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Sajiki AF, Koyanagi Y, Ushida H, Kawano K, Fujita K, Okuda D, Kawabe M, Yamada K, Suzumura A, Kachi S, Kaneko H, Komatsu H, Usui Y, Goto H, Nishiguchi KM. Association Between Torque Teno Virus and Systemic Immunodeficiency in Patients With Uveitis With a Suspected Infectious Etiology. Am J Ophthalmol 2023; 254:80-86. [PMID: 37356647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the correlation between the presence of torque teno virus (TTV) in the aqueous humor of patients with uveitis and clinical information, including immunodeficiency history. DESIGN Multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional study. METHODS Fifty-eight patients with uveitis with a suspected infectious etiology and 24 controls with cataract or age-related macular degeneration were included. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction to test all subjects for TTV and multiplex polymerase chain reaction to test uveitis subjects for common ocular pathogens. When possible, both serum and aqueous humor samples were tested. Ocular TTV positivity was compared with age, sex, and a history of systemic immunodeficiency with logistic analysis. RESULTS Ocular TTV positivity was found in 23%, 11%, and 0% of patients with herpetic uveitis, nonherpetic uveitis, and controls, respectively. Among patients with herpes infection, positivity for ocular TTV was found in 43%, 8%, 14%, and 50% of patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis, iridocyclitis, acute retinal necrosis, and Epstein-Barr virus-positive uveitis, respectively. Patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis showed a significantly higher rate of ocular TTV infection than controls (P = .008). Serum analysis revealed TTV positivity in 90% of patients with uveitis and in 100% of controls. Age- and gender-adjusted logistic analysis revealed a correlation between ocular TTV positivity and systemic immunodeficiency (P = .01), but no correlations between ocular TTV and age, gender, or viral pathogenic type. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that positivity for ocular TTV was correlated with a clinical history of systemic immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Fujita Sajiki
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (A.F.S., Y.K., H.U., K.K., K.F., D.O., M.K., K.Y., A.S., H.K., K.M.N.).
| | - Yoshito Koyanagi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (A.F.S., Y.K., H.U., K.K., K.F., D.O., M.K., K.Y., A.S., H.K., K.M.N.)
| | - Hiroaki Ushida
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (A.F.S., Y.K., H.U., K.K., K.F., D.O., M.K., K.Y., A.S., H.K., K.M.N.).
| | - Kenichi Kawano
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (A.F.S., Y.K., H.U., K.K., K.F., D.O., M.K., K.Y., A.S., H.K., K.M.N.); Department of Ophthalmology, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, Yokkaichi, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Kosuke Fujita
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (A.F.S., Y.K., H.U., K.K., K.F., D.O., M.K., K.Y., A.S., H.K., K.M.N.)
| | - Daishi Okuda
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (A.F.S., Y.K., H.U., K.K., K.F., D.O., M.K., K.Y., A.S., H.K., K.M.N.)
| | - Mitsuki Kawabe
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (A.F.S., Y.K., H.U., K.K., K.F., D.O., M.K., K.Y., A.S., H.K., K.M.N.)
| | - Kazuhisa Yamada
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (A.F.S., Y.K., H.U., K.K., K.F., D.O., M.K., K.Y., A.S., H.K., K.M.N.)
| | - Ayana Suzumura
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (A.F.S., Y.K., H.U., K.K., K.F., D.O., M.K., K.Y., A.S., H.K., K.M.N.)
| | - Shu Kachi
- Shohzankai Medical Foundation, Miyake Eye Hospital, Nagoya, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Hiroki Kaneko
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (A.F.S., Y.K., H.U., K.K., K.F., D.O., M.K., K.Y., A.S., H.K., K.M.N.)
| | - Hiroyuki Komatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan (H.K., Y.U., H.G.)
| | - Yoshihiko Usui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan (H.K., Y.U., H.G.)
| | - Hiroshi Goto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan (H.K., Y.U., H.G.)
| | - Koji M Nishiguchi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (A.F.S., Y.K., H.U., K.K., K.F., D.O., M.K., K.Y., A.S., H.K., K.M.N.)
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Ozonated water in disinfection of hospital instrument table. RESEARCH ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [PMCID: PMC9977472 DOI: 10.1007/s42600-023-00272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The walls, ceiling, and floor of a surgical environment, as well as the surfaces used in this place, must be submitted to a disinfection protocol to minimize nosocomial infections. Health regulations recommend two stages; the first is characterized by cleaning procedures, mainly using an enzymatic detergent, and the second is use of a disinfection agent. Ozone is a natural substance that has a relevant oxidative property for inactivating microorganisms and has emerged as an interesting agent in the hospital environment. Compared with conventional chemical products for disinfection, ozonated water has advantages such as a lack of storage control, disposal, and handling safety. The objective of this study was to use ozonated water as a disinfectant agent on a hospital metal surface, in comparison with 70% alcohol. Methods The degree of disinfection of the metal surface was quantitatively analyzed with use of an instrument by bioluminescence for a disinfection test. Results Qualitative terms indicated gram-positive cocci microorganisms and yeasts, suggesting that bacteria and fungi from the environment were identified. After the use of ozonated water as a disinfectant, the quantitative analysis indicated values below 100 RLU, showing evidence of a surface suitable for use in surgical procedures. Conclusion The use of ozonated water as a disinfectant agent for a metal surface in a hospital environment showed more effectiveness than 70% alcohol. Thus, ozonated water is a promising agent for disinfecting surfaces in surgical environments.
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Chadwick PR, Trainor E, Marsden GL, Mills S, Chadwick C, O'Brien SJ, Evans CM, Mullender C, Strazds P, Turner S, Weston V, Toleman MS, de Barros C, Kontkowski G, Bak A. Guidelines for the management of norovirus outbreaks in acute and community health and social care settings. J Hosp Infect 2023:S0195-6701(23)00043-9. [PMID: 36796728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eamonn Trainor
- Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester, UK.
| | - Gemma L Marsden
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Royal College of General Practitioners, London, UK
| | - Samuel Mills
- British Infection Association, Seafield, West Lothian, UK; Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Cariad M Evans
- Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Pixy Strazds
- Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; St Andrew's Healthcare, Northampton, UK
| | - Sarah Turner
- Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; Stockport Council, Stockport, UK
| | - Valya Weston
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; NHS England, London, UK
| | - Michelle S Toleman
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Aggie Bak
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK
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The Emerging Role of Probiotics and their Derivatives against Biofilm-Producing MRSA: A Scoping Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4959487. [PMID: 36605101 PMCID: PMC9810406 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4959487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the main bacterial pathogens causing chronic infections, mainly because of its capacity to produce biofilm. Biofilm production is one of the underlying strategies for antibacterial drug resistance. Accordingly, preventing and attenuating biofilm production has become an emerging approach to controlling persistent infections. Therefore, this scoping review is aimed at surveying the published literature describing the usage of probiotics and their derivatives against biofilm-producing MRSA. Methods Updated literature searches were conducted across seven electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Embase, and Google Scholar to identify all original published articles about probiotics against MRSA. In this regard, studies were summarized and analyzed in the present review. Results In the reviewed studies, various microorganisms and compounds were used as probiotics as follows: Lactobacillus species (8 studies), Enterococcus species (4 studies), Bacillus species (2 studies), Streptomyces species (2 studies), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1 study), Corynebacterium accolens (1 study), and Lactococcus lactis derived Nisin (3 studies). Based on our comprehensive search, 21 studies with eligibility criteria were included in the present review including 12 studies on clinical strains, 6 studies on ATCC, 2 studies simultaneously on clinical and standard strains, and finally 1 study on food sample. Conclusions Our study showed that there was an increasing trend in the number of publications reporting probiotics against biofilm-producing MRSA. The results of this scoping review could use to guide the undertaking of the subsequent systematic reviews. In summary, probiotics with antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties can use as an embedded agent in food products or as a biopharmaceutical in the prevention and treatment of MRSA infections.
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Childhood Rotavirus Infection Associated with Temperature and Particulate Matter 2.5 µm: A Retrospective Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312570. [PMID: 34886295 PMCID: PMC8656776 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
No study has ever investigated how ambient temperature and PM2.5 mediate rotavirus infection (RvI) in children. We used insurance claims data from Taiwan in 2006–2012 to evaluate the RvI characteristics in children aged ≤ 9. The RvI incidence rates were higher in colder months, reaching the highest in March (117.0/100 days), and then declining to the lowest in July (29.2/100 days). The age–sex-specific average incident cases were all higher in boys than in girls. Stratified analysis by temperature (<20, 20–24, and ≥25 °C) and PM2.5 (<17.5, 17.5–31.4, 31.5–41.9, and ≥42.0 μg/m3) showed that the highest incidence was 16.4/100 days at average temperatures of <20 °C and PM2.5 of 31.5–41.9 μg/m3, with Poisson regression analysis estimating an adjusted relative risk (aRR) of 1.26 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11–1.43), compared to the incidence at the reference condition (<20 °C and PM2.5 < 17.5 μg/m3). As the temperature increased, the incident RvI cases reduced to 4.84 cases/100 days (aRR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.35–0.45) when it was >25 °C with PM2.5 < 17.5 μg/m3, or to 9.84/100 days (aRR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.77–0.93) when it was >25 °C with PM2.5 > 42 μg/m3. The seasonal RvI is associated with frequent indoor personal contact among children in the cold months. The association with PM2.5 could be an alternative assessment due to temperature inversion.
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D’Accolti M, Soffritti I, Bonfante F, Ricciardi W, Mazzacane S, Caselli E. Potential of an Eco-Sustainable Probiotic-Cleaning Formulation in Reducing Infectivity of Enveloped Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:2227. [PMID: 34835033 PMCID: PMC8617880 DOI: 10.3390/v13112227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply influenced sanitization procedures, and high-level disinfection has been massively used to prevent SARS-CoV-2 spread, with potential negative impact on the environment and on the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Aiming to overcome these concerns, yet preserving the effectiveness of sanitization against enveloped viruses, we assessed the antiviral properties of the Probiotic Cleaning Hygiene System (PCHS), an eco-sustainable probiotic-based detergent previously proven to stably abate pathogen contamination and AMR. PCHS (diluted 1:10, 1:50 and 1:100) was tested in comparison to common disinfectants (70% ethanol and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite), in suspension and carrier tests, according with the European UNI EN 14476:2019 and UNI EN 16777:2019 standards. Human alpha- and beta-coronaviruses hCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2, human herpesvirus type 1, human and animal influenza viruses, and vaccinia virus were included in the study. The results showed that PCHS was able to inactivate 99.99% of all tested viruses within 1-2 h of contact, both in suspension and on surface. Notably, while control disinfectants became inactive within 2 h after application, the PCHS antiviral action persisted up to 24 h post-application, suggesting that its use may effectively allow a continuous prevention of virus spread via contaminated environment, without worsening environmental pollution and AMR concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D’Accolti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, LTTA, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.D.); (I.S.)
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 13, 44122 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Irene Soffritti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, LTTA, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.D.); (I.S.)
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 13, 44122 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, IZSVe, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Walter Ricciardi
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Sante Mazzacane
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 13, 44122 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, LTTA, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.D.); (I.S.)
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 13, 44122 Ferrara, Italy;
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Ram K, Thakur RC, Singh DK, Kawamura K, Shimouchi A, Sekine Y, Nishimura H, Singh SK, Pavuluri CM, Singh RS, Tripathi SN. Why airborne transmission hasn't been conclusive in case of COVID-19? An atmospheric science perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145525. [PMID: 33940729 PMCID: PMC7984961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Airborne transmission is one of the routes for the spread of COVID-19 which is caused by inhalation of smaller droplets1 containing SARS-CoV-2 (i.e., either virus-laden particulate matter: PM and/or droplet nuclei) in an indoor environment. Notably, a significant fraction of the small droplets, along with respiratory droplets, is produced by both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals during expiratory events such as breathing, sneezing, coughing and speaking. When these small droplets are exposed to the ambient environment, they may interact with PM and may remain suspended in the atmosphere even for several hours. Therefore, it is important to know the fate of these droplets and processes (e.g., physical and chemical) in the atmosphere to better understand airborne transmission. Therefore, we reviewed existing literature focussed on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the spread of COVID-19 and present an environmental perspective on why airborne transmission hasn't been very conclusive so far. In addition, we discuss various environmental factors (e.g., temperature, humidity, etc.) and sampling difficulties, which affect the conclusions of the studies focussed on airborne transmission. One of the reasons for reduced emphasis on airborne transmission could be that the smaller droplets have less number of viruses as compared to larger droplets. Further, smaller droplets can evaporate faster, exposing SARS-CoV-2 within the small droplets to the environment, whose viability may further reduce. For example, these small droplets containing SARS-CoV-2 might also physically combine with or attach to pre-existing PM so that their behaviour and fate may be governed by PM composition. Thus, the measurement of their infectivity and viability is highly uncertain due to a lack of robust sampling system to separately collect virions in the atmosphere. We believe that the present review will help to minimize the gap in our understanding of the current pandemic and develop a robust epidemiological method for mortality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirpa Ram
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Roseline C Thakur
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Singh
- French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)/IRCE Lyon, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Akito Shimouchi
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Yoshika Sekine
- Department of Chemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 25901292, Japan.
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Chandra Mouli Pavuluri
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - R S Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - S N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
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Mostaghimi J, Pershin L, Salimijazi H, Nejad M, Ringuette M. Thermal Spray Copper Alloy Coatings as Potent Biocidal and Virucidal Surfaces. JOURNAL OF THERMAL SPRAY TECHNOLOGY 2021; 30:25-39. [PMID: 38624650 PMCID: PMC7914122 DOI: 10.1007/s11666-021-01161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbial and viral pathogen contamination of touch surfaces contributes to the rapid transmission of diseases. It has been known for decades that microbes and viruses are rapidly inactivated when exposed to copper and its alloys. Consequently, the use of thermal spray technologies to coat surfaces in healthcare and public settings has been receiving a considerable amount of interest during recent viral pandemics and particularly now with COVID-19. This review is focused on recent successes using thermal spray technology to uniformly coat metal and organic surfaces, providing a rapid and economical means of inhibiting fomite transmission of pathogens on diverse surfaces with complex topographies. Emphasis is placed on the influence of lamella structure, porosity, and roughness of the coatings as it pertains to biocidal activity and the implications of using this knowledge to optimize the ability of copper coatings to irreversibly inactivate viral pathogens, regardless of their genomic mutation rates. Results of the long-term performance of the copper alloy coatings in real hospital settings in Canada and Peru are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. Nejad
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Otto DP, de Villiers MM. Layer-By-Layer Nanocoating of Antiviral Polysaccharides on Surfaces to Prevent Coronavirus Infections. Molecules 2020; 25:E3415. [PMID: 32731428 PMCID: PMC7435837 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, the world is being ravaged by the coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes a severe respiratory disease, Covid-19. Hundreds of thousands of people have succumbed to the disease. Efforts at curing the disease are aimed at finding a vaccine and/or developing antiviral drugs. Despite these efforts, the WHO warned that the virus might never be eradicated. Countries around the world have instated non-pharmaceutical interventions such as social distancing and wearing of masks in public to curb the spreading of the disease. Antiviral polysaccharides provide the ideal opportunity to combat the pathogen via pharmacotherapeutic applications. However, a layer-by-layer nanocoating approach is also envisioned to coat surfaces to which humans are exposed that could harbor pathogenic coronaviruses. By coating masks, clothing, and work surfaces in wet markets among others, these antiviral polysaccharides can ensure passive prevention of the spreading of the virus. It poses a so-called "eradicate-in-place" measure against the virus. Antiviral polysaccharides also provide a green chemistry pathway to virus eradication since these molecules are primarily of biological origin and can be modified by minimal synthetic approaches. They are biocompatible as well as biodegradable. This surface passivation approach could provide a powerful measure against the spreading of coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Otto
- Research Focus Area for Chemical Resource Beneficiation, Laboratory for Analytical Services, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Melgardt M. de Villiers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences–Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
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Webb B, Rakibuzzaman A, Ramamoorthy S. Torque teno viruses in health and disease. Virus Res 2020; 285:198013. [PMID: 32404273 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Torque teno viruses (TTVs) are small, ubiquitous, viruses with a highly diverse, single-stranded, negative sense DNA genome and wide host range. They are detected at high rates in both healthy and diseased individuals and are considered a significant part of the mammalian virome. Similar to human TTVs, swine TTVs (TTSuVs) are epidemiologically linked to several coinfections including porcine circovirus types 2 and 3 and the porcine reproductive and respiratory disease syndrome virus. Experimental infection of gnotobiotic pigs with TTSuVs resulted in lesions in multiple organs and exacerbation of coinfections, making TTSuVs the only members of the Anelloviridae family with experimental evidence for pathogenicity. However, due to the lack of reliable cell culture and animal models, mechanistic studies on viral immunity and pathogenesis are limited. The objective of this review is to summarize the current status of knowledge regarding the biology, detection, pathogenesis and public health significance of TTSuVs, while identifying gaps in knowledge which limit the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Agm Rakibuzzaman
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States.
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Speranza B, Liso A, Russo V, Corbo MR. Evaluation of the Potential of Biofilm Formation of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and Lactobacillus reuteri as Competitive Biocontrol Agents Against Pathogenic and Food Spoilage Bacteria. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E177. [PMID: 31991823 PMCID: PMC7074751 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposes to exploit the in vivo metabolism of two probiotics (Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and Lactobacillus reuteri) which, upon adhesion on a solid surface, form a biofilm able to control the growth of pathogenic and food spoilage bacteria. The results showed that pathogenic cell loads were always lower in presence of biofilm (6.5-7 log CFU/cm2) compared to those observed in its absence. For Escherichia coli O157:H7, a significant decrease (>1-2 logarithmic cycles) was recorded; for Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enterica, cell load reductions ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 logarithmic cycles. When tested as active packaging, the biofilm was successfully formed on polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, greaseproof paper, polyethylene and ceramic; the sessile cellular load ranged from 5.77 log CFU/cm2 (grease-proof paper) to 6.94 log CFU/cm2 (polyethylene, PE). To test the potential for controlling the growth of spoilage microorganisms in food, soft cheeses were produced, inoculated with L. monocytogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens, wrapped in PE pellicles with pre-formed biofim, packed both in air and under vacuum, and stored at 4 and 15 °C: an effective effect of biofilms in slowing the decay of the microbiological quality was recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Speranza
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Arcangelo Liso
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Foggia, Polo Biomedico, Viale Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery Science, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Maria Rosaria Corbo
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
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Wilson AM, Reynolds KA, Canales RA. Estimating the effect of hand hygiene compliance and surface cleaning timing on infection risk reductions with a mathematical modeling approach. Am J Infect Control 2019; 47:1453-1459. [PMID: 31331717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative tools are needed to relate infection control interventions to infection risk reductions. METHODS A model for predicting virus concentrations on hands was used to predict rotavirus, rhinovirus, and influenza A virus doses. Variability in behaviors, transfer efficiencies for various contact types, and surface areas of contact were included. Dose-response curves were used to relate estimated doses to infection risks. Percent reductions from baseline in average rotavirus, rhinovirus, and influenza A virus dose and infection risk were calculated for interventions. RESULTS Baseline average infection risks for rotavirus, rhinovirus, and influenza A virus were 0.43, 0.20, and 5.51 × 10-6, respectively. One and 2 cleaning events decreased average viral infection risks by 6.98%-17.06% and 13.95%-34.66%, respectively. A 15% increase in hand compliance decreased average infection risks by 6.98%-20.51%. A 15% increase in hand hygiene compliance paired with 2 cleaning events decreased average infection risks by 20.93%-47.55%. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates the infection risk benefits of combined interventions. CONCLUSIONS Models such as the one in this study could be used to optimize timing and frequency of cleaning events and to create hand hygiene compliance goals to achieve infection risk targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Wilson
- Department of Community, Environment and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
| | - Kelly A Reynolds
- Department of Community, Environment and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Robert A Canales
- Department of Community, Environment and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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13
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Spiri AM, Meli ML, Riond B, Herbert I, Hosie MJ, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Environmental Contamination and Hygienic Measures After Feline Calicivirus Field Strain Infections of Cats in a Research Facility. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100958. [PMID: 31627345 PMCID: PMC6832521 DOI: 10.3390/v11100958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) can cause painful oral ulcerations, salivation, gingivitis/stomatitis, fever and depression in infected cats; highly virulent virus variants can lead to fatal epizootic outbreaks. Viral transmission occurs directly or indirectly via fomites. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and viability of FCV in the environment after sequential oronasal infections of specified pathogen-free cats with two FCV field strains in a research facility. Replicating virus was detected in saliva swabs from all ten cats after the first and in four out of ten cats after the second FCV exposure using virus isolation to identify FCV shedders. In the environment, where cleaning, but no disinfection took place, FCV viral RNA was detectable using RT-qPCR on all tested items and surfaces, including cat hair. However, only very limited evidence was found of replicating virus using virus isolation. Viral RNA remained demonstrable for at least 28 days after shedding had ceased in all cats. Disinfection with 5% sodium bicarbonate (and IncidinTM Plus) and barrier measures were effective in that no viral RNA was detectable outside the cat rooms. Our findings are important for any multicat environment to optimize hygienic measures against FCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Monika Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marina Luisa Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Imogen Herbert
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Pasalari H, Ataei-Pirkooh A, Aminikhah M, Jafari AJ, Farzadkia M. Assessment of airborne enteric viruses emitted from wastewater treatment plant: Atmospheric dispersion model, quantitative microbial risk assessment, disease burden. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:464-473. [PMID: 31325891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
From a health prospective, it is critical to provide a comprehensive model which integrates all the parameters involved in virus transmission and its consequences on human body. In order to estimate the health risks, for workers and residents, associated with an exposure airborne viruses emitted from a wastewater treatment (WWTP), the concentration levels of viruses in emitted bioaerosols over a twelve-month period were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A combined Gaussian plum dispersion model and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) with Monte-Carlo simulation served as suitable explanatory tools to estimate the risk of acquiring gastrointestinal illness (GI) due to exposure to air containing Rotavirus (RoV) and Norovirus (NoV) bioaerosols. Additionally, DALY metric was applied to quantify the disability and mortality for workers and residents. RoV and NoV were detected above aeration tank with annual mean concentration 27 and 3099 (Viruses/m3.h), respectively. The medium calculated DALY indicator based on viral loads in contaminant source (RoV:5.76 × 10-2 and NoV:1.23 × 10-1) and estimated in different distances away (300-1000 m) (RoV:2.87 × 10-2- 2.75 × 10-2 and NoV:1.14 × 10-1-1.13 × 10-1) were markedly higher than the threshold values recommended by US EPA (10-4 DALY pppy) and WHO (10-6 DALY pppy). The sensitivity analysis highlighted dose exposure and disease burden per case (DBPC) as two most influential factors for both workers and residents following exposure to two pathogens of concern. Due to high resistance and high concentration in the environment, the presence of RoV and NoV can intensify the consequences of diarrhea especially for children under five years of age; A comprehensible and transparent presentation of DALYs and QMRA can help decision makers and responsibilities to justify the priorities of exposure to wastewater in comparison with other risks of daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Pasalari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Angila Ataei-Pirkooh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Aminikhah
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran.
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15
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Rawlinson S, Ciric L, Cloutman-Green E. How to carry out microbiological sampling of healthcare environment surfaces? A review of current evidence. J Hosp Infect 2019; 103:363-374. [PMID: 31369807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the hospital surface environment contributes to the spread of pathogens. However, evidence on how best to sample these surfaces is inconsistent and there is no guidance or legislation in place on how to do this. The aim of this review was to assess current literature on surface sampling methodologies, including the devices used, processing methods, and the environmental and biological factors that might influence results. Studies published prior to March 2019 were selected using relevant keywords from ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and PubMed. Abstracts were reviewed and all data-based studies in peer-reviewed journals in the English language were included. Microbiological air and water sampling in the hospital environment were not included. Although the numbers of cells or virions recovered from hospital surface environments were generally low, the majority of surfaces sampled were microbiologically contaminated. Of the organisms detected, multidrug-resistant organisms and clinically significant pathogens were frequently isolated and could, therefore, present a risk to vulnerable patients. Great variation was found between methods and the available data were incomplete and incomparable. Available literature on sampling methods demonstrated deficits with potential improvements for future research. Many of the studies included in the review were laboratory-based and not undertaken in the real hospital environment where sampling recoveries could be affected by the many variables present in a clinical environment. It was therefore difficult to draw overall conclusions; however, some recommendations for the design of routine protocols for surface sampling of healthcare environments can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rawlinson
- University College London, Chadwick Building, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, London, UK
| | - L Ciric
- University College London, Chadwick Building, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, London, UK
| | - E Cloutman-Green
- University College London, Chadwick Building, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Camiliar Botnar Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, London, UK.
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16
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Andersen BM. Background Information: Isolation Routines. PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INFECTIONS IN HOSPITALS 2019. [PMCID: PMC7122118 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of patients with suspected or documented infections—to not spread to others—has been discussed for hundreds of years. Guidelines are many, methods are different, attitudes show vide variations, routines and procedures are still changing, regulations by law may be absent, and some healthcare professionals may be afraid of adverse outcomes of isolation [1–44]. Microbes that are spread in the environment, on the hands and equipment are invisible. The invisible agent does not call on attention before the infection; clinical disease, hospital infection or nosocomial infection is a factum that can be registered [23, 28, 29, 35–37]. How to stop the transmission is often “to believe and not believe” in infection control.
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17
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Darby J, Falco C. Infection Control and the Need for Family-/Child-Centered Care. HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN 2019. [PMCID: PMC7122132 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98122-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Patient- and family-centered care (FCC) has become central to the delivery of medical care over the last 20 years and has been shown to improve patient outcomes. Infection control practices have the potential to greatly influence family centeredness and care providers, and hospital personnel must consider the potential impacts of isolation and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Approaching infection control with the perspective of FCC requires balancing patient safety and overall patient well-being. In this chapter, authors consider infection control and the benefits of FCC, family and sibling visitation, the use of playrooms, animals in healthcare settings including animal-assisted interventions, the potential adverse effects of infection control practices, and strategies to mitigate these impacts.
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18
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Development of antituberculosis melt-blown polypropylene filters coated with mangosteen extracts for medical face mask applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Uhrbrand K, Koponen IK, Schultz AC, Madsen AM. Evaluation of air samplers and filter materials for collection and recovery of airborne norovirus. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:990-1000. [PMID: 28921812 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to identify the most efficient sampling method for quantitative PCR-based detection of airborne human norovirus (NoV). METHODS AND RESULTS A comparative experiment was conducted in an aerosol chamber using aerosolized murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate for NoV. Sampling was performed using a nylon (NY) filter in conjunction with four kinds of personal samplers: Gesamtstaubprobenahme sampler (GSP), Triplex-cyclone sampler (TC), 3-piece closed-faced Millipore cassette (3P) and a 2-stage NIOSH cyclone sampler (NIO). In addition, sampling was performed using the GSP sampler with four different filter types: NY, polycarbonate (PC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and gelatine (GEL). The sampling efficiency of MNV was significantly influenced by both sampler and filter type. The GSP sampler was found to give significantly (P < 0·05) higher recovery of aerosolized MNV than 3P and NIO. A higher recovery was also found for GSP compared with TC, albeit not significantly. Finally, recovery of aerosolized MNV was significantly (P < 0·05) higher using NY than PC, PTFE and GEL filters. CONCLUSIONS The GSP sampler combined with a nylon filter was found to be the best method for personal filter-based sampling of airborne NoV. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The identification of a suitable NoV air sampler is an important step towards studying the association between exposure to airborne NoV and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uhrbrand
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Division of Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - I K Koponen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - A C Schultz
- Division of Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A M Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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20
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Lack of strong anti-viral immune gene stimulation in Torque Teno Sus Virus1 infected macrophage cells. Virology 2016; 495:63-70. [PMID: 27179346 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While recent findings suggest that swine TTVs (TTSuVs) can act as primary or co-infecting pathogens, very little is known about viral immunity. To determine whether TTSuVs downregulate key host immune responses to facilitate their own survival, a swine macrophage cell line, 3D4/31, was used to over-express recombinant TTSuV1 viral particles or the ORF3 protein. Immune gene expression profiles were assessed by a quantitative PCR panel consisting of 22 immune genes, in cell samples collected at 6, 12, 24 and 48h post-transfection. Despite the upregulation of IFN-β and TLR9, interferon stimulated innate genes and pro-inflammatory genes were not upregulated in virally infected cells. The adaptive immune genes, IL-4 and IL-13, were significantly downregulated at 6h post-transfection. The ORF3 protein did not appear do not have a major immuno-suppressive effect, nor did it stimulate anti-viral immunity. Data from this study warrants further investigation into the mechanisms of TTV related immuno-pathogenesis.
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21
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Focosi D, Antonelli G, Pistello M, Maggi F. Torquetenovirus: the human virome from bench to bedside. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:589-93. [PMID: 27093875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Torquetenovirus (TTV) is the most abundant component of human virome. Virologists have long ignored this orphan and highly divergent virus, in part because TTV cannot be cultured and because it lacks serology reagents and animal models. Nevertheless, it is almost endemic worldwide and is insensitive to current antiviral drugs, so its monitoring is useful in various conditions. To date, TTV as a marker has proved useful in at least two circumstances: to identify anthropogenic pollution and to assess functional immune competence in immunosuppressed individuals. This review summarizes recent findings about TTV and discusses the main hurdles in translating them into clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Italy
| | - G Antonelli
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, and Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Pistello
- Virology Unit and Retrovirus Centre, Pisa University Hospital, Italy; Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Maggi
- Virology Unit and Retrovirus Centre, Pisa University Hospital, Italy.
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22
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Ionidis G, Hübscher J, Jack T, Becker B, Bischoff B, Todt D, Hodasa V, Brill FHH, Steinmann E, Steinmann J. Development and virucidal activity of a novel alcohol-based hand disinfectant supplemented with urea and citric acid. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:77. [PMID: 26864562 PMCID: PMC4750209 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hand disinfectants are important for the prevention of virus transmission in the health care system and environment. The development of broad antiviral spectrum hand disinfectants with activity against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses is limited due to a small number of permissible active ingredients able to inactivate viruses. Methods A new hand disinfectant was developed based upon 69.39 % w/w ethanol and 3.69 % w/w 2-propanol. Different amounts of citric acid and urea were added in order to create a virucidal claim against poliovirus (PV), adenovirus type 5 (AdV) and polyomavirus SV40 (SV40) as non-enveloped test viruses in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) as soil load. The exposure time was fixed to 60 s. Results With the addition of 2.0 % citric acid and 2.0 % urea an activity against the three test viruses was achieved demonstrating a four log10 reduction of viral titers. Furthermore, this formulation was able to inactivate PV, AdV, SV40 and murine norovirus (MNV) in quantitative suspension assays according to German and European Guidelines within 60 s creating a virucidal claim. For inactivation of vaccinia virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus 15 s exposure time were needed to demonstrate a 4 log10 reduction resulting in a claim against enveloped viruses. Additionally, it is the first hand disinfectant passing a carrier test with AdV and MNV. Conclusions In conclusion, this new formulation with a low alcohol content, citric acid and urea is capable of inactivating all enveloped and non-enveloped viruses as indicated in current guidelines and thereby contributing as valuable addition to the hand disinfection portfolio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Ionidis
- Oro Clean Chemie AG, Allmendstrasse 21, 8320, Fehraltorf, Switzerland.
| | - Judith Hübscher
- Oro Clean Chemie AG, Allmendstrasse 21, 8320, Fehraltorf, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Jack
- Oro Clean Chemie AG, Allmendstrasse 21, 8320, Fehraltorf, Switzerland.
| | - Britta Becker
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Birte Bischoff
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Todt
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Veronika Hodasa
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Florian H H Brill
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jochen Steinmann
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Norderoog 2, 28259, Bremen, Germany.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The concept of aerosol transmission is developed to resolve limitations in conventional definitions of airborne and droplet transmission. METHODS The method was literature review. RESULTS An infectious aerosol is a collection of pathogen-laden particles in air. Aerosol particles may deposit onto or be inhaled by a susceptible person. Aerosol transmission is biologically plausible when infectious aerosols are generated by or from an infectious person, the pathogen remains viable in the environment for some period of time, and the target tissues in which the pathogen initiates infection are accessible to the aerosol. Biological plausibility of aerosol transmission is evaluated for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and norovirus and discussed for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza, and Ebola virus. CONCLUSIONS Aerosol transmission reflects a modern understanding of aerosol science and allows physically appropriate explanation and intervention selection for infectious diseases.
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24
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Association of age and gender with Torque teno virus detection in stools from diarrheic and non-diarrheic people. J Clin Virol 2015; 72:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Homaira N, Sheils J, Stelzer-Braid S, Lui K, Oie JL, Snelling T, Jaffe A, Rawlinson W. Respiratory syncytial virus is present in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Med Virol 2015; 88:196-201. [PMID: 26174559 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nosocomial transmission of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) occurs in children within the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). During peak community RSV transmission, three swabs were collected from the nose, hand and personal clothing of visitors and health care workers (HCW) in NICU once every week for eight weeks. Nasal swabs were collected from every third neonate and from any neonate clinically suspected of having a respiratory infection. Environmental sampling of high touch areas was done once during the study period. All swabs were tested for RSV using real time RT-PCR. There were 173 (519 total) and 109 (327 total) swabs, each of nose, hand and dress from 84 HCWs and 80 visitors respectively and 81 nasal swabs from 55 neonates collected. Thirty five environmental swabs from surfaces of the beds, side tables, counter tops, chairs, tables and computers were collected. Overall 1% of nasal swabs from each of HCWs, visitors and neonates, 4% of dress specimens from visitors and 9% of environmental swabs were positive for RSV-RNA. The results suggest that though the risk for RSV in the NICU remains low, personnel clothing are contaminated with RSV-RNA and may have a role in transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Homaira
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW, Randwick, Australia
| | - Joanne Sheils
- Department of Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, Australia
| | - Sacha Stelzer-Braid
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Australia
| | - Kei Lui
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW, Randwick, Australia.,Department of Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, Australia
| | - Ju-Lee Oie
- Department of Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, Australia
| | - Tom Snelling
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western, Australia
| | - Adam Jaffe
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW, Randwick, Australia
| | - William Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Australia
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26
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Ganime A, Leite J, de Abreu Corrêa A, Melgaço F, Carvalho-Costa F, Miagostovich M. Evaluation of the swab sampling method to recover viruses from fomites. J Virol Methods 2015; 217:24-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Human anelloviruses: an update of molecular, epidemiological and clinical aspects. Arch Virol 2015; 160:893-908. [PMID: 25680568 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human torque teno viruses (TTVs) are new, emerging infectious agents, recently assigned to the family Anelloviridae. The first representative of the genus, torque teno virus (TTV), was discovered in 1997, followed by torque teno mini virus (TTMV) in 2000, and torque teno midi virus (TTMDV) in 2007. These viruses are characterized by an extremely high prevalence, with relatively uniform distribution worldwide and a high level of genomic heterogeneity, as well as an apparent pan-tropism at the host level. Although these viruses have a very high prevalence in the general population across the globe, neither their interaction with their hosts nor their direct involvement in the etiology of specific diseases are fully understood. Since their discovery, human anelloviruses, and especially TTV, have been suggested to be associated with various diseases, such as hepatitis, respiratory diseases, cancer, hematological and autoimmune disorders, with few arguments for their direct involvement. Recent studies have started to reveal interactions between TTVs and the host's immune system, leading to new hypotheses for potential pathological mechanisms of these viruses. In this review article, we discuss the most important aspects and current status of human TTVs in order to guide future studies.
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28
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Pankhurst L, Cloutman-Green E, Canales M, D'Arcy N, Hartley JC. Routine monitoring of adenovirus and norovirus within the health care environment. Am J Infect Control 2014; 42:1229-32. [PMID: 25444270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the presence of adenovirus and norovirus on ward surfaces using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to assist in the development of evidence-based infection control policy. Screening was carried out weekly for 6 months in the common areas of 2 pediatric wards. Additionally, a one-off screening was undertaken for adenovirus and norovirus on a day unit and for adenovirus only in patient cubicles while occupied. Over the 6-month screening of common areas, 2.4% of samples were positive for adenovirus or norovirus. In rooms occupied with adenovirus-infected children, all cubicle screening sites and almost all swabs were contaminated with adenovirus. In the day unit, 13% of samples were positive. Cleaning and environmental interaction strategies must therefore be designed to control nosocomial transmission of viruses outside of outbreak scenarios.
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D'Arcy N, Cloutman-Green E, Klein N, Spratt DA. Environmental viral contamination in a pediatric hospital outpatient waiting area: implications for infection control. Am J Infect Control 2014; 42:856-60. [PMID: 25087137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nosocomial outbreaks of viral etiology are costly and can have a major impact on patient care. Many viruses are known to persist in the inanimate environment and may pose a risk to patients and health care workers. We investigate the frequency of environmental contamination with common health care-associated viruses and explore the use of torque-teno virus as a marker of environmental contamination. METHODS Environmental screening for a variety of clinically relevant viruses was carried out over 3 months in a UK pediatric hospital using air sampling and surface swabbing. Swabs were tested for the presence of virus nucleic acid by quantitative polymerase chain reactions. RESULTS Viral nucleic acid was found on surfaces and in the air throughout the screening period, with adenovirus DNA being the most frequent. Door handles were frequently contaminated. Torque-teno virus was also found at numerous sites. CONCLUSION Evidence of environmental contamination with viral pathogens is present in health care environments and may be indicative of an infectious virus being present. Screening for viruses should be included in infection control strategies. Torque-teno virus may provide a better marker of contamination and reduce time and cost of screening for individual viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki D'Arcy
- Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, England.
| | | | - Nigel Klein
- Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England
| | - David A Spratt
- Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, England
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Masclaux FG, Hotz P, Gashi D, Savova-Bianchi D, Oppliger A. Assessment of airborne virus contamination in wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 133:260-5. [PMID: 24981824 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Occupational exposure to bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and its consequence on workers' health are well documented. Most studies were devoted to enumerating and identifying cultivable bacteria and fungi, as well as measuring concentrations of airborne endotoxins, as these are the main health-related factors found in WWTP. Surprisingly, very few studies have investigated the presence and concentrations of airborne virus in WWTP. However, many enteric viruses are present in wastewater and, due to their small size, they should become aerosolized. Two in particular, the norovirus and the adenovirus, are extremely widespread and are the major causes of infectious gastrointestinal diseases reported around the world. The third one, hepatitis E virus, has an emerging status. GOAL AND METHODS This study׳s objectives were to detect and quantify the presence and concentrations of 3 different viruses (adenovirus, norovirus and the hepatitis E virus) in air samples from 31 WWTPs by using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) during two different seasons and two consecutive years. RESULTS Adenovirus was present in 100% of summer WWTP samples and 97% of winter samples. The highest airborne concentration measured was 2.27 × 10(6) genome equivalent/m(3) and, on average, these were higher in summer than in winter. Norovirus was detected in only 3 of the 123 air samples, and the hepatitis E virus was not detected. CONCLUSIONS Concentrations of potentially pathogenic viral particles in WWTP air are non-negligible and could partly explain the work-related gastrointestinal symptoms often reported in employees in this sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric G Masclaux
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), University of Lausanne and University of Geneva, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp Hotz
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Unit, Med. Poliklinik USZ, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Drita Gashi
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Unit, Med. Poliklinik USZ, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dessislava Savova-Bianchi
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), University of Lausanne and University of Geneva, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Oppliger
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), University of Lausanne and University of Geneva, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland.
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31
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O'Connor N, Cahill O, Daniels S, Galvin S, Humphreys H. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma and decontamination. Can it contribute to preventing hospital-acquired infections? J Hosp Infect 2014; 88:59-65. [PMID: 25146226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) affect ∼4.5 million patients in Europe alone annually. With the ever-increasing number of 'multi-resistant' micro-organisms, alternative and more effective methods of environmental decontamination are being sought as an important component of infection prevention and control. One of these is the use of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) systems with clinical applications in healthcare facilities. CAPPs have been shown to demonstrate antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties and have been adopted for other uses in clinical medicine over the past decade. CAPPs vary in their physical and chemical nature depending on the plasma-generating mechanism (e.g. plasma jet, dielectric barrier discharge, etc.). CAPP systems produce a 'cocktail' of species including positive and negative ions, reactive atoms and molecules (e.g. atomic oxygen, ozone, superoxide and oxides of nitrogen), intense electric fields, and ultraviolet radiation (UV). The effects of these ions have been studied on micro-organisms, skin, blood, and DNA; thus, a range of possible applications of CAPPs has been identified, including surface decontamination, wound healing, biofilm removal, and even cancer therapy. Here we evaluate plasma devices, their applications, mode of action and their potential role specifically in combating HCAIs on clinical surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O'Connor
- National Centre for Plasma Science and Technology, Dublin, Ireland; School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - O Cahill
- National Centre for Plasma Science and Technology, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - S Daniels
- National Centre for Plasma Science and Technology, Dublin, Ireland; School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Galvin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Education and Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H Humphreys
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Education and Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Ganime AC, Carvalho-Costa FA, Santos M, Costa Filho R, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP. Viability of human adenovirus from hospital fomites. J Med Virol 2014; 86:2065-9. [PMID: 25042068 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of environmental microbial contamination in healthcare facilities may be a valuable tool to determine pathogens transmission in those settings; however, such procedure is limited to bacterial indicators. Viruses are found commonly in those environments and are rarely used for these procedures. The aim of this study was to assess distribution and viability of a human DNA virus on fomites in an Adult Intensive Care Unit of a private hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Human adenoviruses (HAdV) were investigated in 141 fomites by scraping the surface area and screening by quantitative PCR (qPCR) using TaqMan® System (Carlsbad, CA). Ten positive samples were selected for virus isolation in A549 and/or HEp2c cell lines. A total of 63 samples (44.7%) were positive and presented viral load ranging from 2.48 × 10(1) to 2.1 × 10(3) genomic copies per millilitre (gc/ml). The viability was demonstrated by integrated cell culture/nested-PCR in 5 out of 10 samples. Nucleotide sequencing confirmed all samples as HAdV and characterized one of them as specie B, serotype 3 (HAdV-3). The results indicate the risk of nosocomial transmission via contaminated fomites and point out the use of HAdV as biomarkers of environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Ganime
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Verani M, Bigazzi R, Carducci A. Viral contamination of aerosol and surfaces through toilet use in health care and other settings. Am J Infect Control 2014; 42:758-62. [PMID: 24818773 PMCID: PMC7132667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The airborne spreading of enteric viruses can occur through the aerosol and droplets produced by toilet flushing. These can contaminate the surrounding environment, but few data exist to estimate the risk of exposure and infection. For this reason environmental monitoring of air and selected surfaces was carried out in 2 toilets of an office building and in 3 toilets of a hospital before and after cleaning operations. METHODS To reveal the presence of norovirus, enterovirus, rhinovirus, human rotavirus, and Torque teno virus and to quantify human adenovirus and bacteria counts, molecular and cultural methods were used. RESULTS On the whole, viruses were detected on 78% of surfaces and in 81% of aerosol. Among the researched viruses, only human adenovirus and Torque teno virus were found in both surface and air samples. In several cases the same adenovirus strain was concurrently found in all matrices. Bacterial counts were unrelated to viral presence and cleaning did not seem to substantially reduce contamination. CONCLUSIONS The data collected in our study confirm that toilets are an important source of viral contamination, mainly in health care settings, where disinfection can have a crucial role in preventing virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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De Keuckelaere A, Stals A, Uyttendaele M. Semi-direct lysis of swabs and evaluation of their efficiencies to recover human noroviruses GI and GII from surfaces. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:132-139. [PMID: 24832038 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses such as noroviruses (NoVs) continue to be the cause of widespread viral outbreaks due to person-to-person transmission, contaminated food, and contaminated surfaces. In order to optimize swabbing methodology for the detection of viruses on (food) contact surfaces, three swab elution/extraction strategies were compared in part one of this study, out of which, one strategy was based on the recently launched ISO protocol (ISO/TS 15216-1) for the determination of hepatitis A virus and NoV in food using real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). These three swab elution/extraction strategies were tested for the detection of GI.4 and GII.4 NoV on high-density polyethylene (HD-PE) surfaces with the use of cotton swabs. For detection of GI.4 and GII.4, the sample recovery efficiency (SRE) obtained with the direct lysis strategy (based on ISO/TS 15216-1) was significantly lower than the SRE obtained with both other strategies. The semi-direct lysis strategy was chosen to assess the SRE of two common swabs (cotton swab and polyester swab) versus the biowipe (Biomérieux, Lyon, France) on three surfaces (HD-PE, neoprene rubber (NR), and nitrile gloves (GL)). For both surfaces, HD-PE and GL, no significant differences in SREs of GI.4 and GII.4 NoVs were detected between the three different swabs. For the coarser NR, biowipes turned out to be the best option for detecting both GI.4 and GII.4 NoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann De Keuckelaere
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium,
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Vanessa dos Santos da Silva J, Henrique de Mello M, Staggemeier R, Henzel A, Rigotto C, Spilki FR. Adenovirus presence in surfaces and equipment from ambulatories, internship units, and operating rooms in a Brazilian hospital. Am J Infect Control 2014; 42:693-4. [PMID: 24837126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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van Bunnik BAD, Ssematimba A, Hagenaars TJ, Nodelijk G, Haverkate MR, Bonten MJM, Hayden MK, Weinstein RA, Bootsma MCJ, De Jong MCM. Small distances can keep bacteria at bay for days. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3556-60. [PMID: 24550476 PMCID: PMC3948290 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310043111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of pathogens between spatially separated hosts, i.e., indirect transmission, is a commonly encountered phenomenon important for epidemic pathogen spread. The routes of indirect transmission often remain untraced, making it difficult to develop control strategies. Here we used a tailor-made design to study indirect transmission experimentally, using two different zoonotic bacteria in broilers. Previous experiments using a single bacterial species yielded a delay in the onset of transmission, which we hypothesized to result from the interplay between diffusive motion of infectious material and decay of infectivity in the environment. Indeed, a mathematical model of diffusive pathogen transfer predicts a delay in transmission that depends both on the distance between hosts and on the magnitude of the pathogen decay rate. Our experiments, carried out with two bacterial species with very different decay rates in the environment, confirm the difference in transmission delay predicted by the model. These results imply that for control of an infectious agent, the time between the distant exposure and the infection event is important. To illustrate how this can work we analyzed data observed on the spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in an intensive care unit. Indeed, a delayed vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus transmission component was identified in these data, and this component disappeared in a study period in which the environment was thoroughly cleaned. Therefore, we suggest that the impact of control strategies against indirect transmission can be assessed using our model by estimating the control measures' effects on the diffusion coefficient and the pathogen decay rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram A. D. van Bunnik
- Department of Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Crisis Organization and Diagnostics, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Amos Ssematimba
- Department of Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Crisis Organization and Diagnostics, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J. Hagenaars
- Department of Epidemiology, Crisis Organization and Diagnostics, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Gonnie Nodelijk
- Department of Epidemiology, Crisis Organization and Diagnostics, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Manon R. Haverkate
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J. M. Bonten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mary K. Hayden
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Robert A. Weinstein
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Division of Infectious Diseases, John Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Martin C. J. Bootsma
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics, Utrecht University, 3584 CD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mart C. M. De Jong
- Department of Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Hubad B, Lapanje A. The efficient method for simultaneous monitoring of the culturable as well as nonculturable airborne microorganisms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82186. [PMID: 24376520 PMCID: PMC3869663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultivation-based microbiological methods are a gold standard for monitoring of airborne micro-organisms to determine the occupational exposure levels or transmission paths of a particular infectious agent. Some highly contagious microorganisms are not easily culturable but it is becoming evident that cultivation and molecular methods are complementary and in these cases highly relevant. We report a simple and efficient method for sampling and analyzing airborne bacteria with an impactor-type high-flow-rate portable air sampler, currently used for monitoring culturable bacteria or fungi. A method is reported for extraction of nucleic acids from impacted cells without prior cultivation and using agarose as a sampling matrix. The DNA extraction efficiency was determined in spiked samples and, samples taken from a wastewater treatment plant and an alpine area. The abundance, diversity and quantity of total bacteria were analysed by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and by construction and analysis of clone libraries. The method does not interfere with downstream PCR analysis and can cover the gap between traditional culture and molecular techniques of bioaerosol monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hubad
- Institute of Microbial Sciences and Technologies, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Lapanje
- Institute of Microbial Sciences and Technologies, Domžale, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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38
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Carducci A, Federigi I, Verani M. Virus occupational exposure in solid waste processing facilities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 57:1115-27. [PMID: 23917836 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/met043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that workers involved in the management of solid waste are at risk of exposure to bioaerosol, which is generally studied in relation to bacteria, fungi, and endotoxins. However, to date, there have been no reports on the incidence of work-related infectious diseases. To determine if occupational exposure to viruses occurs upon exposure to waste-related activities, monitoring was carried out in a landfill, a waste recycling plant, an incineration plant, and a waste collection vehicles. Air and surfaces were sampled and analyzed for torque teno virus (TTV), human adenovirus (HAdV), norovirus, rotavirus, and enterovirus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques. Positivity was confirmed by sequencing and quantification with real-time PCR; infectivity was also tested for culturable viruses. Samples were analyzed in parallel for mean total bacterial and fungi counts in both the summer and winter. In total, 30% (12/40) of air and 13.5% (5/37) of surface samples collected in plants were positive for HAdV and TTV. Among the eight HAdV-positive samples, six (75%), revealed in landfill and recycling plant air and in incinerator and waste vehicles surfaces, were able to replicate in cell culture and were subsequently confirmed as infective. The frequency of detection of virus-positive samples was similar in both seasons, but with evident differences in the type of virus detected: TTV and HAdV were more frequently detected in the summer and winter, respectively. The area of highest viral contamination was the paper selection landfill. Fungi and bacterial contamination did not correlate with viral presence or concentration. In conclusion, we evidence that working with solid and liquid waste can lead to infectious viruses, included in Group 2 of the European Directive 90/679/CEE pathogens list; thus, further investigation on the sources and routes of contamination is needed in order to assess the occupational risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Biology, Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy
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Carducci A, Verani M. Effects of bacterial, chemical, physical and meteorological variables on virus removal by a wastewater treatment plant. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2013; 5:69-76. [PMID: 23412727 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of wastewater treatment is to minimize chemical and microbial contamination of recipient waters. The present study evaluated the impacts of meteorological variables, such as temperature and rainfall, on the removal of human viruses and indicators by a wastewater treatment plant servicing Pisa, Italy. Data were obtained during four sampling campaigns from 2007 to 2010. Wastewater sewage samples were analyzed for human adenovirus (HAdV) and norovirus using quantitative molecular techniques. In parallel, Escherichia coli, enterococci and somatic coliphages were measured, and meteorological and chemical data were recorded. We detected a continuous presence of HAdV in both influent and effluent samples with an average removal rate of 2.01 log10 Genomic Copies/l. An association between meteorological parameters and viral removal rates was detected only for rainfall and HAdV removal during a specific sampling campaign. No correlation was found between viral data and microbial, chemical and physical ones. Viral removal rates were not strongly influenced by meteorological conditions and were unrelated to other process indicators routinely monitored. Our results suggest that HAdV is a suitable parameter to assess the viral removal efficiency of wastewater treatment plants, particularly in the case of heavy rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
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Rodríguez-Caturla MY, Valero A, Carrasco E, Posada GD, García-Gimeno RM, Zurera G. Evaluation of hygiene practices and microbiological status of ready-to-eat vegetable salads in Spanish school canteens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:2332-2340. [PMID: 22419168 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted in eight Spanish school canteens during the period 2008-2009. Food handlers' practices, kitchen equipment, hygiene/sanitation conditions and handling practices were evaluated using checklists. In parallel, the microbiological quality and safety of ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetable salads were assessed. In addition, food contact surfaces and environmental air quality of different areas were analysed. The study determined the relationship between the microbiological quality of RTE foods and food handling practices, together with the degree of contamination of working surfaces and environmental contamination of processing and distribution areas. RESULTS Some deficiencies were found regarding the use and change of gloves, hand-washing and cleanliness of working surfaces. The microbial levels detected in the foods examined indicated the absence of pathogens in the samples analysed. Surface counts were higher on cutting boards and faucets, showing insufficient cleanliness procedures. CONCLUSION This study constitutes a descriptive analysis of the hygiene/sanitation conditions implemented in food service systems in eight Spanish school canteens. The results should help risk managers to better define control measures to be adopted in order to prevent foodborne infections.
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Rammohan L, Xue L, Wang C, Chittick W, Ganesan S, Ramamoorthy S. Increased prevalence of torque teno viruses in porcine respiratory disease complex affected pigs. Vet Microbiol 2012; 157:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Comparison of surface sampling methods for virus recovery from fomites. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6918-25. [PMID: 21821742 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05709-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of fomites in infectious disease transmission relative to other exposure routes is difficult to discern due, in part, to the lack of information on the level and distribution of virus contamination on surfaces. Comparisons of studies intending to fill this gap are difficult because multiple different sampling methods are employed and authors rarely report their method's lower limit of detection. In the present study, we compare a subset of sampling methods identified from a literature review to demonstrate that sampling method significantly influences study outcomes. We then compare a subset of methods identified from the review to determine the most efficient methods for recovering virus from surfaces in a laboratory trial using MS2 bacteriophage as a model virus. Recoveries of infective MS2 and MS2 RNA are determined using both a plaque assay and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, respectively. We conclude that the method that most effectively recovers virus from nonporous fomites uses polyester-tipped swabs prewetted in either one-quarter-strength Ringer's solution or saline solution. This method recovers a median fraction for infective MS2 of 0.40 and for MS2 RNA of 0.07. Use of the proposed method for virus recovery in future fomite sampling studies would provide opportunities to compare findings across multiple studies.
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