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Šmíd V, Dvořák K, Stehnová K, Strnad H, Rubert J, Stříteský J, Staňková B, Stránská M, Hajšlová J, Brůha R, Vítek L. The Ameliorating Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Liver Steatosis Induced by a High-Fat Methionine Choline-Deficient Diet in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17226. [PMID: 38139055 PMCID: PMC10743075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with abnormalities of liver lipid metabolism. On the contrary, a diet enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3-PUFAs) has been reported to ameliorate the progression of NAFLD. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of dietary n-3-PUFA enrichment on the development of NAFLD and liver lipidome. Mice were fed for 6 weeks either a high-fat methionine choline-deficient diet (MCD) or standard chow with or without n-3-PUFAs. Liver histology, serum biochemistry, detailed plasma and liver lipidomic analyses, and genome-wide transcriptome analysis were performed. Mice fed an MCD developed histopathological changes characteristic of NAFLD, and these changes were ameliorated with n-3-PUFAs. Simultaneously, n-3-PUFAs decreased serum triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations as well as ALT and AST activities. N-3-PUFAs decreased serum concentrations of saturated and monounsaturated free fatty acids (FAs), while increasing serum concentrations of long-chain PUFAs. Furthermore, in the liver, the MCD significantly increased the hepatic triacylglycerol content, while the administration of n-3-PUFAs eliminated this effect. Administration of n-3-PUFAs led to significant beneficial differences in gene expression within biosynthetic pathways of cholesterol, FAs, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and TNF-α). To conclude, n-3-PUFA supplementation appears to represent a promising nutraceutical approach for the restoration of abnormalities in liver lipid metabolism and the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Šmíd
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic (R.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Karel Dvořák
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic (R.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Kamila Stehnová
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.S.); (J.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josep Rubert
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.S.); (J.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Jan Stříteský
- Institute of Pathology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Barbora Staňková
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic (R.B.); (L.V.)
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Stránská
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.S.); (J.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.S.); (J.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Radan Brůha
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic (R.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Libor Vítek
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic (R.B.); (L.V.)
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
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Conde de la Rosa L, Goicoechea L, Torres S, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC. Role of Oxidative Stress in Liver Disorders. LIVERS 2022; 2:283-314. [DOI: 10.3390/livers2040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is vital for life as it is required for many different enzymatic reactions involved in intermediate metabolism and xenobiotic biotransformation. Moreover, oxygen consumption in the electron transport chain of mitochondria is used to drive the synthesis of ATP to meet the energetic demands of cells. However, toxic free radicals are generated as byproducts of molecular oxygen consumption. Oxidative stress ensues not only when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds the endogenous antioxidant defense mechanism of cells, but it can also occur as a consequence of an unbalance between antioxidant strategies. Given the important role of hepatocytes in the biotransformation and metabolism of xenobiotics, ROS production represents a critical event in liver physiology, and increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress contributes to the development of many liver diseases. The present review, which is part of the special issue “Oxidant stress in Liver Diseases”, aims to provide an overview of the sources and targets of ROS in different liver diseases and highlights the pivotal role of oxidative stress in cell death. In addition, current antioxidant therapies as treatment options for such disorders and their limitations for future trial design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Conde de la Rosa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leire Goicoechea
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Torres
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - José C. Fernandez-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Jiang Y, Xu J, Huang P, Yang L, Liu Y, Li Y, Wang J, Song H, Zheng P. Scoparone Improves Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Through Alleviating JNK/Sab Signaling Pathway-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:863756. [PMID: 35592421 PMCID: PMC9110978 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.863756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) specifically combined with SH3 domain-binding protein 5 (Sab) may mediate damage to the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Whether mitochondrial dysfunction induced by the JNK/Sab signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the lipotoxic injury of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains a lack of evidence. Scoparone, a natural compound from Traditional Chinese Medicine herbs, has the potential for liver protection and lipid metabolism regulation. However, the effect of scoparone on NASH induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) as well as its underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. The HepG2 and Huh7 cells with/without Sab-knockdown induced by palmitic acid (PA) were used to determine the role of JNK/Sab signaling in mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular lipotoxic injury. To observe the effect of scoparone on the lipotoxic injured hepatocytes, different dose of scoparone together with PA was mixed into the culture medium of HepG2 and AML12 cells to incubate for 24 h. In addition, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with an HFD for 22 weeks to induce the NASH model and were treated with scoparone for another 8 weeks to investigate its effect on NASH. Molecules related to JNK/Sab signaling, mitochondrial function, and lipotoxic injury were detected in in vitro and/or in vivo experiments. The results showed that PA-induced activation of JNK/Sab signaling was blocked by Sab knockdown in hepatocytes, which improved mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, hepatosteatosis, cell viability, and apoptosis. Scoparone demonstrated a similar effect on the PA-induced hepatocytes as Sab knockdown. For the NASH mice, treatment with scoparone also downregulated the activation of JNK/Sab signaling, improved histopathological changes of liver tissues including mitochondrial number and morphology, lipid peroxide content, hepatosteatosis and inflammation obviously, as well as decreased the serum level of lipid and transaminases. Taken together, this study confirms that activation of the JNK/Sab signaling pathway-induced mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the development of NASH. Scoparone can improve the lipotoxic liver injury partially by suppressing this signaling pathway, making it a potential therapeutic compound for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Jiang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaoya Xu
- Department of Gout, Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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NR4A1 enhances MKP7 expression to diminish JNK activation induced by ROS or ER-stress in pancreatic β cells for surviving. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:133. [PMID: 34088892 PMCID: PMC8178316 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Under adverse conditions, such as sustained or chronic hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia, ROS (reactive oxygen species) or/and ER-stress (endoplasmic reticulum stress) will be induced in pancreatic β cells. ROS or ER-stress damages β-cells even leads to apoptosis. Previously we found ROS or ER-stress resulted in JNK activation in β cells and overexpressing NR4A1 in MIN6 cells reduced JNK activation via modulating cbl-b expression and subsequent degrading the upstream JNK kinase (MKK4). To search other possible mechanisms, we found the mRNA level and protein level of MKP7 (a phosphatase for phospho-JNK) were dramatic reduced in pancreatic β cells in the islets from NR4A1 KO mice compared with that from wild type mice. To confirm what we found in animals, we applied pancreatic β cells (MIN6 cells) and found that the expression of MKP7 was increased in NR4A1-overexpression MIN6 cells. We further found that knocking down the expression of MKP7 increased the p-JNK level in pancreatic β cells upon treatment with TG or H2O2. After that, we figured out that NR4A1 did enhance the transactivation of the MKP7 promoter by physical association with two putative binding sites. In sum, NR4A1 attenuates JNK phosphorylation incurred by ER-stress or ROS partially via enhancing MKP7 expression, potentially decreases pancreatic β cell apoptosis induced by ROS or ER-stress. Our finding provides a clue for diabetes prevention.
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Garg R, Kumariya S, Katekar R, Verma S, Goand UK, Gayen JR. JNK signaling pathway in metabolic disorders: An emerging therapeutic target. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 901:174079. [PMID: 33812885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome is a multifactorial disease associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disorders, type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, etc. Various stress stimuli such as reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased cytokines, or free fatty acids are known to aggravate progressive development of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Although the exact mechanism contributing to altered metabolism is unclear. Evidence suggests stress kinase role to be a crucial one in metabolic syndrome. Stress kinase, c-jun N-terminal kinase activation (JNK) is involved in various metabolic manifestations including obesity, insulin resistance, fatty liver disease as well as cardiometabolic disorders. It emerged as a foremost mediator in regulating metabolism in the liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue as well as pancreatic β cells. It has three isoforms each having a unique and tissue-specific role in altered metabolism. Current findings based on genetic manipulation or chemical inhibition studies identified JNK isoforms to play a central role in the regulation of whole-body metabolism, suggesting it to be a novel therapeutic target. Hence, it is imperative to elucidate its role in metabolic syndrome onset and progression. The purpose of this review is to elucidate in vitro and in vivo implications of JNK signaling along with the therapeutic strategy to inhibit specific isoform. Since metabolic syndrome is an array of diseases and complex pathway, carefully examining each tissue will be important for specific treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Garg
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sanjana Kumariya
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Roshan Katekar
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Umesh K Goand
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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6
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Song J, Wang T, Guo J, Guo Y, Wang X, Yang Y, Xu K, Sa Y, Yuan L, Jiang H, Sun Z. Advanced High-Coverage Targeted Metabolomics Method (SWATHtoMRM) for Exploring the Relationship of Follicular Fluid Components with Age. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190218155820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background:
The complexity of follicular fluid metabolome presents a huge challenge for
qualitative and quantitative metabolite profiling and discovery of the comprehensive biomarkers.
Objective:
In order to address this challenge, novel SWATHtoMRM metabolomics method was used
for providing broad coverage and excellent quantitative capability to discover the human follicular fluid
metabolites related to age and evaluate their relationship with pregnancy outcome and oocyte senescence.
Methods:
The patients were divided into four groups according to age, including group A (28 cases, 21-
27 years old), group B (42 cases, 28-34 years old), group C (31 cases, 35-41 years old), and group D (24
cases, 42-48 years old). Follicular fluid samples from 125 IVF patients were analyzed. The differential
ions among the four groups were identified by principal components analysis according to accurate
mass, isotope ratio, and tandem mass spectroscopic spectra. Then, the differential metabolic pathways
were further identified by a KEGG cluster analysis.
Results:
A total of 18 metabolites in the follicular fluid differed among the four groups, including
amino acids, lipids, hormones, and vitamins. A total of 15 metabolites, including 6-oxohexanoate,
phenylalanine, proline, hexadecanoic acid, linoleate, arachidonate, oleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid,
LysoPC(16:1), LysoPC(20:5), LysoPC (20:3), 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 5-dehydroepisterol, 27-
hydroxycholesterol, and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,23,25-pentol, were down-regulated
with age and 3 metabolites, including LysoPC(18:3), LysoPC(18:1), and 13,14-dihydroretinol, were upregulated
with age.
Conclusion:
Our study provides useful information for revealing the relationship between age and female
reproductive capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Song
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jiayin Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Kaiyue Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yuanhong Sa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lihua Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Huaying Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Zhengao Sun
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
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Role of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030706. [PMID: 32183037 PMCID: PMC7140703 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been described as a global epidemic and is a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease that arises as a consequence of energy imbalance. Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), by mechanisms that are not entirely clarified. Elevated circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and free fatty acids (FFA) during obesity cause insulin resistance and ß-cell dysfunction, the two main features of T2D, which are both aggravated with the progressive development of hyperglycemia. The inflammatory kinase c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) responds to various cellular stress signals activated by cytokines, free fatty acids and hyperglycemia, and is a key mediator in the transition between obesity and T2D. Specifically, JNK mediates both insulin resistance and ß-cell dysfunction, and is therefore a potential target for T2D therapy.
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8
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Li Z, Li Y, Zhang HX, Guo JR, Lam CWK, Wang CY, Zhang W. Mitochondria-Mediated Pathogenesis and Therapeutics for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900043. [PMID: 31199058 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a worldwide epidemic over the last decade. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of NAFLD and, subsequently, in developing medications to treat this disease. Although the mechanisms of NAFLD are complex and multifactorial, accumulating and emerging evidence indicates that mitochondria play a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD. Pharmacologic therapies acting on mitochondria may therefore pave the way to novel strategies for the prevention and protection against NAFLD. This review focuses on new insights into the role of hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction in NAFLD, and summarizes recent studies on mitochondria-centric therapies for NAFLD utilizing new medications or repurposing of currently available drugs. Although some studies presented may feature controversial results or are still in lack of clinical verification, it is undoubted that medications that may spare the mitochondria from multiple levels of damage are highly promising, and have begun to be used with some degree of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Hui-Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jian-Ru Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Cai-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
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9
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Frago LM, Canelles S, Freire-Regatillo A, Argente-Arizón P, Barrios V, Argente J, Garcia-Segura LM, Chowen JA. Estradiol Uses Different Mechanisms in Astrocytes from the Hippocampus of Male and Female Rats to Protect against Damage Induced by Palmitic Acid. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:330. [PMID: 29114202 PMCID: PMC5660686 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An excess of saturated fatty acids can be toxic for tissues, including the brain, and this has been associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Since palmitic acid (PA) is a free fatty acid that is abundant in the diet and circulation and can be harmful, we have investigated the effects of this fatty acid on lipotoxicity in hippocampal astrocytes and the mechanism involved. Moreover, as males and females have different susceptibilities to some neurodegenerative diseases, we accessed the responses of astrocytes from both sexes, as well as the possible involvement of estrogens in the protection against fatty acid toxicity. PA increased endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to cell death in astrocytes from both males and females. Estradiol (E2) increased the levels of protective factors, such as Hsp70 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, in astrocytes from both sexes. In male astrocytes, E2 decreased pJNK, TNFα, and caspase-3 activation. In contrast, in female astrocytes E2 did not affect the activation of JNK or TNFα levels, but decreased apoptotic cell death. Hence, although E2 exerted protective effects against the detrimental effects of PA, the mechanisms involved appear to be different between male and female astrocytes. This sexually dimorphic difference in the protective mechanisms induced by E2 could be involved in the different susceptibilities of males and females to some neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Frago
- Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Canelles
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Argente-Arizón
- Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA Food Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Zhang QY, Zhao LP, Tian XX, Yan CH, Li Y, Liu YX, Wang PX, Zhang XJ, Han YL. The novel intracellular protein CREG inhibits hepatic steatosis, obesity, and insulin resistance. Hepatology 2017; 66:834-854. [PMID: 28508477 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes (CREG), a novel cellular glycoprotein, has been identified as a suppressor of various cardiovascular diseases because of its capacity to reduce hyperplasia, maintain vascular homeostasis, and promote endothelial restoration. However, the effects and mechanism of CREG in metabolic disorder and hepatic steatosis remain unknown. Here, we report that hepatocyte-specific CREG deletion dramatically exacerbates high-fat diet and leptin deficiency-induced (ob/ob) adverse effects such as obesity, hepatic steatosis, and metabolic disorders, whereas a beneficial effect is conferred by CREG overexpression. Additional experiments demonstrated that c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) but not JNK2 is largely responsible for the protective effect of CREG on the aforementioned pathologies. Notably, JNK1 inhibition strongly prevents the adverse effects of CREG deletion on steatosis and related metabolic disorders. Mechanistically, CREG interacts directly with apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and inhibits its phosphorylation, thereby blocking the downstream MKK4/7-JNK1 signaling pathway and leading to significantly alleviated obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. Importantly, dramatically reduced CREG expression and hyperactivated JNK1 signaling was observed in the livers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, suggesting that CREG might be a promising therapeutic target for NAFLD and related metabolic diseases. CONCLUSION The results of our study provides evidence that CREG is a robust suppressor of hepatic steatosis and metabolic disorders through its direct interaction with ASK1 and the resultant inactivation of ASK1-JNK1 signaling. This study offers insights into NAFLD pathogenesis and its complicated pathologies, such as obesity and insulin resistance, and paves the way for disease treatment through targeting CREG. (Hepatology 2017;66:834-854).
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Yu Zhang
- Graduate School of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling-Ping Zhao
- Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Tian
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Yan
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan-Xia Liu
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Pi-Xiao Wang
- Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Ling Han
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
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11
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Jiang J, Mathijs K, Timmermans L, Claessen SM, Hecka A, Weusten J, Peters R, van Delft JH, Kleinjans JCS, Jennen DGJ, de Kok TM. Omics-based identification of the combined effects of idiosyncratic drugs and inflammatory cytokines on the development of drug-induced liver injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 332:100-108. [PMID: 28733206 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug-induced hepatotoxicity remain largely unclear. It has demonstrated that the drug idiosyncrasy is potentiated in the context of inflammation and intracellular ceramides may play a role in this process. To study the mechanisms, HepG2 cells were co-treated with high and low doses of three idiosyncratic (I) and three non-idiosyncratic (N) compounds, with (I+ and N+) or without (I- and N-) a cytokine mix. Microarray, lipidomics and flow cytometry were performed to investigate the genome-wide expression patterns, the intracellular ceramide levels and the induction of apoptosis. We found that all I+ treatments significantly influenced the immune response- and response to stimulus-associated gene ontology (GO) terms, but the induction of apoptotic pathways, which was confirmed by flow cytometry, only appeared to be induced after the high-dose treatment. The ceramide signaling-, ER stress-, NF-kB activation- and mitochondrial activity-related pathways were biologically involved in apoptosis induced by the high-dose I+. Additionally, genes participating in ceramide metabolism were significantly altered resulting in a measurable increase in ceramide levels. The increases in ceramide concentrations may induce ER stress and activate the JNK pathway by affecting the expression of the related genes, and eventually trigger the mitochondria-independent apoptosis in hepatocytes. Overall, our study provides a potential mechanism to explain the role of inflammation in idiosyncratic drug reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jiang
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - K Mathijs
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L Timmermans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S M Claessen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Hecka
- DSM Resolve, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - J Weusten
- DSM Resolve, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - R Peters
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; DSM Coating Resins, Waalwijk, The Netherlands
| | - J H van Delft
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - D G J Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Win S, Than TA, Min RWM, Aghajan M, Kaplowitz N. c-Jun N-terminal kinase mediates mouse liver injury through a novel Sab (SH3BP5)-dependent pathway leading to inactivation of intramitochondrial Src. Hepatology 2016; 63:1987-2003. [PMID: 26845758 PMCID: PMC4874901 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sustained c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation has been implicated in many models of cell death and tissue injury. Phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK) interacts with the mitochondrial outer membrane SH3 homology associated BTK binding protein (Sab, or SH3BP5). Using knockdown or liver-specific deletion of Sab, we aimed to elucidate the consequences of this interaction on mitochondrial function in isolated mitochondria and liver injury models in vivo. Respiration in isolated mitochondria was directly inhibited by p-JNK + adenosine triphosphate. Knockdown or liver-specific knockout of Sab abrogated this effect and markedly inhibited sustained JNK activation and liver injury from acetaminophen or tumor necrosis factor/galactosamine. We then elucidated an intramitochondrial pathway in which interaction of JNK and Sab on the outside of the mitochondria released protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 6 (SHP1, or PTPN6) from Sab in the inside of the mitochondrial outer membrane, leading to its activation and transfer to the inner membrane, where it dephosphorylates P-Y419Src (active), which required a platform protein, docking protein 4 (DOK4), on the inner membrane. Knockdown of mitochondrial DOK4 or SHP1 inhibited the inactivation of mitochondrial p-Src and the effect of p-JNK on mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS The binding to and phosphorylation of Sab by p-JNK on the outer mitochondrial membrane leads to SHP1-dependent and DOK4-dependent inactivation of p-Src on the inner membrane; inactivation of mitochondrial Src inhibits electron transport and increases reactive oxygen species release, which sustains JNK activation and promotes cell death and organ injury. (Hepatology 2016;63:1987-2003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Win
- USC Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tin Aung Than
- USC Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert Win Maw Min
- USC Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Neil Kaplowitz
- USC Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California,To whom correspondence should be addressed: USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Ave., HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, Tel.: 323-442-5576; Fax: 323-442-3243;
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13
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Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide prevents renal ischemia reperfusion injury via counteracting oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16910. [PMID: 26603550 PMCID: PMC4658483 DOI: 10.1038/srep16910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide (GLPP) scavenges oxygen free radicals
that are a key factor in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia reperfusion injury
(RIRI). The aim of this study was to determine whether GLPP could attenuate RIRI by
counteracting the oxidative stress. The mechanism involved was assessed by an in
vivo mouse RIRI model and an in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation model,
and tunicamycin-stimulated NRK-52E cells were used to explore the GLPP-mediated
alleviation of ER stress. Experimental results showed that renal dysfunction and
morphological damage were reduced in GLPP-treated group. The imbalance of redox
status was reversed and production of ROS was reduced by GLPP. RIRI-induced
mitochondrial- and ER stress-dependent apoptosis were dramatically inhibited in
GLPP-treated group. Intriguingly, JNK activation in the kidney with RIRI or
hypoxia/reoxygenation was inhibited by GLPP. These results suggest that the
protective effect of GLPP against RIRI may be due to reducing oxidative stress,
alleviating the mitochondrial and ER stress-dependent apoptosis caused by excessive
ROS.
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14
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Win S, Than TA, Le BHA, García-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC, Kaplowitz N. Sab (Sh3bp5) dependence of JNK mediated inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in palmitic acid induced hepatocyte lipotoxicity. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1367-74. [PMID: 25666017 PMCID: PMC4439305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sustained c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation by saturated fatty acids plays a role in lipotoxicity and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We have reported that the interaction of JNK with mitochondrial Sab leads to inhibition of respiration, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death and hepatotoxicity. We tested whether this pathway underlies palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipotoxicity in hepatocytes. METHODS Primary mouse hepatocytes (PMH) from adeno-shlacZ or adeno-shSab treated mice and HuH7 cells were used. RESULTS In PMH, PA dose-dependently up to 1mM stimulated oxygen consumption rate (OCR) due to mitochondrial β-oxidation. At ⩾1.5mM, PA gradually reduced OCR, followed by cell death. Inhibition of JNK, caspases or treatment with antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) protected PMH against cell death. Sab knockdown or a membrane permeable Sab blocking peptide prevented PA-induced mitochondrial impairment, but inhibited only the late phase of both JNK activation (beyond 4h) and cell death. In PMH, PA increased p-PERK and its downstream target CHOP, but failed to activate the IRE-1α arm of the UPR. However, Sab silencing did not affect PA-induced PERK activation. Conversely, specific inhibition of PERK prevented JNK activation and cell death, indicating a major role upstream of JNK activation. CONCLUSIONS The effect of p-JNK on mitochondria plays a key role in PA-mediated lipotoxicity. The interplay of p-JNK with mitochondrial Sab leads to impaired respiration, ROS production, sustained JNK activation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Win
- University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9121, USA
| | - Tin Aung Than
- University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9121, USA
| | - Bao Han Allison Le
- University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9121, USA
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA; Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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15
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Komatsu M, Kimura T, Yazaki M, Tanaka N, Yang Y, Nakajima T, Horiuchi A, Fang ZZ, Joshita S, Matsumoto A, Umemura T, Tanaka E, Gonzalez FJ, Ikeda SI, Aoyama T. Steatogenesis in adult-onset type II citrullinemia is associated with down-regulation of PPARα. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1852:473-481. [PMID: 25533124 PMCID: PMC6371055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SLC25A13 (citrin or aspartate-glutamate carrier 2) is located in the mitochondrial membrane in the liver and its genetic deficiency causes adult-onset type II citrullinemia (CTLN2). CTLN2 is one of the urea cycle disorders characterized by sudden-onset hyperammonemia due to reduced argininosuccinate synthase activity. This disorder is frequently accompanied with hepatosteatosis in the absence of obesity and ethanol consumption. However, the precise mechanism of steatogenesis remains unclear. The expression of genes associated with fatty acid (FA) and triglyceride (TG) metabolism was examined using liver samples obtained from 16 CTLN2 patients and compared with 7 healthy individuals. Although expression of hepatic genes associated with lipogenesis and TG hydrolysis was not changed, the mRNAs encoding enzymes/proteins involved in FA oxidation (carnitine palmitoyl-CoA transferase 1α, medium- and very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, and acyl-CoA oxidase 1), very-low-density lipoprotein secretion (microsomal TG transfer protein), and FA transport (CD36 and FA-binding protein 1), were markedly suppressed in CTLN2 patients. Serum concentrations of ketone bodies were also decreased in these patients, suggesting reduced mitochondrial β-oxidation activity. Consistent with these findings, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), a master regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism, was significantly down-regulated. Hepatic PPARα expression was inversely correlated with severity of steatosis and circulating ammonia and citrulline levels. Additionally, phosphorylation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase was enhanced in CTLN2 livers, which was likely associated with lower hepatic PPARα. Collectively, down-regulation of PPARα is associated with steatogenesis in CTLN2 patients. These findings provide a novel link between urea cycle disorder, lipid metabolism, and PPARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiharu Komatsu
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kimura
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masahide Yazaki
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences for Intractable Neurological Diseases, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Japan
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takero Nakajima
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akira Horiuchi
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa Inan General Hospital, Japan
| | - Zhong-Ze Fang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Satoru Joshita
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takeji Umemura
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Shu-Ichi Ikeda
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Aoyama
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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16
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Jiang JX, Török NJ. MLK3 as a regulator of disease progression in Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Liver Int 2014; 34:1131-2. [PMID: 24690035 PMCID: PMC4392882 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joy X Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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17
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Firneisz G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The liver disease of our age? World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9072-9089. [PMID: 25083080 PMCID: PMC4112878 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i27.9072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease that might affect up to one-third of the adult population in industrialised countries. NAFLD incorporates histologically and clinically different non-alcoholic entities; fatty liver (NAFL, steatosis hepatis) and steatohepatitis (NASH-characterised by hepatocyte ballooning and lobular inflammation ± fibrosis) might progress to cirrhosis and rarely to hepatocellular cancer. NAFL increasingly affects children (paediatric prevalence is 4.2%-9.6%). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance (IR), obesity, metabolic syndrome and NAFLD are particularly closely related. Increased hepatic lipid storage is an early abnormality in insulin resistant women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. The accumulation of triacylglycerols in hepatocytes is predominantly derived from the plasma nonesterified fatty acid pool supplied largely by the adipose tissue. A few NAFLD susceptibility gene variants are associated with progressive liver disease, IR, T2DM and a higher risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Although not approved, pharmacological approaches might be considered in NASH patients.
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18
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Jiang JX, Török NJ. Liver Injury and the Activation of the Hepatic Myofibroblasts. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013; 1:215-223. [PMID: 23977452 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound healing process, the end result of chronic liver injury elicited by different noxious stimuli. Activated hepatic stellate cells or myofibroblasts and portal myofibroblasts are considered as the main producers of the extracellular matrix in the liver. Upon liver injury the quiescent stellate cells transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts a process highlighted by the loss of vitamin A stores, upregulation of interstitial type collagens, smooth muscle α actin, matrix metalloproteinases, proteoglycans, and the induction of cell survival pathways. Activation of hepatic stellate cells is a result of a complex interplay between the parenchymal cells, immune cells, extracellular matrix mechanics and extrahepatic milieu such as the gut microbiome. In this review we will focus on the pathomechanism of stellate cell activation following chronic liver injury; with the aim of identifying possible treatment targets for anti-fibrogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy X Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
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19
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Torres DM, Williams CD, Harrison SA. Features, diagnosis, and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10:837-58. [PMID: 22446927 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the global incidence of obesity has increased, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a worldwide health concern. NAFLD occurs in children and adults of all ethnicities and includes isolated fatty liver and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Patients with NASH are at risk for developing cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma and have increased all-cause mortality. NAFLD is associated with a variety of clinical conditions and is an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of NAFLD and the specific steps that lead to NASH and advanced fibrosis are not fully understood, although researchers have found that a combination of environmental, genetic, and metabolic factors lead to advanced disease. There have been improvements in noninvasive radiographic methods to diagnose NAFLD, especially for advanced disease. However, liver biopsy is still the standard method of diagnosis for NASH. There are many challenges to treating patients with NASH, and no therapies have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration; multimodal approaches are being developed and becoming the standard of care. We review pathogenesis and treatment approaches for the West's largest liver-related public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Torres
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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