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Theophanous S, Sargiannidou I, Kleopa KA. Glial Cells as Key Regulators in Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms Associated with Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9588. [PMID: 39273535 PMCID: PMC11395575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Even though several highly effective treatments have been developed for multiple sclerosis (MS), the underlying pathological mechanisms and drivers of the disease have not been fully elucidated. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studying neuroinflammation in the context of glial cell involvement as there is increasing evidence of their central role in disease progression. Although glial cell communication and proper function underlies brain homeostasis and maintenance, their multiple effects in an MS brain remain complex and controversial. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the contribution of glial cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia in the pathology of MS during both the activation and orchestration of inflammatory mechanisms, as well as of their synergistic effects during the repair and restoration of function. Additionally, we discuss how the understanding of glial cell involvement in MS may provide new therapeutic targets either to limit disease progression or to facilitate repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Theophanous
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kleopas A Kleopa
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
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2
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Milne SM, Lahiri A, Sanchez CL, Marshall MJ, Jahan I, Meares GP. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein reactive Th17 cells drive Janus Kinase 1 dependent transcriptional reprogramming in astrocytes and alter cell surface cytokine receptor profiles during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13146. [PMID: 38849434 PMCID: PMC11161502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). T helper (Th) 17 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by infiltrating the CNS and producing effector molecules that engage resident glial cells. Among these glial cells, astrocytes have a central role in coordinating inflammatory processes by responding to cytokines and chemokines released by Th17 cells. In this study, we examined the impact of pathogenic Th17 cells on astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. We identified that Th17 cells reprogram astrocytes by driving transcriptomic changes partly through a Janus Kinase (JAK)1-dependent mechanism, which included increased chemokines, interferon-inducible genes, and cytokine receptors. In vivo, we observed a region-specific heterogeneity in the expression of cell surface cytokine receptors on astrocytes, including those for IFN-γ, IL-1, TNF-α, IL-17, TGFβ, and IL-10. Additionally, these receptors were dynamically regulated during EAE induced by adoptive transfer of myelin-reactive Th17 cells. This study overall provides evidence of Th17 cell reprogramming of astrocytes, which may drive changes in the astrocytic responsiveness to cytokines during autoimmune neuroinflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Janus Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cellular Reprogramming
- Female
- Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Milne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Anirudhya Lahiri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cristina L Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Micah J Marshall
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, IBMR 415D, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ishrat Jahan
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, IBMR 415D, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gordon P Meares
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, IBMR 415D, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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3
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Fernández-Albarral JA, Ramírez AI, de Hoz R, Matamoros JA, Salobrar-García E, Elvira-Hurtado L, López-Cuenca I, Sánchez-Puebla L, Salazar JJ, Ramírez JM. Glaucoma: from pathogenic mechanisms to retinal glial cell response to damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1354569. [PMID: 38333055 PMCID: PMC10850296 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1354569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the retina characterized by the irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leading to visual loss. Degeneration of RGCs and loss of their axons, as well as damage and remodeling of the lamina cribrosa are the main events in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Different molecular pathways are involved in RGC death, which are triggered and exacerbated as a consequence of a number of risk factors such as elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), age, ocular biomechanics, or low ocular perfusion pressure. Increased IOP is one of the most important risk factors associated with this pathology and the only one for which treatment is currently available, nevertheless, on many cases the progression of the disease continues, despite IOP control. Thus, the IOP elevation is not the only trigger of glaucomatous damage, showing the evidence that other factors can induce RGCs death in this pathology, would be involved in the advance of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. The underlying mechanisms driving the neurodegenerative process in glaucoma include ischemia/hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In glaucoma, like as other neurodegenerative disorders, the immune system is involved and immunoregulation is conducted mainly by glial cells, microglia, astrocytes, and Müller cells. The increase in IOP produces the activation of glial cells in the retinal tissue. Chronic activation of glial cells in glaucoma may provoke a proinflammatory state at the retinal level inducing blood retinal barrier disruption and RGCs death. The modulation of the immune response in glaucoma as well as the activation of glial cells constitute an interesting new approach in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Burmeister M, Frauenstein A, Kahms M, Arends L, Gerwien H, Deshpande T, Kuhlmann T, Gross CC, Naik VN, Wiendl H, Klingauf J, Meissner F, Sorokin L. Secretomics reveals gelatinase substrates at the blood-brain barrier that are implicated in astroglial barrier function. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg0686. [PMID: 37467333 PMCID: PMC10355830 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The gelatinases, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, are key for leukocyte penetration of the brain parenchymal border in neuroinflammation and the functional integrity of this barrier; however, it is unclear which MMP substrates are involved. Using a tailored, sensitive, label-free mass spectrometry-based secretome approach, not previously applied to nonimmune cells, we identified 119 MMP-9 and 21 MMP-2 potential substrates at the cell surface of primary astrocytes, including known substrates (β-dystroglycan) and a broad spectrum of previously unknown MMP-dependent events involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Using neuroinflammation as a model of assessing compromised astroglial barrier function, a selection of the potential MMP substrates were confirmed in vivo and verified in human samples, including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and neuronal cell adhesion molecule. We provide a unique resource of potential MMP-2/MMP-9 substrates specific for the astroglia barrier. Our data support a role for the gelatinases in the formation and maintenance of this barrier but also in astrocyte-neuron interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Burmeister
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Martin Kahms
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Laura Arends
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hanna Gerwien
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tushar Deshpande
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Catharina C. Gross
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
- Neurology Department., University Clinic, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Venu N. Naik
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
- Neurology Department., University Clinic, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
- Neurology Department., University Clinic, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
- Brain and Mind Center,, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juergen Klingauf
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Meissner
- Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Department of Systems Immunology and Proteomics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lydia Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
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5
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Infection and Immunity. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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6
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Leng K, Rose IVL, Kim H, Xia W, Romero-Fernandez W, Rooney B, Koontz M, Li E, Ao Y, Wang S, Krawczyk M, Tcw J, Goate A, Zhang Y, Ullian EM, Sofroniew MV, Fancy SPJ, Schrag MS, Lippmann ES, Kampmann M. CRISPRi screens in human iPSC-derived astrocytes elucidate regulators of distinct inflammatory reactive states. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1528-1542. [PMID: 36303069 PMCID: PMC9633461 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes become reactive in response to insults to the central nervous system by adopting context-specific cellular signatures and outputs, but a systematic understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is lacking. In this study, we developed CRISPR interference screening in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes coupled to single-cell transcriptomics to systematically interrogate cytokine-induced inflammatory astrocyte reactivity. We found that autocrine-paracrine IL-6 and interferon signaling downstream of canonical NF-κB activation drove two distinct inflammatory reactive signatures, one promoted by STAT3 and the other inhibited by STAT3. These signatures overlapped with those observed in other experimental contexts, including mouse models, and their markers were upregulated in human brains in Alzheimer's disease and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Furthermore, we validated that markers of these signatures were regulated by STAT3 in vivo using a mouse model of neuroinflammation. These results and the platform that we established have the potential to guide the development of therapeutics to selectively modulate different aspects of inflammatory astrocyte reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Leng
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Indigo V L Rose
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hyosung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wenlong Xia
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Brendan Rooney
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Koontz
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emmy Li
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yan Ao
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shinong Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell Krawczyk
- Interdepartmental PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia Tcw
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Nash Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erik M Ullian
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew S Schrag
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ethan S Lippmann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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7
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Yan X, Yang K, Xiao Q, Hou R, Pan X, Zhu X. Central role of microglia in sepsis-associated encephalopathy: From mechanism to therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929316. [PMID: 35958583 PMCID: PMC9361477 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a cognitive impairment associated with sepsis that occurs in the absence of direct infection in the central nervous system or structural brain damage. Microglia are thought to be macrophages of the central nervous system, devouring bits of neuronal cells and dead cells in the brain. They are activated in various ways, and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is characteristic of central nervous system diseases, including SAE. Here, we systematically described the pathogenesis of SAE and demonstrated that microglia are closely related to the occurrence and development of SAE. Furthermore, we comprehensively discussed the function and phenotype of microglia and summarized their activation mechanism and role in SAE pathogenesis. Finally, this review summarizes recent studies on treating cognitive impairment in SAE by blocking microglial activation and toxic factors produced after activation. We suggest that targeting microglial activation may be a putative treatment for SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaiying Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rongyao Hou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Rongyao Hou, ; Xudong Pan, ; Xiaoyan Zhu,
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Rongyao Hou, ; Xudong Pan, ; Xiaoyan Zhu,
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Rongyao Hou, ; Xudong Pan, ; Xiaoyan Zhu,
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8
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Liu YX, Yu Y, Liu JP, Liu WJ, Cao Y, Yan RM, Yao YM. Neuroimmune Regulation in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy: The Interaction Between the Brain and Peripheral Immunity. Front Neurol 2022; 13:892480. [PMID: 35832175 PMCID: PMC9271799 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.892480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), the most popular cause of coma in the intensive care unit (ICU), is the diffuse cerebral damage caused by the septic challenge. SAE is closely related to high mortality and extended cognitive impairment in patients in septic shock. At present, many studies have demonstrated that SAE might be mainly associated with blood–brain barrier damage, abnormal neurotransmitter secretion, oxidative stress, and neuroimmune dysfunction. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism which initiates SAE and contributes to the long-term cognitive impairment remains largely unknown. Recently, a growing body of evidence has indicated that there is close crosstalk between SAE and peripheral immunity. The excessive migration of peripheral immune cells to the brain, the activation of glia, and resulting dysfunction of the central immune system are the main causes of septic nerve damage. This study reviews the update on the pathogenesis of septic encephalopathy, focusing on the over-activation of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and the “neurocentral–endocrine–immune” networks in the development of SAE, aiming to further understand the potential mechanism of SAE and provide new targets for diagnosis and management of septic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-xiao Liu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Sixth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-peng Liu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Sixth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Run-min Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-ming Yao
| | - Yong-ming Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Run-min Yan
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9
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Labib D, Wang Z, Prakash P, Zimmer M, Smith MD, Frazel PW, Barbar L, Sapar ML, Calabresi PA, Peng J, Liddelow SA, Fossati V. Proteomic Alterations and Novel Markers of Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:870085. [PMID: 35592112 PMCID: PMC9113221 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.870085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes respond to injury, infection, and inflammation in the central nervous system by acquiring reactive states in which they may become dysfunctional and contribute to disease pathology. A sub-state of reactive astrocytes induced by proinflammatory factors TNF, IL-1α, and C1q ("TIC") has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases as a source of neurotoxicity. Here, we used an established human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model to investigate the surface marker profile and proteome of TIC-induced reactive astrocytes. We propose VCAM1, BST2, ICOSL, HLA-E, PD-L1, and PDPN as putative, novel markers of this reactive sub-state. We found that several of these markers colocalize with GFAP+ cells in post-mortem samples from people with Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, our whole-cells proteomic analysis of TIC-induced reactive astrocytes identified proteins and related pathways primarily linked to potential engagement with peripheral immune cells. Taken together, our findings will serve as new tools to purify reactive astrocyte subtypes and to further explore their involvement in immune responses associated with injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Labib
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Priya Prakash
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matthew Zimmer
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul W. Frazel
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lilianne Barbar
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria L. Sapar
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter A. Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Shane A. Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Valentina Fossati
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
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10
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Milošević N, Rütter M, David A. Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecules- (un)Attainable Targets for Nanomedicines. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:846065. [PMID: 35463298 PMCID: PMC9021548 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.846065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell adhesion molecules have long been proposed as promising targets in many pathologies. Despite promising preclinical data, several efforts to develop small molecule inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) ended in clinical-stage failure. In parallel, many well-validated approaches for targeting CAMs with nanomedicine (NM) were reported over the years. A wide range of potential applications has been demonstrated in various preclinical studies, from drug delivery to the tumor vasculature, imaging of the inflamed endothelium, or blocking immune cells infiltration. However, no NM drug candidate emerged further into clinical development. In this review, we will summarize the most advanced examples of CAM-targeted NMs and juxtapose them with known traditional drugs against CAMs, in an attempt to identify important translational hurdles. Most importantly, we will summarize the proposed strategies to enhance endothelial CAM targeting by NMs, in an attempt to offer a catalog of tools for further development.
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11
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Amatruda M, Chapouly C, Woo V, Safavi F, Zhang J, Dai D, Therattil A, Moon C, Villavicencio J, Gordon A, Parkos C, Horng S. Astrocytic junctional adhesion molecule-A regulates T cell entry past the glia limitans to promote central nervous system autoimmune attack. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac044. [PMID: 35265839 PMCID: PMC8899531 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact-mediated interactions between the astrocytic endfeet and infiltrating immune cells within the perivascular space are underexplored, yet represent potential regulatory check-points against CNS autoimmune disease and disability. Reactive astrocytes upregulate junctional adhesion molecule-A, an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor that binds to T cells via its ligand, the integrin, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1. Here, we tested the role of astrocytic junctional adhesion molecule-A in regulating CNS autoinflammatory disease. In cell co-cultures, we found that junctional adhesion molecule-A-mediated signalling between astrocytes and T cells increases levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2, C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, pro-inflammatory factors driving lymphocyte entry and pathogenicity in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of CNS autoimmune disease. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, mice with astrocyte-specific JAM-A deletion (mGFAP:CreJAM-Afl/fl) exhibit decreased levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2, reduced ability of T cells to infiltrate the CNS parenchyma from the perivascular spaces and a milder histopathological and clinical course of disease compared with wild-type controls (JAM-Afl/fl). Treatment of wild-type mice with intraperitoneal injection of soluble junctional adhesion molecule-A blocking peptide decreases the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, highlighting the potential of contact-mediated astrocyte–immune cell signalling as a novel translational target against neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viola Woo
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Farinaz Safavi
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joy Zhang
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David Dai
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Chang Moon
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Villavicencio
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Gordon
- Miller School of Medicine at University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Charles Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sam Horng
- Correspondence to: Sam Horng, MD, PhD Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Icahn 10-20A, 1468 Madison Avenue New York NY, 10029, USA E-mail:
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12
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Eliseeva D, Zakharova M. Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:5-13. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20221220725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Smith JA, Nicaise AM, Ionescu RB, Hamel R, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Pluchino S. Stem Cell Therapies for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696434. [PMID: 34307372 PMCID: PMC8299560 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination and axonal degeneration. MS patients typically present with a relapsing-remitting (RR) disease course, manifesting as sporadic attacks of neurological symptoms including ataxia, fatigue, and sensory impairment. While there are several effective disease-modifying therapies able to address the inflammatory relapses associated with RRMS, most patients will inevitably advance to a progressive disease course marked by a gradual and irreversible accrual of disabilities. Therapeutic intervention in progressive MS (PMS) suffers from a lack of well-characterized biological targets and, hence, a dearth of successful drugs. The few medications approved for the treatment of PMS are typically limited in their efficacy to active forms of the disease, have little impact on slowing degeneration, and fail to promote repair. In looking to address these unmet needs, the multifactorial therapeutic benefits of stem cell therapies are particularly compelling. Ostensibly providing neurotrophic support, immunomodulation and cell replacement, stem cell transplantation holds substantial promise in combatting the complex pathology of chronic neuroinflammation. Herein, we explore the current state of preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the use of stem cells in treating PMS and we discuss prospective hurdles impeding their translation into revolutionary regenerative medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden A. Smith
- Cambridge Innovation Technologies Consulting (CITC) Limited, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M. Nicaise
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rosana-Bristena Ionescu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Regan Hamel
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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14
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Stavropoulos F, Georgiou E, Sargiannidou I, Kleopa KA. Dysregulation of Blood-Brain Barrier and Exacerbated Inflammatory Response in Cx47-Deficient Mice after Induction of EAE. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070621. [PMID: 34203192 PMCID: PMC8308522 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), in connexin 32 (Cx32) or Cx47 knockout (KO) mice with deficiency in oligodendrocyte gap junctions (GJs) results in a more severe disease course. In particular, Cx47 KO EAE mice experience an earlier EAE onset and more pronounced disease severity, accompanied by dysregulated pro-inflammatory responses preceding the disease manifestations. In this study, analysis of relevant pro-inflammatory cytokines in wild type EAE, Cx32 KO EAE, and Cx47 KO EAE mice revealed altered expression of Vcam-1 preceding EAE [7 days post injection (dpi)], of Ccl2 at the onset of EAE (12 dpi), and of Gm-csf at the peak of EAE (24 dpi) in Cx47 KO EAE mice. Moreover, Cx47 KO EAE mice exhibited more severe blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption, enhanced astrogliosis with defects in tight junction formation at the glia limitans, and increased T-cell infiltration prior to disease onset. Thus, Cx47 deficiency appears to cause dysregulation of the inflammatory profile and BSCB integrity, promoting early astrocyte responses in Cx47 KO EAE mice that lead to a more severe EAE outcome. Further investigation into the role of oligodendrocytic Cx47 in EAE and multiple sclerosis pathology is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Stavropoulos
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Elena Georgiou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Kleopas A. Kleopa
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22-358600; Fax: +357-22-392786
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15
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Simkins TJ, Duncan GJ, Bourdette D. Chronic Demyelination and Axonal Degeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2021; 21:26. [PMID: 33835275 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-021-01110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Inflammatory attacks in MS lead to both demyelination and axonal damage. However, due to incomplete remyelination most MS lesions remain chronically demyelinated. In parallel, there is axonal degeneration in the CNS of MS patients, contributing to progressive disability. There are currently no approved therapies that adequately restore myelin or protect axons from degeneration. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiology of axonal loss and chronic demyelination in MS and how understanding this pathophysiology is leading to the development of new MS therapeutics. RECENT FINDINGS Ongoing research into the function of oligodendrocytes and myelin has revealed the importance of their relationship with neuronal health. Demyelination in MS leads to a number of pathophysiologic changes contributing to axonal generation. Among these are mitochondrial dysfunction, persistent neuroinflammation, and the effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. With this information, we review currently approved and investigational therapies designed to restore lost or damaged myelin and protect against neuronal degeneration. The development of therapies to restore lost myelin and protect neurons is a promising avenue of investigation for the benefit of patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrell J Simkins
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181S W Sam Jackson Rd L226, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Greg J Duncan
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181S W Sam Jackson Rd L226, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181S W Sam Jackson Rd L226, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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16
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Ivan DC, Walthert S, Berve K, Steudler J, Locatelli G. Dwellers and Trespassers: Mononuclear Phagocytes at the Borders of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609921. [PMID: 33746939 PMCID: PMC7973121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma is enclosed and protected by a multilayered system of cellular and acellular barriers, functionally separating glia and neurons from peripheral circulation and blood-borne immune cells. Populating these borders as dynamic observers, CNS-resident macrophages contribute to organ homeostasis. Upon autoimmune, traumatic or neurodegenerative inflammation, these phagocytes start playing additional roles as immune regulators contributing to disease evolution. At the same time, pathological CNS conditions drive the migration and recruitment of blood-borne monocyte-derived cells across distinct local gateways. This invasion process drastically increases border complexity and can lead to parenchymal infiltration of blood-borne phagocytes playing a direct role both in damage and in tissue repair. While recent studies and technical advancements have highlighted the extreme heterogeneity of these resident and CNS-invading cells, both the compartment-specific mechanism of invasion and the functional specification of intruding and resident cells remain unclear. This review illustrates the complexity of mononuclear phagocytes at CNS interfaces, indicating how further studies of CNS border dynamics are crucially needed to shed light on local and systemic regulation of CNS functions and dysfunctions.
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17
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Saito M, Fujinami Y, Ono Y, Ohyama S, Fujioka K, Yamashita K, Inoue S, Kotani J. Infiltrated regulatory T cells and Th2 cells in the brain contribute to attenuation of sepsis-associated encephalopathy and alleviation of mental impairments in mice with polymicrobial sepsis. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:25-38. [PMID: 33181271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) increases not only morbidity and mortality but has been associated with long-lasting mental impairment after hospital discharge in septic patients. Recently, studies have shown that these mental impairments are caused by infection-induced neuroinflammation. However, the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of SAE and mental impairments remains unclear. Thus, in this study, we aimed to clarify how immune cells, especially T cells, influence the development and recovery of these disorders. In the cecal slurry (CS)-induced septic mouse model, we performed three different kinds of behavioral tests, open-field test, marble burying test, and forced swimming test, and observed anxiety-like behavior in septic mice. Additionally, increased interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 expression levels, and infiltration of neutrophils and T cells were examined in the brain of septic mice, 10 days after sepsis onset. Twenty days after sepsis onset, the septic mice could recover the number of astrocytes. At day 30, expression levels of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α returned to normal levels in the cerebral cortex of septic mice. Interestingly, resolution of neuroinflammation and alleviation of depression were delayed in septic mice treated with FTY720, which inhibits sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-dependent lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes. On analyzing the brain T cells with or without FTY720 in septic mice, the FTY720 untreated mice presented increased regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th2 cells in the brain, whereas the FTY720 treated mice demonstrated increased Th17 in the brain at day 30. Furthermore, in FTY720 treated septic mice, the number of astrocytes in the cerebral cortex remained reduced at day 30. These results suggest that infiltrated Treg and Th2 cells contribute to the attenuation SAE and alleviate SAE-induce mental disorder by resolving neuroinflammation in the chronic phase of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Saito
- Department of Disaster and Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho 7-5-2, Chuo-ward, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Fujinami
- Department of Disaster and Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho 7-5-2, Chuo-ward, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuko Ono
- Department of Disaster and Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho 7-5-2, Chuo-ward, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shohei Ohyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho 7-5-2, Chuo-ward, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Fujioka
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho 7-5-2, Chuo-ward, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho 7-5-2, Chuo-ward, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Inoue
- Department of Disaster and Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho 7-5-2, Chuo-ward, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Joji Kotani
- Department of Disaster and Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho 7-5-2, Chuo-ward, Kobe, Japan
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18
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Jurberg AD, Chaves B, Pinho LG, da Silva JHM, Savino W, Cotta-de-Almeida V. VLA-4 as a Central Target for Modulating Neuroinflammatory Disorders. Neuroimmunomodulation 2021; 28:213-221. [PMID: 34515173 DOI: 10.1159/000518721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex steps leading to the central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and the progress to neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders have opened up new research and intervention avenues. This review focuses on the therapeutic targeting of the VLA-4 integrin to discuss the clear-cut effect on immune cell trafficking into brain tissues. Besides, we explore the possibility that blocking VLA-4 may have a relevant impact on nonmigratory activities of immune cells, such as antigen presentation and T-cell differentiation, during the neuroinflammatory process. Lastly, the recent refinement of computational techniques is highlighted as a way to increase specificity and to reduce the detrimental side effects of VLA-4 immunotherapies aiming at developing better clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Dias Jurberg
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Chaves
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Computational Modeling Group, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Eusébio, Brazil
| | - Lia Gonçalves Pinho
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Hermínio Martins da Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Computational Modeling Group, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Eusébio, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Cotta-de-Almeida
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Loos J, Schmaul S, Noll TM, Paterka M, Schillner M, Löffel JT, Zipp F, Bittner S. Functional characteristics of Th1, Th17, and ex-Th17 cells in EAE revealed by intravital two-photon microscopy. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:357. [PMID: 33243290 PMCID: PMC7694901 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T helper (Th) 17 cells are a highly plastic subset of T cells, which in the context of neuroinflammation, are able to acquire pathogenic features originally attributed to Th1 cells (resulting in so called ex-Th17 cells). Thus, a strict separation between the two T cell subsets in the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is difficult. High variability in culture and EAE induction protocols contributed to previous conflicting results concerning the differential contribution of Th1 and Th17 cells in EAE. Here, we systematically evaluate the role of different T cell differentiation and transfer protocols for EAE disease development and investigate the functional dynamics of encephalitogenic T cells directly within the inflamed central nervous system (CNS) tissue. Methods We compiled the currently used EAE induction protocols reported in literature and investigated the influence of the different Th1 and Th17 differentiation protocols as well as EAE induction protocols on the EAE disease course. Moreover, we assessed the cytokine profile and functional dynamics of both encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 cells in the inflamed CNS using flow cytometry and intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy. Lastly, we used astrocyte culture and adoptive transfer EAE to evaluate the impact of Th1 and Th17 cells on astrocyte adhesion molecule expression in vitro and in vivo. Results We show that EAE courses are highly dependent on in vitro differentiation and transfer protocols. Moreover, using genetically encoded reporter mice (B6.IL17A-EGFP.acRFP x 2d2/2d2.RFP), we show that the motility of interferon (IFN)γ-producing ex-Th17 cells more closely resembles Th1 cells than Th17 cells in transfer EAE. Mechanistically, IFNγ-producing Th1 cells selectively induce the expression of cellular adhesion molecules I-CAM1 while Th1 as well as ex-Th17 induce V-CAM1 on astrocytes. Conclusions The behavior of ex-Th17 cells in EAE lesions in vivo resembles Th1 rather than Th17 cells, underlining that their change in cytokine production is associated with functional phenotype alterations of these cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-020-02021-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Loos
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Samantha Schmaul
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Theresa Marie Noll
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena Paterka
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Miriam Schillner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julian T Löffel
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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20
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Bozic I, Savic D, Lavrnja I. Astrocyte phenotypes: Emphasis on potential markers in neuroinflammation. Histol Histopathol 2020; 36:267-290. [PMID: 33226087 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), have numerous integral roles in all CNS functions. They are essential for synaptic transmission and support neurons by providing metabolic substrates, secreting growth factors and regulating extracellular concentrations of ions and neurotransmitters. Astrocytes respond to CNS insults through reactive astrogliosis, in which they go through many functional and molecular changes. In neuroinflammatory conditions reactive astrocytes exert both beneficial and detrimental functions, depending on the context and heterogeneity of astrocytic populations. In this review we profile astrocytic diversity in the context of neuroinflammation; with a specific focus on multiple sclerosis (MS) and its best-described animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We characterize two main subtypes, protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes and describe the role of intermediate filaments in the physiology and pathology of these cells. Additionally, we outline a variety of markers that are emerging as important in investigating astrocytic biology in both physiological conditions and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Bozic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Savic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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21
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Kipp M. Does Siponimod Exert Direct Effects in the Central Nervous System? Cells 2020; 9:cells9081771. [PMID: 32722245 PMCID: PMC7463861 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor is an approved treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis because of its anti-inflammatory effect of retaining lymphocytes in lymph nodes. Different sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtypes are expressed in the brain and spinal cord, and their pharmacological effects may improve disease development and neuropathology. Siponimod (BAF312) is a novel sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator that has recently been approved for the treatment of active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review article, we summarize recent evidence suggesting that the active role of siponimod in patients with progressive MS may be due to direct interaction with central nervous system cells. Additionally, we tried to summarize our current understanding of the function of siponimod and discuss the effects observed in the case of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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22
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Wagner CA, Roqué PJ, Goverman JM. Pathogenic T cell cytokines in multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190460. [PMID: 31611252 PMCID: PMC7037255 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is believed to have an autoimmune etiology. As MS is the most common nontraumatic disease that causes disability in young adults, extensive research has been devoted to identifying therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the current understanding derived from studies of patients with MS and animal models of how specific cytokines produced by autoreactive CD4 T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. Defining the roles of these cytokines will lead to a better understanding of the potential of cytokine-based therapies for patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela J Roqué
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Joan M Goverman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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23
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Williams JL, Manivasagam S, Smith BC, Sim J, Vollmer LL, Daniels BP, Russell JH, Klein RS. Astrocyte-T cell crosstalk regulates region-specific neuroinflammation. Glia 2020; 68:1361-1374. [PMID: 31961459 PMCID: PMC7317491 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), symptoms, and outcomes are determined by the location of inflammatory lesions. While we and others have shown that T cell cytokines differentially regulate leukocyte entry into perivascular spaces and regional parenchymal localization in murine models of MS, the molecular mechanisms of this latter process are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that astrocytes exhibit region-specific responses to T cell cytokines that promote hindbrain versus spinal cord neuroinflammation. Analysis of cytokine receptor expression in human astrocytes showed region-specific responsiveness to Th1 and Th17 inflammatory cytokines. Consistent with this, human and murine astrocytes treated with these cytokines exhibit differential expression of the T cell localizing molecules VCAM-1 and CXCR7 that is both cytokine and CNS region-specific. Using in vivo models of spinal cord versus brain stem trafficking of myelin-specific T cells and astrocyte-specific deletion strategies, we confirmed that Th1 and Th17 cytokines differentially regulate astrocyte expression of VCAM-1 and CXCR7 in these locations. Finally, stereotaxic injection of individual cytokines into the hindbrain or spinal cord revealed region- and cytokine-specific modulation of localizing cue expression by astrocytes. These findings identify a role for inflammatory cytokines in mediating local astrocyte-dependent mechanisms of immune cell trafficking within the CNS during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhio
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouri
| | - Sindhu Manivasagam
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouri
| | - Brandon C. Smith
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhio
| | - Julia Sim
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouri
| | - Lauren L. Vollmer
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouri
| | - Brian P. Daniels
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouri
| | - John H. Russell
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouri
| | - Robyn S. Klein
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouri
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouri
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouri
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24
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Varas R, Ortiz FC. Neuroinflammation in Demyelinating Diseases: Oxidative Stress as a Modulator of Glial Cross-Talk. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4755-4762. [PMID: 31840603 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191216125725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Myelin is a specialized membrane allowing for saltatory conduction of action potentials in neurons, an essential process to achieve the normal communication across the nervous system. Accordingly, in diseases characterized by the loss of myelin and myelin forming cells -oligodendrocytes in the CNS-, patients show severe neurological disabilities. After a demyelinated insult, microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells invade the lesioned area initiating a spontaneous process of myelin repair (i.e. remyelination). A preserved hallmark of this neuroinflammatory scenario is a local increase of oxidative stress, where several cytokines and chemokines are released by glial and other cells. This generates an environment that determines cell interaction resulting in oligodendrocyte maturity and the ability to synthesize new myelin. Herein we review the main features of the regulatory aspect of these molecules based on recent findings and propose new putative signal molecules involved in the remyelination process, focused in the etiology of Multiple Sclerosis, one of the main demyelinating diseases causing disabilities in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Varas
- Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando C Ortiz
- Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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25
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Traiffort E, Kassoussi A, Zahaf A, Laouarem Y. Astrocytes and Microglia as Major Players of Myelin Production in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:79. [PMID: 32317939 PMCID: PMC7155218 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination is an essential process that consists of the ensheathment of axons by myelin. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is synthesized by oligodendrocytes. The proliferation, migration, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells constitute a prerequisite before mature oligodendrocytes extend their processes around the axons and progressively generate a multilamellar lipidic sheath. Although myelination is predominately driven by oligodendrocytes, the other glial cells including astrocytes and microglia, also contribute to this process. The present review is an update of the most recent emerging mechanisms involving astrocyte and microglia in myelin production. The contribution of these cells will be first described during developmental myelination that occurs in the early postnatal period and is critical for the proper development of cognition and behavior. Then, we will report the novel findings regarding the beneficial or deleterious effects of astroglia and microglia, which respectively promote or impair the endogenous capacity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to induce spontaneous remyelination after myelin loss. Acute delineation of astrocyte and microglia activities and cross-talk should uncover the way towards novel therapeutic perspectives aimed at recovering proper myelination during development or at breaking down the barriers impeding the regeneration of the damaged myelin that occurs in CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amina Zahaf
- U1195 Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Yousra Laouarem
- U1195 Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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26
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Paudel YN, Angelopoulou E, C BK, Piperi C, Othman I. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Life Sci 2019; 238:116924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Molina-Gonzalez I, Miron VE. Astrocytes in myelination and remyelination. Neurosci Lett 2019; 713:134532. [PMID: 31589903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are known to play critical roles in central nervous system development, homeostasis, and response to injury. In addition to well-defined functions in synaptic signalling and blood-brain barrier control, astrocytes are now emerging as important contributors to white matter health. Here, we review the roles of astrocytes in myelin formation and regeneration (remyelination), focusing on both direct interactions with oligodendrocyte lineage cells, and indirect influences via crosstalk with central nervous system resident macrophages, microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Molina-Gonzalez
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique E Miron
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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28
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Astrocytes in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Star-shaped cells illuminating the darkness of CNS autoimmunity. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:10-24. [PMID: 31125711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathology in the human autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered to be mediated by autoreactive leukocytes, such as T cells, B cells, and macrophages. However, the inflammation and tissue damage in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is also critically regulated by astrocytes, the most abundant cell population in the central nervous system (CNS). Under physiological conditions, astrocytes are integral to the development and function of the CNS, whereas in CNS autoimmunity, astrocytes influence the pathogenesis, progression, and recovery of the diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in astrocytic functions in the context of MS and EAE, which are categorized into two opposite aspects, one being detrimental and the other beneficial. Inhibition of the detrimental functions and/or enhancement of the beneficial functions of astrocytes might be favorable for the treatment of MS.
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29
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Geyer S, Jacobs M, Hsu NJ. Immunity Against Bacterial Infection of the Central Nervous System: An Astrocyte Perspective. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:57. [PMID: 30894799 PMCID: PMC6414802 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is a severe and life-threatening condition with high mortality, and it may lead to permanent neurological deficits in survivors. Increasing evidence indicates that astrocytes, as the most abundant CNS glial cell population, regulate innate and adaptive immune responses in the CNS under pathological conditions in addition to their role in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis and neuronal function. Following antigen recognition, astrocytes participate in the initiation of innate immune responses, and prompt an adaptive immune response to recruit peripheral immune cells. Investigations have been conducted to understand the immunological role of astrocytes in CNS disease and injury, however, their part in bacterial infections of the CNS has not been fully evaluated. A better understanding will permit the identification of successful therapeutic targets for an improved prognosis and disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohair Geyer
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muazzam Jacobs
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nai-Jen Hsu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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30
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Correale J, Marrodan M, Ysrraelit MC. Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration and Axonal Dysfunction in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7010014. [PMID: 30791637 PMCID: PMC6466454 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a major cause of neurological disability, which increases predominantly during disease progression as a result of cortical and grey matter structures involvement. The gradual accumulation of disability characteristic of the disease seems to also result from a different set of mechanisms, including in particular immune reactions confined to the Central Nervous System such as: (a) B-cell dysregulation, (b) CD8+ T cells causing demyelination or axonal/neuronal damage, and (c) microglial cell activation associated with neuritic transection found in cortical demyelinating lesions. Other potential drivers of neurodegeneration are generation of oxygen and nitrogen reactive species, and mitochondrial damage, inducing impaired energy production, and intra-axonal accumulation of Ca2+, which in turn activates a variety of catabolic enzymes ultimately leading to progressive proteolytic degradation of cytoskeleton proteins. Loss of axon energy provided by oligodendrocytes determines further axonal degeneration and neuronal loss. Clearly, these different mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and could act in combination. Given the multifactorial pathophysiology of progressive MS, many potential therapeutic targets could be investigated in the future. This remains however, an objective that has yet to be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, FLENI, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.
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31
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Astroglia in Sepsis Associated Encephalopathy. Neurochem Res 2019; 45:83-99. [PMID: 30778837 PMCID: PMC7089215 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular pathophysiology of sepsis associated encephalopathy (SAE) remains poorly characterised. Brain pathology in SAE, which is manifested by impaired perception, consciousness and cognition, results from multifactorial events, including high levels of systemic cytokines, microbial components and endotoxins, which all damage the brain barriers, instigate neuroinflammation and cause homeostatic failure. Astrocytes, being the principal homeostatic cells of the central nervous system contribute to the brain defence against infection. Forming multifunctional anatomical barriers, astroglial cells maintain brain-systemic interfaces and restrict the damage to the nervous tissue. Astrocytes detect, produce and integrate inflammatory signals between immune cells and cells of brain parenchyma, thus regulating brain immune response. In SAE astrocytes are present in both reactive and astrogliopathic states; balance between these states define evolution of pathology and neurological outcomes. In humans pathophysiology of SAE is complicated by frequent presence of comorbidities, as well as age-related remodelling of the brain tissue with senescence of astroglia; these confounding factors further impact upon SAE progression and neurological deficits.
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32
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Zhou Z, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. The Astrocytic cAMP Pathway in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E779. [PMID: 30759771 PMCID: PMC6386894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are major glial cells that play critical roles in brain homeostasis. Abnormalities in astrocytic functions can lead to brain disorders. Astrocytes also respond to injury and disease through gliosis and immune activation, which can be both protective and detrimental. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the function of astrocytes in order to understand the physiology of the brain to develop therapeutic strategies against brain diseases. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a major second messenger that triggers various downstream cellular machinery in a wide variety of cells. The functions of astrocytes have also been suggested as being regulated by cAMP. Here, we summarize the possible roles of cAMP signaling in regulating the functions of astrocytes. Specifically, we introduce the ways in which cAMP pathways are involved in astrocyte functions, including (1) energy supply, (2) maintenance of the extracellular environment, (3) immune response, and (4) a potential role as a provider of trophic factors, and we discuss how these cAMP-regulated processes can affect brain functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zhou
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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33
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Podbielska M, O'Keeffe J, Hogan EL. Autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis: role of sphingolipids, invariant NKT cells and other immune elements in control of inflammation and neurodegeneration. J Neurol Sci 2017; 385:198-214. [PMID: 29406905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is classified as being an autoimmune response in the genetically susceptible individual to a persistent but unidentified antigen(s). Both the adaptive and the innate immune systems are likely to contribute significantly to MS pathogenesis. This review summarizes current understanding of the characteristics of MS autoimmunity in the initiation and progression of the disease. In particular we find it timely to classify the autoimmune responses by focusing on the immunogenic features of myelin-derived lipids in MS including molecular mimicry; on alterations of bioactive sphingolipids mediators in MS; and on functional roles for regulatory effector cells, including innate lymphocyte populations, like the invariant NKT (iNKT) cells which bridge adaptive and innate immune systems. Recent progress in identifying the nature of sphingolipids recognition for iNKT cells in immunity and the functional consequences of the lipid-CD1d interaction opens new avenues of access to the pathogenesis of demyelination in MS as well as design of lipid antigen-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA; Laboratory of Signal Transduction Molecules, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Joan O'Keeffe
- Department of Biopharmaceutical & Medical Science, School of Science & Computing, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Edward L Hogan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
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34
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Pollok K, Mothes R, Ulbricht C, Liebheit A, Gerken JD, Uhlmann S, Paul F, Niesner R, Radbruch H, Hauser AE. The chronically inflamed central nervous system provides niches for long-lived plasma cells. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:88. [PMID: 29178933 PMCID: PMC5702095 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid have been a hallmark of multiple sclerosis diagnosis for over three decades, the role of antibody-secreting cells in multiple sclerosis remains unclear. T and B cells are critical for multiple sclerosis pathogenesis, but increasing evidence suggests that plasma cells also contribute, through secretion of autoantibodies. Long-lived plasma cells are known to drive various chronic inflammatory conditions as e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus, however, to what extent they are present in autoimmune central nervous system inflammation has not yet been investigated. In brain biopsies from multiple sclerosis patients and other neurological diseases, we could detect non-proliferating plasma cells (CD138+Ki67−) in the parenchyma. Based on this finding, we hypothesized that long-lived plasma cells can persist in the central nervous system (CNS). In order to test this hypothesis, we adapted the multiple sclerosis mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis to generate a B cell memory response. Plasma cells were found in the meninges and the parenchyma of the inflamed spinal cord, surrounded by tissue areas resembling survival niches for these cells, characterized by an up-regulation of chemokines (CXCL12), adhesion molecules (VCAM-1) and survival factors (APRIL and BAFF). In order to determine the lifetime of plasma cells in the chronically inflamed CNS, we labeled the DNA of proliferating cells with 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU). Up to five weeks later, we could detect EdU+ long-lived plasma cells in the murine CNS. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing non-proliferating plasma cells directly in the target tissue of a chronic inflammation in humans, as well as the first evidence demonstrating the ability of plasma cells to persist in the CNS, and the ability of the chronically inflamed CNS tissue to promote this persistence. Hence, our results suggest that the CNS provides survival niches for long-lived plasma cells, similar to the niches found in other organs. Targeting these cells in the CNS offers new perspectives for treatment of chronic autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases, especially in patients who do not respond to conventional therapies.
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35
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Ahn M, Kim J, Park C, Cho J, Jee Y, Jung K, Moon C, Shin T. Potential involvement of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β in a rat model of multiple sclerosis: evidenced by lithium treatment. Anat Cell Biol 2017; 50:48-59. [PMID: 28417055 PMCID: PMC5386926 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2017.50.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β has been known as a pro-inflammatory molecule in neuroinflammation. The involvement of GSK-3β remains unsolved in acute monophasic rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The aim of this study was to evaluate a potential role of GSK-3β in central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity through its inhibition by lithium. Lithium treatment significantly delayed the onset of EAE paralysis and ameliorated its severity. Lithium treatment reduced the serum level of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor a but not that of interleukin 10. Western blot analysis showed that the phosphorylation of GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β) and its upstream factor Akt was significantly increased in the lithium-treated group. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that lithium treatment also suppressed the activation of ionized calcium binding protein-1-positive microglial cells and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in the spinal cords of lithium-treated EAE rats. These results demonstrate that lithium ameliorates clinical symptom of acute monophasic rat EAE, and GSK-3 is a target for the suppression of acute neuroinflammation as far as rat model of human CNS disease is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meejung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Changnam Park
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jinhee Cho
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Youngheun Jee
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Eco-friendly Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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36
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Daniels BP, Jujjavarapu H, Durrant DM, Williams JL, Green RR, White JP, Lazear HM, Gale M, Diamond MS, Klein RS. Regional astrocyte IFN signaling restricts pathogenesis during neurotropic viral infection. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:843-856. [PMID: 28134626 PMCID: PMC5330728 DOI: 10.1172/jci88720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I IFNs promote cellular responses to viruses, and IFN receptor (IFNAR) signaling regulates the responses of endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during neurotropic viral infection. However, the role of astrocytes in innate immune responses of the BBB during viral infection of the CNS remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we have demonstrated that type I IFNAR signaling in astrocytes regulates BBB permeability and protects the cerebellum from infection and immunopathology. Mice with astrocyte-specific loss of IFNAR signaling showed decreased survival after West Nile virus infection. Accelerated mortality was not due to expanded viral tropism or increased replication. Rather, viral entry increased specifically in the hindbrain of IFNAR-deficient mice, suggesting that IFNAR signaling critically regulates BBB permeability in this brain region. Pattern recognition receptors and IFN-stimulated genes had higher basal and IFN-induced expression in human and mouse cerebellar astrocytes than did cerebral cortical astrocytes, suggesting that IFNAR signaling has brain region-specific roles in CNS immune responses. Taken together, our data identify cerebellar astrocytes as key responders to viral infection and highlight the existence of distinct innate immune programs in astrocytes from evolutionarily disparate regions of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Daniels
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harsha Jujjavarapu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Douglas M. Durrant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Jessica L. Williams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard R. Green
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James P. White
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Helen M. Lazear
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robyn S. Klein
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Predictive value of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 as biomarkers of affective temperaments in healthy young adults. J Affect Disord 2017; 207:47-52. [PMID: 27693464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Affective temperaments are intermediate phenotypes for major affective disorders and are reported to have a neuroimmune etiopathogenesis. Here we investigated the role of soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) in affective temperaments and mood symptoms in healthy adults. METHODS Healthy adults (n=94) were screened for psychiatric disorders using the nonpatient version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-I and II. Subjects with medical conditions associated with changes in inflammatory response were excluded, deriving the final sample (n=68). Affective temperaments were evaluated with Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). State mood symptoms were assessed using the Young Mania Rating Scale and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. Serum sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS After adjusting for confounders (age, gender, BMI, and smoking habits), a high negative correlation between depressive and irritable temperament TEMPS-A scores and sVCAM-1 levels was detected. Although we identified no association between sICAM-1 levels and affective temperament scores, sICAM-1 was related to the state severity of manic symptoms. In a multiple linear regression model, sVCAM-1 remained a significant predictor of depressive but not irritable temperament scores. LIMITATIONS The temperaments were estimated on the basis of self-report questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that sVCAM-1 is related to affective temperaments, and it is a trait marker for liability to mood disorders. This relationship between alterations in cellular adhesion and affective temperament may be important for vulnerability to affective disorders.
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Cekanaviciute E, Buckwalter MS. Astrocytes: Integrative Regulators of Neuroinflammation in Stroke and Other Neurological Diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:685-701. [PMID: 27677607 PMCID: PMC5081110 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate neuroinflammatory responses after stroke and in other neurological diseases. Although not all astrocytic responses reduce inflammation, their predominant function is to protect the brain by driving the system back to homeostasis after injury. They receive multidimensional signals within the central nervous system and between the brain and the systemic circulation. Processing this information allows astrocytes to regulate synapse formation and maintenance, cerebral blood flow, and blood-brain barrier integrity. Similarly, in response to stroke and other central nervous system disorders, astrocytes detect and integrate signals of neuronal damage and inflammation to regulate the neuroinflammatory response. Two direct regulatory mechanisms in the astrocyte arsenal are the ability to form both physical and molecular barriers that seal the injury site and localize the neuroinflammatory response. Astrocytes also indirectly regulate the inflammatory response by affecting neuronal health during the acute injury and axonal regrowth. This ability to regulate the location and degree of neuroinflammation after injury, combined with the long time course of neuroinflammation, makes astrocytic signaling pathways promising targets for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Cekanaviciute
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Abdurasulova IN, Matsulevich AV, Tarasova EA, Kudryavtsev IV, Serebrjakova MK, Ermolenko EI, Bisaga GN, Klimenko VM, Suvorov AN. Enterococcus faecium strain L-3 and glatiramer acetate ameliorate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats by affecting different populations of immune cells. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:719-729. [PMID: 27633171 DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain L-3 was studied in rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Glatiramer acetate (GA) was used as control drug. E. faecium strain L-3 and GA both were able to reduce the severity of EAE in a similar fashion. Both approaches increased the proportion of EAE resistant rats and rats with mild disease, prolonged the inductive phase of EAE and reduced the disease duration. Study of the phenotypes of immune cells in blood revealed the differences in immunoregulatory pathways that mediate the protective action of probiotic or GA treatment of EAE. The presence of pronounced protective and immunomodulating effects of the probiotic E. faecium strain L-3 opens an opportunity of its application for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Abdurasulova
- 1 Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Academician Pavlov St., 197376 St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation.,2 Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 2 Lithuanian St., 194100 St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - A V Matsulevich
- 1 Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Academician Pavlov St., 197376 St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - E A Tarasova
- 1 Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Academician Pavlov St., 197376 St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation.,3 Research laboratory 'Explana', 14a Academician Pavlov St., 197376 St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - I V Kudryavtsev
- 1 Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Academician Pavlov St., 197376 St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation.,4 School of Biomedicine of Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova St., 690950 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - M K Serebrjakova
- 1 Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Academician Pavlov St., 197376 St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation.,5 ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Pr., 197101 St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - E I Ermolenko
- 1 Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Academician Pavlov St., 197376 St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation.,6 Saint-Petersburg State University, 7-9 University Em., 199034 St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - G N Bisaga
- 7 Kirov Military Medical Academy, 6 Academician Lebedev St., 194044 St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - V M Klimenko
- 1 Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Academician Pavlov St., 197376 St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - A N Suvorov
- 1 Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Academician Pavlov St., 197376 St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation.,6 Saint-Petersburg State University, 7-9 University Em., 199034 St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation
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40
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Domingues HS, Portugal CC, Socodato R, Relvas JB. Oligodendrocyte, Astrocyte, and Microglia Crosstalk in Myelin Development, Damage, and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:71. [PMID: 27551677 PMCID: PMC4923166 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system. Myelination of axons allows rapid saltatory conduction of nerve impulses and contributes to axonal integrity. Devastating neurological deficits caused by demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, illustrate well the importance of the process. In this review, we focus on the positive and negative interactions between oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia during developmental myelination and remyelination. Even though many lines of evidence support a crucial role for glia crosstalk during these processes, the nature of such interactions is often neglected when designing therapeutics for repair of demyelinated lesions. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying glial cell communication and how they influence oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination is fundamental to uncover novel therapeutic strategies for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Domingues
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Renato Socodato
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
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41
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Immune cell trafficking across the barriers of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis and stroke. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:461-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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42
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Hersrud SL, Geraets RD, Weber KL, Chan CH, Pearce DA. Plasma biomarkers for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. FEBS J 2016; 283:459-71. [PMID: 26565144 PMCID: PMC4744155 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of neurodegenerative genetic diseases that primarily affect children and have no known cure. A unified clinical rating scale for the juvenile form of NCL has been developed, although it has not been validated in other subtypes and does not give a true measure of the pathophysiological changes occurring during disease progression. In the present study, we have identified candidate biomarkers in blood plasma of NCL disease using multiple proteomic approaches, with the aim of developing a panel of biomarkers that could serve as a metric for therapeutic response. Candidate biomarkers were identified as proteins with levels that significantly differed between patients and controls in both sample sets. The seven candidates identified have previously been associated with neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. Multiplex immunoassay based testing was the most efficient and effective evaluation technique and could be employed on a broad scale to track patient response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Hersrud
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57105, United States
| | - Ryan D. Geraets
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57105, United States
| | - Krystal L. Weber
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States
| | - Chun-Hung Chan
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States
| | - David A. Pearce
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57105, United States
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Role of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 as biomarkers in early and late stages of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 73:45-52. [PMID: 26679764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a neuroprogressive disorder presenting with biochemical, functional, and structural changes, which differ from early to late stages of the illness. We explored the differences in serum levels of soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) between early and late stages of SZ, in regard to clinical characteristics and treatment application. Serum levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were measured in 80 patients with SZ (40 early stage; 40 late stage), and compared with 80 healthy controls, matched by age, gender, body mass index, and smoking habits with each SZ group. Serum levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were measured using ELISA. The severity of psychopathology was assessed using the Clinical Global Impression Scale and five-factor Positive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia Scale. After adjustment for confounders, we noticed normal levels of sICAM-1 in the early stage, and elevated levels of sICAM-1 in the late stage of SZ. sVCAM-1 levels were decreased in both stages of SZ. Higher sICAM-1 levels have been related to more pronounced cognitive deficit and excitement symptoms in the early stage of SZ and to favorable characteristics of treatment application in both stages. SZ is associated with changes in the levels of adhesion molecules that vary from early to late stages of the illness. This implies that the concept of biochemical staging is applicable in SZ, at least for markers of cellular adhesion.
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Domingues HS, Portugal CC, Socodato R, Relvas JB. Oligodendrocyte, Astrocyte, and Microglia Crosstalk in Myelin Development, Damage, and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016. [PMID: 27551677 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00071.ecollection2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system. Myelination of axons allows rapid saltatory conduction of nerve impulses and contributes to axonal integrity. Devastating neurological deficits caused by demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, illustrate well the importance of the process. In this review, we focus on the positive and negative interactions between oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia during developmental myelination and remyelination. Even though many lines of evidence support a crucial role for glia crosstalk during these processes, the nature of such interactions is often neglected when designing therapeutics for repair of demyelinated lesions. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying glial cell communication and how they influence oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination is fundamental to uncover novel therapeutic strategies for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Domingues
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Renato Socodato
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
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Perivascular Arrest of CD8+ T Cells Is a Signature of Experimental Cerebral Malaria. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005210. [PMID: 26562533 PMCID: PMC4643016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant evidence that brain-infiltrating CD8+ T cells play a central role in the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection of C57BL/6 mice. However, the mechanisms through which they mediate their pathogenic activity during malaria infection remain poorly understood. Utilizing intravital two-photon microscopy combined with detailed ex vivo flow cytometric analysis, we show that brain-infiltrating T cells accumulate within the perivascular spaces of brains of mice infected with both ECM-inducing (P. berghei ANKA) and non-inducing (P. berghei NK65) infections. However, perivascular T cells displayed an arrested behavior specifically during P. berghei ANKA infection, despite the brain-accumulating CD8+ T cells exhibiting comparable activation phenotypes during both infections. We observed T cells forming long-term cognate interactions with CX3CR1-bearing antigen presenting cells within the brains during P. berghei ANKA infection, but abrogation of this interaction by targeted depletion of the APC cells failed to prevent ECM development. Pathogenic CD8+ T cells were found to colocalize with rare apoptotic cells expressing CD31, a marker of endothelial cells, within the brain during ECM. However, cellular apoptosis was a rare event and did not result in loss of cerebral vasculature or correspond with the extensive disruption to its integrity observed during ECM. In summary, our data show that the arrest of T cells in the perivascular compartments of the brain is a unique signature of ECM-inducing malaria infection and implies an important role for this event in the development of the ECM-syndrome. Cerebral malaria is the most severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Utilizing the murine experimental model of cerebral malaria (ECM), it has been found that CD8+ T cells are a key immune cell type responsible for development of cerebral pathology during malaria infection. To identify how CD8+ T cells cause cerebral pathology during malaria infection, in this study we have performed detailed in vivo analysis (two photon imaging) of CD8+ T cells within the brains of mice infected with strains of malaria parasites that cause or do not cause ECM. We found that CD8+ T cells appear to accumulate in similar numbers and in comparable locations within the brains of mice infected with parasites that do or do not cause ECM. Importantly, however, brain accumulating CD8+ T cells displayed significantly different movement characteristics during the different infections. CD8+ T cells interacted with myeloid cells within the brain during infection with parasites causing ECM, but this association was not required for development of cerebral complications. Furthermore, our results suggest that CD8+ T cells do not cause ECM through the widespread killing of brain microvessel cells. The results in this study significantly improve our understanding of the ways through which CD8+ T cells can mediate cerebral pathology during malaria infection.
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46
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Correale J, Farez MF. The Role of Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis Progression. Front Neurol 2015; 6:180. [PMID: 26347709 PMCID: PMC4539519 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disorder causing central nervous system (CNS) demyelination and axonal injury. Although its etiology remains elusive, several lines of evidence support the concept that autoimmunity plays a major role in disease pathogenesis. The course of MS is highly variable; nevertheless, the majority of patients initially present a relapsing–remitting clinical course. After 10–15 years of disease, this pattern becomes progressive in up to 50% of untreated patients, during which time clinical symptoms slowly cause constant deterioration over a period of many years. In about 15% of MS patients, however, disease progression is relentless from disease onset. Published evidence supports the concept that progressive MS reflects a poorly understood mechanism of insidious axonal degeneration and neuronal loss. Recently, the type of microglial cell and of astrocyte activation and proliferation observed has suggested contribution of resident CNS cells may play a critical role in disease progression. Astrocytes could contribute to this process through several mechanisms: (a) as part of the innate immune system, (b) as a source of cytotoxic factors, (c) inhibiting remyelination and axonal regeneration by forming a glial scar, and (d) contributing to axonal mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, regulatory mechanisms mediated by astrocytes can be affected by aging. Notably, astrocytes might also limit the detrimental effects of pro-inflammatory factors, while providing support and protection for oligodendrocytes and neurons. Because of the dichotomy observed in astrocytic effects, the design of therapeutic strategies targeting astrocytes becomes a challenging endeavor. Better knowledge of molecular and functional properties of astrocytes, therefore, should promote understanding of their specific role in MS pathophysiology, and consequently lead to development of novel and more successful therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, FLENI , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Mauricio F Farez
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, FLENI , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Williams SK, Maier O, Fischer R, Fairless R, Hochmeister S, Stojic A, Pick L, Haar D, Musiol S, Storch MK, Pfizenmaier K, Diem R. Antibody-mediated inhibition of TNFR1 attenuates disease in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90117. [PMID: 24587232 PMCID: PMC3938650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is known to regulate inflammation in a number of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Although targeting of TNF in models of MS has been successful, the pathological role of TNF in MS remains unclear due to clinical trials where the non-selective inhibition of TNF resulted in exacerbated disease. Subsequent experiments have indicated that this may have resulted from the divergent effects of the two TNF receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. Here we show that the selective targeting of TNFR1 with an antagonistic antibody ameliorates symptoms of the most common animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), when given following both a prophylactic and therapeutic treatment regime. Our results demonstrate that antagonistic TNFR1-specific antibodies may represent a therapeutic approach for the treatment of MS in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Immunotherapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Williams
- Department of Neuro-oncology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Olaf Maier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roman Fischer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Richard Fairless
- Department of Neuro-oncology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Aleksandar Stojic
- Department of Neuro-oncology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lara Pick
- Department of Neurology, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Doreen Haar
- Department of Neurology, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sylvia Musiol
- Department of Neurology, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Maria K. Storch
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Pfizenmaier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ricarda Diem
- Department of Neuro-oncology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Cross-reactivity between human cytomegalovirus peptide 981-1003 and myelin oligodendroglia glycoprotein peptide 35-55 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 443:1118-23. [PMID: 24388990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been documented to have various clinical and pathological presentations. However the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Viral infections may play a certain role in the etiopathogenesis of MS. This study was designed to explore whether different phospholipid peptides and viral mimic peptides induce antigen specific lesion in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS animal model. In the present study, Lewis rats immunized with myelin basic protein (MBP) 82-99 or MBP68-86 exhibited clinical signs of EAE and inflammatory infiltrates throughout CNS. Immunization with myelin oligodendroglia glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55 also induced inflammatory infiltrates in spinal cords. Although cytomegalovirus (CMV) 981-1003 failed to induce clinical signs of EAE and inflammatory infiltrates, immunological examination revealed that CMV981-1003 cross-reacted with serum from rats immunized with MOG35-55, and vice versa. Further, MOG35-55 triggered CMV981-1003 specific lymphocytes recruitment in spleen. Together these, this study provides certain evidences for various pathological manifestations of EAE and the linkage of viral mimic peptides with phospholipid peptides. Molecular mimicry may be an explanation the pathogenesis of MS.
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Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in multiple sclerosis pathology. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:604-13. [PMID: 24007818 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling cascade plays a critical role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the main animal model of MS. NF-κB is essential for peripheral immune cell activation and the induction of pathology, but also plays crucial roles in resident cells of the central nervous system (CNS) during disease development. Here we review recent evidence clarifying the role of NF-κB in the different cell compartments contributing to MS pathology and its implications for the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of MS and other demyelinating pathologies of the CNS.
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50
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Jensen CJ, Massie A, De Keyser J. Immune players in the CNS: the astrocyte. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:824-39. [PMID: 23821340 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the finely balanced environment of the central nervous system astrocytes, the most numerous cell type, play a role in regulating almost every physiological system. First found to regulate extracellular ions and pH, they have since been shown to regulate neurotransmitter levels, cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism. There is also growing evidence for an essential role of astrocytes in central immunity, which is the topic of this review. In the healthy state, the central nervous system is potently anti-inflammatory but under threat astrocytes readily respond to pathogens and to both sterile and pathogen-induced cell damage. In response, astrocytes take on some of the roles of immune cells, releasing cyto- and chemokines to influence effector cells, modulating the blood-brain barrier and forming glial scars. To date, much of the data supporting a role for astrocytes in immunity have been obtained from in vitro systems; however data from experimental models and clinical samples support the suggestion that astrocytes perform similar roles in more complex environments. This review will discuss some aspects of the role of astrocytes in central nervous system immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy J Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
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