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Sadek SA, Marzouk M, Mohamed HRH, El-Sallam BFA, Elfiky AA, Sayed AA. Chia seeds and coenzyme Q 10 alleviate iron overload induced hepatorenal toxicity in mice via iron chelation and oxidative stress modulation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19773. [PMID: 37957293 PMCID: PMC10643458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron overload (IOL) can cause hepatorenal damage due to iron-mediated oxidative and mitochondrial damage. Remarkably, combining a natural iron chelator with an antioxidant can exert greater efficacy than monotherapy. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Chia and CoQ10 to chelate excess iron and prevent hepatorenal oxidative damage in IOL mice. Male Swiss albino mice (n = 49) were randomly assigned to seven groups: control, dietary Chia, CoQ10, IOL, IOL + Chia, IOL + CoQ10, and IOL + Chia + CoQ10. Computational chemistry indicates that the phytic acid found in the Chia seeds is stable, reactive, and able to bind to up to three iron ions (both Fe2+ and Fe3+). IOL induced a significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, TIBC, TSI, RBCs, Hb, MCV, MCH, WBCs, AST, ALT, creatinine, and MDA. IOL causes a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in UIBC, platelets, and antioxidant molecules (GSH, SOD, CAT, and GR). Also, IOL elicits mitochondrial membrane change depolarization, and DNA fragmentation and suppresses mitochondrial DNA copies. Furthermore, substantial changes in hepatic and renal tissue, including hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis, glomerular degeneration, glomerular basement membrane thickening, and tubular degeneration, were observed in the IOL group. Dietary Chia and CoQ10 induced significant (P < 0.05) amelioration in all the mentioned parameters. They can mostly repair the abnormal architecture of hepatic and renal tissues induced by IOL, as signified by normal sinusoids, normal central veins, and neither glomerular damage nor degenerated tubules. In conclusion, the combined treatment with Chia + CoQ10 exerts more pronounced efficacy than monotherapy in hepatorenal protection via chelating excess iron and improved cellular antioxidant status and hepatorenal mitochondrial function in IOL mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A Sadek
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Marzouk
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanan R H Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | | | - Abdo A Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amany A Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Arumugam MK, Gopal T, Kalari Kandy RR, Boopathy LK, Perumal SK, Ganesan M, Rasineni K, Donohue TM, Osna NA, Kharbanda KK. Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Associated Mechanisms in the Development of Chronic Liver Diseases. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1311. [PMID: 37887021 PMCID: PMC10604291 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a major metabolic organ that performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. Any disruption in normal liver function can lead to the development of more severe liver disorders. Overall, about 3 million Americans have some type of liver disease and 5.5 million people have progressive liver disease or cirrhosis, in which scar tissue replaces the healthy liver tissue. An estimated 20% to 30% of adults have excess fat in their livers, a condition called steatosis. The most common etiologies for steatosis development are (1) high caloric intake that causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and (2) excessive alcohol consumption, which results in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). NAFLD is now termed "metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease" (MASLD), which reflects its association with the metabolic syndrome and conditions including diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and obesity. ALD represents a spectrum of liver injury that ranges from hepatic steatosis to more advanced liver pathologies, including alcoholic hepatitis (AH), alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC) and acute AH, presenting as acute-on-chronic liver failure. The predominant liver cells, hepatocytes, comprise more than 70% of the total liver mass in human adults and are the basic metabolic cells. Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that are the principal sources of energy in hepatocytes and play a major role in oxidative metabolism and sustaining liver cell energy needs. In addition to regulating cellular energy homeostasis, mitochondria perform other key physiologic and metabolic activities, including ion homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, redox signaling and participation in cell injury/death. Here, we discuss the main mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic liver disease and some treatment strategies available for targeting mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan Kumar Arumugam
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.K.A.); (S.K.P.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Cancer Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thiyagarajan Gopal
- Centre for Laboratory Animal Technology and Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India; (T.G.); (L.K.B.)
| | | | - Lokesh Kumar Boopathy
- Centre for Laboratory Animal Technology and Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India; (T.G.); (L.K.B.)
| | - Sathish Kumar Perumal
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.K.A.); (S.K.P.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.K.A.); (S.K.P.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Karuna Rasineni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Terrence M. Donohue
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.K.A.); (S.K.P.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.K.A.); (S.K.P.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.K.A.); (S.K.P.); (M.G.); (N.A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
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Bashandy SAE, El-Seidy AMA, Ibrahim FAA, Abdelrahman SS, Abdelmottaleb Moussa SA, ElBaset MA. Zinc nanoparticles ameliorated obesity-induced cardiovascular disease: role of metabolic syndrome and iron overload. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16010. [PMID: 37749096 PMCID: PMC10519991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complicated disease characterized by abundant fat accumulation. It is associated with cardiovascular disease. The current study aimed to appreciate the role of synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) (18.72 nm in size) in curbing cardiovascular disease in an obesity model of a high fat/sucrose diet in male rats. For 16 weeks, 24 rats were fed a high-fat diet and a 25% sucrose solution to develop obesity, and after that, the rats were randomly allocated into four groups of rats. Group 1 served as the control group and consisted of normal, non-obese rats. Group 2 comprised obese rats that were injected with an equivalent volume of a neutral substance, serving as vehicle control. In Group 3 or 4, obese rats were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 5 or 10mg/kg of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) for eight weeks. The treatment of obese rats with ZnONPs decreased plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), resistin, ENA78, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL6), and C reactive protein (CRP). Also, the remediation of obese rats with ZnONPs led to a significant decrease in body mass index (BMI), body weight gain, leptin, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL (Low-density lipoprotein), glucose, and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Moreover, ZnONPs treatment lowered troponin, creatine phosphokinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cardiac or adipose tissue iron content, and malondialdehyde (MDA) either in blood or heart tissue. Otherwise, treating obese rats with ZnONPs enhanced plasma adiponectin levels, cardiac-reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, ZnONPs displayed a significant influence on the cardiovascular system since they combat the rise in blood pressure and the pathological changes of the heart and aorta besides maintaining plasma nitric oxide levels. The results showed a positive correlation between BMI and MDA, MPC-1, CK-MB, and LDH. ZnONPs are convenient in treating cardiovascular disease in obese rats via reduced blood pressure, oxidative stress, cardiac iron accumulation, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A E Bashandy
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M A El-Seidy
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma A A Ibrahim
- Biophysics Group, Department of Biochemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar S Abdelrahman
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Marawan A ElBaset
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
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Abstract
Arsenic trioxide has shown a strong anti-tumor effect with little toxicity when used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). An effect on glioma has also been shown. Its mechanisms include regulation of apoptosis and autophagy; promotion of the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative damage; and inhibition of tumor stem cells. However, glioma cells and tissues from other sources show different responses to arsenic trioxide. Researchers are working to enhance its efficacy in anti-glioma treatments and reducing any adverse reactions. Here, we review recent research on the efficacy and mechanisms of action of arsenic trioxide in the treatment of gliomas to provide guidance for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fang
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People's Republic of China
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Masarone M, Rosato V, Dallio M, Gravina AG, Aglitti A, Loguercio C, Federico A, Persico M. Role of Oxidative Stress in Pathophysiology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018; 2018:9547613. [PMID: 29991976 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9547613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver steatosis without alcohol consumption, namely, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a common hepatic condition that encompasses a wide spectrum of presentations, ranging from simple accumulation of triglycerides in the hepatocytes without any liver damage to inflammation, necrosis, ballooning, and fibrosis (namely, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) up to severe liver disease and eventually cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathophysiology of fatty liver and its progression is influenced by multiple factors (environmental and genetics), in a “multiple parallel-hit model,” in which oxidative stress plays a very likely primary role as the starting point of the hepatic and extrahepatic damage. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive insight on the present researches and findings on the role of oxidative stress mechanisms in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of NAFLD. With this aim, we evaluated the available data in basic science and clinical studies in this field, reviewing the most recent works published on this topic.
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Tung YT, Huang CZ, Lin JH, Yen GC. Effect of Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit on methionine and choline-deficiency diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:1245-1252. [PMID: 30249323 PMCID: PMC9298569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit contains abundant bioactive components and exhibits a variety of biological activities. In this study, the hepatoprotective effect of water extract of P. emblica (WEPE) on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was evaluated. C57BL/6 mice were fed methionine and choline-deficiency diet (MCD diet) for 4 or 8 weeks to induce NASH. Results showed that administration of WEPE could significantly reduce serum AST and ALT as compared to MCD diet-alone group. Administration of WEPE could significantly decrease lipid peroxidation and CYP2E1 mRNA expression, and elevate the antioxidant activities in mice livers. In addition, administration of WEPE after 8 weeks could significantly decrease the mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β in mice livers, but have less improving effect of hepatic steatosis and mononuclear cell infiltration. Taken together, MCD diet might cause serious hepatic steatosis and mild inflammation in mice livers, but administration of WEPE could ameliorate the rapid progression of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Ze Huang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jia-Hong Lin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Gow-Chin Yen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC.
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Han S, Tang Q, Chen R, Li Y, Shu J, Zhang X. Hepatic iron overload is associated with hepatocyte apoptosis during Clonorchis sinensis infection. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:531. [PMID: 28764657 PMCID: PMC5540404 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatic iron overload has been implicated in many liver diseases; however, whether it is involved in clonorchiasis remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) infection causes hepatic iron overload, analyze the relationship between the iron overload and associated cell apoptosis, so as to determine the role of excess iron plays in C. sinensis-induced liver injury. Methods The Perls’ Prussian staining and atomic absorption spectrometry methods were used to investigate the iron overload in hepatic sections of wistar rats and patients infected with C. sinensis. The hepatic apoptosis was detected by transferase uridyl nick end labeling (TUNEL) methods. Spearman analysis was used for determining the correlation of the histological hepatic iron index and the apoptotic index. Results Blue iron particles were deposited mainly in the hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and endothelial cells, around the liver portal and central vein area of both patients and rats. The total iron score was found to be higher in the infected groups than the respective control from 8 weeks. The hepatic iron concentration was also significantly higher in treatment groups than in control rats from 8 weeks. The hepatocyte apoptosis was found to be significantly higher in the portal area of the liver tissue and around the central vein. However, spearman’s rank correlation coefficient revealed that there was a mildly negative correlation between the iron index and hepatocyte apoptosis. Conclusions This present study confirmed that hepatic iron overload was found during C. sinensis infection. This suggests that iron overload may be associated with hepatocyte apoptosis and involved in liver injury during C. sinensis infection. Further studies are needed to investigate the molecular mechanism involved here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Han
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Qiaoran Tang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic, The fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yihong Li
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jing Shu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Abstract
Background/Aims Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging problem in Asia, but little is known about the disease in the nonobese population. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of NAFLD and the factors associated with it in a nonobese Korean population and to compare the clinical characteristics of nonobese and obese subjects with NAFLD. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from 2,058 subjects who participated in a medical checkup program. Results The prevalence of NAFLD was 12.4% (213/1,711) in the nonobese population. A higher body mass index (BMI), higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values, higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, triglyceride concentrations 150 mg/dL, and hyperuricemia were independently associated with the presence of NAFLD in the nonobese subjects. Compared with the obese subjects with NAFLD, the nonobese subjects with NAFLD were composed of a higher proportion of females and had lower BMIs, smaller waist circumferences, lower HOMA-IR values, and fewer metabolic irregularities. Conclusions Higher BMIs, HOMA-IR values, ALT levels, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperuricemia were associated with NAFLD in the nonobese subjects. Clinicians should be particularly aware of the possibility of NAFLD in nonobese Asian people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Chin Cho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
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Murotomi K, Arai S, Uchida S, Endo S, Mitsuzumi H, Tabei Y, Yoshida Y, Nakajima Y. Involvement of splenic iron accumulation in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Tsumura Suzuki Obese Diabetes mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22476. [PMID: 26932748 PMCID: PMC4773882 DOI: 10.1038/srep22476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and can lead to hepatic cirrhosis and cancer. It is considered that NASH is caused by multiple parallel events, including abnormal lipid metabolism, gut-derived-endotoxin-induced inflammation, and adipocytokines derived from adipose tissue, suggesting that other tissues are involved in NASH development. Previous studies demonstrated that spleen enlargement is observed during the course of NASH pathogenesis. However, the involvement of splenic status in the progression of NASH remains unclear. In this study, we examined hepatic and splenic histopathological findings in the early stage of NASH using the Tsumura Suzuki Obese Diabetes (TSOD) mouse model established for assessing NASH. We found that 12-week-old TSOD mice clearly exhibited the histopathological features of NASH in the early stage. At this age, the spleen of TSOD mice showed markedly higher iron level than that of control Tsumura Suzuki Non Obesity (TSNO) mice. The level of accumulated iron was significantly decreased by feeding a diet with glucosyl hesperidin, a bioactive flavonoid, accompanied with alleviation of hepatic lesions. Furthermore, we found that splenic iron level was positively correlated with the severity of NASH manifestations, suggesting that abnormalities in the spleen are involved in the development of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Murotomi
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | | | - Satoko Uchida
- Hayashibara Co., Ltd., Naka-ku, Okayama 702-8006, Japan
| | - Shin Endo
- Hayashibara Co., Ltd., Naka-ku, Okayama 702-8006, Japan
| | | | - Yosuke Tabei
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Yoshida
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakajima
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
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Adams LA, Crawford DH, Stuart K, House MJ, St Pierre TG, Webb M, Ching HLI, Kava J, Bynevelt M, MacQuillan GC, Garas G, Ayonrinde OT, Mori TA, Croft KD, Niu X, Jeffrey GP, Olynyk JK. The impact of phlebotomy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 2015; 61:1555-64. [PMID: 25524401 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Iron is implicated in the pathogenesis of liver injury and insulin resistance (IR) and thus phlebotomy has been proposed as a treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We performed a prospective 6-month randomized, controlled trial examining the impact of phlebotomy on the background of lifestyle advice in patients with NAFLD. Primary endpoints were hepatic steatosis (HS; quantified by magnetic resonance imaging) and liver injury (determined by alanine aminotransaminase [ALT] and cytokeratin-18 [CK-18]). Secondary endpoints included insulin resistance measured by the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and homeostasis model of assessment (HOMA), and systemic lipid peroxidation determined by plasma F2-isoprostane levels. A total of 74 subjects were randomized (33 phlebotomy and 41 control). The phlebotomy group underwent a median (range) of 7 (1-19) venesection sessions and had a significantly greater reduction in ferritin levels over 6 months, compared to controls (-148 ± 114 vs. -38 ± 89 ng/mL; P < 0.001). At 6 months, there was no difference between phlebotomy and control groups in HS (17.7% vs. 15.5%; P = 0.4), serum ALT (36 vs. 46 IU/L; P = 0.4), or CK-18 levels (175 vs. 196 U/L; P = 0.9). Similarly, there was no difference in end-of-study ISI (2.5 vs. 2.7; P = 0.9), HOMA (3.2 vs. 3.2; P = 0.6), or F2-isoprostane levels (1,332 vs. 1,190 pmmol/L; P = 0.6) between phlebotomy and control groups. No differences in any endpoint were noted in patients with hyperferritinemia at baseline. Among patients undergoing phlebotomy, there was no correlation between number of phlebotomy sessions and change in HS, liver injury, or IR from baseline to end of study. CONCLUSION Reduction in ferritin by phlebotomy does not improve liver enzymes, hepatic fat, or IR in subjects with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon A Adams
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
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Padda RS, Gkouvatsos K, Guido M, Mui J, Vali H, Pantopoulos K. A high-fat diet modulates iron metabolism but does not promote liver fibrosis in hemochromatotic Hjv⁻/⁻ mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G251-61. [PMID: 25501544 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00137.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hemojuvelin (Hjv) is a membrane protein that controls body iron metabolism by enhancing signaling to hepcidin. Hjv mutations cause juvenile hemochromatosis, a disease of systemic iron overload. Excessive iron accumulation in the liver progressively leads to inflammation and disease, such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular cancer. Fatty liver (steatosis) may also progress to inflammation (steatohepatitis) and liver disease, and iron is considered as pathogenic cofactor. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathological implications of parenchymal iron overload due to Hjv ablation in the fatty liver. Wild-type (WT) and Hjv(-/-) mice on C57BL/6 background were fed a standard chow, a high-fat diet (HFD), or a HFD supplemented with 2% carbonyl iron (HFD+Fe) for 12 wk. The animals were analyzed for iron and lipid metabolism. As expected, all Hjv(-/-) mice manifested higher serum and hepatic iron and diminished hepcidin levels compared with WT controls. The HFD reduced iron indexes and promoted liver steatosis in both WT and Hjv(-/-) mice. Notably, steatosis was attenuated in Hjv(-/-) mice on the HFD+Fe regimen. Hjv(-/-) animals gained less body weight and exhibited reduced serum glucose and cholesterol levels. Histological and ultrastructural analysis revealed absence of iron-induced inflammation or liver fibrosis despite early signs of liver injury (expression of α-smooth muscle actin). We conclude that parenchymal hepatic iron overload does not suffice to trigger progression of liver steatosis to steatohepatitis or fibrosis in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Singh Padda
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Konstantinos Gkouvatsos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria Guido
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Special Therapies, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; and
| | - Jeannie Mui
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hojatollah Vali
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kostas Pantopoulos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
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Ackerman Z, Pappo O, Link G, Glazer M, Grozovski M. Liver toxicity of thioacetamide is increased by hepatocellular iron overload. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 163:169-76. [PMID: 25161090 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An increase in hepatic iron concentration might exacerbate liver injury. However, it is unknown whether hepatic iron overload may exacerbate acute liver injury from various toxins. Therefore, we evaluated how manipulations to increase hepatic iron concentration affected the extent of acute liver injury from thioacetamide. In this study, we used rats with either "normal" or increased hepatic iron concentration. Iron overload was induced by either providing excess iron in the diet or by injecting iron subcutaneously. Both routes of providing excess iron induced an increase in hepatic iron overload. Meanwhile, the subcutaneous route induced both hepatocellular and sinusoidal cell iron deposition; the oral route induced lesser degree of hepatic iron concentration and only hepatocellular iron overload. Thioacetamide administration to the rats with "normal" hepatic iron concentration induced hepatic cell necrosis and apoptosis associated with a remarkable increase in serum aminotransaminases and depletion of hepatic glutathione and other antioxidative indices. Thioacetamide administration to the iron-overloaded rats exacerbated the extent of liver injury only in the rats orally induced with iron overload. In the rats subcutaneously induced with iron overload, the extent of liver injury from thioacetamide was not different from that observed in the rats with "normal" iron overload. It was concluded that the outcome of thioacetamide-induced acute liver injury may depend on both the level of hepatic iron concentration and on the cellular distribution of iron. While isolated hepatocellular iron overload may exacerbate thioacetamide-induced acute liver injury, a combined hepatocellular and sinusoidal cell iron deposition, even at high hepatic iron concentration, had no such an effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Ackerman
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus Campus, P.O. Box 24035, 91240, Jerusalem, Israel,
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Wang C, Chen X, Zou H, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhao S. The roles of mitoferrin-2 in the process of arsenic trioxide-induced cell damage in human gliomas. Eur J Med Res 2014; 19:49. [PMID: 25256833 PMCID: PMC4200193 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-014-0049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among glioma treatment strategies, arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has shown efficacy as a therapeutic agent against human gliomas. However, the exact antitumor mechanism of action of As2O3 is still unclear. Mitochondria are considered to be the major source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to be associated with As2O3-induced cell damage. Therefore, we investigated whether mitoferrin-2, a mitochondrial iron uptake transporter, participates in As2O3-induced cell killing in human gliomas. Methods Human glioma cell lines were used to explore the mechanism of As2O3’s antitumor effects. First, expression of mitoferrin-2 was analyzed in glioma cells that were pretreated with As2O3. Changes in ROS production and apoptosis were assessed. Furthermore, cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Results In the present study we found that As2O3 induced ROS production and apoptosis in glioma cells. In addition, gene expression of mitoferrin-2, a mitochondrial iron uptake transporter, was increased 4 to 5 fold after exposure to As2O3 (5 μM) for 48 hours. Furthermore, apoptosis and cytotoxicity induced by As2O3 in glioma cells were decreased after silencing the mitoferrin-2 gene. Conclusions Our findings indicated that mitoferrin-2 participates in mitochondrial ROS-dependent mechanisms underlying As2O3-mediated damage in glioma cells.
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Nii A, Utsunomiya T, Shimada M, Ikegami T, Ishibashi H, Imura S, Morine Y, Ikemoto T, Sasaki H, Kawashima A. A hydrolyzed whey peptide-based diet ameliorates hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury in the rat nonalcoholic fatty liver. Surg Today 2014; 44:2354-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-014-0853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Zhang X, Lemasters JJ. Translocation of iron from lysosomes to mitochondria during ischemia predisposes to injury after reperfusion in rat hepatocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:243-53. [PMID: 23665427 PMCID: PMC3932485 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an essential role in ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Iron is a critical catalyst for ROS formation, and intracellular chelatable iron promotes oxidative injury-induced and MPT-dependent cell death in hepatocytes. Accordingly, our aim was to investigate the role of chelatable iron in IR-induced ROS generation, MPT formation, and cell death in primary rat hepatocytes. To simulate IR, overnight-cultured hepatocytes were incubated anoxically at pH 6.2 for 4h and reoxygenated at pH 7.4. Chelatable Fe(2+), ROS, and mitochondrial membrane potential were monitored by confocal fluorescence microscopy of calcein, chloromethyldichlorofluorescein, and tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester, respectively. Cell killing was assessed by propidium iodide fluorimetry. Ischemia caused progressive quenching of cytosolic calcein by more than 90%, signifying increased chelatable Fe(2+). Desferal and starch-desferal 1h before ischemia suppressed calcein quenching. Ischemia also induced quenching and dequenching of calcein loaded into mitochondria and lysosomes, respectively. Desferal, starch-desferal, and the inhibitor of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter (MCU), Ru360, suppressed mitochondrial calcein quenching during ischemia. Desferal, starch-desferal, and Ru360 before ischemia also decreased mitochondrial ROS formation, MPT opening, and cell killing after reperfusion. These results indicate that lysosomes release chelatable Fe(2+) during ischemia, which is taken up into mitochondria by MCU. Increased mitochondrial iron then predisposes to ROS-dependent MPT opening and cell killing after reperfusion.
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Meli R, Mattace Raso G, Irace C, Simeoli R, Di Pascale A, Paciello O, Pagano TB, Calignano A, Colonna A, Santamaria R. High Fat Diet Induces Liver Steatosis and Early Dysregulation of Iron Metabolism in Rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66570. [PMID: 23805238 PMCID: PMC3689747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper is dedicated to the memory of our wonderful colleague Professor Alfredo Colonna, who passed away the same day of its acceptance. Fatty liver accumulation, inflammatory process and insulin resistance appear to be crucial in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nevertheless emerging findings pointed an important role also for iron overload. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanisms of hepatic iron metabolism in the onset of steatosis to understand whether its impairment could be an early event of liver inflammatory injury. Rats were fed with control diet or high fat diet (HFD) for 5 or 8 weeks, after which liver morphology, serum lipid profile, transaminases levels and hepatic iron content (HIC), were evaluated. In liver of HFD fed animals an increased time-dependent activity of iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) was evidenced, associated with the increase in transferrin receptor-1 (TfR1) expression and ferritin down-regulation. Moreover, ferroportin (FPN-1), the main protein involved in iron export, was down-regulated accordingly with hepcidin increase. These findings were indicative of an increased iron content into hepatocytes, which leads to an increase of harmful free-iron also related to the reduction of hepatic ferritin content. The progressive inflammatory damage was evidenced by the increase of hepatic TNF-α, IL-6 and leptin, in parallel to increased iron content and oxidative stress. The major finding that emerged of this study is the impairment of iron homeostasis in the ongoing and sustaining of liver steatosis, suggesting a strong link between iron metabolism unbalance, inflammatory damage and progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (RM); (AC)
| | | | - Carlo Irace
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Simeoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Bruna Pagano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Colonna
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (RM); (AC)
| | - Rita Santamaria
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Ahmed U, Latham PS, Oates PS. Interactions between hepatic iron and lipid metabolism with possible relevance to steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4651-8. [PMID: 23002334 PMCID: PMC3442203 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i34.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is an important site for iron and lipid metabolism and the main site for the interactions between these two metabolic pathways. Although conflicting results have been obtained, most studies support the hypothesis that iron plays a role in hepatic lipogenesis. Iron is an integral part of some enzymes and transporters involved in lipid metabolism and, as such, may exert a direct effect on hepatic lipid load, intrahepatic metabolic pathways and hepatic lipid secretion. On the other hand, iron in its ferrous form may indirectly affect lipid metabolism through its ability to induce oxidative stress and inflammation, a hypothesis which is currently the focus of much research in the field of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH). The present review will first discuss how iron might directly interact with the metabolism of hepatic lipids and then consider a new perspective on the way in which iron may have a role in the two hit hypothesis for the progression of NAFLD via ferroportin and the iron regulatory molecule hepcidin. The review concludes that iron has important interactions with lipid metabolism in the liver that can impact on the development of NAFLD/NASH. More defined studies are required to improve our understanding of these effects.
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Okada K, Warabi E, Sugimoto H, Horie M, Tokushige K, Ueda T, Harada N, Taguchi K, Hashimoto E, Itoh K, Ishii T, Utsunomiya H, Yamamoto M, Shoda J. Nrf2 inhibits hepatic iron accumulation and counteracts oxidative stress-induced liver injury in nutritional steatohepatitis. J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:924-35. [PMID: 22367278 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-012-0552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is a key regulator for induction of hepatic antioxidative stress systems. We aimed to investigate whether activation of Nrf2 protects against steatohepatitis. METHOD Wild-type mice (WT), Nrf2 gene-null mice (Nrf2-null) and Keap1 gene-knockdown mice (Keap1-kd), which represent the sustained activation of Nrf2, were fed a methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCDD) for 13 weeks and analyzed. RESULTS In Keap1-kd fed an MCDD, steatohepatitis did not develop over the observation periods; however, in Nrf2-null fed an MCDD, the pathological state of the steatohepatitis was aggravated in terms of fatty change, inflammation, fibrosis and iron accumulation. In WT mice fed an MCDD, Nrf2 and antioxidative stress genes regulated by Nrf2 were potently activated in the livers, and in Keap1-kd, their basal levels were potently activated. Oxidative stress was significantly increased in the livers of the Nrf2-null and suppressed in the livers of the Keap1-kd compared to that of WT, based on the levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and malondialdehyde. Iron accumulation was greater in the livers of the Nrf2-null mice compared to those of the WT mice, and it was not observed in Keap1-kd. Further, the iron release from the isolated hepatocyte of Nrf2-null mice was significantly decreased. Sulforaphane, an activator of Nrf2, suppressed the pathological states and oxidative stress in the livers. CONCLUSIONS Nrf2 has protective roles against nutritional steatohepatitis through inhibition of hepatic iron accumulation and counteraction against oxidative stress-induced liver injury. Nrf2 activation by pharmaceutical intervention could be a new option for the prevention and treatment of steatohepatitis.
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease in adults and children and is currently the third most common indication for liver transplantation in North America. Its pathogenesis is thought to be secondary to multiple "hits" derived from the dietary components, adipose tissue, immune system, and intestinal microbiota. Lack of physical activity may contribute as well. Nutrients may exert their effect directly or through alteration of the intestinal microbiota. Research focusing on specific dietary components predisposing to NAFLD has shown conflicting results. Total energy intake, and macronutrients, has been linked to the development of NAFLD. Fructose not only contributes to hepatic steatosis but may trigger inflammatory signals as well. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are thought to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The role of vitamins as well as minerals in this field is actively being investigated. In this review, we discuss the evidence-linking macronutrients (such as carbohydrates and fat in general and fructose, fiber, short chain fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty, and choline specifically) and micronutrients (such as vitamin E and C and minerals) with the development and treatment of NAFLD. We also discuss the literature on physical activity and NAFLD.
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Aroun A, Zhong JL, Tyrrell RM, Pourzand C. Iron, oxidative stress and the example of solar ultraviolet A radiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:118-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05204g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tarantino G, Scopacasa F, Colao A, Capone D, Tarantino M, Grimaldi E, Savastano S. Serum Bcl-2 concentrations in overweight-obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:5280-8. [PMID: 22219597 PMCID: PMC3247692 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i48.5280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To shed some light on the relationship between anti-apoptotic serum Bcl-2 concentrations and metabolic status, anthropometric parameters, inflammation indices, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease severity were investigated in 43 young individuals with fatty liver (FL) and 41 with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
METHODS: Circulating levels of Bcl-2 were detected in 84 patients with ultrasonographic findings of “bright liver” and/or hyper-transaminasemia of unknown origin and/or increase in γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase (γ-GT) strictly in the absence of other acute or chronic liver disease, whose age was not advanced, who gave consent to liver biopsy and were then divided on the basis of the histological results into two groups (43 with FL and 41 with NASH). Twenty lean subjects, apparently healthy and young, were chosen as controls.
RESULTS: Serum Bcl-2 concentrations were significantly higher in the FL group than in the NASH group. Insulin resistance and γ-GT activity were significantly higher in NASH subjects. Apoptotic hepatocytes were significantly more numerous in NASH patients. NASH patients presented with larger spleens and augmented C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations than healthy subjects. Steatosis grade at histology was similar in both NASH and FL populations. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly related to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein values in FL patients. Bcl-2 serum levels positively correlated to body mass index (BMI) values (P≤ 0.0001) but not to age of the population. Triglycerides/HDL ratio correlated well to waist circumference in males (P = 0.0008). γ-GT activity was associated with homeostatic metabolic assessment (HOMA) (P = 0.0003) and with serum ferritin (P = 0.02). Bcl-2 concentrations were not related to either spleen size or CRP values. NASH patients presented a weak negative correlation between lobular inflammation and Bcl-2 levels. A prediction by low values of serum Bcl-2 towards a greater presence of metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese patients (MUOs) was evidenced. HOMA, BMI and uric acid, in that sequence, best predicted serum Bcl-2 concentrations.
CONCLUSION: MUOs could be detected by Bcl-2 levels. By favoring the life span of hepatocytes, and enhancing triglyceride formation, the anti-apoptotic process inhibits free fatty acids toxicity in FL.
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Dongiovanni P, Fracanzani AL, Fargion S, Valenti L. Iron in fatty liver and in the metabolic syndrome: a promising therapeutic target. J Hepatol 2011; 55:920-32. [PMID: 21718726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome (DIOS) is now a frequent finding in the general population, as is detected in about one third of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis is related to altered regulation of iron transport associated with steatosis, insulin resistance, and subclinical inflammation, often in the presence of predisposing genetic factors. Evidence is accumulating that excessive body iron plays a causal role in insulin resistance through still undefined mechanisms that probably involve a reduced ability to burn carbohydrates and altered function of adipose tissue. Furthermore, DIOS may facilitate the evolution to type 2 diabetes by altering beta-cell function, the progression of cardiovascular disease by contributing to the recruitment and activation of macrophages within arterial lesions, and the natural history of liver disease by inducing oxidative stress in hepatocytes, activation of hepatic stellate cells, and malignant transformation by promotion of cell growth and DNA damage. Based on these premises, the association among DIOS, metabolic syndrome, and NAFLD is being investigated as a new risk factor to predict the development of overt cardiovascular and hepatic diseases, and possibly hepatocellular carcinoma, but most importantly, represents also a treatable condition. Indeed, iron depletion, most frequently achieved by phlebotomy, has been shown to decrease metabolic alterations and liver enzymes in controlled studies in NAFLD. Additional studies are warranted to evaluate the potential of iron reductive therapy on hard clinical outcomes in patients with DIOS.
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common and ubiquitous disorder (Bedogni et al. in Hepatology 42:44-52, 2005; Bellentani et al. in Ann Intern Med 132:112-117, 2000) which in a proportion of subjects leads to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), advanced liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the factors responsible for progression of disease are still uncertain, there is evidence that insulin resistance (IR) is a key operative mechanism (Angulo et al. in Hepatology 30:1356-1362, 1999) and that two stages are involved. The first is the accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes followed by a "second hit" which promotes cellular oxidative stress. Several factors may be responsible for the induction of oxidative stress but hepatic iron has been implicated in various studies. The topic is controversial, however, with early studies showing an association between hepatic iron (with or without hemochromatosis gene mutations) and the progression to hepatic fibrosis. Subsequent studies, however, could not confirm an association between the presence of hepatic iron and any of the histological determinants of NAFLD or NASH. Recent studies have reactivated interest in this subject firstly, with the demonstration that hepatic iron loading increases liver cholesterol synthesis with increased lipid deposition in the liver increasing the cellular lipid burden and secondly, a large clinical study has concluded that hepatocellular iron deposition is associated with an increased risk of hepatic fibrosis, thus, strongly supporting the original observation made over a decade ago. An improvement in insulin sensitivity has been demonstrated following phlebotomy therapy but a suitably powered controlled clinical trial is required before this treatment can be implemented.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Iron plays a pivotal role in adult steatosis, but its role in child and adolescent steatosis is unclear. We investigated the effect of dietary iron, serum iron, and ferritin on serum transaminases and γ-glutamyltransferase in 10- and 13-year-olds. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 4894 fifth and eighth graders enrolled between 2006 and 2009 in all schools in Shunan City, Japan. Multiple regression analyses were performed with adjustments for grade, sex, z score of the body mass index, serum lipids, plasma glucose, frequency of sports activities, having a single parent, number of siblings, tobacco smoking behavior, passive smoking at home, resident areas, and schools, using linear mixed models. In addition, we analyzed ferritin and insulin resistance in randomly selected subset of participants. RESULTS Dietary iron intake was positively associated with serum alanine aminotransferase levels (standardized coefficient β = 2.35, P = 0.019). Serum iron concentrations were associated with transaminase and γ-glutamyltransferase levels (β = 3.22, and 4.05, respectively, P < 0.01). In the subset of 421 subjects with further serum analysis, serum ferritin levels were significantly associated with serum enzyme levels (β = 2.43-3.35; P < 0.05) and showed significant odds ratio for the elevated alanine aminotransferase levels (1.05 for 1 SD with 95% confidence intervals 1.02-1.08). However, iron load did not show a positive association with insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Although an effect size for iron is small in regression analyses, iron is implicated in increased transaminase levels in prepubertal and pubertal children.
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Abstract
Mitochondria play key roles in aerobic life and in cell death. Thus, interference of normal mitochondrial function impairs cellular energy and lipid metabolism and leads to the unleashing of mediators of cell death. The role of mitochondria in cell death due to drug hepatotoxicity has been receiving renewed attention and it is therefore timely to assess the current status of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean P Jones
- Dept of Medicine, Emory University, 4131 Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Lehmann E, El-Tantawy WH, Ocker M, Bartenschlager R, Lohmann V, Hashemolhosseini S, Tiegs G, Sass G. The heme oxygenase 1 product biliverdin interferes with hepatitis C virus replication by increasing antiviral interferon response. Hepatology 2010; 51:398-404. [PMID: 20044809 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic heme degrading enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been shown recently to interfere with replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV). We investigated the effect of HO-1 products carbon monoxide (CO), iron and biliverdin on HCV replication using the replicon cell lines Huh-5-15 and LucUbiNeo-ET, stably expressing HCV proteins NS3 through NS5B. Incubation of these cell lines in the presence of the CO donor methylene chloride transiently reduced HCV replication, whereas an increase of iron in cell culture by administration of FeCl(3) or iron-saturated lactoferrin did not interfere with HCV replication. Likewise, depletion of iron by deferoxamine during induction of HO-1 by cobalt-protoporphyrin IX did not restore HCV replication. The most prominent effect was observed after incubation of replicon cell lines in the presence of biliverdin. Biliverdin seems to interfere with HCV replication-mediated oxidative stress by inducing expression of antiviral interferons, such as interferon alpha2 and alpha17. CONCLUSION The antioxidant biliverdin reduces HCV replication in vitro by triggering the antiviral interferon response and might improve HCV therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lehmann
- Division of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Tahan V, Atug O, Akin H, Eren F, Tahan G, Tarcin O, Uzun H, Ozdogan O, Tarcin O, Imeryuz N, Ozguner F, Celikel C, Avsar E, Tozun N. Melatonin ameliorates methionine- and choline-deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. J Pineal Res 2009; 46:401-7. [PMID: 19552763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2009.00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may progress to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Mainly, oxidative stress and excessive hepatocyte apoptosis are implicated in the pathogenesis of progressive NASH. Melatonin is not only a powerful antioxidant but also an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic agent. We aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin on methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCDD)-induced NASH in rats. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Two groups were fed with MCDD while the other two groups were fed a control diet, pair-fed. One of the MCDD groups and one of the control diet groups were administered melatonin 50 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally, and the controls were given a vehicle. After 1 month the liver tissue oxidative stress markers, proinflammatory cytokines and hepatocyte apoptosis were studied by commercially available kits. For grading and staging histological lesions, Brunt et al.'s system was used. Melatonin decreased oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines and hepatocyte apoptosis. The drug ameliorated the grade of NASH. The present study suggests that melatonin functions as a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic agent in NASH and may be a therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veysel Tahan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Tarantino G, Conca P, Riccio A, Tarantino M, Di Minno MN, Chianese D, Pasanisi F, Contaldo F, Scopacasa F, Capone D. Enhanced serum concentrations of transforming growth factor-beta1 in simple fatty liver: is it really benign? J Transl Med 2008; 6:72. [PMID: 19038040 PMCID: PMC2611972 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-6-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inside the spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, simple fatty liver is generally thought of as being "non progressive", differently from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which increases in severity due to the presence of apoptosis/inflammation and fibrosis. The "benignity" of fatty liver is widely accepted but conceptually difficult to maintain because the mechanisms underlying this entity are the same ones that determine the more severe form. Findings provide evidence that iron overload is associated with increased liver damage and collagen deposition. Transforming growth factor-beta1 released by hepatic stellate cells during chronic liver injury plays a critical role in liver apoptosis and fibrogenesis. Objective To verify whether both the forms of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were really dissimilar, evaluating the serum profile of two key parameters, indexes of severity. Methods A total of 123 patients (57 females) participated, forming three groups: forty five patients with fatty liver, 42 patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and 36 with chronic hepatitis C. All had a biopsy-proven diagnosis. Measurements Serum concentrations of transforming growth factor-beta1 and ferritin. Results High concentrations of transforming growth factor-beta1 were noticed in patients suffering from both fatty liver and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, 129.1 (45.4) versus 116.8 (42.2) ng/mL, P = 0.2; they were significantly superior to those of chronic hepatitis C patients 87.5 (39.5) ng/mL, P < 0.001. Ferritin levels were on average above normal values and similar in the three groups (P = 0.9), also when adjusted for gender (P = 0.5) and age (P = 0.3). Conclusion No difference between serum concentrations of transforming growth factor-beta1 and ferritin in fatty liver and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis suggests that these forms share more common aspects, regarding their progression, than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tarantino
- Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Naples, Italy.
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Uchiyama A, Kim JS, Kon K, Jaeschke H, Ikejima K, Watanabe S, Lemasters JJ. Translocation of iron from lysosomes into mitochondria is a key event during oxidative stress-induced hepatocellular injury. Hepatology 2008; 48:1644-54. [PMID: 18846543 PMCID: PMC2579320 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Iron overload exacerbates various liver diseases. In hepatocytes, a portion of non-heme iron is sequestered in lysosomes and endosomes. The precise mechanisms by which lysosomal iron participates in hepatocellular injury remain uncertain. Here, our aim was to determine the role of intracellular movement of chelatable iron in oxidative stress-induced killing to cultured hepatocytes from C3Heb mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Mitochondrial polarization and chelatable iron were visualized by confocal microscopy of tetramethylrhodamine methylester (TMRM) and quenching of calcein, respectively. Cell viability and hydroperoxide formation (a measure of lipid peroxidation) were measured fluorometrically using propidium iodide and chloromethyl dihydrodichlorofluorescein, respectively. After collapse of lysosomal/endosomal acidic pH gradients with bafilomycin (50 nM), an inhibitor of the vacuolar proton-pumping adenosine triphosphatase, cytosolic calcein fluorescence became quenched. Deferoxamine mesylate and starch-deferoxamine (1 mM) prevented bafilomycin-induced calcein quenching, indicating that bafilomycin induced release of chelatable iron from lysosomes/endosomes. Bafilomycin also quenched calcein fluorescence in mitochondria, which was blocked by 20 microM Ru360, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, consistent with mitochondrial iron uptake by the uniporter. Bafilomycin alone was not sufficient to induce mitochondrial depolarization and cell killing, but in the presence of low-dose tert-butylhydroperoxide (25 microM), bafilomycin enhanced hydroperoxide generation, leading to mitochondrial depolarization and subsequent cell death. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results are consistent with the conclusion that bafilomycin induces release of chelatable iron from lysosomes/endosomes, which is taken up by mitochondria. Oxidative stress and chelatable iron thus act as two "hits" synergistically promoting toxic radical formation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death. This pathway of intracellular iron translocation is a potential therapeutic target against oxidative stress-mediated hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Uchiyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Kon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Kenichi Ikejima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John J. Lemasters
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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