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Bourgoin P, Busnel JM. Promises and Remaining Challenges for Further Integration of Basophil Activation Test in Allergy-Related Research and Clinical Practice. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:3000-3007. [PMID: 37634807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
More than 20 years after having been initially proposed, the relevance and usefulness of basophil activation test (BAT) for the field of allergy research and testing were demonstrated on many occasions. Leveraging the fully open format of a flexible, whole blood-based functional assay, BAT has been shown to be equally important for fundamental research, clinical research, and diagnosis. Regardless of whether the focus of a study is on the characterization of the allergenic moiety, on the patient side, or on the study of the fundamental processes involved in the allergic disease or its treatment, BAT enables the gathering of very important insights. In spite of this, its full capabilities have yet to be leveraged. Various bottlenecks, including but not limited to assay logistics, robustness, flow cytometry access, and/or expertise, have indeed been limiting its development beyond experts and long-term users. Now, various initiatives, aiming at resolving these bottlenecks, have been launched. If successful, a broader use of BAT could then be contemplated. In such a situation, its more thorough integration in clinical practice has the potential to significantly change the allergic patient's journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pénélope Bourgoin
- Global Research Organization, Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Busnel
- Global Research Organization, Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Marseille, France.
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Hazebrouck S, Canon N, Dreskin SC. The Effector Function of Allergens. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:818732. [PMID: 35386644 PMCID: PMC8974742 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.818732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergens are antigens that generate an IgE response (sensitization) in susceptible individuals. The allergenicity of an allergen can be thought of in terms of its ability to sensitize as well as its ability to cross-link IgE/IgE receptor complexes on mast cells and basophils leading to release of preformed and newly formed mediators (effector activity). The identity of the allergens responsible for sensitization may be different from those that elicit an allergic response. Effector activity is determined by (1) the amount of specific IgE (sIgE) and in some circumstances the ratio of sIgE to total IgE, (2) the number of high affinity receptors for IgE (FcεR1) on the cell surface, (3) the affinity of binding of sIgE for its epitope and, in a polyclonal response, the collective avidity, (4) the number and spatial relationships of IgE binding epitopes on the allergen and (5) the presence of IgG that can bind to allergen and either block binding of sIgE and/or activate low affinity IgG receptors that activate intracellular inhibitory pathways. This review will discuss these important immunologic and physical properties that contribute to the effector activity of allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Hazebrouck
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicole Canon
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Stephen C. Dreskin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen C. Dreskin
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Asaumi T, Sato S, Yanagida N, Matsuhara H, Kobayashi S, Fukano C, Ohashi-Doi K, Ebisawa M. Formation of IgE-Allergen-CD23 Complex Changes in Children Treated with Subcutaneous Immunotherapy for Japanese Cedar Pollinosis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2020; 182:190-194. [PMID: 33032294 DOI: 10.1159/000510640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is used to treat Japanese cedar (JC) pollinosis. The formation of IgE-allergen-CD23 complex after SCIT for JC pollinosis has not yet been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the formation of IgE-allergen-CD23 complex after SCIT for JC pollinosis. METHODS Eleven patients were treated with 3-year SCIT for JC pollinosis at Sa-gamihara National Hospital from 2013 to 2014. Nasal and ocular symptoms (in terms of symptom scores) during the scattering of JC pollen and immunological changes were investigated. Levels of JC pollen-specific antibodies (IgE and IgG4) were measured by ImmunoCAP assays. To detect the changes in allergen-presenting ability of B cells, the levels of IgE-allergen-CD23 complexes in serum were measured by a cell-free, enzyme-linked immunosorbent-facilitated antigen-binding assay. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) age of the subjects was 8 (6-10) years. Three patients (27%) had comorbid atopic dermatitis, and 5 patients (45%) had comorbid bronchial asthma. Before starting SCIT, the total IgE level was 373 (75-2,870) kU/L, and the level of JC pollen-specific IgE was 77.2 (15.4-528) kUA/L. Symptom scores improved significantly from the year after treatment. JC pollen-specific IgE levels did not change after 3 years of treatment. JC pollen-specific IgG4 levels increased significantly throughout the treatment period. The levels of IgE-allergen-CD23 complexes decreased significantly after 3 years of treatment. CONCLUSION The ability of IgE-allergen complexes to bind to CD23 decreased after SCIT, suggesting that increasing levels of IgE-blocking antibodies, including IgG4, may play an important role in the mechanism of SCIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Asaumi
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan,
| | - Sakura Sato
- Department of Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Yanagida
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Motohiro Ebisawa
- Department of Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
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Allergen-specific IgG + memory B cells are temporally linked to IgE memory responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 146:180-191. [PMID: 31883847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE is the least abundant immunoglobulin and tightly regulated, and IgE-producing B cells are rare. The cellular origin and evolution of IgE responses are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The cellular and clonal origin of IgE memory responses following mucosal allergen exposure by sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) were investigated. METHODS In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, time course SLIT study, PBMCs and nasal biopsy samples were collected from 40 adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis at baseline and at 4, 8, 16, 28, and 52 weeks. RNA was extracted from PBMCs, sorted B cells, and nasal biopsy samples for heavy chain variable gene repertoire sequencing. Moreover, mAbs were derived from single B-cell transcriptomes. RESULTS Combining heavy chain variable gene repertoire sequencing and single-cell transcriptomics yielded direct evidence of a parallel boost of 2 clonally and functionally related B-cell subsets of short-lived IgE+ plasmablasts and IgG+ memory B cells. Mucosal grass pollen allergen exposure by SLIT resulted in highly diverse IgE and IgGE repertoires. These were extensively mutated and appeared relatively stable as per heavy chain isotype, somatic hypermutations, and clonal composition. Single IgGE+ memory B-cell and IgE+ preplasmablast transcriptomes encoded antibodies that were specific for major grass pollen allergens and able to elicit basophil activation at very low allergen concentrations. CONCLUSION For the first time, we have shown that on mucosal allergen exposure, human IgE memory resides in allergen-specific IgG+ memory B cells. These cells rapidly switch isotype, expand into short-lived IgE+ plasmablasts, and serve as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Patil SU, Steinbrecher J, Calatroni A, Smith N, Ma A, Ruiter B, Virkud Y, Schneider M, Shreffler WG. Early decrease in basophil sensitivity to Ara h 2 precedes sustained unresponsiveness after peanut oral immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1310-1319.e4. [PMID: 31377342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only some patients with peanut allergy undergoing oral immunotherapy (OIT) achieve sustained clinical response. Basophil activation could provide a functional surrogate of efficacy. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that changes in basophil sensitivity and area under the curve (AUC) to the immunodominant allergen Ara h 2 correlate with clinical responses to OIT. METHODS Children with peanut allergy aged 7 to 13 years were enrolled in a single-center, open-label peanut OIT trial. Levels of specific immunoglobulins were measured throughout OIT. Peripheral blood from multiple time points was stimulated in vitro with peanut allergens for flow cytometric assessment of the percentage of CD63hi activated basophils. RESULTS Twenty-two of 30 subjects were successfully treated with OIT; after avoidance, 9 achieved sustained unresponsiveness (SU), and 13 had transient desensitization (TD). Basophil sensitivity, measured by using the dose that induces 50% of the maximal basophil response, to Ara h 2 stimulation decreased from baseline in subjects with SU (after OIT, P = .0041; after avoidance, P = .0011). At 3 months of OIT, basophil sensitivity in subjects with SU decreased from baseline compared with that in subjects with TD (median, 18-fold vs 3-fold; P = .01), with a receiver operating characteristic of 0.84 and optimal fold change of 4.9. Basophil AUC to Ara h 2 was suppressed after OIT equally in subjects with SU and those with TD (P = .4). After avoidance, basophil AUC rebounded in subjects with TD but not those with SU (P < .001). Passively sensitized basophils suppressed with postavoidance SU plasma had a lower AUC than TD plasma (6.4% vs 38.9%, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Early decreases in basophil sensitivity to Ara h 2 correlate with SU. Basophil AUC rebounds after avoidance in subjects with TD. Therefore, different aspects of basophil activation might be useful for monitoring of OIT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita U Patil
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Food Allergy Science Initiative at Broad Institute at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, Mass.
| | | | | | - Neal Smith
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Alex Ma
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Bert Ruiter
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Food Allergy Science Initiative at Broad Institute at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, Mass
| | - Yamini Virkud
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Food Allergy Science Initiative at Broad Institute at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, Mass
| | | | - Wayne G Shreffler
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Food Allergy Science Initiative at Broad Institute at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, Mass
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Kawamoto N, Kamemura N, Kido H, Fukao T. Detection of ovomucoid-specific low-affinity IgE in infants and its relationship to eczema. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:355-361. [PMID: 28140473 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-specific low-affinity IgE was previously detected in cord blood by a highly sensitive densely carboxylated protein (DCP) chip, but not by ImmunoCAP. Here, we investigated the presence of low-affinity IgE during the early life of infants and observed its relationship with eczema. METHODS We conducted a birth cohort study, collecting sera at birth and 6 and 14 months of age (n = 110). We monitored the ovomucoid (OM)- and egg white (EW)-specific IgE (sIgE) by ImmunoCAP or DCP chip and analyzed the antigen affinity of sIgE by binding inhibition assays in the presence or absence of a mild chaotropic agent, diethyl amine (DEA). The low- and high-affinity OM-sIgEs and sensitization risk factors were analyzed by a multivariate logistic analysis. RESULTS The OM-sIgE measured by DCP chip significantly correlated with that measured by ImmunoCAP, but some samples assessed as OM-sIgE positive by DCP chip were considered OM-sIgE negative by ImmunoCAP. Binding inhibition analysis after DEA treatment was performed for participants judged as OM-sIgE positive by DCP chip at 14 M. The group assessed as negative for OM- and EW-sIgE by ImmunoCAP at 6 and 14 months showed a larger binding inhibition curve shift after DEA treatment than did the group assessed as positive at these times, indicating the presence of low-affinity sIgE antibodies at 14 months. The logistic regression analysis found that persistent eczema from 6 to 14 months is a significant risk factor for developing high-affinity, but not low-affinity, sIgE. CONCLUSIONS Human infant peripheral blood contains allergen-specific low-affinity sIgE. Persistent eczema is related to the development of high-affinity, but not low-affinity, IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Kawamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Norio Kamemura
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukao
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Kleine-Tebbe J, Hamilton RG. Cashew allergy, 2S albumins, and risk predictions based on IgE antibody levels. Allergy 2017; 72:515-518. [PMID: 27859359 DOI: 10.1111/all.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Kleine-Tebbe
- Allergy & Asthma Center Westend; Outpatient Clinic Hanf; Ackermann & Kleine-Tebbe; Berlin Germany
| | - R. G. Hamilton
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
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Würtzen PA, Gupta S, Brand S, Andersen PS. Grass pollen immunotherapy: where are we now. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:399-411. [PMID: 26973122 DOI: 10.2217/imt.16.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During allergen immunotherapy (AIT), the allergic patient is exposed to the disease-inducing antigens (allergens) in order to induce clinical and immunological tolerance and obtain disease modification. Large trials of grass AIT with highly standardized subcutaneous and sublingual tablet vaccines have been conducted to document the clinical effect. Induction of blocking antibodies as well as changes in the balance between T-cell phenotypes, including induction of regulatory T-cell subtypes, have been demonstrated for both treatment types. These observations increase the understanding of the immunological mechanism behind the clinical effect and may make it possible to use the immunological changes as biomarkers of clinical effect. The current review describes the recent mechanistic findings for subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy/tablet treatment and discusses how the observed immunological changes translate into a scientific foundation for the observed clinical effects of grass pollen immunotherapy and lead to new treatment strategies for grass AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Würtzen
- Department of Immunology, Global Research, ALK, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Shashank Gupta
- Department of Immunology, Global Research, ALK, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Brand
- Department of Immunology, Global Research, ALK, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Peter S Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Global Research, ALK, Hørsholm, Denmark
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9
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Levin M, King JJ, Glanville J, Jackson KJL, Looney TJ, Hoh RA, Mari A, Andersson M, Greiff L, Fire AZ, Boyd SD, Ohlin M. Persistence and evolution of allergen-specific IgE repertoires during subcutaneous specific immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1535-44. [PMID: 26559321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the only treatment with proved long-term curative potential in patients with allergic disease. Allergen-specific IgE is the causative agent of allergic disease, and antibodies contribute to SIT, but the effects of SIT on aeroallergen-specific B-cell repertoires are not well understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the IgE sequences expressed by allergen-specific B cells and track the fate of these B-cell clones during SIT. METHODS We used high-throughput antibody gene sequencing and identification of allergen-specific IgE with combinatorial antibody fragment library technology to analyze immunoglobulin repertoires of blood and the nasal mucosa from aeroallergen-sensitized subjects before and during the first year of subcutaneous SIT. RESULTS Of 52 distinct allergen-specific IgE heavy chains from 8 allergic donors, 37 were also detected by using high-throughput antibody gene sequencing of blood samples, nasal mucosal samples, or both. The allergen-specific clones had increased persistence, higher likelihood of belonging to clones expressing other switched isotypes, and possibly larger clone size than the rest of the IgE repertoire. Clone members in nasal tissue showed close mutational relationships. CONCLUSION In the future, combining functional binding studies, deep antibody repertoire sequencing, and information on clinical outcomes in larger studies might aid assessment of SIT mechanisms and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Levin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jasmine J King
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Jacob Glanville
- Department of Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | | | | | - Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Adriano Mari
- Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology, Rome, Italy
| | - Morgan Andersson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lennart Greiff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrew Z Fire
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Mats Ohlin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Molekulare Allergiediagnostik mit IgE-Einzelbestimmungen: methodische und praktische Aspekte für die Anwendung im klinischen Alltag. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-015-0898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kleine-Tebbe J, Jakob T. Molecular allergy diagnostics using IgE singleplex determinations: methodological and practical considerations for use in clinical routine: Part 18 of the Series Molecular Allergology. ALLERGO JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL 2015; 24:185-197. [PMID: 27069839 PMCID: PMC4792337 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-015-0067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Allergen molecules (synonyms: single allergens, allergen components) open up new horizons for the targeted allergen-specific diagnostics of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in singleplex determination. The following rationales support the targeted use of allergen molecules and, more importantly, improve test properties: (1) increased test sensitivity ("analytical sensitivity"), particularly when important allergens are under-represented or lacking in the extract; (2) improved test selectivity (analytical specificity), particularly when the selected IgE repertoire against an allergen yields additional information on: (a) potential risk, (b) possible cross-reactivity, or (c) primary (species-specific) sensitization. However, the appropriate indication for the use of single allergens can only be established on a case-by-case basis (depending on the clinical context and previous history) and in an allergen-specific manner (depending on the allergen source and the single allergens available), rather than in a standardized way. Numerous investigations on suspected food allergy, insect venom allergy, or sensitization to respiratory allergens have meanwhile demonstrated the successful use of defined molecules for allergen-specific singleplex IgE diagnosis. Specific IgE to single allergens is limited in its suitability to predict the clinical relevance of sensitivity on an individual basis. In food allergies, one can at best identify the relative risk of a clinical reaction on the basis of an IgE profile, but no absolutely reliable prediction on (future) tolerance can be made. Ultimately, the clinical relevance of all IgE findings depends on the presence of corresponding symptoms and can only be assessed on an individual basis (previous history, symptom log, and provocation testing with the relevant allergen source where appropriate). Thus, also in molecular allergology, the treating physician and not the test result should determine the clinical relevance of diagnostic findings. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s40629-015-0067-z and is accessible for authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kleine-Tebbe
- />Allergy & Asthma Center Westend, Outpatient Clinic Hanf, Ackermann & Kleine-Tebbe, Spandauer Damm 130, Haus 9, 14050 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- />Allergy Department and Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany, Berlin, Germany
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Levin M, Davies AM, Liljekvist M, Carlsson F, Gould HJ, Sutton BJ, Ohlin M. Human IgE against the major allergen Bet v 1--defining an epitope with limited cross-reactivity between different PR-10 family proteins. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:288-99. [PMID: 24447087 PMCID: PMC4215112 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The interaction between IgE and allergen is a key event at the initiation of an allergic response, and its characteristics have substantial effects on the clinical manifestation. Despite this, the molecular details of the interaction between human IgE and the major birch allergen Bet v 1, one of the most potent tree allergens, still remain poorly investigated. Objective To isolate Bet v 1-specific human monoclonal IgE and characterize their interaction with the allergen. Methods Recombinant human IgE were isolated from a combinatorial antibody fragment library and their interaction with Bet v 1 assessed using various immunological assays. The structure of one such IgE in the single-chain fragment variable format was determined using X-ray crystallography. Results We present four novel Bet v 1-specific IgE, for one of which we solve the structure, all with their genetic origin in the IGHV5 germline gene, and demonstrate that they target two non-overlapping epitopes on the surface of Bet v 1, thereby fulfilling the basic criteria for FcεRI cross-linkage. We further define these epitopes and for one epitope pinpoint single amino acid residues important for the interaction with human IgE. This provides a potential explanation, at the molecular level, for the differences in recognition of isoforms of Bet v 1 and other allergens in the PR-10 protein family displayed by IgE targeting this epitope. Finally, we present the first high-resolution structure of a human allergen-specific IgE fragment in the single-chain fragment variable (scFv) format. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance We here display the usefulness of allergen-specific human monoclonal IgE as a tool in studies of the crucial molecular interaction taking place at the initiation of an allergic response. Such studies may aid us in development of better diagnostic tools and guide us in the development of new therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Levin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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13
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Wu LC, Zarrin AA. The production and regulation of IgE by the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:247-59. [PMID: 24625841 DOI: 10.1038/nri3632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
IgE not only provides protective immunity against helminth parasites but can also mediate the type I hypersensitivity reactions that contribute to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Despite the importance of IgE in immune biology and allergic pathogenesis, the cells and the pathways that produce and regulate IgE are poorly understood. In this Review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the production and the regulation of IgE in vivo, as revealed by studies in mice, and we discuss how these findings compare to what is known about human IgE biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawren C Wu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Ali A Zarrin
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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14
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Aasbjerg K, Backer V, Lund G, Holm J, Nielsen NC, Holse M, Wagtmann VR, Würtzen PA. Immunological comparison of allergen immunotherapy tablet treatment and subcutaneous immunotherapy against grass allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:417-28. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Aasbjerg
- Respiratory Research Unit; Department of Lung Medicine; Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - V. Backer
- Respiratory Research Unit; Department of Lung Medicine; Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg; Copenhagen Denmark
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15
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Handlogten MW, Kiziltepe T, Serezani AP, Kaplan MH, Bilgicer B. Inhibition of weak-affinity epitope-IgE interactions prevents mast cell degranulation. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:789-95. [PMID: 24096304 PMCID: PMC3913000 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of specific inhibitors of allergy has had limited success, in part, owing to a lack of experimental models that reflect the complexity of allergen-IgE interactions. We designed a heterotetravalent allergen (HtTA) system, which reflects epitope heterogeneity, polyclonal response and number of immunodominant epitopes observed in natural allergens, thereby providing a physiologically relevant experimental model to study mast cell degranulation. The HtTA design revealed the importance of weak-affinity epitopes in allergy, particularly when presented with high-affinity epitopes. The effect of selective inhibition of weak-affinity epitope-IgE interactions was investigated with heterobivalent inhibitors (HBIs) designed to simultaneously target the antigen- and nucleotide-binding sites on the IgE Fab. HBI demonstrated enhanced avidity for the target IgE and was a potent inhibitor of degranulation in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that partial inhibition of allergen-IgE interactions was sufficient to prevent mast cell degranulation, thus establishing the therapeutic potential of the HBI design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Handlogten
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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Gadermaier E, Levin M, Flicker S, Ohlin M. The human IgE repertoire. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 163:77-91. [PMID: 24296690 DOI: 10.1159/000355947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE is a key mediator in allergic diseases. However, in strong contrast to other antibody isotypes, many details of the composition of the human IgE repertoire are poorly defined. The low levels of human IgE in the circulation and the rarity of IgE-producing B cells are important reasons for this lack of knowledge. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on these repertoires both in terms of their complexity and activity, i.e. knowledge which despite the difficulties encountered when studying the molecular details of human IgE has been acquired in recent years. We also take a look at likely future developments, for instance through improvements in sequencing technology and methodology that allow the isolation of additional allergen-specific human antibodies mimicking IgE, as this certainly will support our understanding of human IgE in the context of human disease in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gadermaier
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Suárez-Fueyo A, Ramos T, Galán A, Jimeno L, Wurtzen PA, Marin A, de Frutos C, Blanco C, Carrera AC, Barber D, Varona R. Grass tablet sublingual immunotherapy downregulates the TH2 cytokine response followed by regulatory T-cell generation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:130-8.e1-2. [PMID: 24290282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sublingual administration of Phleum pratense allergen immunotherapy (SLIT) tablets is a clinically efficient treatment for grass pollen-induced rhinoconjunctivitis. This immunotherapy downregulates TH2 immune responses, induces tolerogenic pathways, and increases regulatory T cells. However, associated immune response markers of allergen desensitization remain undefined. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the kinetics of individual changes in the immunologic response to grass tablet SLIT. METHODS We evaluated the systemic effects of SLIT in a longitudinal analysis of humoral and cellular immune parameters in peripheral blood samples. RESULTS Grass tablet SLIT administration induced a 2-phase systemic humoral and cellular response. The TH2 response was initially exacerbated and detected as increased allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) and IgG4 (sIgG4) levels and an increase in IL-4-producing cells, followed by downregulation of the TH2 response with a shift toward a TH1 cytokine profile. T cells with a regulatory phenotype were also elicited. Statistical correlations between immunologic measurements for each patient throughout therapy indicated that TH2 response downregulation and reduction of the immediate SLIT-induced IgE response were associated with increased allergen-specific IgG4 synthesis early in therapy. TH2 response downregulation by month 4 correlated with increased frequency of CD4(+) T cells with a regulatory phenotype by 12 months. CONCLUSION Changes in sIgE levels after therapy were linked to a specific IgG4 response, and production of blocking antibodies correlated with TH2 response downregulation. Reduced IL-4(+) cell frequency was linked to an increase in the frequency of CD4(+) T cells with a regulatory phenotype. Changes in sIgE levels and reduced IL-4 and blocking antibody levels could thus be used as indicators of a patient's immune response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Suárez-Fueyo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Ramos
- Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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- Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Blanco
- Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana C Carrera
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rosa Varona
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Hamilton RG. Evolution in immunological methods used in research and in the clinical diagnosis and management of human allergic diseases. J Immunol Methods 2012; 383:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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