1
|
Wang Y, Heymann F, Peiseler M. Intravital imaging: dynamic insights into liver immunity in health and disease. Gut 2024:gutjnl-2023-331739. [PMID: 38777574 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical component of most acute and chronic liver diseases. The liver is a unique immunological organ with a dense vascular network, leading to intense crosstalk between tissue-resident immune cells, passenger leucocytes and parenchymal cells. During acute and chronic liver diseases, the multifaceted immune response is involved in disease promoting and repair mechanisms, while upholding core liver immune functions. In recent years, single-cell technologies have unravelled a previously unknown heterogeneity of immune cells, reshaping the complexity of the hepatic immune response. However, inflammation is a dynamic biological process, encompassing various immune cells, orchestrated in temporal and spatial dimensions, and driven by multiorgan signals. Intravital microscopy (IVM) has emerged as a powerful tool to investigate immunity by visualising the dynamic interplay between different immune cells and their surroundings within a near-natural environment. In this review, we summarise the experimental considerations to perform IVM and highlight recent technological developments. Furthermore, we outline the unique contributions of IVM to our understanding of liver immunity. Through the lens of liver disease, we discuss novel immune-mediated disease mechanisms uncovered by imaging-based studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Heymann
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Peiseler
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kiouptsi K, Casari M, Mandel J, Gao Z, Deppermann C. Intravital Imaging of Thrombosis Models in Mice. Hamostaseologie 2023; 43:348-359. [PMID: 37857297 DOI: 10.1055/a-2118-2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool to study thrombosis in real time. The kinetics of thrombus formation and progression in vivo is studied after inflicting damage to the endothelium through mechanical, chemical, or laser injury. Mouse models of atherosclerosis are also used to induce thrombus formation. Vessels of different sizes and from different vascular beds such as carotid artery or vena cava, mesenteric or cremaster arterioles, can be targeted. Using fluorescent dyes, antibodies, or reporter mouse strains allows to visualize key cells and factors mediating the thrombotic processes. Here, we review the latest literature on using intravital microscopy to study thrombosis as well as thromboinflammation following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, infection-induced immunothrombosis, and liver ischemia reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Casari
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Mandel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zhenling Gao
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten Deppermann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hirako IC, Antunes MM, Rezende RM, Hojo-Souza NS, Figueiredo MM, Dias T, Nakaya H, Menezes GB, Gazzinelli RT. Uptake of Plasmodium chabaudi hemozoin drives Kupffer cell death and fuels superinfections. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19805. [PMID: 36396745 PMCID: PMC9671901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells (KCs) are self-maintained tissue-resident macrophages that line liver sinusoids and play an important role on host defense. It has been demonstrated that upon infection or intense liver inflammation, KCs might be severely depleted and replaced by immature monocytic cells; however, the mechanisms of cell death and the alterations on liver immunity against infections deserves further investigation. We explored the impact of acute Plasmodium infection on KC biology and on the hepatic immune response against secondary infections. Similar to patients, infection with Plasmodium chabaudi induced acute liver damage as determined by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevation. This was associated with accumulation of hemozoin, increased of proinflammatory response and impaired bacterial and viral clearance, which led to pathogen spread to other organs. In line with this, mice infected with Plasmodium had enhanced mortality during secondary infections, which was associated with increased production of mitochondrial superoxide, lipid peroxidation and increased free iron within KCs-hallmarks of cell death by ferroptosis. Therefore, we revealed that accumulation of iron with KCs, triggered by uptake of circulating hemozoin, is a novel mechanism of macrophage depletion and liver inflammation during malaria, providing novel insights on host susceptibility to secondary infections. Malaria can cause severe liver damage, along with depletion of liver macrophages, which can predispose individuals to secondary infections and enhance the chances of death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella C Hirako
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Lazare Research Building, 3rd Floor, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Maísa Mota Antunes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Machado Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Thomaz Dias
- Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helder Nakaya
- Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Lazare Research Building, 3rd Floor, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Departamento de Bioquímica E Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gu M, Li W, Jiang L, Li X. Recent Progress of Rare Earth Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles: Luminescence Properties, Synthesis and Biomedical Applications. Acta Biomater 2022; 148:22-43. [PMID: 35675891 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP NPs) are host materials and can be modified with various substrates and dopants. Among them, rare earth (RE) ions doped HAP NPs have gathered attention due to their unique physicochemical and imaging properties. Compared to other fluorescence probes, RE-doped HAP NPs display advantages in high brightness, high contrast, photostability, nonblinking, and narrow emission bands. Meanwhile, their intrinsic features (composition, morphology, size, crystallinity, and luminescence intensity) can be adjusted by changing the dopant ratio, synthesizing temperature, reaction time, and techniques. And they have been used in various biomedical applications, including imaging probe, drug delivery, bone tissue engineering, and antibacterial studies. This review surveys the luminescent properties, fluorescence enhancement, synthetic methods, and biocompatibility of various RE-doped HAP NPs consolidated from different research works, for their employments in biomedical applications. For this literature review, an electronic search was conducted in the Pubmed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus and SciFinder databases, using the keywords: hydroxyapatite, rare earth, lanthanide, fluorescence, and imaging. Literature searches of English-language publications from 1979 with updates through April, 2022, and a total of 472 potential papers were identified. In addition, a few references were located by noting their citation in other studies reviewed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP NPs) have a broad range of promising biological applications. Although prospective biomedical applications are not limited to rare earth-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (RE-doped HAP NPs), some cases do make use of the distinctive features of RE-elements to achieve the expected functions for HAP families. This review surveys the luminescent properties, synthetic methods, and biocompatibility of various RE-doped HAP NPs consolidated from different research works, for their employments in biomedical applications, including imaging probe, drug delivery, bone tissue repair and tracking, and anti-bacteria. Overall, we expect to shed some light on broadening the research and application of RE-doped HAP NPs in biomedical field.
Collapse
|
5
|
Pizzagalli DU, Pulfer A, Thelen M, Krause R, Gonzalez SF. In Vivo Motility Patterns Displayed by Immune Cells Under Inflammatory Conditions. Front Immunol 2022; 12:804159. [PMID: 35046959 PMCID: PMC8762290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.804159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of immune cells plays a key role in inflammation. This is evident in the fact that inflammatory stimuli elicit a broad range of migration patterns in immune cells. Since these patterns are pivotal for initiating the immune response, their dysregulation is associated with life-threatening conditions including organ failure, chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer, amongst others. Over the last two decades, thanks to advancements in the intravital microscopy technology, it has become possible to visualize cell migration in living organisms with unprecedented resolution, helping to deconstruct hitherto unexplored aspects of the immune response associated with the dynamism of cells. However, a comprehensive classification of the main motility patterns of immune cells observed in vivo, along with their relevance to the inflammatory process, is still lacking. In this review we defined cell actions as motility patterns displayed by immune cells, which are associated with a specific role during the immune response. In this regard, we summarize the main actions performed by immune cells during intravital microscopy studies. For each of these actions, we provide a consensus name, a definition based on morphodynamic properties, and the biological contexts in which it was reported. Moreover, we provide an overview of the computational methods that were employed for the quantification, fostering an interdisciplinary approach to study the immune system from imaging data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ulisse Pizzagalli
- Istituto di Ricerca in Biomedicina (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Euler institute, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano-Viganello, Switzerland
| | - Alain Pulfer
- Istituto di Ricerca in Biomedicina (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Istituto di Ricerca in Biomedicina (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Krause
- Euler institute, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano-Viganello, Switzerland
| | - Santiago F. Gonzalez
- Istituto di Ricerca in Biomedicina (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Whiteford J, Arokiasamy S, Thompson CL, Dufton NP. Novel application of live imaging to determine the functional cell biology of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) within a liver-on-a-chip platform. IN VITRO MODELS 2022; 1:413-421. [PMID: 36570669 PMCID: PMC9767233 DOI: 10.1007/s44164-022-00034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Imaging endothelial cell behaviour under physiological conditions, particularly those associated with chronic fibrotic pathologies, is an incredibly challenging endeavour. While short-term assessments (hours) can be achieved with techniques such as intravital microscopy, vascular changes often occur over days and weeks which is unfeasible with current imaging techniques. These challenges are exemplified within the liver where liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are known to undergo dramatic changes termed endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) during fibrotic liver disease. Despite the established presence of EndMT in liver disease, the inaccessibility of viable liver tissue, and simplicity of 2D culture techniques has meant, the role of EndMT during disease progression remains largely undetermined. This study describes the development of novel fluorescent EndMT reporters to identify, track, and characterise the migratory behaviour of EndMT cells. We show that liver-on-a-chip (LOAC) platforms provide a flexible, optically accessible, and physiologically relevant microenvironment to study the vascular dynamics of EndMT during liver disease. Methods Identification, creation, and application of an EndMT-specific fluorescent reporter construct (EndMT-Rep). Transduction of EC using lentiviral packaged CNN1-eGFP construct as an inducible EndMT-Rep (CNN1-Rep) to 2D, 3D, and 4D imaging techniques for fixed and live cell imaging. Combined application of live and fixed imaging technologies to measure EndMT using CNN1-Rep on LOAC platform under physiological conditions. Demonstration of the high-resolution single-cell EndMT tracking by live cell time-lapse microscopy and with post-acquisition processing to perform a comparative study of CNN1-Rep and healthy LSECs within a NASH-like LOAC microenvironment. Conclusions LOAC enables prolonged, multi-platform imaging of endothelial cell sub-populations such as those undergoing EndMT in 2D and 3D cultures. Our study highlights the application of EndMT reporters, such as CNN1-Rep, to provide high-resolution imaging of EndMT behaviour for the first time under physiologically relevant liver microenvironment. Overall, these methods reveal the adaptability and impact of live-cell imaging on uncovering vascular behaviours, such as EndMT, that are unattainable in viable tissue or conventional 2D in vitro experiments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44164-022-00034-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Whiteford
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Samantha Arokiasamy
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Clare L. Thompson
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Neil P. Dufton
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lino Rodrigues K, Vieira Dias Da Silva V, Nunes Goulart da Silva Pereira E, Rangel Silvares R, Peres de Araujo B, Eduardo Ilaquita Flores E, Ramos IP, Pereira Borges J, Fernandes-Santos C, Daliry A. Aerobic Exercise Training Improves Microvascular Function and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Diet-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2991-3005. [PMID: 36200064 PMCID: PMC9527816 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s365496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients have liver and adipose tissue microcirculation disturbances associated with metabolic dysfunction and disease progression. However, the potential role of aerobic training on hepatic and white adipose tissue (WAT) microcirculation and the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated to date. Therefore, we investigated the role of aerobic training on liver and WAT microcirculation and AGE-RAGE modulation in T2D mice. METHODS The control group (CTL) was fed standard chow, and T2D was induced by feeding male C57BL/6 a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet for 24 weeks. In the following 12 weeks, mice underwent aerobic training (CTL EX and T2D EX groups), or were kept sedentary (CTL and T2D groups). We assessed metabolic parameters, biochemical markers, oxidative damage, the AGE-RAGE axis, hepatic steatosis, hepatic stellate cells activation (HSC) and liver and WAT microcirculation. RESULTS Hepatic microcirculation was improved in T2D EX mice which were associated with improvements in body, liver and fat mass, blood pressure, hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, and decreased HSC and AGE-RAGE activation. In contrast, improvement in WAT microcirculation, that is, decreased leukocyte recruitment and increased perfusion, was associated with increased catalase antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION Physical training improves hepatic and adipose tissue microcirculatory dysfunction associated with T2D, likely due to downregulation of AGE-RAGE axis, decreased HSC activation and increased antioxidant activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Lino Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Raquel Rangel Silvares
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Peres de Araujo
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Isalira Peroba Ramos
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bio-imaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pereira Borges
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fernandes-Santos
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Basic Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anissa Daliry
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence: Anissa Daliry, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão Ozorio de Almeida Av. Brasil, 4365 (Room 14), Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-900, Brazil, Tel +55 212562-1312, Email
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Intravital and high-content multiplex imaging of the immune system. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:406-420. [PMID: 34920936 PMCID: PMC9018524 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Highly motile and functionally diverse immune cells orchestrate effective immune responses through complex and dynamic cooperative behavior. Multiphoton intravital microscopy (MP-IVM) presents a unique and powerful tool to study the coordinated action of immune cell interactions in situ. Here, we review the current state of intravital microscopy in deepening our understanding of the immune system and discuss its fundamental limitations. In addition, we draw insights from recent technical advances in multiplex static tissue-imaging methods and propose an approach that could enable simultaneous visualization of cellular dynamics, deep phenotyping, and transcriptional states through a new type of correlative microscopy that combines these imaging technologies with advances in complex data analysis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Marques PE, Vandendriessche S, de Oliveira THC, Crijns H, Lopes ME, Blanter M, Schuermans S, Yu K, Poosti F, Vanheule V, Janssens R, Boff D, Kungl AJ, Menezes GB, Teixeira MM, Proost P. Inhibition of Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Mice Using a Positively Charged Peptide That Binds DNA. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:1737-1754. [PMID: 34532999 PMCID: PMC8485890 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic cell death occurs in response to diverse stimuli such as chemical and physical damage. The exposure of intracellular contents such as DNA during necrosis induces a severe inflammatory response that has yet to be fully explored therapeutically. Here, we sought means to neutralize the ability of extracellular DNA to induce deleterious tissue inflammation when drug-induced liver injury had already ensued. DNA exposure and inflammation were investigated in vivo in drug-induced liver injury using intravital microscopy. The necrotic DNA debris was studied in murine livers in vivo and in DNA debris models in vitro by using a positively charged chemokine-derived peptide (MIG30; CXCL9[74-103]). Acetaminophen-induced liver necrosis was associated with massive DNA accumulation, production of CXC chemokines, and neutrophil activation inside the injured tissue. The MIG30 peptide bound the healthy liver vasculature and, to a much greater extent, to DNA-rich necrotic tissue. Moreover, MIG30 bound extracellular DNA directly in vivo in a charge-dependent manner and independently of glycosaminoglycans and chemokines. Post-treatment of mice with MIG30 reduced mortality, liver damage, and inflammation significantly. These effects were not observed with a control peptide that does not bind DNA. Mechanistically, MIG30 inhibited the interaction between DNA and histones, and promoted the dissociation of histones from necrotic debris. MIG30 also inhibited the pro-inflammatory effect of CpG DNA, as measured by a reduction in CXCL8 production, indicating that MIG30 disturbs the ability of DNA to induce hepatic inflammation. Conclusion: The use of DNA-binding peptides reduces necrotic liver injury and inflammation, even at late timepoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro E Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium.,Immunopharmacology LaboratoryDepartment of Biochemistry and ImmunologyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Sofie Vandendriessche
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Thiago H C de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium.,Immunopharmacology LaboratoryDepartment of Biochemistry and ImmunologyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Helena Crijns
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Mateus E Lopes
- Center for Gastrointestinal BiologyDepartment of MorphologyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Marfa Blanter
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Sara Schuermans
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Karen Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Fariba Poosti
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Vincent Vanheule
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Rik Janssens
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Daiane Boff
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium.,Immunopharmacology LaboratoryDepartment of Biochemistry and ImmunologyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Andreas J Kungl
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryInstitute of Pharmaceutical SciencesKarl-Franzens UniversitätGrazAustria
| | - Gustavo B Menezes
- Center for Gastrointestinal BiologyDepartment of MorphologyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Immunopharmacology LaboratoryDepartment of Biochemistry and ImmunologyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Choo YW, Jeong J, Jung K. Recent advances in intravital microscopy for investigation of dynamic cellular behavior in vivo. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 32475382 PMCID: PMC7396917 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.7.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, most biological research relies on conventional experimental techniques that allow only static analyses at certain time points in vitro or ex vivo. However, if one could visualize cellular dynamics in living organisms, that would provide a unique opportunity to study key biological phenomena in vivo. Intravital microscopy (IVM) encompasses diverse optical systems for direct viewing of objects, including biological structures and individual cells in live animals. With the current development of devices and techniques, IVM addresses important questions in various fields of biological and biomedical sciences. In this mini-review, we provide a general introduction to IVM and examples of recent applications in the field of immunology, oncology, and vascular biology. We also introduce an advanced type of IVM, dubbed real-time IVM, equipped with video-rate resonant scanning. Since the real-time IVM can render cellular dynamics with high temporal resolution in vivo, it allows visualization and analysis of rapid biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Woong Choo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Juhee Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Keehoon Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vaghela R, Arkudas A, Horch RE, Hessenauer M. Actually Seeing What Is Going on - Intravital Microscopy in Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:627462. [PMID: 33681162 PMCID: PMC7925911 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.627462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy (IVM) study approach offers several advantages over in vitro, ex vivo, and 3D models. IVM provides real-time imaging of cellular events, which provides us a comprehensive picture of dynamic processes. Rapid improvement in microscopy techniques has permitted deep tissue imaging at a higher resolution. Advances in fluorescence tagging methods enable tracking of specific cell types. Moreover, IVM can serve as an important tool to study different stages of tissue regeneration processes. Furthermore, the compatibility of different tissue engineered constructs can be analyzed. IVM is also a promising approach to investigate host reactions on implanted biomaterials. IVM can provide instant feedback for improvising tissue engineering strategies. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the requirements and applications of different IVM approaches. First, we will discuss the history of IVM development, and then we will provide an overview of available optical modalities including the pros and cons. Later, we will summarize different fluorescence labeling methods. In the final section, we will discuss well-established chronic and acute IVM models for different organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Vaghela
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Arkudas
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Hessenauer
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li L, Zeng Z. Live Imaging of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in the Liver. Front Immunol 2020; 11:564768. [PMID: 33042143 PMCID: PMC7527534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.564768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune response in the liver is determined by the spatial organization and cellular dynamics of hepatic immune cells. The liver vasculature accommodates abundant tissue-resident innate immune cells, such as Kupffer cells, natural killer cells, and natural killer T cells, to ensure efficient intravascular immunosurveillance. The fenestrated sinusoids also allow direct contact between circulating T cells and non-canonical antigen-presenting cells, such as hepatocytes, to instruct adaptive immune responses. Distinct cellular behaviors are exploited by liver immune cells to exert proper functions. Intravital imaging enables real-time visualization of individual immune cell in living animals, representing a powerful tool in dissecting the spatiotemporal features of intrahepatic immune cells during steady state and liver diseases. This review summarizes current advances in liver immunology prompted by in vivo imaging, with a particular focus on liver-resident innate immune cells and hepatic T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhutian Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
De Niz M, Carvalho T, Penha-Gonçalves C, Agop-Nersesian C. Intravital imaging of host-parasite interactions in organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13201. [PMID: 32149435 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections with protozoan and helminthic parasites affect multiple organs in the mammalian host. Imaging pathogens in their natural environment takes a more holistic view on biomedical aspects of parasitic infections. Here, we focus on selected organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities most commonly affected by parasites. Parasitic infections of these organs are often associated with severe medical complications or have health implications beyond the infected individual. Intravital imaging has provided a more dynamic picture of the host-parasite interplay and contributed not only to our understanding of the various disease pathologies, but has also provided fundamental insight into the biology of the parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana De Niz
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tânia Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Davis RP, Surewaard BGJ, Turk M, Carestia A, Lee WY, Petri B, Urbanski SJ, Coffin CS, Jenne CN. Optimization of In vivo Imaging Provides a First Look at Mouse Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Using Intravital Microscopy. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2988. [PMID: 31969883 PMCID: PMC6960139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a spectrum of liver pathology ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and can progress to diseases associated with poor outcomes including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD research has typically focused on the pathophysiology associated with lipid metabolism, using traditional measures such as histology and serum transaminase assessment; these methods have provided key information regarding NAFLD progression. Although valuable, these techniques are limited in providing further insight into the mechanistic details of inflammation associated with NAFLD. Intravital microscopy (IVM) is an advanced tool that allows for real-time visualization of cellular behavior and interaction in a living animal. Extensive IVM imaging has been conducted in liver, but, in the context of NAFLD, this technique has been regularly avoided due to significant tissue autofluorescence, a phenomenon that is exacerbated with steatosis. Here, we demonstrate that, using multiple imaging platforms and optimization techniques to minimize autofluorescence, IVM in fatty liver is possible. Successful fatty liver intravital imaging provides details on cell trafficking, recruitment, function, and behavior in addition to information about blood flow and vessel dynamics, information which was previously difficult to obtain. As more than 30% of the global population is overweight/obese, there is a significant proportion of the population at risk for NAFLD and complications due to NAFLD (liver decompensation, cirrhosis, HCC). IVM has the potential to elucidate the poorly understood mechanisms surrounding liver inflammation and NAFLD progression and possesses the potential to identify key processes that may be targeted for future therapeutic interventions in NAFLD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle P Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bas G J Surewaard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Madison Turk
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Agostina Carestia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Woo-Yong Lee
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Björn Petri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stefan J Urbanski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carla S Coffin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fonseca RC, Bassi GS, Brito CC, Rosa LB, David BA, Araújo AM, Nóbrega N, Diniz AB, Jesus ICG, Barcelos LS, Fontes MAP, Bonaventura D, Kanashiro A, Cunha TM, Guatimosim S, Cardoso VN, Fernandes SOA, Menezes GB, de Lartigue G, Oliveira AG. Vagus nerve regulates the phagocytic and secretory activity of resident macrophages in the liver. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:444-454. [PMID: 31271871 PMCID: PMC7826199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors commensal microorganisms as well as invasive bacteria, toxins and other pathogens and, therefore, plays a pivotal barrier and immunological role against pathogenic agents. The vagus nerve is an important regulator of the GI tract-associated immune system, having profound effects on inflammatory responses. Among GI tract organs, the liver is a key site of immune surveillance, as it has a large population of resident macrophages and receives the blood drained from the guts through the hepatic portal circulation. Although it is widely accepted that the hepatic tissue is a major target for vagus nerve fibers, the role of this neural circuit in liver immune functions is still poorly understood. Herein we used in vivo imaging techniques, including confocal microscopy and scintigraphy, to show that vagus nerve stimulation increases the phagocytosis activity by resident macrophages in the liver, even on the absence of an immune challenge. The activation of this neural circuit in a non-lethal model of sepsis optimized the removal of bacteria in the liver and resulted in the production of anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative cytokines. Our findings provide new insights into the neural regulation of the immune system in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Cristelli Fonseca
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Liver Center, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Shimizu Bassi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Carvalho Brito
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Liver Center, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lorena Barreto Rosa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Liver Center, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Araújo David
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Morphology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alan Moreira Araújo
- University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Natália Nóbrega
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Pharmacology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ariane Barros Diniz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Morphology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Itamar Couto Guedes Jesus
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucíola Silva Barcelos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Peliky Fontes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniella Bonaventura
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Pharmacology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Guatimosim
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Simone Odília Antunes Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Morphology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - André Gustavo Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Liver Center, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bartneck M, Wang J. Therapeutic Targeting of Neutrophil Granulocytes in Inflammatory Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2257. [PMID: 31616430 PMCID: PMC6764082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are the most numerous type of leukocyte in humans bearing an enormous, yet largely unexplored therapeutic potential. Scientists have very recently increased their efforts to study and understand these cells which contribute to various types of inflammatory diseases and cancer. The mechanisms that regulate neutrophil recruitment to inflamed tissues and neutrophil cytotoxic activities against host tissues and pathogens require more attention. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a popular source of cellular stress and organ injury, and are critically expressed by neutrophils. By combating pathogens using molecular combat factors such as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), these are immobilized and killed i.e., by ROS. NETs and ROS are essential for the immune defense, but upon excessive activation, may also harm healthy tissue. Thus, exploring new routes for modulating their migration and activation is highly desired for creating novel anti-inflammatory treatment options. Leukocyte transmigration represents a key process for inflammatory cell infiltration to injury sites. In this review, we briefly summarize the differentiation and roles of neutrophils, with a spotlight on intravital imaging. We further discuss the potential of nanomedicines, i.e., selectin mimetics to target cell migration and influence liver disease outcome in animal models. Novel perspectives further arise from formulations of the wide array of options of small non-coding RNA such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) and micro-RNA (miR) which exhibit enzymatic functions: while siRNA binds and degrades a single mRNA based on full complementarity of binding, miR can up and down-regulate multiple targets in gene transcription and translation, mediated by partial complementarity of binding. Notably, miR is known to regulate at least 60% of the protein-coding genes and thus includes a potent strategy for a large number of targets in neutrophils. Nanomedicines can combine properties of different drugs in a single formulation, i.e., combining surface functionalization with ligands and drug delivery. Inevitably, nanomedicines accumulate in other phagocytes, a fact that should be controlled for every novel formulation to restrain activation of macrophages or modifications of the immunological synapse. Controlled drug release enabled by nanotechnological delivery systems may advance the options of modulating neutrophil activation and migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bartneck
- Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The Role of ALDH2 in Sepsis and the To-Be-Discovered Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1193:175-194. [PMID: 31368104 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6260-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, defined as life-threatening tissue damage and organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, is a critical disease which imposes global health burden. Sepsis-induced organ dysfunction, including circulatory and cardiac dysfunction, hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, etc., contributes to high mortality and long-term disability of sepsis patients. Altered inflammatory response, ROS and reactive aldehyde stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and programmed cell death pathways (necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy) have been demonstrated to play crucial roles in septic organ dysfunction. Unfortunately, except for infection control and supportive therapies, no specific therapy exists for sepsis. New specific therapeutic targets are highly warranted. Emerging studies suggested a role of potential therapeutic target of ALDH2, a tetrameric enzyme located in mitochondria to detoxify aldehydes, in septic organ dysfunction. In this article, we will review the presentations and pathophysiology of septic organ dysfunction, as well as summarize and discuss the recent insights regarding ALDH2 in sepsis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Li Z, Han S, Jia Y, Yang Y, Han F, Wu G, Li X, Zhang W, Jia W, He X, Han J, Hu D. MCPIP1 regulates RORα expression to protect against liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide via modulation of miR-155. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16562-16572. [PMID: 30811042 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver injury plays vital roles in the development of inflammation and organ dysfunction during sepsis. MCP-1-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1), as an endoribonuclease, is a critical regulator for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. However, whether MCPIP1 participates in the septic liver injury remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of MCPIP1 in lipopolysaccharides-induced liver injury and the underlying modulatory mechanisms. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting were used to determine proinflammatory cytokines, MCPIP1, retinoid-related orphan receptor α (RORα), miR-155, and related protein from nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway expression. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to analyze whether miR-155 regulates RORα transcription. Secretion of inflammatory cytokines into sera in mice were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate transaminase, assay were used to evaluate liver function. We found that MCPIP1 expression was notably upregulated and significantly downregulated inflammatory cytokine secretion and NF-κB signaling activation in macrophages following exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, miR-155, lowered by MCPIP1, directly targeted on 3'-untranslated region of RORα to activate an inflammatory response. Importantly, MCPIP1 overexpression in mice alleviated septic liver injury symptoms following lipopolysaccharides stimulation. Collectively, these data highlight MCPIP1/miR-155/RORα axis as a novel modulation of inflammation in liver injury and potential therapeutic target for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shichao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanhui Jia
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunshu Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fu Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gaofeng Wu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenbin Jia
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang He
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juntao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Costa EC, Silva DN, Moreira AF, Correia IJ. Optical clearing methods: An overview of the techniques used for the imaging of 3D spheroids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2742-2763. [PMID: 31282993 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spheroids have emerged as in vitro models that reproduce in a great extent the architectural microenvironment found in human tissues. However, the imaging of 3D cell cultures is highly challenging due to its high thickness, which results in a light-scattering phenomenon that limits light penetration. Therefore, several optical clearing methods, widely used in the imaging of animal tissues, have been recently explored to render spheroids with enhanced transparency. These methods are aimed to homogenize the microtissue refractive index (RI) and can be grouped into four different categories, namely (a) simple immersion in an aqueous solution with high RI; (b) delipidation and dehydration followed by RI matching; (c) delipidation and hyperhydration followed by RI matching; and (d) hydrogel embedding followed by delipidation and RI matching. In this review, the main optical clearing methods, their mechanism of action, advantages, and disadvantages are described. Furthermore, the practical examples of the optical clearing methods application for the imaging of 3D spheroids are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete C Costa
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Daniel N Silva
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - André F Moreira
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Ilídio J Correia
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal.,CIEPQF, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mafra K, Nakagaki BN, Castro Oliveira HM, Rezende RM, Antunes MM, Menezes GB. The liver as a nursery for leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:687-693. [PMID: 31107980 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr1118-455r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are a large population of cells spread within most tissues in the body. These cells may be either sessile (called as resident cells) or circulating leukocytes, which travel long journeys inside the vessels during their lifespan. Although production and maturation of these leukocytes in adults primarily occur in the bone marrow, it is well known that this process-called hematopoiesis-started in the embryonic life in different sites, including the yolk sac, placenta, and the liver. In this review, we will discuss how the liver acts as a pivotal site for leukocyte maturation during the embryo phase, and also how the most frequent liver-resident immune cell populations-namely Kupffer cells, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes-play a vital role in both tolerance and inflammatory responses to antigens from food, microbiota, and pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kassiana Mafra
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Brenda Naemi Nakagaki
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hortência Maciel Castro Oliveira
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Machado Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maísa Mota Antunes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Scott BNV, Sarkar T, Kratofil RM, Kubes P, Thanabalasuriar A. Unraveling the host's immune response to infection: Seeing is believing. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:323-335. [PMID: 30776153 PMCID: PMC6849780 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri1218-503r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that understanding the interactions between the host and the pathogens that make us sick is critical for the prevention and treatment of disease. As antibiotics become increasingly ineffective, targeting the host and specific bacterial evasion mechanisms are becoming novel therapeutic approaches. The technology used to understand host‐pathogen interactions has dramatically advanced over the last century. We have moved away from using simple in vitro assays focused on single‐cell events to technologies that allow us to observe complex multicellular interactions in real time in live animals. Specifically, intravital microscopy (IVM) has improved our understanding of infection, from viral to bacterial to parasitic, and how the host immune system responds to these infections. Yet, at the same time it has allowed us to appreciate just how complex these interactions are and that current experimental models still have a number of limitations. In this review, we will discuss the advances in vivo IVM has brought to the study of host‐pathogen interactions, focusing primarily on bacterial infections and innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittney N V Scott
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tina Sarkar
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rachel M Kratofil
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ajitha Thanabalasuriar
- University of Calgary Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Microbial Sciences, MedImmune/AstraZeneca LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Alvarenga DM, Mattos MS, Lopes ME, Marchesi SC, Araújo AM, Nakagaki BN, Santos MM, David BA, De Souza VA, Carvalho É, Sousa Pereira RV, Marques PE, Mafra K, de Castro Oliveira HM, de Miranda CDM, Diniz AB, de Oliveira THC, Teixeira MM, Rezende RM, Antunes MM, Menezes GB. Paradoxical Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Liver Injury and Regeneration after Sterile Acute Hepatic Failure. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120247. [PMID: 30563238 PMCID: PMC6315354 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) poisoning is one of the leading causes of acute hepatic failure and liver transplantation is often the only lifesaving alternative. During the course of hepatocyte necrosis, an intense accumulation of neutrophils is often observed within the liver microenvironment. Despite the classic idea that neutrophil accumulation in tissues causes collateral tissue damage, there is a growing body of evidence showing that neutrophils can also orchestrate the resolution of inflammation. In this work, drug-induced liver injury was induced by oral administration of APAP and pharmacological intervention was made 12 h after this challenge. Liver injury and repair kinetics were evaluated by a novel combination of enzyme quantifications, ELISA, specific antagonists of neutrophil enzymes and confocal intravital microscopy. We have demonstrated that neutrophil infiltration is not only involved in injury amplification, but also in liver tissue repair after APAP-induced liver injury. In fact, while neutrophil depletion led to reduced hepatic necrosis during APAP poisoning, injury recovery was also delayed in neutropenic mice. The mechanisms underlying the neutrophil reparative role involved rapid degranulation and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity. Our data highlights the crucial role of neutrophils, in particular for MMPs, in the resolution phase of APAP-induced inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Moreira Alvarenga
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Silvério Mattos
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Mateus Eustáquio Lopes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Sarah Cozzer Marchesi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Alan Moreira Araújo
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Brenda Naemi Nakagaki
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Morais Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal De Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Araújo David
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Viviane Aparecida De Souza
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Érika Carvalho
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Kassiana Mafra
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Hortência Maciel de Castro Oliveira
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Camila Dutra Moreira de Miranda
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Ariane Barros Diniz
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Henrique Caldeira de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Machado Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Maísa Mota Antunes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu S, Liu Y, Guo W, Cheng X, Ren X, Chen S, Li X, Duan Y, Sun Q, Yang X. Identification and characterization of long noncoding RNAs and mRNAs expression profiles related to postnatal liver maturation of breeder roosters using Ribo-zero RNA sequencing. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:498. [PMID: 29945552 PMCID: PMC6020324 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver is mainly hematopoietic in the embryo, and converts into a major metabolic organ in the adult. Therefore, it is intensively remodeled after birth to adapt and perform adult functions. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in organ development and cell differentiation, likely they have potential roles in regulating postnatal liver development. Herein, in order to understand the roles of lncRNAs in postnatal liver maturation, we analyzed the lncRNAs and mRNAs expression profiles in immature and mature livers from one-day-old and adult (40 weeks of age) breeder roosters by Ribo-Zero RNA-Sequencing. RESULTS Around 21,939 protein-coding genes and 2220 predicted lncRNAs were expressed in livers of breeder roosters. Compared to protein-coding genes, the identified chicken lncRNAs shared fewer exons, shorter transcript length, and significantly lower expression levels. Notably, in comparison between the livers of newborn and adult breeder roosters, a total of 1570 mRNAs and 214 lncRNAs were differentially expressed with the criteria of log2fold change > 1 or < - 1 and P values < 0.05, which were validated by qPCR using randomly selected five mRNAs and five lncRNAs. Further GO and KEGG analyses have revealed that the differentially expressed mRNAs were involved in the hepatic metabolic and immune functional changes, as well as some biological processes and pathways including cell proliferation, apoptotic and cell cycle that are implicated in the development of liver. We also investigated the cis- and trans- regulatory effects of differentially expressed lncRNAs on its target genes. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that these lncRNAs had their neighbor protein coding genes and trans-regulated genes associated with adapting of adult hepatic functions, as well as some pathways involved in liver development, such as cell cycle pathway, Notch signaling pathway, Hedgehog signaling pathway, and Wnt signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a catalog of mRNAs and lncRNAs related to postnatal liver maturation of chicken, and will contribute to a fuller understanding of biological processes or signaling pathways involved in significant functional transition during postnatal liver development that differentially expressed genes and lncRNAs could take part in.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengru Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Xi Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Xiaochun Ren
- Dazhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Dazhou, 635000 Sichuan China
| | - Si Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Xueyuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Yongle Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Qingzhu Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Athersuch TJ, Antoine DJ, Boobis AR, Coen M, Daly AK, Possamai L, Nicholson JK, Wilson ID. Paracetamol metabolism, hepatotoxicity, biomarkers and therapeutic interventions: a perspective. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:347-357. [PMID: 30090586 PMCID: PMC6062253 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00340d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
After over 60 years of therapeutic use in the UK, paracetamol (acetaminophen, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) remains the subject of considerable research into both its mode of action and toxicity. The pharmacological properties of APAP are the focus of some activity, with the role of the metabolite N-arachidonoylaminophenol (AM404) still a topic of debate. However, that the hepatotoxicity of APAP results from the production of the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI/NABQI) that can deplete glutathione, react with cellular macromolecules, and initiate cell death, is now beyond dispute. The disruption of cellular pathways that results from the production of NAPQI provides a source of potential biomarkers of the severity of the damage. Research in this area has provided new diagnostic markers such as the microRNA miR-122 as well as mechanistic biomarkers associated with apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and tissue regeneration. Additionally, biomarkers of, and systems biology models for, glutathione depletion have been developed. Furthermore, there have been significant advances in determining the role of both the innate immune system and genetic factors that might predispose individuals to APAP-mediated toxicity. This perspective highlights some of the progress in current APAP-related research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toby J Athersuch
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine , Department of Surgery and Cancer , Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Daniel J Antoine
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research , The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , EH16 4TJ , UK
| | - Alan R Boobis
- Department of Medicine , Imperial College London , London W12 0NN , UK
| | - Muireann Coen
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine , Department of Surgery and Cancer , Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Ann K Daly
- Institute of Cellular Medicine , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH , UK
| | - Lucia Possamai
- Department of Hepatology , St Mary's Hospital , Imperial College London , London W2 1NY , UK
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine , Department of Surgery and Cancer , Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine , Department of Surgery and Cancer , Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
de Oliveira THC, Marques PE, Poosti F, Ruytinx P, Amaral FA, Brandolini L, Allegretti M, Proost P, Teixeira MM. Intravital Microscopic Evaluation of the Effects of a CXCR2 Antagonist in a Model of Liver Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1917. [PMID: 29379500 PMCID: PMC5770890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is a major contributor to graft rejection after liver transplantation. During IR injury, an intense inflammatory process occurs in the liver. Neutrophils are considered central players in the events that lead to liver injury. CXC chemokines mediate hepatic inflammation following reperfusion. However, few studies have demonstrated in real-time the behavior of recruited neutrophils. We used confocal intravital microscopy (IVM) to image neutrophil migration in the liver and to analyze in real-time parameters of neutrophil recruitment in the inflamed tissue in animals treated or not with reparixin, an allosteric antagonist of CXCR1/2 receptors. Materials and methods WT and LysM-eGFP mice treated with reparixin or saline were subjected to 60 min of ischemia followed by different times of reperfusion. Mice received Sytox orange intravenously to show necrotic DNA in IVM. The effect of reparixin on parameters of local and systemic reperfusion-induced injury was also investigated. Results IR induced liver injury and inflammation, as evidenced by high levels of alanine aminotransferase and myeloperoxidase activity, chemokine and cytokine production, and histological outcome. Treatment with reparixin significantly decreased neutrophil influx. Moreover, reparixin effectively suppressed the increase in serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, and CCL3, and the reperfusion-associated tissue damage. The number of neutrophils in the liver increased between 6 and 24 h of reperfusion, whereas the distance traveled, velocity, neutrophil size and shape, and cluster formation reached a maximum 6 h after reperfusion and then decreased gradually. In vivo imaging revealed that reparixin significantly decreased neutrophil infiltration and movement and displacement of recruited cells. Moreover, neutrophils had a smaller size and less elongated shape in treated mice. Conclusion Imaging of the liver by confocal IVM was successfully implemented to describe neutrophil behavior in vivo during liver injury by IR. Treatment with reparixin decreased not only the recruitment of neutrophils in tissues but also their activation state and capacity to migrate within the liver. CXCR1/2 antagonists may be a promising therapy for patients undergoing liver transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Henrique Caldeira de Oliveira
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Fariba Poosti
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Ruytinx
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Flávio Almeida Amaral
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Neutrophils: a cornerstone of liver ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Transl Med 2018; 98:51-62. [PMID: 28920945 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality due to graft rejection after liver transplantation. During IRI, an intense inflammatory process occurs in the liver. This hepatic inflammation is initiated by the ischemic period but occurs mainly during the reperfusion phase, and is characterized by a large neutrophil recruitment to the liver. Production of cytokines, chemokines, and danger signals results in activation of resident hepatocytes, leukocytes, and Kupffer cells. The role of neutrophils as the main amplifiers of liver injury in IRI has been recognized in many publications. Several studies have shown that elimination of excessive neutrophils or inhibition of their function leads to reduction of liver injury and inflammation. However, the mechanisms involved in neutrophil recruitment during liver IRI are not well known. In addition, the molecules necessary for this type of migration are poorly defined, as the liver presents an atypical sinusoidal vasculature in which the classical leukocyte migration paradigm only partially applies. This review summarizes recent advances in neutrophil-mediated liver damage, and its application to liver IRI. Basic mechanisms of activation of neutrophils and their unique mechanisms of recruitment into the liver vasculature are discussed. In particular, the role of danger signals, adhesion molecules, chemokines, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and metalloproteinases is explored. The precise definition of the molecular events that govern the recruitment of neutrophils and their movement into inflamed tissue may offer new therapeutic alternatives for hepatic injury by IRI and other inflammatory diseases of the liver.
Collapse
|
27
|
Pereira ENGDS, Silvares RR, Flores EEI, Rodrigues KL, Ramos IP, da Silva IJ, Machado MP, Miranda RA, Pazos-Moura CC, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF, Faria-Neto HCDC, Tibiriça E, Daliry A. Hepatic microvascular dysfunction and increased advanced glycation end products are components of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28628674 PMCID: PMC5476253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the pathophysiology of hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS In Wistar rats, NAFLD model was induced by 20 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Rolling and adhesion of leukocytes and tissue perfusion in hepatic microcirculation were examined using in vivo microscopic and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), respectively. Oxidative stress and inflamatory parameters were analysed by TBARs, catalase enzyme activity, RT-PCR and ELISA. The participation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and its receptor RAGE was evaluated by the measurement of gene and protein expression of RAGE by RT-PCR and Western-blot, respectively and by liver and serum quantification of fluorescent AGEs. RESULTS Wistar rats fed high-fat diet (HFD) showed increase in epididymal and abdominal fat content, systolic arterial blood pressure, fasting blood glucose levels, hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol, and impairment of glucose and insulin metabolisms. Liver histology confirmed the presence of steatosis and ultrasound analysis revealed increased liver size and parenchymal echogenicity in HFD-fed rats. HFD causes significant increases in leukocyte rolling and adhesion on hepatic microcirculation and decrease in liver microvascular blood flow. Liver tissue presented increase in oxidative stress and inflammtion. At 20 weeks, there was a significantly increase in AGE content in the liver and serum of HFD-fed rats and an increase in RAGE gene expression in the liver. CONCLUSION The increase in liver AGE levels and microcirculatory disturbances could play a role in the pathogenesis of liver injury and are key components of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Rangel Silvares
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Karine Lino Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isalira Peroba Ramos
- Laboratory of Celular and Molecular Cardiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bio-imaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Igor José da Silva
- Laboratory of Pathology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Rosiane Aparecida Miranda
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Eduardo Tibiriça
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anissa Daliry
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Balaban YH, Aka C, Koca-Caliskan U. Liver immunology and herbal treatment. World J Hepatol 2017; 9:757-770. [PMID: 28660010 PMCID: PMC5474722 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i17.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the metabolic functions, the liver recently has been defined as an organ of immune system (IS), which have central regulatory role for innate and adaptive immunity. The liver keeps a delicate balance between hepatic screening of pathogenic antigens and immune tolerance to self-antigens. Herbal treatments with immunological effects have potential to alter this hepatic immune balance towards either therapeutic side or diseases side by inducing liver injury via hepatotoxicity or initiation of autoimmune diseases. Most commonly known herbal treatments, which have therapeutic effect on liver and IS, have proven via in vitro, in vivo, and/or clinical studies were summarized in this review.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a consequence of genetic and environmental risk factors that together generate arterial wall and cardiac pathologies. Blood vessels connect multiple systems throughout the entire body and allow organs to interact via circulating messengers. These same interactions facilitate nervous and metabolic system's influence on cardiovascular health. Multiparametric imaging offers the opportunity to study these interfacing systems' distinct processes, to quantify their interactions, and to explore how these contribute to cardiovascular disease. Noninvasive multiparametric imaging techniques are emerging tools that can further our understanding of this complex and dynamic interplay. Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging and multichannel optical imaging are particularly promising because they can simultaneously sample multiple biomarkers. Preclinical multiparametric diagnostics could help discover clinically relevant biomarker combinations pivotal for understanding cardiovascular disease. Interfacing systems important to cardiovascular disease include the immune, nervous, and hematopoietic systems. These systems connect with classical cardiovascular organs, such as the heart and vasculature, and with the brain. The dynamic interplay between these systems and organs enables processes, such as hemostasis, inflammation, angiogenesis, matrix remodeling, metabolism, and fibrosis. As the opportunities provided by imaging expand, mapping interconnected systems will help us decipher the complexity of cardiovascular disease and monitor novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Vandoorne
- From the Center for Systems Biology (K.V., M.N.) and Department of Imaging (K.V., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.N.)
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology (K.V., M.N.) and Department of Imaging (K.V., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.N.).
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Honda M, Takeichi T, Hashimoto S, Yoshii D, Isono K, Hayashida S, Ohya Y, Yamamoto H, Sugawara Y, Inomata Y. Intravital Imaging of Neutrophil Recruitment Reveals the Efficacy of FPR1 Blockade in Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1718-1728. [PMID: 28062700 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are considered responsible for the pathophysiological changes resulting from hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is a complication of trauma, shock, liver resection, and transplantation. Recently, evidence is accumulating that formyl-peptide receptor (FPR) signaling constitutes an important danger signal that guides neutrophils to sites of inflammation. This study aimed to investigate dynamic neutrophil recruitment using two-photon laser-scanning microscopy (TPLSM) in response to FPR1 blockade during hepatic I/R. LysM-eGFP mice were subjected to partial warm hepatic I/R. They were pretreated with an FPR1 antagonist, cyclosporine H (CsH), or formyl peptide, fMLF. Liver was imaged after hepatic laser irradiation or I/R using the TPLSM technique. CsH treatment alleviated hepatic I/R injury, as evidenced by decreased serum transaminase levels, reduced hepatocyte necrosis/apoptosis, and diminished inflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and oxidative stress. In contrast, systemic administration of fMLF showed few effects. Time-lapse TPLSM showed that FPR1 blockade inhibited the accumulation of neutrophils in the necrotic area induced by laser irradiation in vivo. In the CsH-treated I/R group, the number and crawling velocity of neutrophils in the nonperfused area were lower than those in the control group. Meanwhile, FPR1 blockade did not affect monocyte/macrophage recruitment. Hepatic I/R promoted the retention of neutrophils and their active behavior in the spleen, whereas CsH treatment prevented their changes. Intravital TPLSM revealed that formyl-peptide-FPR1 signaling is responsible for regulating neutrophil chemotaxis to allow migration into the necrotic area in hepatic I/R. Our findings suggest effective approaches for elucidating the mechanisms of immune cell responses in hepatic I/R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Honda
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takayuki Takeichi
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hashimoto
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Daiki Yoshii
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kaori Isono
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hayashida
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohya
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Yamamoto
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sugawara
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Inomata
- Department of Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Antibody-Based Immunotherapy To Treat and Prevent Infection with Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00456-16. [PMID: 27795303 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00456-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) strains are predicted to become a major threat in Asia if antibiotic resistance continues to spread. Anticapsular antibodies (Abs) were developed because disseminated infections caused by hvKp are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, even with antibiotic-sensitive strains. K1-serotype polysaccharide capsules (K1-CPS) are expressed by the majority of hvKp strains. In this study, K1-CPS-specific IgG Abs were generated by conjugation of K1-CPS to immunogenic anthrax protective antigen (PA) protein. Opsonophagocytic efficacy was measured in vitro and in vivo by intravital microscopy in murine livers. In vivo protection was tested in murine models, including a novel model for dissemination in hvKp-colonized mice. Protective efficacy of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 4C5 (IgG1) and 19A10 (IgG3) was demonstrated both in murine sepsis and pulmonary infection. In hvKp-colonized mice, MAb treatment significantly decreased dissemination of hvKp from the gut to mesenteric lymph nodes and organs. Intravital microscopy confirmed efficient opsonophagocytosis and clearance of bacteria from the liver. In vitro studies demonstrate that MAbs work predominantly by promoting FcR-mediated phagocytosis but also indicate that MAbs enhance the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In anticipation of increasing antibiotic resistance, we propose further development of these and other Klebsiella-specific MAbs for therapeutic use.
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang H, Liang X, Gravot G, Thorling CA, Crawford DHG, Xu ZP, Liu X, Roberts MS. Visualizing liver anatomy, physiology and pharmacology using multiphoton microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:46-60. [PMID: 27312349 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has become increasingly popular and widely used in both basic and clinical liver studies over the past few years. This technology provides insights into deep live tissues with less photobleaching and phototoxicity, which helps us to better understand the cellular morphology, microenvironment, immune responses and spatiotemporal dynamics of drugs and therapeutic cells in the healthy and diseased liver. This review summarizes the principles, opportunities, applications and limitations of MPM in hepatology. A key emphasis is on the use of fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) to add additional quantification and specificity to the detection of endogenous fluorescent species in the liver as well as exogenous molecules and nanoparticles that are applied to the liver in vivo. We anticipate that in the near future MPM-FLIM will advance our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver diseases, and will be evaluated from bench to bedside, leading to real-time histology of human liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haolu Wang
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Xiaowen Liang
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Germain Gravot
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rennes 1, Ille-et-Vilaine, Rennes, 35043, France
| | - Camilla A Thorling
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Darrell H G Crawford
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, QLD 4120, Australia
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xin Liu
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schießl IM, Castrop H. Deep insights: intravital imaging with two-photon microscopy. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1505-16. [PMID: 27352273 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Intravital multiphoton microscopy is widely used to assess the structure and function of organs in live animals. Although different tissues vary in their accessibility for intravital multiphoton imaging, considerable progress has been made in the imaging quality of all tissues due to substantial technical improvements in the relevant imaging components, such as optics, excitation laser, detectors, and signal analysis software. In this review, we provide an overview of the technical background of intravital multiphoton microscopy. Then, we note a few seminal findings that were made through the use of multiphoton microscopy. Finally, we address the technical limitations of the method and provide an outlook for how these limitations may be overcome through future technical developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Maria Schießl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Stolp B, Melican K. Microbial pathogenesis revealed by intravital microscopy: pros, cons and cautions. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2014-26. [PMID: 26938770 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intravital multiphoton imaging allows visualization of infections and pathogenic mechanisms within intact organs in their physiological context. Today, most organs of mice and rats are applicable to in vivo or ex vivo imaging, opening completely new avenues for many researchers. Advances in fluorescent labeling of pathogens and infected cells, as well as improved small animal models for human pathogens, led to the increased application of in vivo imaging in infectious diseases research in recent years. Here, we review the latest literature on intravital or ex vivo imaging of viral and bacterial infections and critically discuss requirements, benefits and drawbacks of applied animal models, labeling strategies, and imaged organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Stolp
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Center of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Keira Melican
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|