HBV inhibits LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production via suppressing the NF-κB pathway and ROS production

Innate immune recognition in hepatitis B virus infection

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global public health challenge, with approximately 254 million individuals chronically infected worldwide. The interaction between HBV and the innate immune system has garnered significant attention within the scientific community, with numerous studies exploring this relationship over the past several decades. While some research suggests that HBV infection activates the host's innate immune response, other studies indicate that HBV suppresses innate immune signaling pathways. These conflicting findings underscore the complexity of the HBV-innate immunity interaction, which remains inadequately understood. This review aims to clarify this interplay by examining it from three perspectives: (a) studies showing HBV activation of innate immunity; (b) evidence suggesting HBV suppression of innate immunity; and (c) findings that support HBV's role as a stealth virus. By synthesizing these perspectives, we aim to deepen the understanding of virus-host interactions that are crucial to HBV persistence and immune evasion, with potential implications for developing new therapeutic strategies for chronic HBV infection.

Resveratrol inhibits African swine fever virus replication via the Nrf2-mediated reduced glutathione and antioxidative activities

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and severe infectious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). The disease significantly threatens the sustainable development of the global pig industry. Unfortunately, to date, no safe and efficacious vaccines are commercially available except in Vietnam. Antioxidative stress is a critical factor in antiviral strategies. In this study, we show that ASFV infection elevates the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppresses the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, overexpressing Nrf2 can significantly inhibit ASFV replication. Through high-throughput screening of natural small molecules against ASFV, we identify resveratrol (RES), an Nrf2 activator, as a compound capable of inducing the cellular antiviral responses and effectively inhibiting ASFV replication in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Notably, untargeted metabolomics profiling reveals that glutathione emerges as a primary differential metabolite related to the antiviral activities of RES against ASFV. Mechanistically, RES exerts its antiviral effects and attenuates the elevated level of ROS caused by ASFV infection by inducing the production of reduced glutathione (GSH) via the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. In conclusion, RES exhibits broad efficacy as a potentially effective compound for inhibiting ASFV infection and alleviating the oxidative stress induced by ASFV infection via the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Enhanced hepatoprotective efficacy of quercetin nanoparticles versus free quercetin against acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity through modulation of MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathways and molecular docking validation

Acrylamide (ACR) is a hazardous contaminant posing significant hepatotoxic risks. This study investigates the hepatoprotective efficacy of quercetin-loaded nanoparticles compared to free quercetin in mitigating ACR-induced hepatotoxicity. Nanoparticles were formulated using nanoprecipitation with galactose-functionalized surfaces to enhance liver targeting. Rats were allocated into five groups: control, ACR-induced hepatotoxicity, blank nanoparticles, free quercetin, and quercetin nanoparticles. Hepatotoxicity was assessed through biochemical, molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses, along with molecular docking studies. Results demonstrated significant elevations in hepatic enzyme levels (ALT, AST), oxidative stress markers (MDA), inflammatory mediators (MAPK, NF-κB1, NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-6), and apoptotic factors (CASP3, BAX, P53), alongside reductions in antioxidant enzymes (GSH, GPx) in the ACR group. Both quercetin treatments effectively reduced these adverse effects, with quercetin nanoparticles exhibiting superior performance, evidenced by a 25 % greater reduction in oxidative markers and a 30 % increase in antioxidant enzyme activity. Molecular docking confirmed strong interactions between quercetin and key inflammatory pathway proteins (MAPK, NF-κB, NLRP3). Enhanced bioavailability and targeted delivery contributed to the nanoparticles' superior efficacy. These findings suggest that quercetin nanoparticles significantly outperform free quercetin in ameliorating ACR-induced hepatotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, providing a robust foundation for their future clinical exploration..

A multifunctional mitochondria-protective gene delivery platform promote intervertebral disc regeneration

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a deleterious condition driven by localized inflammation and the associated disruption of the normal homeostatic balance between anabolism and catabolism, contributing to progressive functional abnormalities within the nucleus pulposus (NP). Despite our prior evidence demonstrating that a miR-21 inhibitor can have regenerative effects that counteract the progression of IDD, its application for IDD treatment remains limited by the inadequacy of current local delivery systems. Here, an injectable tannic acid (TA)-loaded hydrogel gene delivery system was developed and used for the encapsulation of a multifunctional mitochondria-protecting gene nanocarrier (PHs). This engineered platform was designed for the sustained on-demand delivery of both miR-21 inhibitor and ss-31 (mitochondrial-targeted peptide) constructs to the NP. This prepared hydrogel could be implanted into the intervertebral disc using a minimally invasive approach whereupon it was able to rapidly release TA. Sustained PHs release was then achieved as appropriate through a mechanism mediated by the activity of MMP-2. Following the targeted uptake of PHs by degenerated NP cells, the subsequent release of encapsulated miR-21 inhibitor suppressed apoptotic cell death and modulated the metabolism of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by targeting the Spry1 gene. At the same time, ss-31 was able to target damaged mitochondria and alleviate inflammatory activity via the suppression of mitochondrial ROS-NLRP3-IL-1β/Caspase1 pathway activity. Synergistic ECM regeneration and anti-inflammatory effects were sufficient to provide therapeutic benefits in an in vivo model of IDD. Together, these results thus highlight this hydrogel-based gene delivery platform as a promising novel approach to the treatment of IDD.

Sodium butyrate alleviates colitis by inhibiting mitochondrial ROS mediated macrophage pyroptosis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with unclear causes and limited treatment options. Sodium butyrate (NaB), a byproduct of dietary fiber in the intestine, has demonstrated efficacy in treating inflammation. However, the precise anti-inflammatory mechanisms of NaB in colon inflammation remain largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate the effects of NaB on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. The findings indicate that oral administration of NaB effectively prevent colitis and reduce levels of serum or colon inflammatory factors. Additionally, NaB demonstrated in vitro inhibition of RAW264.7 inflammation cytokines induced by LPS, along with suppression of the ERK and NF-κB signaling pathway activation. Moreover, NaB mitigated LPS and Nigericin-induced RAW264.7 pyroptosis by reducing indicators of mitochondrial damage, including increased mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1) levels and decreased Mito-ROS production. NaB increases ZO-1 and Occludin expression in CaCo2 cells by inhibiting RAW264.7 pyroptosis. These results suggest that NaB could be utilized as a therapeutic agent or dietary supplement to alleviate colitis.

Cold-Induced RNA-Binding Protein (CIRP) Affects Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through NF-κB Pathway

The pathological and physiological mechanisms for effectively mitigating ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and preserving brain structure and function remain unclear. This study investigates the regulatory mechanism underlying cold-induced RNA-binding protein (CIRP)-mediated NF-κB pathway in cerebral I/R injury and neuronal inflammatory injury. The infarct volume of I/R CIRP-/- mice was significantly mitigated, and the inflammatory factor IL-18 expression in mice serum and the NLRP3 and IL-1β expression in brain tissue was significantly decreased as opposed to the I/R WT mice. The in vitro outcomes manifested that inhibiting CIRP expression led to a significant hindrance in cell apoptosis, a significant drop in the inflammatory factors levels in the cell supernatant, and a significant decline in the expression of pyroptosis-linked proteins ASC, cleaved caspase-1, and gasdermin D (GSDMD) in cells. Following administration of the NF-κB pathway inhibitor PDTC, there was a significant hindrance in cell apoptosis, as well as a significant drop in the inflammatory factors levels IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-18 in the cell supernatant. After treating BV-2 cells with HT22 cell conditioned medium under OGD condition, the content of LDH in BV-2 cells was increased. Intervention of CIRP expression in HT22 cells resulted in reduced damage to BV-2 cells and decreased expression of M1 marker CD86. CIRP may be involved in neuronal damage in I/R and in vitro OGD models via the NF-κB /NLRP3 pathway, and it may affect microglial polarization.

QRICH1, as a key effector of endoplasmic reticulum stress, enhances HBV in promoting HMGB1 translocation and secretion in hepatocytes

BACKGROUND

Extracellular high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) serves as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and leads to diverse biological effects, including the aggravation of HBV-related liver diseases. However, mechanisms underlying HMGB1 secretion in HBV-induced hepatic injury and fibrosis remain unclear. Glutamine-rich 1 (QRICH1) is known as a critical effector of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and is elevated in liver diseases. Whether QRICH1 participates in HBV-induced hepatic fibrosis warrants further investigation. Here, we explore the mechanism of HMGB1 secretion during HBV-induced hepatic fibrosis and the effect of QRICH1 on the process.

METHODS

In vivo experiments were conducted using a chronic recombinant cccDNA (rcccDNA) mouse model. Clinical specimens were obtained from Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University. The levels of QRICH1 and HMGB1 were determined via immunohistochemistry. Liver collagen deposition was determined by Sirius red and Masson's trichrome staining. The serum levels of HMGB1 and indicators of liver injury were detected via ELISA. HMGB1 cyto-translocation was analyzed by Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).

RESULTS

Our findings demonstrated that ER stress promoted HBV-induced hepatic fibrosis in a mouse model. QRICH1 expression and HMGB1 secretion were elevated and positively correlated in rcccDNA mice with ER stress activation and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with severe fibrosis. HBV modulated Sirtuin6 (SIRT6) expression, affecting HMGB1 cyto-translocation via acetylation regulation. Furthermore, QRICH1 enhanced HBV-induced HMGB1 translocation and secretion by regulating HMGB1 transcription.

CONCLUSION

HBV promotes HMGB1 acetylation and cyto-translocation by modulating SIRT6 expression. QRICH1 enhances HBV-induced HMGB1 translocation and secretion by regulating HMGB1 transcription.

Non-inflammatory macrophages phagocytose and hydrolyse monosodium urate crystals in different stages of gout

OBJECTIVE

Macrophages play a crucial role in gouty arthritis; however, the relationship between non-inflammatory macrophages (M0) and different stages of gout remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the phagocytosis, hydrolysis, and subsequent cytokine secretion of monosodium urate (MSU) by non-inflammatory macrophages in patients in different stages of gout.

METHOD

Non-inflammatory macrophages were derived from monocytes through stimulation with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) for a duration of 10 days. The study included patients with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia, intercritical gout, tophaceous gout, and a normal control group. The phagocytic and hydrolytic capabilities of non-inflammatory macrophages were measured using flow cytometry based on the increase in side-scatter area. In addition, to evaluate the relationship between the hydrolysis capability of non-inflammatory macrophages and subsequent inflammation, we cultured them with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or MSU.

RESULTS

We discovered that M0 macrophages were capable of phagocytosing and hydrolysing MSU crystals in various stages of gout, including the control group. Patients with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia exhibited the most pronounced phagocytic and hydrolytic capabilities, surpassing even those of the normal control group. The presence of MSU alone did not induce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, in experiments where M0 macrophages were stimulated with LPS and/or MSU, the phagocytic and hydrolytic abilities of M0 macrophages were correlated with inflammatory cytokine elevation.

CONCLUSION

The efficient phagocytosis and hydrolysis of MSU crystals by M0 macrophages suggest their role in maintaining the non-inflammatory stage of gout. Our findings suggest that non-inflammatory macrophages play a role in gout.

Selenoprotein S ablation-mediated pyroptosis contributes to liver damage resulting from selenium deficiency in chickens

Selenium is an essential trace element for the synthesis of selenocysteine. Selenoprotein S (SELS) acts as a carrier protein for selenium and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. However, the role of the SELS in selenium deficiency remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of SELS in selenium deficiency-mediated pyroptosis. A selenium-deficient chicken model was established using a low-selenium diet, allowing for analysis of the pyroptosis markers GSDMD and NLRP3 by immunohistochemistry and the expression levels of 25 selenoproteins in the liver. The results show that the selenium-deficient diet increased the levels of NLRP3 and GSDMD while reducing the expression of nine selenoproteins (DIO1, GPX1, GPX6, TXRD2, SELF, SELN, SELO, SELS, and SELT). SELS ablation abolished the activities of antioxidant enzymes, leading to excessive production of ROS and MDA. In addition, SELS knockdown activated the NF-κB pathway and induced pyroptosis. Following transfection, the introduction of N-acetylcysteine, BAY11-7082, or MCC950 alleviated the pyroptosis induced by SELS knockdown. However, MCC950 did not affect the NF-κB pathway, and both BAY 11-7082 and MCC950 were ineffective in reducing ROS accumulation. In conclusion, SELS deficiency leads to ROS generation and activation of the NF-κB pathway activation, ultimately inducing pyroptosis and the release of inflammatory factors.

Mechanism of action of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome and its regulation in liver injury

ABSTRACT

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that recognizes multiple pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. It is a cytoplasmic immune factor that responds to cellular stress signals, and it is usually activated after infection or inflammation, forming an NLRP3 inflammasome to protect the body. Aberrant NLRP3 inflammasome activation is reportedly associated with some inflammatory diseases and metabolic diseases. Recently, there have been mounting indications that NLRP3 inflammasomes play an important role in liver injuries caused by a variety of diseases, specifically hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, hepatitis, and liver failure. Herein, we summarize new research pertaining to NLRP3 inflammasomes in hepatic injury, hepatitis, and liver failure. The review addresses the potential mechanisms of action of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and its regulation in these liver diseases.

Zebrafish TDP43 positively regulates p65-mediated apoptotic pathway

TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43) is a multifunctional RNA/DNA binding protein that serves as a hallmark of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and is associated with the inflammatory response related to nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. However, the relationship between TDP43 and NF-κB is not well known. In this study, zebrafish TDP43 (DrTDP43) can be induced by grass carp reovirus (GCRV) or spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). DrTDP43 enhances the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activity and the expression of p65 and TNFα, as well as promotes the phosphorylation of p65 in response to stimulation of GCRV and SVCV. Further assays indicate that DrTDP43 primarily resides in the nucleus and interacts with p65 via its RRM1. DrTDP43 is required for p65 to induce pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-6, IL-10, TNFα, IL-1β). It disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential and exacerbates apoptosis via downregulating Bcl2 and upregulating Bax, caspase3, and eIF2α. Moreover, knockdown of TDP43 decreases the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the number of apoptotic cells in zebrafish larvae, which is attributed to the lower lever of p65 phosphorylation and expression of TNFα, Bax and cleaved-caspase3. In a word, these results establish TDP43 as a critical activator of the NF-κB-mediated apoptotic pathway during antiviral responses, which reveals a previously unrecognized host defense mechanism.

GPx3 Promotes Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting Microglial Pyroptosis Through IRAK4/ROS/NLRP3 Axis

Aim: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic injury characterized by oxidative stress. Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) is an antioxidant enzyme that protects against immune responses in various diseases. However, the effects of GPx3 in SCI remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of GPx3 in SCI and its underlying mechanisms. Results: We injected adeno-associated viruses to overexpress GPx3 in mice. Primary microglia and BV2 cells were used as in vitro models. We knocked down or overexpressed GPx3 in BV2 cells. Additionally, BV2 cells transfected with siIRAK4 were used to perform rescue experiments. A series of histological and molecular biological analyses were used to explore the role of GPx3 in SCI. Overexpression of GPx3 inhibited oxidative stress in mice, improving functional recovery after SCI. Similarly, LPS+ATP stimulation decreased GPx3 expression in microglia. Silencing of GPx3 elevated the generation of reactive oxygen species, increased the expression of IRAK4 and pro-inflammatory factors, and promoted pyroptosis in microglia. However, overexpression of GPx3 reversed these results. Moreover, silencing of IRAK4 alleviated these phenomena, which were upregulated by GPx3 deficiency. Innovation and Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that GPx3 plays a critical role in SCI by inhibiting microglial pyroptosis via the IRAK4/ROS/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 42, 711-729.

FTY720 alleviates HBV-mediated inflammatory liver injury through a dual role of inhibiting lymphocyte trafficking and viral replication

BACKGROUND

The host immune response plays a critical role in clearing hepatitis B virus infection. However, in chronic hepatitis B, this response fails to eliminate the virus, leading to recurrent inflammation, liver tissue damage, and a gradual progression from hepatitis to fibrosis, and eventually, hepatocellular carcinoma. Reducing liver injury while enhancing antiviral efficacy remains a key objective in hepatitis B virus treatment development. Our previous research revealed a close association between hepatitis B virus infection and the sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling pathway. Consequently, this study aims to explore the dual role of FTY720, an immune modulator that targets sphingosine- 1-phosphate receptor, in hepatitis B virus-related liver injury.

METHODS

In this study, The peripheral blood leukocyte count and the expression of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor on lymphocytes were compared between chronic hepatitis B patients and healthy controls. In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the direct antiviral effects of FTY720 on two hepatitis B virus models: HepG2.2.15 and Huh7 cells transfected with pUC19-HBV1.3. Additionally, the study investigated the influence of FTY720 on the chemotaxis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by the supernatant of hepatitis B virus-infected HepG2-NTCP cells. An in vivo model using hepatitis B virus hyperbaric hydrodynamic injection in mice was also employed to assess the impact of FTY720 on both HBV replication and hepatic lymphocyte infiltration.

RESULTS

Peripheral blood lymphocyte counts were reduced, while sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor expression was elevated in chronic hepatitis B patients compared to healthy controls. Simultaneously, antiviral therapy solely utilizing nucleotide analogues could not fully restore the peripheral blood lymphocyte count in patients with chronic hepatitis B. In vitro, FTY720 effectively inhibited hepatitis B virus replication in two models: HepG2.2.15 cells containing hepatitis B virus virions and pUC19-HBV1.3-transfected Huh7 cells. Furthermore, supernatants from hepatitis B virus-infected HepG2-NTCP cells induced increased lymphocyte chemotaxis, which was suppressed by FTY720. In a hepatitis B virus mouse model, FTY720 significantly reduced viral DNA and protein levels, while also decreasing inflammatory hepatocyte necrosis, liver lymphocyte infiltration, and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor expression on circulating lymphocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that FTY720 can inhibit both hepatitis B virus replication and hepatitis B virus-related liver damage by modulating lymphocyte migration. Further investigation into the specific mechanisms underlying the interaction between FTY720 and hepatitis B virus is warranted.

Resveratrol exerts antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus through regulation of the OPN-ERK/JNK-IL-1β signaling axis

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can infect most mammals and has caused significant economic losses in global pig production. The emergence of new mutants significantly reduces the protective effect of vaccination, indicating an urgent need for the development of specific therapeutic agents against PRV infection. In this study, we analyzed the changes in the cellular proteome after PRV infection in resveratrol-treated PK-15 cells using TMT quantitative proteomics combined with LC-MS/MS. The results identified the differential proteins osteopontin (iOPN) and interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAP), which have significant biological implications. The regulation of OPN-IL-1β signaling by PRV infection was further studied through the OPN-ERK/JNK-IL-1β signaling axis. The transcriptional levels of OPN, C-JUN, IL-1RAP, and IL-1β, along with the protein levels of ERK, JNK, C-Jun, and their phosphorylated forms at 8, 12, and 16 h post-infection, were determined. The results showed that PRV infection inhibited the activation of this signaling axis, which was upregulated by resveratrol treatment. Down-regulation of OPN by siRNA increased PRV proliferation and inhibited the activation of the signaling axis, which was antagonized by resveratrol treatment. In PRV-infected mice, resveratrol treatment produced the same changes observed in vitro. The present study demonstrated that resveratrol can promote innate immune responses by regulating the OPN-ERK/JNK-IL-1β signaling axis, thereby activating host antiviral defenses against PRV infection. SIGNIFICANCE: Resveratrol targets the OPN-ERK/JNK-IL-1β axis to enhance innate immunity, offering a novel antiviral strategy against PRV infection. This study identifies OPN as a key regulator of host defense, linking ERK/JNK signaling to IL-1β-mediated antiviral responses. In vivo validation demonstrates resveratrol's therapeutic potential, reducing PRV replication and mortality in mice via immune pathway activation.

Canolol Alleviates Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer by Inhibiting p38 MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 Pathway

Gastric ulcer (GU) is among the most prevalent digestive disorders globally. This study investigates the protective effects of canolol, a natural phenolic compound derived from crude rapeseed oil, on ethanol-induced GU in rats. Our results demonstrated that canolol pretreatment notably reduced gastric mucosal damage, as evidenced by lower ulcer indices and improved histopathological scores. Ethanol exposure severely disrupted the gastric mucosal defense systems, characterized by reduced gastric wall mucus secretion, lower NP-SH levels, suppressed heat shock protein 70 expression, and decreased gastric mucosal blood flow; however, these effects were counteracted by canolol pretreatment. Canolol also alleviated ethanol-induced inflammation by reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), enhancing the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and normalizing myeloperoxidase activity in the gastric mucosa. Additionally, canolol enhanced antioxidant defenses by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) and the GSH level, thereby mitigating ethanol-induced oxidative stress in the stomach. Moreover, canolol suppressed ethanol-induced apoptosis in the gastric mucosa, evidenced by a decrease in TUNEL-positive areas and downregulation of the expression of apoptotic markers BAX and caspase-3. Mechanistically, canolol substantially reduced the activities of p38 MAPK and NF-κB, consequently preventing NLRP3 activation. These findings indicate that canolol has potential benefits in preventing the onset and progression of ethanol-induced GU by inhibiting the p38 MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway.

Unveiling the nexus: pyroptosis and its crucial implications in liver diseases

Pyroptosis, a distinctive form of programmed cell death orchestrated by gasdermin proteins, manifests as cellular rupture, accompanied by the release of inflammatory factors. While pyroptosis is integral to anti-infection immunity, its aberrant activation has been implicated in tumorigenesis. The liver, as the body's largest metabolic organ, is rich in various enzymes and governs metabolism. It is also the primary site for protein synthesis. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of pyroptosis as a significant player in the pathogenesis of specific liver diseases, exerting a pivotal role in both physiological and pathological processes. A comprehensive exploration of pyroptosis can unveil its contributions to the development and regression of conditions such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, offering innovative perspectives for clinical prevention and treatment. This review consolidates current knowledge on key molecules involved in cellular pyroptosis and delineates their roles in liver diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of leveraging pyroptosis as a novel or existing anti-cancer strategy.

Vitamin D3 mitigates aspirin-induced gastric injury by modulating gastrokines, E-cadherin, and inhibiting NLRP3 and NF-κB/MMP-9 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of gastric ulcers has grown significantly in the modern era affecting 10 % of global population. Aspirin downregulates gastrokines 1(GKN1) expression in gastric mucosa and GKN1 down-regulation results in gastric cancer. Vitamin D3 (Vit.D3) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

AIM

Study the gastroprotective impact of Vit.D3 following aspirin-induced gastric injury in relation to gastrokines and investigate the possible underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

24 rats were divided into 4 groups: control, Vit.D3 supplemented normal, aspirin-induced gastric injury, and Vit.D3 supplemented gastric injury groups. Some oxidative stress markers with gene expression of GKN1&2, mucin 5AC (Muc5ac) and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) in the gastric tissue were done. Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of E-Cadherin, nuclear factor kappa beta (NFκB), and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the stomach mucosa were identified.

RESULTS

Vit.D3 supplementation significantly upregulated E-Cadherin, GSH, GKN1 and Muc5ac in the gastric tissue. Also, it improved the morphology, histology of gastric tissue, by alleviating oxidative stress and NFκB, MMP-9 and down regulation of inflammasome (NLRP3).

CONCLUSION

Vitamin D3 has a potential protective effect against aspirin -induced gastric injury via upregulating gastrokine1 and E-cadherin and down regulation of NFKB/MMP-9 signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome.

Corn Silk Polysaccharides Before and After Selenization Reduced Calcium Oxalate Crystal-Induced HK-2 Cells Pyroptosis by Inhibiting the NLRP3-GSDMD Signaling Pathway

Objective

Pyroptosis is a new type of programmed cell death associated with many inflammatory diseases. Polysaccharides have anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated whether corn silk polysaccharides (DCSP) before and after selenization (Se-DCSP) can reduce the renal tubule pyroptosis induced by calcium oxalate crystals.

Methods

HK-2 cells were exposed to calcium oxalate monohydrate with a size of 3 µm (COM-3μm) to establish a pyroptosis model. The degree of cell damage was determined by detecting cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content. The proportion of pyroptosis cells was quantitatively detected by Caspase-1/PI double staining. The expression levels of NLRP3, GSDMD, IL-18, and IL-1β were detected by confocal microscopy and Western blot analyses.

Results

DCSP and Se-DCSP can reduce the secretion of inflammatory factors IL-1β/18 related to pyroptosis by reducing cell damage and oxidative stress, as well as down-regulate the expression of Caspase-1, NLRP3, GSDMD, and TNF-α, repair damaged cells, and inhibit pyroptosis in HK-2 cells. The inhibitory effect of selenized polysaccharide was significantly enhanced compared with that before selenification.

Conclusion

Se-DCSP can inhibit pyroptosis through the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD/IL-1β/IL-18 signaling pathway to reduce the risk of kidney-stone formation.

Suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome by a small molecule targeting CK1α-β-catenin-NF-κB and CK1α-NRF2-mitochondrial OXPHOS pathways during mycobacterial infection

Introduction

Pyroptosis is an important inflammatory form of cell death and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) chronic infection triggers excessive inflammatory pyroptosis of macrophages. Our previous research has confirmed that a small compound pyrvinium pamoate (PP) could inhibit inflammatory pathological changes and mycobacterial burden in M.tb-infected mice, but the potential mechanism of PP for inhibiting M.tb-induced inflammation remains unexplored.

Methods

The effects of PP on the NLRP3-ASC-Casp1 inflammasome assembly and activation, gasdermin D (GSDMD) mediated pyroptosis and inflammatory cytokines expression were assessed in human THP-1-derived macrophages after M.tb H37Rv/H37Ra/ Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) infection or LPS treatment by Transcriptome sequencing, RT-qPCR, Co-immunoprecipitation and Western Blot (WB) analysis. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay was used to evaluate the CC50 of PP in M.tb-infected THP-1 cells.

Results

We found that M.tb/S. typhimurium infection and LPS treatment significantly activate NLRP3-ASC-Casp1 inflammasome activation, GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) expression in macrophages, whereas PP could suppress these inflammatory effects in a dose dependent manner. Regarding the PP-inhibition mechanism, we further found that this inhibitory activity is mediated through the PP-targeting casein kinase 1A1 (CK1α)-β-catenin-NF-κB pathway and CK1α-NRF2-mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway. In addition, a CK1α specific inhibitor D4476 or CK1α siRNA could reverse these inhibitory effects of PP on bacteria-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages.

Conclusions

This study reveals a previously unreported mechanism that pyrvinium can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD-IL-1β inflammatory pyroptosis via targeting suppressing CK1α-β-catenin-NF-κB and CK1α-NRF2-mitochondrial OXPHOS pathways, suggesting that pyrvinium pamoate holds great promise as a host directed therapy (HDT) drug for mycobacterial-induced excessive inflammatory response.

Hepatitis B virus confers innate immunity evasion through hepatitis B virus-miR-3 down-regulation of cGAS-Sting-IFN signaling

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) evades the innate immunity and leads to persistent chronic infection, but the molecular mechanism is still not well known.

AIM

To investigate whether HBV-miR-3 is involved in HBV immune evasion.

METHODS

HBV-miR-3 agomir and antagomir were employed to verify the effectiveness of HBV-miR-3 on cGAS-Sting-IFN pathway through the experiments on relative luciferase activity, cGAS protein expression, Sting phosphorylation and interferon (IFN) production.

RESULTS

HBV-miR-3 down-regulates cGAS protein expression post-transcriptionally by inhibition of cGAS 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) activity, which results in lower Sting phosphorylation and IFN production. HBV-miR-3 antagomir rescued cGAS protein expression, Sting phosphorylation and IFN-β production.

CONCLUSION

HBV-miR-3 plays an important role in HBV immunity evasion by targeting cGAS 3'-UTR and interfering with cGAS-Sting-IFN pathway.

Mechanistic studies of Ca2+-induced classical pyroptosis pathway promoting renal adhesion on calcium oxalate kidney stone formation

This study aims to investigate the role of hypercalciuria and pyroptosis in the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to compare the correlation of pyroptosis scores and cell adhesion scores between Randall's plaques and normal tissues from kidney stone patients. For the in vitro experiments, we investigated the effects of high concentrations of Ca2+ on the pyroptosis and adhesion levels of renal tubular epithelial cells and examined the adhesion levels and crystal aggregation of the cells in high Ca2+ concentrations environment by knockdown and overexpression of the key pyroptosis gene, GSDMD, and we verified the effects of Ca2+ concentration on pyroptosis and adhesion levels, kidney injury, and crystal deposition by in vivo experiments. Bioinformatic results showed that the scores of pyroptosis and cell adhesion in Randall's plaques of patients with kidney stones were significantly higher than those in normal tissues, and pyroptosis was highly positively correlated with cell adhesion. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that high concentrations of Ca2+ activated the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway of pyroptosis through ROS and up-regulated the expression of adhesion-related proteins, and GSDMD could regulate the adhesion level of renal tubular epithelial cells by mediating the level of pyroptosis, thereby affecting the adhesion and deposition of calcium oxalate crystals. Our findings reveal that the Ca2+-induced classical pyroptosis pathway may be a potential mechanism to promote calcium oxalate kidney stone formation, which provides new insights into the etiology of kidney stones.

Monoclonal antibody development and antigenic epitope identification of chicken pro-IL-1β

Pro-IL-1β is an important inflammatory factor and is also a biomarker for detecting early pro-inflammatory immune responses. However, commercially available antibodies against chicken inflammatory factors are lacking, which prohibits an in-depth exploration of the mechanism of chicken inflammation. This study cloned and expressed chicken pro-IL-1β, and developed a hybridoma cell line 1E12 capable of stably secreting chicken pro-IL-1β monoclonal antibody (mAb). The secreted mAb 1E12 can recognize exogenous or endogenous chicken pro-IL-1β by Western blot and IFA techniques, and for the first time, a novel antigen epitope 13SSLSEETFY21 of chicken pro-IL-1β recognized by this mAb was identified. This study not only provides an important tool for the detection and research of chicken pro-IL-1β, but also has significant implications for understanding the antigenic structure and biochemical characteristics of chicken pro-IL-1β.

Preconditioning with Ginsenoside Rg3 mitigates cardiac injury induced by high-altitude hypobaric hypoxia exposure in mice by suppressing ferroptosis through inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ginseng has historically been utilized as a conventional herbal remedy and dietary supplement to enhance physical stamina and alleviate fatigue. The primary active component of Ginseng, Ginsenoside Rg3 (GS-Rg3), possesses diverse pharmacological properties including immune modulation and anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, GS-Rg3 has demonstrated efficacy in mitigating tissue and organ damage associated with metabolic disorders such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. Nevertheless, its potential impact on high-altitude cardiac injury (HACI) remains insufficiently explored.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to examine the potential cardioprotective effects of Ginsenoside Rg3, and to investigate how Ginsenoside Rg3 preconditioning can enhance high-altitude cardiac injury by inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK pathway and ferroptosis in cardiac tissue. The findings of this study may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies using traditional Chinese medicine for high-altitude cardiac injury, based on experimental evidence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A hypobaric hypoxia chamber was employed to simulate hypobaric hypoxia conditions equivalent to an altitude of 6000 m. Through a randomization process, groups of six male mice were assigned to receive either saline, Ginsenoside Rg3 at doses of 15 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg, or lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) at 1 mg/kg. The impact of Ginsenoside Rg3 on high altitude-induced arrhythmias was evaluated using electrocardiography. Cardiac pathology sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin were evaluated for damage, with the extent of cardiomyocyte damage observed via transmission electron microscopy. The impact of Ginsenoside Rg3 on high-altitude cardiac injury was investigated through analysis of serum biomarkers for cardiac injury (CK-MB, BNP), inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6, IL-1β), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH). The expression levels of hypoxia and hypoxia-related proteins in myocardial tissues from each experimental group were assessed using Western blot analysis. Following a review of the existing literature, the traditional regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis were examined. Immunofluorescence staining of cardiac tissues and Western blotting techniques were utilized to investigate the impact of Ginsenoside Rg3 on cardiomyocyte ferroptosis through the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway under conditions of hypobaric hypoxia exposure.

RESULTS

Pre-treatment with Ginsenoside Rg3 improved high altitude-induced arrhythmias, reduced cardiomyocyte damage, decreased cardiac injury biomarkers and inflammatory cytokines, and lowered the expression of hypoxia-related proteins in myocardial tissues. Both Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining of cardiac tissues demonstrated that exposure to high-altitude hypobaric hypoxia results in elevated expression of ferroptosis and proteins related to the RhoA/ROCK pathway. Experimental validation corroborated that the role of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway in mediating ferroptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of our study suggest that preconditioning with Ginsenoside Rg3 may attenuate cardiac injury caused by high-altitude hypobaric hypoxia exposure in mice by inhibiting ferroptosis through the suppression of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. These findings contribute to the current knowledge of Ginsenoside Rg3 and high-altitude cardiac injury, suggesting that Ginsenoside Rg3 shows potential as a therapeutic agent for high-altitude cardiac injury.

Dual role of pyroptosis in liver diseases: mechanisms, implications, and therapeutic perspectives

Pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death induced by inflammasome with a mechanism distinct from that of apoptosis, occurs via one of the three pathway types: classical, non-classical, and granzyme A/B-dependent pyroptosis pathways. Pyroptosis is implicated in various diseases, notably exhibiting a dual role in liver diseases. It facilitates the clearance of damaged hepatocytes, preventing secondary injury, and triggers immune responses to eliminate pathogens and damaged cells. Conversely, excessive pyroptosis intensifies inflammatory responses, exacerbates hepatocyte damage and promotes the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells, accelerating liver fibrosis. Furthermore, by sustaining an inflammatory state, impacts the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. This review comprehensively summarizes the dual role of pyroptosis in liver diseases and its therapeutic strategies, offering new theoretical foundations and practical guidance for preventing and treating of liver diseases.

Activation and evasion of inflammasomes during viral and microbial infection

The inflammasome is a cytoplasmic multiprotein complex that induces the maturation of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) or pyroptosis by activating caspases, which play critical roles in regulating inflammation, cell death, and various cellular processes. Multiple studies have shown that the inflammasome is a key regulator of the host defence response against pathogen infections. During the process of pathogenic microbe invasion into host cells, the host's innate immune system recognizes these microbes by activating inflammasomes, triggering inflammatory responses to clear the microbes and initiate immune responses. Moreover, microbial pathogens have evolved various mechanisms to inhibit or evade the activation of inflammasomes. Therefore, we review the interactions between viruses and microbes with inflammasomes during the invasion process, highlight the molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation induced by microbial pathogen infection, and highlight the corresponding strategies that pathogens employ to evade inflammasome activity. Finally, we also discuss potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of pathogenic microbial infections via the targeting of inflammasomes and their products.

Connexin 43 and Pannexin 1 hemichannels as endogenous regulators of innate immunity in sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated host response to infections that is initiated by the body's innate immune system. Nearly a decade ago, we discovered that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and serum amyloid A (SAA) upregulated Connexin 43 (Cx43) and Pannexin 1 (Panx1) hemichannels in macrophages. When overexpressed, these hemichannels contribute to sepsis pathogenesis by promoting ATP efflux, which intensifies the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR)-dependent inflammasome activation, pyroptosis, and the release of pathogenic damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, such as HMGB1. Mimetic peptides targeting specific regions of Cx43 and Panx1 can distinctly modulate hemichannel activity in vitro, and diversely impact sepsis-induced lethality in vivo. Along with extensive supporting evidence from others, we now propose that hemichannel molecules play critical roles as endogenous regulators of innate immunity in sepsis.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 Attenuated Lipopolysaccharide-Induced acute liver injury by suppressing bile acid-associated NLRP3 inflammasome activation

The involvement of the inflammatory response has been linked to the development of liver illnesses. As medications with the potential to prevent and cure liver illness, probiotics have garnered an increasing amount of interest in recent years. The present study used a piglet model with acute liver injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06. Our findings indicated that SC06 mitigated the liver structural damage caused by LPS, as shown by the decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells and the enhanced structural integrity. In addition, After the administration of SC06, there was a reduction in the increased levels of the liver damage markers. In the LPS group, there was an increase in the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis cell rate, and genes associated with apoptosis, while these alterations were mitigated by SC06 administration. Furthermore, SC06 prevented pigs from suffering liver damage by preventing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which was normally triggered by LPS. The examination of serum metabolic pathways found that ALI was related to several metabolic processes, including primary bile acid biosynthesis, pentose and glucuronate interconversions and the metabolism of phenylalanine. Significantly, our research revealed that the administration of SC06 effectively controlled the concentrations of bile acids in the serum. The correlation results also revealed clear relationships between bile acids and liver characteristics and NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes. However, in vitro experiments revealed that SC06 could not directly inhibit NLRP3 activation under ATP, monosodium urate, and nigericin stimulation, while taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) activated NLRP3 inflammasome related genes. In conclusion, our study proved that the hepaprotective effect of SC06 on liver injury, which was closely associated with the restoration of bile acids homeostasis and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition.

Chronic Exposure to Bioaerosols in PM2.5 from Garbage Stations Accelerates Vascular Aging via the NF-κB/NLRP3 Pathway

The fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in air pollution is a critical risk factor influencing human health. Our study included 8144 participants and showed that the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events increases by 35% (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.14-1.60) for participants with the highest quartile to PM2.5 exposure as compared to those with lowest quartile. Bioaerosols, as an important environmental exposure in PM2.5, can induce systemic chronic inflammation leading to vascular aging. Thus, the effects of bioaerosols are investigated from household garbage stations in PM2.5 on vascular aging, and the underlying mechanisms are explored. In vivo, chronic exposure to bioaerosols upregulated senescence marker expression levels while causing vascular dysfunction and remodeling. In vitro, bioaerosol exposure induced decreased proliferation, G0/G1 arrest, and impaired migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, a single bacterium (AS22a) from the bioaerosol community was isolated and demonstrated that it upregulated inflammatory factors and accelerated cell senescence and vascular aging by activating the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway, which may serve as a primary mechanism underlying vascular aging induced by bioaerosols in PM2.5. These findings suggest that high levels of bioaerosols in household garbage stations may adversely affect cardiovascular health.

Single-cell profiling of the peripheral blood immune landscape during mid- and late-stage pregnancy

We aimed to determine the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) immune profiles of mid- and late-stage pregnant women to establish a foundation for studying pregnancy-related diseases. Peripheral blood samples were collected from three women each during mid- and late-stage pregnancy, and PBMCs were extracted for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Peripheral blood samples were also collected for flow cytometry analysis to validate the analytical results. HOPX+ CD4+ T cells, ZNF683+CD8+ T cells, and KLRB1+CD8+ T cells significantly differed in quantitative ratio and gene transcript level between women at mid- and late-stage pregnancy. In late pregnancy, cell-to-cell communication was enhanced and effector CD8+ T cells highly expressed infection-related pathways. A rare T cell subtype, "XIST+ T cells," exhibited high XIST expression, a gene that may be involved in the regulation of immune-related gene transcription and translation, and insulin signaling pathway, during pregnancy. Monocytes exhibited significant proinflammatory and metabolic properties in mid- and late-stage pregnancy, respectively. Natural killer (NK) cells were mainly involved in T- and B-cell-mediated signaling pathways, and in T cell differentiation, in mid-pregnancy. Enhanced innate immunity of NK cells was observed. Moreover, NK cells expressed genes associated with diabetes-related pathways in late-stage pregnancy. To conclude, we present detailed changes in the immune response occurring in pregnant women from mid- to late-stage gestation, revealing significant differences in PBMC subtypes and molecular properties. These findings provide insights into the physiopathological mechanisms of chronic hepatitis B infection, systemic lupus erythematosus, and gestational diabetes mellitus underlying systemic immune responses during mid- and late-stage pregnancy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY There are significant differences in three subtypes of memory/effector T cells (HOPX+ CD4+ T cells, ZNF683+CD8+ T cells, and KLRB1+CD8+ T cells) between mid- and late pregnancy. In late pregnancy, intercellular interaction was enhanced and effector CD8+ T cells highly expressed infection-related pathways. A rare T cell subtype, "XIST+ T cells," may be involved in the regulation of immune-related gene transcription and translation with a strong female bias.

Endothelial Dysfunction and Liver Cirrhosis: Unraveling of a Complex Relationship

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is the in the background of multiple metabolic diseases and a key process in liver disease progression and cirrhosis decompensation. ED affects liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in response to different damaging agents, causing their progressive dedifferentiation, unavoidably associated with an increase in intrahepatic resistance that leads to portal hypertension and hyperdynamic circulation with increased cardiac output and low peripheral artery resistance. These changes are driven by a continuous interplay between different hepatic cell types, invariably leading to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, with a subsequent loss of proper vascular tone regulation and fibrosis development. ED evaluation is often accomplished by serum markers and the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) measurement of the brachial artery to assess its NO-dependent response to shear stress, which usually decreases in ED. In the context of liver cirrhosis, the ED assessment could help understand the complex hemodynamic changes occurring in the early and late stages of the disease. However, the instauration of a hyperdynamic state and the different NO bioavailability in intrahepatic and systemic circulation-often defined as the NO paradox-must be considered confounding factors during FMD analysis. The primary purpose of this review is to describe the main features of ED and highlight the key findings of the dynamic and intriguing relationship between ED and liver disease. We will also focus on the significance of FMD evaluation in this setting, pointing out its key role as a therapeutic target in the never-ending battle against liver cirrhosis progression.

Nicotine-Induced Transient Activation of Monocytes Facilitates Immunosuppressive Macrophage Polarization that Restrains T Helper 17 Cell Expansion

Macrophages in smoking environment exhibit a distinct immunosuppressive phenotype, but the mechanisms that allow nicotine to "educate" macrophages are incompletely understood. Here, we identified that nicotine transiently activates and subsequently deactivates monocytes, leading to reduced anti-infective capability of macrophages. This deactivation results in a suppression of IL-17-producing cell expansion through decreased IL-1β production. Mechanistically, nicotine induces the expression of IRAK-M in macrophages, which inhibits NF-κB signaling and restrains NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production. Moreover, the induction of IRAK-M by nicotine is mediated through α7 nAChR binding, which activates downstream STAT3 and AKT signaling pathways. Targeting the interaction between nicotine and α7 nAChR can decrease IRAK-M expression and restore LPS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome-driven IL-1β production. Collectively, these findings elucidate how nicotine modulates macrophage function through complex signaling mechanisms, ultimately impacting their anti-infective responses and inflammatory processes.

Kaempferol attenuates hyperuricemia combined with gouty arthritis via urate transporters and NLRP3/NF-κB pathway modulation

Hyperuricemia (HUA), caused by purine disorders, can lead to gouty arthritis (GA). Kaempferol (KPF), a natural flavonoid, has anti-inflammatory properties, though its mechanism in treating HUA combined with GA remains unclear. This study used a mouse model of HUA combined with GA and in vitro models with HK-2 and THP-1 cells to explore KPF's effects. Cells were treated with KPF or inhibitors of ABCG2, ROS, NLRP3 inflammasome, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. Quantitative assays measured uric acid (UA), creatinine, oxidative stress biomarkers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Histopathological analyses showed KPF improved renal and joint inflammation caused by HUA and GA. KPF alleviated oxidative stress, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, and regulated UA levels through the modulation of urate transporters, NLRP3 inflammasome, and NF-κB pathway. KPF's actions, partly mediated by ROS reduction, suggest it is a promising candidate for treating HUA combined with GA.

Carvacrol alleviates LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiomyocytes

BACKGROUND

Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) may contribute to the poor prognosis of septic patients. Carvacrol (2-methyl-5-isopropyl phenol), a phenolic monoterpene compound extracted from various aromatic plants and fragrance essential oils, has multiple beneficial effects such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. These attributes make it potentially useful for treating many diseases. This study aims to investigate the effects of CAR on LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction and explore the underlying mechanism.

RESULTS

H9c2 cells were stimulated with 10 µg/ml LPS for 12 h, and c57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg LPS to establish a septic-myocardial injury model. Our results showed that CAR could improve cardiac function, significantly reduce serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), decrease oxidative stress, and inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis in LPS-injured mice. Additionally, CAR significantly downregulated the expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB in LPS-injured mice and H9c2 cells. It also inhibited the upregulation of inflammasome components (such as NLRP3, GSDMD, and IL-1β) in H9c2 cells triggered by LPS.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, CAR exhibited potential cardioprotective effects against sepsis, which may be mainly attributed to the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Soybean Isoflavones Alleviate Osteoarthritis Through Modulation of the TSC1/mTORC1 Signaling Pathway to Reduce Intrachondral Angiogenesis

BACKGROUND

The incidence of osteoarthritis (OA) is increasing, yet its pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Recent studies suggest that abnormal subchondral bone remodeling plays a crucial role in OA development, highlighting a gap in clinical treatments targeting this aspect. Soybean Isoflavone (SI) has shown potential in treating OA, although its mechanisms are not fully understood.

METHODS

This research investigated the effects of SI on subchondral bone remodeling in an OA rat model, assessing joint damage, OARSI scores, and type H vessel formation (CD31hiEmcnhi expression). Additionally, the expression of ALP, OCN, BMP, and TSC1 was evaluated to determine involvement of the mTORC1 pathway. In vitro studies on IL-1β-induced osteoblasts further examined the impact of SI on TSC1/mTORC1 signaling and related markers.

RESULTS

SI treatment reduced joint damage and OARSI scores in the rat OA model, significantly decreasing CD31hiEmcnhi expression, indicating a reduction in type H vessel formation. SI also downregulated ALP, OCN, and BMP expression while upregulating TSC1, suggesting inhibition of the mTORC1 signaling pathway and VEGF release. In vitro, SI increased TSC1 expression and decreased mTORC1 signaling, VEGF, ALP, OCN, and BMP levels in IL-1β-induced osteoblasts.

CONCLUSION

SI targets the TSC1/mTORC1 signaling pathway to suppress osteoblast activation and VEGF release, inhibiting type H vessel formation and slowing abnormal subchondral bone remodeling. These findings provide a novel therapeutic approach for OA by focusing on subchondral bone remodeling mechanisms.

Ruscogenin Exerts Anxiolytic-Like Effect via Microglial NF-κB/MAPKs/NLRP3 Signaling Pathways in Mouse Model of Chronic Inflammatory Pain

Long-term inflammation can cause chronic pain and trigger patients' anxiety by sensitizing the central nervous system. However, effective drugs with few side effects for treating chronic pain-induced anxiety are still lacking. The anxiolytic and anti-inflammatory effects of ruscogenin (RUS), an important active compound in Ophiopogon japonicus, were evaluated in a mouse model of chronic inflammatory pain and N9 cells. RUS (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day, i.g.) was administered once daily for 7 days after CFA injection; pain- and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed in mice. Anti-inflammatory effect of RUS (0.1, 1, 10 μM) on N9 microglia after LPS treatment was evaluated. Inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CD86, IL-4, ARG-1, and CD206) were measured using qPCR. The levels of IBA1, ROS, NF-κB, TLR4, P-IKK, P-IκBα, and P65, MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and P38), NLRP3 (caspase-1, ASC, and NLRP3) were detected by Western blotting or immunofluorescence staining. The potential target of RUS was validated by molecular docking and adeno-associated virus injection. Mice in CFA group exhibited allodynia and anxiety-like behaviors. LPS induced neuroinflammation in N9 cells. Both CFA and LPS increased the levels of IBA1, ROS, and inflammatory markers. RUS (10 mg/kg in vivo and 1 μM in vitro) alleviated these alterations through NF-κB/MAPKs/NLRP3 signaling pathways but had no effect on pain hypersensitivity. TLR4 strongly interacted with RUS, and TLR4 overexpression abolished the effects of RUS on anxiety and neuroinflammation. RUS exerts anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic effects via TLR4-mediated NF-κB/MAPKs/NLRP3 signaling pathways, which provides a basis for the treatment of chronic pain-induced anxiety.

Chinese medicine in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: The mechanisms of signal pathway regulation

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which in later stages can lead to the development of end-stage liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in severe cases, jeopardizing long-term quality of life, with a poor prognosis, and placing a serious financial burden on many families around the world. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex and closely related to the immune function of the body, which has not yet been fully elucidated. The development of chronic hepatitis B is closely related to the involvement of various signaling pathways, such as JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt, Toll-like receptor, NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. A large number of studies have shown that Chinese medicine has obvious advantages in anti-hepatitis B virus, and it can effectively treat the disease by modulating relevant signaling pathways, strengthening immune resistance and defense, and inhibiting inflammatory responses, and certain research progress has been made, but there is still a lack of a comprehensive review on the modulation of relevant signaling pathways in Chinese medicine for the treatment of CHB. Therefore, this article systematically combed and elaborated the relevant literature on the modulation of relevant signaling pathways by traditional Chinese medicine in recent years, with a view to providing new ideas for the treatment of CHB and further drug development.

Intestinal dysbiosis causes spatial memory impairment in alcohol-exposed male mice by inducing neuroinflammation

Alcohol abuse damages the brain and triggers cognitive impairment. Intestinal dysbiosis has recently been shown to be involved in psychiatric disorders, which suggests the possibility of intestine-to-brain interactions in the development of alcohol abuse. In this study, chronic intermittent alcohol exposure (CIAE) model was established in C57BL/6 male mice and the spatial memory were detected by Barnes maze (n = 16/group). The fecal microbiota and its metabolites were detected by 16S rDNA sequencing and non-target liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS) (n = 8/group). Effects of alcohol on intestinal barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were detected by Evens blue leakage assay (n = 4/group), and the activation state of microglia and TLR4 expression were conducted by immunofluorescence co-localization (n = 4/group). The morphological changes of microglia were analyzed with Image J Analyze Skeleton software, and the protein levels of TLR4 and inflammatory factors were detected by Western Blot (n = 8/group). Results indicated that alcohol alters the components of fecal microbiota and metabolites, and damages the intestinal barrier and BBB, leading to spatial memory impairment in mice. By giving mice specific prebiotics (n = 16/group), we pointed out that increased endotoxin coming from Gram negative bacteria such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) cross the BBB to activate microglia and inflammatory pathways in the prefrontal cortical (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP), releasing inflammatory factors and resulting in neuroinflammation. Thus, the fecal microbiota seems to be a potential target in the management of alcoholic brain disease.

The Mechanism of APOBEC3B in Hepatitis B Virus Infection and HBV Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression, Therapeutic and Prognostic Potential

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors globally. Prominent factors include chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) virus infections, exposure to aflatoxin, alcohol abuse, diabetes, and obesity. The prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) is substantial, and the significant proportion of asymptomatic carriers heightens the challenge in diagnosing and treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), necessitating further and more comprehensive research. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic polypeptide (APOBEC) family members are single-stranded DNA cytidine deaminases that can restrict viral replication. The APOBEC-related mutation pattern constitutes a primary characteristic of somatic mutations in various cancer types such as lung, breast, bladder, head and neck, cervix, and ovary. Symptoms in the early stages of HCC are often subtle and nonspecific, posing challenges in treatment and monitoring. Furthermore, this article primarily focuses on the established specific mechanism of action of the APOBEC3B (A3B) gene in the onset and progression of HBV-related HCC (HBV-HCC) through stimulating mutations in HBV, activating Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and promoting reactive oxygen species(ROS) production, while also exploring the potential for A3B to serve as a therapeutic target and prognostic indicator in HBV-HCC.

Monocyte and Macrophage Functions in Oncogenic Viral Infections

Monocytes and macrophages are part of innate immunity and constitute the first line of defense against pathogens. Bone marrow-derived monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for one to three days and then typically migrate into tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages. Circulatory monocytes represent 5% of the nucleated cells in normal adult blood. Following differentiation, macrophages are distributed into various tissues and organs to take residence and maintain body homeostasis. Emerging evidence has highlighted the critical role of monocytes/macrophages in oncogenic viral infections, mainly their crucial functions in viral persistence and disease progression. These findings open opportunities to target innate immunity in the context of oncogenic viruses and to explore their potential as immunotherapies.

Targeting hepatic macrophages for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease therapy

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its more advanced form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), have become global health challenges with significant morbidity and mortality rates. NAFLD encompasses several liver diseases, ranging from simple steatosis to more severe inflammatory and fibrotic forms. Ultimately, this can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The intricate role of hepatic macrophages, particularly Kupffer cells (KCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMFs), in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH, has received increasing attention. Hepatic macrophages can interact with hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and endothelial cells, playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Paradoxically, they also participate in the pathogenesis of some liver diseases. This review highlights the fundamental role of hepatic macrophages in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH, emphasizing their plasticity and contribution to inflammation and fibrosis, and hopes to provide ideas for subsequent experimental research and clinical treatment.

Microglia Caspase11 non-canonical inflammasome drives fever

AIM

Animals exhibit physiological changes designed to eliminate the perceived danger, provoking similar symptoms of fever. However, a high-grade fever indicates poor clinical outcomes. Caspase11 (Casp11) is involved in many inflammatory diseases. Whether Casp11 leads to fever remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the role of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus (PO/AH) microglia Casp11 in fever.

METHODS

We perform experiments using a rat model of LPS-induced fever. We measure body temperature and explore the functions of peripheral macrophages and PO/AH microglia in fever signaling by ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, macrophage depletion, protein blotting, and RNA-seq. Then, the effects of macrophages on microglia in a hyperthermic environment are observed in vitro. Finally, adeno-associated viruses are used to knockdown or overexpress microglia Casp11 in PO/AH to determine the role of Casp11 in fever.

RESULTS

We find peripheral macrophages and PO/AH microglia play important roles in the process of fever, which is proved by macrophage and microglia depletion. By RNA-seq analysis, we find Casp11 expression in PO/AH is significantly increased during fever. Co-culture and conditioned-culture simulate the induction of microglia Casp11 activation by macrophages in a non-contact manner. Microglia Casp11 knockdown decreases body temperature, pyrogenic factors, and inflammasome, and vice versa.

CONCLUSION

We report that Casp11 drives fever. Mechanistically, peripheral macrophages transmit immune signals via cytokines to microglia in PO/AH, which activate the Casp11 non-canonical inflammasome. Our findings identify a novel player, the microglia Casp11, in the control of fever, providing an explanation for the transmission and amplification of fever immune signaling.

Heme oxygenase 1-mediated ferroptosis in Kupffer cells initiates liver injury during heat stroke

With the escalating prevalence of global heat waves, heat stroke has become a prominent health concern, leading to substantial liver damage. Unlike other forms of liver injury, heat stroke-induced damage is characterized by heat cytotoxicity and heightened inflammation, directly contributing to elevated mortality rates. While clinical assessments have identified elevated bilirubin levels as indicative of Kupffer cell dysfunction, their specific correlation with heat stroke liver injury remains unclear. Our hypothesis proposes the involvement of Kupffer cell ferroptosis during heat stroke, initiating IL-1β-mediated inflammation. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of murine macrophages, a distinct and highly susceptible Kupffer cell subtype, Clec4F+/CD206+, emerged, with heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1) playing a pivotal role. Mechanistically, heat-induced HMOX-1, regulated by early growth response factor 1, mediated ferroptosis in Kupffer cells, specifically in the Clec4F+/CD206+ subtype (KC2), activating phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta and promoting PI4P production. This cascade triggered NLRP3 inflammasome activation and maturation of IL-1β. These findings underscore the critical role of targeted therapy against HMOX-1 in ferroptosis within Kupffer cells, particularly in Clec4F+/CD206+ KCs. Such an approach has the potential to mitigate inflammation and alleviate acute liver injury in the context of heat stroke, offering a promising avenue for future therapeutic interventions.

Application of PPAR Ligands and Nanoparticle Technology in Metabolic Steatohepatitis Treatment

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease/steatohepatitis (MASLD/MASH) is a major disease worldwide whose effective treatment is challenging. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and function as ligand-activated transcription factors. To date, three distinct subtypes of PPARs have been characterized: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. PPARα and PPARγ are crucial regulators of lipid metabolism that modulate the transcription of genes involved in fatty acid (FA), bile acid, and cholesterol metabolism. Many PPAR agonists, including natural (FAs, eicosanoids, and phospholipids) and synthetic (fibrate, thiazolidinedione, glitazar, and elafibranor) agonists, have been developed. Furthermore, recent advancements in nanoparticles (NPs) have led to the development of new strategies for MASLD/MASH therapy. This review discusses the applications of specific cell-targeted NPs and highlights the potential of PPARα- and PPARγ-targeted NP drug delivery systems for MASLD/MASH treatment.

NLRP3 Inflammasomes: Dual Function in Infectious Diseases

The Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been the most distinctive polymer protein complex. After recognizing the endogenous and exogenous danger signals, NLRP3 can cause inflammation by pyroptosis and secretion of mature, bioactive forms of IL-1β and IL-18. The NLRP3 inflammasome is essential in the genesis and progression of infectious illnesses. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the NLRP3 inflammasome in infectious diseases, focusing on its two-sided effects. As an essential part of host defense with a protective impact, abnormal NLRP3 inflammasome activation, however, result in a systemic high inflammatory response, leading to subsequent damage. In addition, scientific evidence of small molecules, biologics, and phytochemicals acting on the NLRP3 inflammasome has been reviewed. We believe that the NLRP3 inflammasome helps us understand the pathological mechanism of different stages of infectious diseases and that inhibitors targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome will become a new and valuable research direction for the treatment of infectious diseases.

Unraveling the Triad: Hypoxia, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders

The mammalian brain's complete dependence on oxygen for ATP production makes it highly susceptible to hypoxia, at high altitudes or in clinical scenarios including anemia or pulmonary disease. Hypoxia plays a crucial role in the development of various brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases. On the other hand, a decrease in environmental oxygen levels, such as prolonged stays at high elevations, may have beneficial impacts on the process of ageing and the likelihood of death. Additionally, the utilization of controlled hypoxia exposure could potentially serve as a therapeutic approach for age-related brain diseases. Recent findings indicate that the involvement of HIF-1α and the NLRP3 inflammasome is of significant importance in the development of Alzheimer's disease. HIF-1α serves as a pivotal controller of various cellular reactions to oxygen deprivation, exerting influence on a multitude of physiological mechanisms such as energy metabolism and inflammatory responses. The NLRP3 plays a crucial role in the innate immune system by coordinating the initiation of inflammatory reactions through the assembly of the inflammasome complex. This review examines the information pertaining to the contrasting effects of hypoxia on the brain, highlighting both its positive and deleterious effects and molecular pathways that are involved in mediating these different effects. This study explores potential strategies for therapeutic intervention that focus on restoring cellular balance and reducing neuroinflammation, which are critical aspects in addressing this severe neurodegenerative condition and addresses crucial inquiries that warrant further future investigations.

Role and mechanisms of autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis in sepsis-induced acute lung injury

Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a major cause of death among patients with sepsis in intensive care units. By analyzing a model of sepsis-induced ALI using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), treatment methods and strategies to protect against ALI were discussed, which could provide an experimental basis for the clinical treatment of sepsis-induced ALI. Recent studies have found that an imbalance in autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis is a key mechanism that triggers sepsis-induced ALI, and regulating these death mechanisms can improve lung injuries caused by LPS or CLP. This article summarized and reviewed the mechanisms and regulatory networks of autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis and their important roles in the process of LPS/CLP-induced ALI in sepsis, discusses the possible targeted drugs of the above mechanisms and their effects, describes their dilemma and prospects, and provides new perspectives for the future treatment of sepsis-induced ALI.

A role of ROS-dependent defects in mitochondrial dynamic and autophagy in carbon black nanoparticle-mediated myocardial cell damage

Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) are widely distributed in the environment and are increasingly recognized as a contributor in the development of cardiovascular disease. A variety of cardiac injuries and diseases result from structural and functional damage to cardiomyocytes. This study explored the mechanisms of CBNPs-mediated myocardial toxicity. CBNPs were given to mice through intra-tracheal instillation and it was demonstrated that the particles can be taken up into the cardiac tissue. Exposure to CBNPs induced cardiomyocyte inflammation and apoptosis. In combination with in vitro experiments, we showed that CBNPs increased the ROS and induced mitochondria fragmentation. Functionally, CBNPs-exposed cardiomyocyte exhibited depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, and activation of pro-apoptotic BAX, thereby initiating programmed cell death. On the other hand, CBNPs impaired autophagy, leading to the inadequate removal of dysfunctional mitochondria. The excess accumulation of damaged mitochondria further stimulated NF-κB activation and triggered the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Both the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine and the autophagy activator rapamycin were effective to attenuate the damage of CBNPs on cardiomyocytes. Taken together, this study elucidated the potential mechanism underlying CBNPs-induced myocardial injury and provided a scientific reference for the evaluation and prevention of the CBNPs-related heart risk.

Lyssavirus matrix protein inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome assembly by binding to NLRP3

Lyssavirus is a kind of neurotropic pathogen that needs to evade peripheral host immunity to enter the central nervous system to accomplish infection. NLRP3 inflammasome activation is essential for the host to defend against pathogen invasion. This study demonstrates that the matrix protein (M) of lyssavirus can inhibit both the priming step and the activation step of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Specifically, M of lyssavirus can compete with NEK7 for binding to NLRP3, which restricts downstream apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) oligomerization. The serine amino acid at the 158th site of M among lyssavirus is critical for restricting ASC oligomerization. Moreover, recombinant lab-attenuated lyssavirus rabies (rabies lyssavirus [RABV]) with G158S mutation at M decreases interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production in bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to facilitate lyssavirus invasion into the brain thereby elevating pathogenicity in mice. Taken together, this study reveals a common mechanism by which lyssavirus inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation to evade host defenses.

Erythrocyte membrane biomimetic EGCG nanoparticles attenuate renal injury induced by diquat through the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway

Diquat (DQ) poisoning can cause multiple organ damage, and the kidney is considered to be the main target organ. Increasing evidence shows that alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory response has promising application prospects. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, red blood cell membrane (RBCm)-camouflaged polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized to deliver EGCG (EGCG-RBCm/NPs) for renal injury induced by DQ. Human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) were stimulated with 600 μM DQ for 12 h and mice were intraperitoneally injected with 50 mg/kg b.w. DQ, followed by 20 mg/kg b.w./day EGCG or EGCG-RBCM/NPs for 3 days. The assessment of cellular vitality was carried out using the CCK-8 assay, while the quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was performed through ROS specific probes. Apoptosis analysis was conducted by both flow cytometry and TUNEL staining methods. Pathological changes in renal tissue were observed. The expressions of NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18, NFκB and Caspase1 were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blot. The results showed that the DQ group had increased ROS expression, increased the level of oxidative stress, and increased apoptosis rate compared with the control group. Histopathological analysis of mice in the DQ group showed renal tubular injury and elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and cystatin C (Cys C). Furthermore, the DQ group exhibited heightened expression of NLRP3, p-NFκB p65, Caspase1 p20, IL-1β, and IL-18. However, EGCG-RBCm/NPs treatment mitigated DQ-induced increases in ROS, apoptosis, and oxidative stress, as well as renal toxicity and decreases in renal biomarker levels. Meanwhile, the expression of the above proteins were significantly decreased, and the survival rate of mice was ultimately improved, with an effect better than that of the EGCG treatment group. In conclusion, EGCG-RBCm/NPs can improve oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis induced by DQ. This effect is related to the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Overall, this study provides a new approach for treating renal injury induced by DQ.

Detection technology and clinical applications of serum viral products of hepatitis B virus infection

Viral hepatitis, caused by its etiology, hepatitis virus, is a public health problem globally. Among all infections caused by hepatitis-associated viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the most serious medical concern. HBV infection particularly affects people in East Asia and Africa, the Mediterranean region, and Eastern Europe, with a prevalence rate of > 2%. Currently, approximately 1 billion people worldwide are infected with HBV, and nearly 30% of them experience chronic infection. Chronic HBV infection can lead to chronic hepatitis B (CHB), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), resulting in the related death of approximately 1 million people annually. Although preventative vaccines and antiviral therapies are currently available, there is no cure for this infection. Clinical testing is not only the gateway for diagnosis of HBV infection, but also crucial for judging the timing of medication, evaluating the effect of antiviral therapy, and predicting the risk of relapse after drug withdrawal in the whole follow-up management of hepatitis B infected persons. With advances in detection technology, it is now possible to measure various viral components in the blood to assess the clinical status of HBV infection. Serum viral products of HBV infection, such as HBV DNA, HBV RNA, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B e-antigen, and hepatitis B core-related antigen, are non-invasive indicators that are critical for the rapid diagnosis and management of related diseases. Improving the sensitivity of monitoring of these products is essential, and the development of corresponding detection technologies is pivotal in achieving this goal. This review aims to offer valuable insights into CHB infection and references for its effective treatment. We provide a comprehensive and systematic overview of classical and novel methods for detecting HBV serum viral products and discusses their clinical applications, along with the latest research progress in this field.