with powdered activated carbon, ozone, and UV. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7899-908. [PMID: 23758546 DOI: 10.1021/es400708w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A pilot-scale hospital wastewater treatment plant consisting of a primary clarifier, membrane bioreactor, and five post-treatment technologies including ozone (O3), O3/H2O2, powdered activated carbon (PAC), and low pressure UV light with and without TiO2 was operated to test the elimination efficiencies for 56 micropollutants. The extent of the elimination of the selected micropollutants (pharmaceuticals, metabolites and industrial chemicals) was successfully correlated to physical-chemical properties or molecular structure. By mass loading, 95% of all measured micropollutants in the biologically treated hospital wastewater feeding the post-treatments consisted of iodinated contrast media (ICM). The elimination of ICM by the tested post-treatment technologies was 50-65% when using 1.08 g O3/gDOC, 23 mg/L PAC, or a UV dose of 2400 J/m(2) (254 nm). For the total load of analyzed pharmaceuticals and metabolites excluding ICM the elimination by ozonation, PAC, and UV at the same conditions was 90%, 86%, and 33%, respectively. Thus, the majority of analyzed substances can be efficiently eliminated by ozonation (which also provides disinfection) or PAC (which provides micropollutants removal, not only transformation). Some micropollutants recalcitrant to those two post-treatments, such as the ICM diatrizoate, can be substantially removed only by high doses of UV (96% at 7200 J/m(2)). The tested combined treatments (O3/H2O2 and UV/TiO2) did not improve the elimination compared to the single treatments (O3 and UV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomira Kovalova
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
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49
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Kuang J, Huang J, Wang B, Cao Q, Deng S, Yu G. Ozonation of trimethoprim in aqueous solution: identification of reaction products and their toxicity. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:2863-2872. [PMID: 23541309 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to better understand the ozonation process of a typical antibiotic pharmaceutical, trimethoprim in aqueous solution. The parent compound was almost completely degraded with ozone dose up to 3.5 mg/L with no mineralization. Twenty one degradation products were identified using an electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Several ozonation pathways were proposed including hydroxylation, demethylation, carbonylation, deamination and methylene group cleavage. Two species of luminescent bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum and Vibrio qinghaiensis were selected to assess the toxicity of ozonation products. For P. phosphoreum, higher level of toxicity was observed compared to the parent compound, but a negligible toxicity change was observed for V. qinghaiensis, indicating different modes of action for the same water sample. This was further confirmed by quantitative structure-active relationship analysis. This work proves the dominant role of ozone rather than hydroxyl radicals in the reaction and the potential risk after ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmeng Kuang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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50
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Vasquez MI, Garcia-Käufer M, Hapeshi E, Menz J, Kostarelos K, Fatta-Kassinos D, Kümmerer K. Chronic ecotoxic effects to Pseudomonas putida and Vibrio fischeri, and cytostatic and genotoxic effects to the hepatoma cell line (HepG2) of ofloxacin photo(cata)lytically treated solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 450-451:356-365. [PMID: 22743217 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ofloxacin (OFL), a broad-spectrum and widespread-used photolabile fluoroquinolone, is frequently found in treated wastewaters, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems leading to increasing concern during the past decades regarding its effects to the environment and human health. The elimination of OFL and other xenobiotics by the application of advanced oxidation processes using photolytic (PL) and photocatalytic (PC) treatments seems promising. However, an integrated assessment scheme is needed, in which, not only the removal of the parent compound, but also the effects of the photo-transformation products (PTPs) are investigated. For this purpose, in the present study, a chronic ecotoxic assessment using representative bacteria of marine and terrestrial ecosystems and a cytostatic and genotoxic evaluation using hepatoma cell line were performed. PL and PC treatments of OFL were applied using UV radiation. The photo-transformation of OFL during the treatments was monitored by DOC measurements and UPLC-MS/MS analysis. The chronic ecotoxicity of OFL and treated samples was evaluated using Pseudomonas putida and Vibrio fischeri; whereas the cytostasis and genotoxicity were estimated by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN). The main results suggest that photo-transformation of OFL took place during these treatments since the concentration of OFL decreased when the irradiation time increased, as quantified by UPLC-MS/MS analysis, and this was not coupled with an analogous DOC removal. Furthermore, nine compounds were identified as probable PTPs formed through piperazinyl dealkylation and decarboxylation. The ecotoxicity of treated solutions to the bacteria studied decreased while the cytostasis to the hepatoma cell line remained at low levels during both treatments. However, the genotoxicity to the hepatoma cell line demonstrated a different pattern in which treated samples induced a greater number of MNi for the 4-16 min of irradiation (p<0.05) during both treatments. After 64 min of irradiation, the effects decreased to non genotoxic levels (p<0.05). These findings suggest that UV radiation for various treatment processes (catalytic or not), such as disinfection, may create genotoxic by-products. Therefore, in relevant technical applications, the residence time during treatment should receive special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Vasquez
- University of Cyprus, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Street, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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