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Westgarth C, Provazza S, Nicholas J, Gray V. Review of psychological effects of dog bites in children. BMJ Paediatr Open 2024; 8:e000922. [PMID: 38844383 PMCID: PMC11163822 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dog bites are a concerning health problem in children and one of the leading causes of non-fatal injuries in this population. Dog attacks not only cause physical injuries but can also lead to long-term psychological problems. A review was performed to investigate the scope of literature on the psychological effects of dog bites on a paediatric population. METHODS A literature search was performed on Web of Knowledge database between 1982 to June 2023, returning 249 results. 14 primary studies reporting the psychological consequences of dog bites in children or adolescents were classed as eligible and 9 further studies were added from prior knowledge and bibliographical searches. 23 studies involving 1894 participants met the criteria and were included in this review. RESULTS Of these 23 studies, 8 were case studies or small case series reports (up to n=4), 14 larger descriptive studies and 1 analytical cross-sectional study. There was a mixture of retrospective and prospective data-gathering. The most common psychological consequences of dog bites in children were post-traumatic stress disorder, dog phobia, nightmares and symptoms of anxiety and avoidance behaviours. CONCLUSIONS Studies on dog bites in a paediatric population with a specific focus on the psychological consequences associated with dog bites and their management are sparse. Future research and practice should more greatly consider the psychological impact on child victims of dog bites and their family members, as well as their management to avoid the development of mental health issues and improve their quality of life. Future research also needs to ascertain the efficacy of using virtual reality in treating children with dog phobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carri Westgarth
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - Serena Provazza
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | | | - Victoria Gray
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
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Griffin BR, Trenoweth K, Dimanopoulos TA, De Young AC, Cobham VE, Williams H, Kimble R. Co-design of a paediatric post-trauma electronic psychosocial screen. J Pediatr Nurs 2024; 76:52-60. [PMID: 38359545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To optimise care pathways and provide greater transparency of the psychosocial needs of injured children after hospital discharge by extending post-discharge psychosocial screening to children admitted with traumatic injury for ≥24 h. DESIGN AND METHODS This mixed-methods study used a co-design approach informed by the Experience-Based Co-design (EBCD) framework. Interviews with carers were used to evaluate experiences and generate views on psychosocial support interventions. Online surveys by international child psychologists' indicated preferences for a psychosocial screening tool, and clinician-stakeholder consensus meetings facilitated the development of an electronic post-injury psychosocial screening tool. RESULTS Carers found the initial year of follow-up from trauma family support services helpful, appreciating the hospital connection. Flexible follow-up timings and additional resources were mentioned, and most carers were interested in participating in an electronic screening activity to predict their child's coping after injury. Child trauma experts recommended including several screening tools, and the multidisciplinary paediatric trauma service and study investigators collaborated over a year to workshop and reach a consensus on the screening tool and follow-up process. CONCLUSION The multidisciplinary team co-designed an electronic psychosocial screening and follow-up process for families with children with traumatic injuries. This tool improves the visibility of injured children's psychosocial needs post-injury and potentially aids clinical targeted resource allocation for trauma family support services. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The study emphasises the significance of specialised psychosocial screening tools in paediatric nursing, especially in trauma care, for understanding patients' psychosocial needs, tailoring follow-up plans, and promoting a patient-centred approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn R Griffin
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD, Australia; Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate Trenoweth
- Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tanesha A Dimanopoulos
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD, Australia; Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Alexandra C De Young
- Queensland Centre for Perinatal and Infant Mental Health, Children's Health Queensland, Hospital Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Vanessa E Cobham
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hayley Williams
- Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Roy Kimble
- Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Rohee-Traore A, Kahn A, Khonsari RH, Pham-Dang N, Majoufre-Lefebvre C, Meyer C, Ferri J, Trost O, Poisbleau D, Kimakhe J, Rougeot A, Moret A, Prevost R, Toure G, Hachani M, DeBoutray M, Laure B, Joly A, Kün-Darbois JD. Facial dog bites in children: A public health problem highlighted by COVID-19 lockdown. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2024; 125:101671. [PMID: 37898301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2023.101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stay-at-home injunction during COVID-19 pandemic led to new dynamics in households and increased the risk of domestic accidents involving pets. The aim of the study was to demonstrate an increase of facial dog bites in children during first lockdown period in France, compared to the same period in 2018 and 2019. Secondary objective was to investigate the demographics and circumstances in which dog bites occurred. METHODS A retrospective multicentric study was conducted nationwide. Patients under 18 years old managed in fifteen oral and maxillofacial surgery departments for a dog bite were included. RESULTS Eighty-seven patients were included. A significant increase of the number of children managed for facial dog bite was noticed in 2020 (p=0.0005). The male-to-female ratio was significantly reversed in 2020 with more bites in girls than boys (p=0.02). In 2020, children were mostly bitten to cheeks (28.6 %), lips-and-chin region (26.2 %), and eyelids (23.8 %). Severe bites increased in 2020, in comparison with 2018 and 2019. Dog bites occurring while petting or playing significantly increased in 2020 (31 %) (p=0.03). CONCLUSION The process leading to bites is highly dependent on the balance of dog-owner relationship. This was strongly disrupted during COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in the increase of dog bites in households. Regarding dog bites, face is the most vulnerable area in children. Its injury has lots of esthetic and functional consequences and maxillofacial surgeons have a key role to play in their prevention. Reminders of some of these management and prevention strategies are presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle Rohee-Traore
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial surgery, Angers University Hospital, 4 rue Larrey, Angers 49100, France.
| | - Alexis Kahn
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial surgery, Angers University Hospital, 4 rue Larrey, Angers 49100, France
| | - Roman-Hossein Khonsari
- Department of Maxillo-facial and Plastic surgery, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, 149 rue de Sèvres, Paris 75015, France
| | - Nathalie Pham-Dang
- Department of Maxillo-facial and Plastic surgery, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, 58 rue Montalembert, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Claire Majoufre-Lefebvre
- Department of Maxillo-facial surgery, Pellegrin University Hospital, Rue de la Pelouse de Douet, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Christophe Meyer
- Department of Maxillo-facial surgery, Besançon University Hospital, 3 boulevard Alexandre Fleming, Besançon 25030, France
| | - Joël Ferri
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial surgery, Lille University Hospital, 2 avenue Oscar Lambret, Lille 59000, France
| | - Olivier Trost
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial surgery, Rouen University Hospital, 37 boulevard Gambetta, Rouen 76000, France
| | - David Poisbleau
- Department of Maxillo-facial and Plastic surgery, Grenoble University Hospital, Avenue des Maquis de Grésivaudan, La Tronche 38700, France
| | - Jihane Kimakhe
- Department of Maxillo-facial surgery and stomatology, Vendée Hospital Center, Boulevard Stéphane Moreau, La Roche-sur-Yon, 85000, France
| | - Amélie Rougeot
- Department of Maxillo-facial surgery, Félix Guyon Hospital, La Réunion University Hospital, Allée des Topazes, Saint-Denis 97400, France
| | - Audrey Moret
- Department of Maxillo-facial surgery and stomatology, Aix Hospital Center, Avenue des Tamaris, Aix-En-Provence 13100, France
| | - Raphaëlle Prevost
- Department of Maxillo-facial surgery, Ré-Aunis Hospital, 44 rue Moulin des Justices, La Rochelle 17022, France
| | - Gaoussou Toure
- Department of Maxillo-facial surgery, Lucie et Raymond Aubrac Intercommunal Hospital Center, 40 Allée de la Source, Villeneuve Saint Georges 94195, France
| | - Manel Hachani
- Department of Maxillo-facial surgery, Lucie et Raymond Aubrac Intercommunal Hospital Center, 40 Allée de la Source, Villeneuve Saint Georges 94195, France
| | - Marie DeBoutray
- Department of Maxillo-facial surgery, Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, 191 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Boris Laure
- Department of Maxillo-facial and Plastic surgery, Tours University Hospital, Avenue de la République, Chambray-lès-Tours 37170, France
| | - Aline Joly
- Tours University Hospital, Avenue de la République, Chambray-lès-Tours 37170, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Kün-Darbois
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial surgery, Angers University Hospital, 4 rue Larrey, Angers 49100, France
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Holley-Mallo R. All the Better to Taste You With, My Dear: ED Management of Mammalian Bites. Adv Emerg Nurs J 2024; 46:118-125. [PMID: 38736096 DOI: 10.1097/tme.0000000000000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Mammal bites account for over 5 million visits to Emergency Departments (EDs) annually. Nurse Practitioners (NPs) need to stay abreast of current guidelines, changes to antibiotic regimens that are now most effective, and understand in what circumstances collaboration with other specialists is indicated. It is not enough to care for the wound, itself, but rather understand in what presentations additional care may be needed despite the fact that there is no clear evidence at the time of evaluation of the need for advanced care. Additionally, NPs should understand what resources are available within their community for wound care that may exceed the scope and ability of the facility in which they practice. Health departments may need to be utilized in the care of ED patients who present with wounds that are suspicious for rabies. Finally understanding what constitutes a high, medium, and low risk bite will aide NPs in delivering optimal care within the communities they serve while also minimizing patient morbidity.
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Kelly SK, Hoffman GR. The K9-Teen Pandemic: When Good Boy Goes Bad. The Epidemiology, Management and Public Health Ramifications of Facial Dog Bite Injuries: Newcastle, Australia, Experience. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2024; 17:47-55. [PMID: 38371213 PMCID: PMC10874210 DOI: 10.1177/19433875231161941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology, pattern of injury and management of facial dog bite injuries. Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study over a 5-year period of patients who sustained a facial dog bite injury. The study setting was an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department at a level 1 trauma centre, servicing an estimated catchment population in excess of 950,000 people. Results: In total, 171 patients were managed in the designated period from January 2017 to January 2022. The median age was 9 years (range 11 months to 77 years), with the highest incidence of a single age 4 years. The frequency was slightly greater amongst males (n = 93) than females (n = 78). The most common responsible breed were Pitbull types (n = 26). Overall, bites most often resulted from the family dog (n = 87), in the victim's own home (n = 84) and whilst playing with the dog (n = 64). The primary sites involved were the lips (n = 70), cheek (n = 53) and nose, representing the so called 'target area'. In 53 cases, the injuries were classified as severe. 138 patients required hospital admission, and of these, 130 required surgical management under general anaesthesia. Conclusions: Facial dog bite injuries present a significant burden on the healthcare system and result in physical, functional and/or emotional distress for the patient. As the rates of dog ownership continue to rise, a consequential increase in these injuries is also likely. Further, public health intervention is essential, particularly as the most susceptible demographic remains young male children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary R. Hoffman
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, John Hunter Hospital, Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Patterson KN, Beckmeyer A, Bourgeois T, Horvath KZ, Pratt AL, Armour L, Wang L, Minneci PC, Deans KJ, Thakkar RK, Parasidis E. Legal epidemiology of paediatric dog bite injuries. Inj Prev 2023; 29:142-149. [PMID: 36332979 DOI: 10.1136/ip-2022-044675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dog bite injuries cause over 100 000 paediatric emergency department visits annually. Our objective was to analyse associations between regional dog ownership laws and incidence of paediatric dog bites. METHODS This observational study used an online search to locate local dog-related policies within Ohio cities. Data collected by Ohio Partners For Kids from 2011 through 2020 regarding claims for paediatric dog bite injuries were used to compare areas with and without located policies and the incidence of injury. RESULTS Our cohort consisted of 6175 paediatric patients with dog bite injury encounters. A majority were white (79.1%), male (55.0%), 0-5 years old (39.2%) and did not require hospital admission (98.1%). Seventy-nine of 303 cities (26.1%) had city-specific policies related to dogs. Overall, the presence of dog-related policies was associated with lower incidence of dog bite injury claims (p=0.01). Specifically, metropolitan areas and the Central Ohio region had a significantly lower incidence when dog-related policies were present (324.85 per 100 000 children per year when present vs 398.56 when absent; p<0.05; 304.87 per 100 000 children per year when present vs 411.43 when absent; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The presence of city-specific dog-related policies is associated with lower incidence of paediatric dog bite injury claims, suggesting that local policy impacts this important public health issue. There are limited dog-related policies addressing dog bite prevention, with inconsistencies in breadth and depth. Creating consistent, practical requirements among policies with vigorous enforcement could ameliorate public health concerns from paediatric dog bite injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli N Patterson
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Tran Bourgeois
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyle Z Horvath
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy L Pratt
- Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lisa Armour
- Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Partner for Kids, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter C Minneci
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Oh, USA
| | - Katherine J Deans
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Oh, USA
| | - Rajan K Thakkar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Oh, USA
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Efthimios Parasidis
- Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Taylor E, Aguilar-Ancori EG, Banyard AC, Abel I, Mantini-Briggs C, Briggs CL, Carrillo C, Gavidia CM, Castillo-Neyra R, Parola AD, Villena FE, Prada JM, Petersen BW, Falcon Perez N, Cabezas Sanchez C, Sihuincha M, Streicker DG, Maguina Vargas C, Navarro Vela AM, Vigilato MAN, Wen Fan H, Willoughby R, Horton DL, Recuenco SE. The Amazonian Tropical Bites Research Initiative, a hope for resolving zoonotic neglected tropical diseases in the One Health era. Int Health 2023; 15:216-223. [PMID: 35896028 PMCID: PMC9384559 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) disproportionately affect populations living in resource-limited settings. In the Amazon basin, substantial numbers of NTDs are zoonotic, transmitted by vertebrate (dogs, bats, snakes) and invertebrate species (sand flies and triatomine insects). However, no dedicated consortia exist to find commonalities in the risk factors for or mitigations against bite-associated NTDs such as rabies, snake envenoming, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis in the region. The rapid expansion of COVID-19 has further reduced resources for NTDs, exacerbated health inequality and reiterated the need to raise awareness of NTDs related to bites. METHODS The nine countries that make up the Amazon basin have been considered (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam and Venezuela) in the formation of a new network. RESULTS The Amazonian Tropical Bites Research Initiative (ATBRI) has been created, with the aim of creating transdisciplinary solutions to the problem of animal bites leading to disease in Amazonian communities. The ATBRI seeks to unify the currently disjointed approach to the control of bite-related neglected zoonoses across Latin America. CONCLUSIONS The coordination of different sectors and inclusion of all stakeholders will advance this field and generate evidence for policy-making, promoting governance and linkage across a One Health arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Taylor
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Elsa Gladys Aguilar-Ancori
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Biomedicina de Cusco - Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, 08003, Peru
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and PlantHealth Agency, WoodhamLane, New Haw, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Isis Abel
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento, Instituto de MedicinaVeterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, 68743-970, Brasil
| | - Clara Mantini-Briggs
- Berkeley Center for Social Medicine and the Institute for the Study of Societal Issues, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-5670, USA
| | - Charles L Briggs
- Berkeley Center for Social Medicine and the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-5670, USA
| | - Carolina Carrillo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará - ConsejoNacional de InvestigacionesCientíficas y Técnicas, Saladillo 2468 (C1440FFX) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cesar M Gavidia
- Facultad de MedicinaVeterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15021, Perú
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6021, USA
- One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad PeruanaCayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Peru
| | - Alejandro D Parola
- Fundación Pablo Cassará. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Saladillo 2468 (C1440FFX) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fredy E Villena
- Asociaciónpara el Empleo y Bienestar Animal en Investigación y Docencia (ASOPEBAID), Lima, 15072, Peru
| | - Joaquin M Prada
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Brett W Petersen
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 30333, USA
| | - Nestor Falcon Perez
- Facultad de MedicinaVeterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Perú
| | - Cesar Cabezas Sanchez
- Centro de InvestigacionesTecnologicas, Biomedicas y Medioambientales-CITBM, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15081, Peru
| | | | - Daniel G Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ciro Maguina Vargas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humbolt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Perú
| | | | - Marco A N Vigilato
- Pan American Center for Foot and Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, 25040-004, Brazil
| | - Hui Wen Fan
- Bioindustrial Center, InstitutoButantan, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel L Horton
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Sergio E Recuenco
- Centro de InvestigacionesTecnologicas, Biomedicas y Medioambientales-CITBM, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15081, Peru
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Quezada-Nolasco JL, Galarde-López M, Sánchez-Zamorano LM, Serrano-Márquez JM, Arvizu-Tovar LO, Reyna-Sevilla A, Alanis-Gallardo VM, Soberanis-Ramos O. Spatial patterns and risk of aggression of dogs and cats in a central township of Mexico City. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106814. [PMID: 36603802 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dog and cat aggressions are public health concerns associated with rabies transmission to the human population. The social and environmental conditions of marginalized and urban areas stand a risk due to people's contact with dogs. This study aimed to identify spatial patterns related to dog and cat aggression in a densely populated area in the center of Mexico City, analyzing the risk of aggression at the census unit level in the 2018-2020 triennium. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Coyoacán, in the south-central area of Mexico City's urbanized region. The total number of cases (n = 1,078) was obtained from monthly records of aggressions by dogs and cats, from the Control and Prevention of Zoonoses-Rabies Program of the Coyoacán Sanitary Jurisdiction. The information collected was related to the victims and the aggressors. Associations between the occurrence of bites and the characteristics of the victim were evaluated using a geographic information system (GIS), as well as the spatio-temporal distribution of the aggressions to the census unit level. Out of 1,078 cases reported, 977 (90.6%) were caused by dogs and 101 (9.4%) by cats, 55.1% (n = 587) occurred within the same household, and 13.7% (n = 148) were categorized as severe injuries. Adult men were the most affected group. Attacks on the street had a higher risk of resulting in a severe injury, compared to those that occurred at home (OR 1.63, 95CI 1.15 - 2.31, p <0.006). According to the standardized rate of the triennium, the values ranged between 54.1 and 619 aggressions per 100,000 inhabitants, and summer was the season with a higher probability of occurrence. These results provide a basis for the analytical investigation of the spatial patterns of dog and cat aggression, highlighting the need to implement efficient surveillance systems and public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Galarde-López
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Morelos 62100, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Manuel Serrano-Márquez
- Programa de control y prevención de las zoonosis, Jurisdicción Sanitaria de Coyoacán, Mexico City 03660, Mexico
| | - Laura Olivia Arvizu-Tovar
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Antonio Reyna-Sevilla
- Dirección de Prestaciones Médicas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06400, Mexico
| | - Valeria María Alanis-Gallardo
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Orbelín Soberanis-Ramos
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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Herwijnen IRV, van der Borg JAM, Kapteijn CM, Arndt SS, Vinke CM. Factors regarding the dog owner's household situation, antisocial behaviours, animal views and animal treatment in a population of dogs confiscated after biting humans and/ or other animals. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282574. [PMID: 36947497 PMCID: PMC10032511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the dog ownership factors characteristic to a population of dogs confiscated after a human and/ or animal-directed biting incident, we compared bite risk assessment reports of 159 confiscated dogs in the time frame 2008, 2009, 2010 (tf1) and of 215 confiscated dogs in the time frame 2020, 2021, 2022 (until mid-May; tf2). The reports were compiled by the same institute in a standardized format. We studied frequencies and chi-square pairwise comparisons (P<0.05) for 30 identified ownership factors. Overall (tf1 and tf2), 1,308 ownership factors were mentioned in the reports and reports mentioning ≥5 factors were twice as frequent in tf2 (38%) than tf1 (16%). Our data suggest that nine factors may in particular serve as a warning signal for biting incidents, as these factors were most frequently (≥15%) prevalent in the total of reported cases: having a multiple dog household, a dog reportedly roaming a neighbourhood without an owner, a dog's care tasks being transferred, a short leash and muzzle obligation served to the owner for a dog, an isolated and/ or confined keeping of a dog, a dog owner's (suspected) substance abuse, a dog owner's (suspected) animal abuse, a dog owner aggressing at confiscation of the dog and a dog owner being reported on for antisocial behaviours such as intimidation. Particularly, a dog owner's aggressive or antisocial behaviours and previous obligations to muzzle and short leash a dog (in our dataset often inappropriately adhered to by owners), may indicate that a proportion of owners of confiscated dogs, may not always be willing and/ or capable to guarantee societal safety. The results show that identification of dog ownership factors, might be useful for establishing biting incident policies and further studies should be done on preventive measures and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke R van Herwijnen
- Division of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne A M van der Borg
- Division of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal M Kapteijn
- Division of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia S Arndt
- Division of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia M Vinke
- Division of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Aydin O, Aydin Goker ET, Arslan ZA, Sert HM, Teksam O. Clinical features and management of animal bites in an emergency department: a single-center experience. Postgrad Med 2023; 135:31-37. [PMID: 36093812 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2022.2124089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the clinical features, management, and outcomes of patients with animal bites presented to the pediatric emergency department of a tertiary center. METHODS Patients with ICD-10 code W54 (contact with dog) and W55 (contact with other mammals) between March 1st, 2017, and July 1st, 2021, were included in the study. Demographic characteristics of the patients, type of contacted animal, wound characteristics (muscle involvement, soft tissue defect, vascular injury, type of nerve injury, and Lackmann's classification), wound care measurements, tetanus prophylaxis, administration of rabies immunoglobulin and antibiotics, location of the injury, existing fractures, suturing, splinting, surgical consultations and hospitalization status were recorded. RESULTS Four hundred and nineteen incidents of animal bites (240 males and 179 females) occurred over a four-year period. 51% was due to a dog bite; 47% was by a cat. The median age was nine years (IQR: 5-14 years). Most bites (91.6%) involved only a single anatomical site. The extremities were the commonly involved part (right upper limb [35.3%], left upper limb [21.2%], right lower limb [12.6%], left lower limb [16%]). Head-neck and face injury ratio was 17.6%. Torso (5.7%) and genitalia (5.2%) were uncommonly involved. A consultation was requested from at least one surgical department for 8% of the patients. 97.1% of patients received a rabies vaccine. Most attacks were trivial and did not require hospitalization. CONCLUSION Animal bites often cause minor injuries. However, multiple dog attacks can be seen related to a high number of stray animals in our country. Therefore, these patients may present with major traumas. Surgical intervention and hospitalization may be required. Emergency physicians play an essential role in acute management and rabies prophylaxis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkun Aydin
- Division of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Ozlem Teksam
- Division of Pediatric Emergency, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Giraudet CSE, Liu K, McElligott AG, Cobb M. Are children and dogs best friends? A scoping review to explore the positive and negative effects of child-dog interactions. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14532. [PMID: 36570006 PMCID: PMC9774011 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Personal wellbeing is greatly influenced by our childhood and adolescence, and the relationships formed during those phases of our development. The human-dog bond represents a significant relationship that started thousands of years ago. There is a higher prevalence of dog ownership around the world, especially in households including children. This has resulted in a growing number of researchers studying our interactions with dogs and an expanding evidence base from the exploration of child-dog interactions. We review the potential effects of child-dog interactions on the physical, mental, and social wellbeing of both species. A search of the SCOPUS database identified documents published between January 1980 and April 2022. Filtering for key inclusion criteria, duplicate removals, and inspecting the references of these documents for additional sources, we reviewed a total of 393 documents, 88% of which were scientific articles. We were able to define the numerous ways in which children and dogs interact, be it neutral (e.g., sharing a common area), positive (e.g., petting), or negative (e.g., biting). Then, we found evidence for an association between childhood interaction with dogs and an array of benefits such as increased physical activities, a reduction of stress, and the development of empathy. Nonetheless, several detrimental outcomes have also been identified for both humans and dogs. Children are the most at-risk population regarding dog bites and dog-borne zoonoses, which may lead to injuries/illness, a subsequent fear of dogs, or even death. Moreover, pet bereavement is generally inevitable when living with a canine companion and should not be trivialized. With a canine focus, children sometimes take part in caretaking behaviors toward them, such as feeding or going for walks. These represent opportunities for dogs to relieve themselves outside, but also to exercise and socialize. By contrast, a lack of physical activity can lead to the onset of obesity in both dogs and children. Dogs may present greater levels of stress when in the presence of children. Finally, the welfare of assistance, therapy, and free-roaming dogs who may interact with children remains underexplored. Overall, it appears that the benefits of child-dog interactions outweigh the risks for children but not for dogs; determination of the effects on both species, positive as well as negative, still requires further development. We call for longitudinal studies and cross-cultural research in the future to better understand the impact of child-dog interactions. Our review is important for people in and outside of the scientific community, to pediatricians, veterinarians, and current or future dog owners seeking to extend their knowledge, and to inform future research of scientists studying dogs and human-animal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S. E. Giraudet
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Animal Health Research Centre, Chengdu Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Chengdu, China
| | - Alan G. McElligott
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mia Cobb
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Kogan LR, Packman W, Erdman P, Currin-McCulloch J, Bussolari C. US Adults' Perceptions of Dog Breed Bans, Dog Aggression and Breed-Specific Laws. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10138. [PMID: 36011770 PMCID: PMC9408513 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dog aggression directed towards people is a leading reason for relinquishment and a major public health hazard. In response to the threat of dog aggression and dog bites, breed-specific legislation has been introduced in numerous cities within the United States and countries throughout the world. There is limited evidence, however, to suggest that such laws are effective. This study explored, through an online, anonymous, cross-sectional survey, US residents' views about the bite risk of common dog breeds, breed-specific legislation, and alternative options for improved public safety. A total of 586 surveys were completed by adult US residents, 48.8% female and 48.6% male. Approximately half of the respondents reported feeling that dog bites are a serious public health issue. Although 70% of respondents were opposed to a breed ban, only 56% felt that banning specific breeds creates an animal welfare issue. Females were less likely to support a ban or agree that specific breed bans improve public safety. When participants were asked to indicate their support of several alternatives to breed-specific legislation, the most frequently endorsed options included public education about animal welfare and animal behavior, and stricter leash laws. Further research pertaining to the most effective public education dissemination methods is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori R. Kogan
- Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Wendy Packman
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Phyllis Erdman
- College of Education, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | | | - Cori Bussolari
- Counseling Psychology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
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13
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Selvi F, Stanbouly D, Stanbouly R, Baron M, Francois K, Halsey J, Marx R, Chuang SK. Early Childhood (0 to 5 years) Presents the Greatest Risk for Facial Dog Bites. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2022; 80:1633-1640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Dog bite injuries to the face: A narrative review of the literature. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 8:239-244. [PMID: 36159909 PMCID: PMC9479474 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Dog bite injuries remain a public health concern for two key reasons: the physical threat to health following attack and the infective sequelae a canine bite can incur. Facial bite injuries can result in significant emotional, psychological and physical trauma to victims involved. This narrative review elucidates the current presentation and management of dog bite injuries to the face. Data Sources and Methods A literature search was conducted electronically using the search terms “dog bite” and “face” and “management” using the National Library of Medicine (Pubmed) and the Cochrane Library. There were no time nor language restrictions. A total of 79 studies were initially retrieved using the search algorithm. After screening of the titles and abstracts, 9 full texts were retrieved, and a total of 7 studies included. Results The number of patients included in each study following a dog bite ranged from 40 to 223. The percentage of children included in each study (aged <18 years old) ranged from 27.5% to 100%. The majority of dog bite injuries to the face were managed by primary repair, ranging from 56.3% to 100%. Prophylactic antibiotics were used in most studies for dog bite injuries, ranging from 81% to 100%. The secondary infection rate following a dog bite ranged from 0 to 35%. Conclusion This review highlights that children are disproportionately affected by canine bite injuries to the face relative to adults. The dog involved in the attack is typically known to the victim, with the lips, the cheek and the nose representing the most common sites of facial injury. More units are managing such injuries with primary repair and prophylactic antibiotics. Reconstructive procedures most commonly involve a local or advancement flap, a full thickness skin graft or a split skin graft. These are typically performed by Plastic Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery specialists.
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15
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Mota-Rojas D, Mariti C, Zdeinert A, Riggio G, Mora-Medina P, del Mar Reyes A, Gazzano A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Lezama-García K, José-Pérez N, Hernández-Ávalos I. Anthropomorphism and Its Adverse Effects on the Distress and Welfare of Companion Animals. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3263. [PMID: 34827996 PMCID: PMC8614365 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropomorphic practices are increasing worldwide. Anthropomorphism is defined as the tendency to attribute human forms, behaviors, and emotions to non-human animals or objects. Anthropomorphism is particularly relevant for companion animals. Some anthropomorphic practices can be beneficial to them, whilst others can be very detrimental. Some anthropomorphic behaviors compromise the welfare and physiology of animals by interfering with thermoregulation, while others can produce dehydration due to the loss of body water, a condition that brings undesirable consequences such as high compensatory blood pressure and heat shock, even death, depending on the intensity and frequency of an animal's exposure to these stressors. Malnutrition is a factor observed due to consumption of junk food or an imbalance in caloric proportions. This can cause obesity in pets that may have repercussions on their locomotor apparatus. Intense human-animal interaction can also lead to the establishment of attachment that impacts the mental state and behavior of animals, making them prone to develop aggression, fear, or anxiety separation syndrome. Another aspect is applying cosmetics to pets, though scientific studies have not yet determined whether cosmetic products such as coat dyes, nail polish, and lotions are beneficial or harmful for the animals, or to what extent. The cohabitation of animals in people's homes can also constitute a public health risk due to infectious and zoonotic diseases. In this context, this paper aims to analyze the adverse effects of anthropomorphism on the welfare of companion animals from several angles-physiological, sanitary, and behavioral-based on a discussion of current scientific findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.Z.); (A.d.M.R.); (A.D.-O.); (K.L.-G.); (N.J.-P.)
| | - Chiara Mariti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (G.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrea Zdeinert
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.Z.); (A.d.M.R.); (A.D.-O.); (K.L.-G.); (N.J.-P.)
| | - Giacomo Riggio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (G.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (P.M.-M.); (I.H.-Á.)
| | - Alondra del Mar Reyes
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.Z.); (A.d.M.R.); (A.D.-O.); (K.L.-G.); (N.J.-P.)
| | - Angelo Gazzano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (G.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.Z.); (A.d.M.R.); (A.D.-O.); (K.L.-G.); (N.J.-P.)
| | - Karina Lezama-García
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.Z.); (A.d.M.R.); (A.D.-O.); (K.L.-G.); (N.J.-P.)
| | - Nancy José-Pérez
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.Z.); (A.d.M.R.); (A.D.-O.); (K.L.-G.); (N.J.-P.)
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (P.M.-M.); (I.H.-Á.)
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16
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Ramgopal S, Macy ML. Pediatric patients with dog bites presenting to US children's hospitals. Inj Epidemiol 2021; 8:55. [PMID: 34517911 PMCID: PMC8436008 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-021-00349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To characterize pediatric dog bite injuries presenting to US children’s hospitals and identify factors associated with clinically significant injuries. Methods We performed a multicenter observational study from 26 pediatric hospitals between July 1, 2010, and June 30, 2020, including patients ≤ 18 years with dog bites, consolidating together encounters from patients with multiple encounters within 30 days as a single episode of care. We characterized diagnoses and procedures performed in these patients. We used generalized linear mixed models to identify factors associated with a composite outcome that we term clinically significant injuries (defined as admission, operating room charge, sedation, fractures/dislocations, intracranial/eye injury, skin/soft tissue infection, or in-hospital mortality). Results 68,833 episodes were included (median age 6.6 years [interquartile range 3.5–10.4 years], 55.5% male) from 67,781 patients. We identified 16,502 patients (24.0%) with clinically significant injuries, including 6653 (9.7%) admitted, 5080 (7.4%) managed in the operating room, 11,685 (17.0%) requiring sedation, 493 (0.7%) with a skull fracture, 32 (0.0%) with a fracture in the neck or trunk, 389 (0.6%) with a fracture of the upper limb, 51 (0.1%) with a fracture in the lower limb, 15 (0.0%) with dislocations, 66 (0.1%) with an intracranial injury and 164 (0.2%) with an injury to the eyeball, 3708 (5.4%) with skin/soft tissue infections, and 5 (0.0%) with in-hospital mortality. In multivariable analysis, younger age (0–4 years, 5–9 years, and 10–14 years relative to 15–18 years), weekday injuries, and an income in the second and third quartiles (relative to the lowest quartile) had higher odds of clinically significant injuries. Black patients (relative to White), Hispanic/Latino ethnicity, and private insurance status (relative to public insurance) had lower odds of clinically important injuries. When evaluating individual components within the composite outcome, most followed broader trends. Conclusion Dog bites are an important mechanism of injury encountered in children’s hospitals. Using a composite outcome measure, we identified younger, White, non-Hispanic children at higher risk of clinically significant injuries. Findings with respect to race and ethnicity and dog bite injuries warrant further investigation. Results can be used to identify populations for targeted prevention efforts to reduce severe dog bite injuries. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40621-021-00349-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Ramgopal
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E Chicago Ave, Box 62, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Outcomes, Research, and Evaluation Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Michelle L Macy
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E Chicago Ave, Box 62, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Outcomes, Research, and Evaluation Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Ramgopal S, Macy ML. US estimates for dog bite injuries presenting to emergency departments. Public Health 2021; 196:1-3. [PMID: 34118765 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dog bites are a frequent source of injury requiring emergency department (ED) management. We sought to evaluate the longitudinal burden of dog bites presenting to US EDs. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study of a complex survey. METHODS We evaluated the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a complex survey of non-federal US ED encounters between 2002 and 2017. Dog bites were identified via ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM codes. We report trends in dog bites (adjusted to US Census population data) overall and among patients younger than 18 years using the Spearman rank correlation test. RESULTS Of 2.0 billion ED encounters, 6.6 million (0.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3-0.4%) were for dog bites. There were 13.5 encounters per 10,000 population (all ages) and 20.8 per 10,000 among those younger than 18 years. Rates of bites increased over time for encounters younger than 18 years (rho = 0.54, 95% CI 0.08, 0.82), but not for those aged 18 years or older (rho = 0.44, 95% CI -0.08, 0.77). Among patients younger than 18 years, the rate of presentations increased from 17.7 to 22.3 per 10,000 encounters during the 16-year period. The highest rate of encounters was among patients aged 6-11 years, where 24.3 per 10,000 presented with dog bites and for which 59.3% (95% CI 49.1-69.6%) were boys. Overall, 75.3% (95% CI 72.3-89.3%) were provided with antibiotics and 4.1% (95% CI 2.5-5.7%) were diagnosed with skin/soft tissue infection. CONCLUSION Dog bite presentations demonstrated a small but significant increase in rates of presentation over time among children and youth. Continued efforts are needed to curb this common injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramgopal
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - M L Macy
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Outcomes, Research, and Evaluation Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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Epidemiological Patterns, Trends of Animal Bites and Factors Associated with Delays in Initiating Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for Rabies Prevention in Hurand, Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/jcbr.5.2.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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19
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Pekin A, Rynhoud H, Brennan B, Soares Magalhães RJ. Dog bite Emergency department presentations in Brisbane metro south: Epidemiology and exploratory medical geography for targeted interventions. One Health 2020; 12:100204. [PMID: 33364297 PMCID: PMC7750554 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog bites are a recognized public health issue due to their impact on human and animal health/welfare. This study aimed to investigate demographic and geographic disparities in the epidemiology of dog bites presentations reported to the emergency departments of the four main public hospitals in the Metro South region of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Dog bite patient hospitalization data geolocated to the street address were collected from clinical records management systems from the four main public hospitals in the Metro South Hospital Health Service region of Queensland for a 5-year period (ie. 01/07/2013 to 30/06/2017). We investigated the epidemiology of three clinical outcomes including probability of paediatric cases (paediatric vs. adult), probability of dog bites to the head (head injury vs. other injury), and probability of re-presentation to the ED following their initial dog bite (yes or no) by way of univariable then multivariable Bernoulli logistic regression models including patient postcode as a random effect. Residual semivariograms were created to identify spatial trends in the medical geography of dog bites and binomial geostatistical models were created to predict the probability of the outcomes of interest in Brisbane Metro south and surrounding suburbs. Our results demonstrate that compared to adult dog bite cases, paediatric dog bite cases were significantly associated with bites to the head or face or neck (OR 14.65, P < 0.001), bites to the lower body (OR 4.95, P = 0.035) and larger dogs (OR 0.25, P = 0.030 for small dogs). The probability of head injuries was greater in younger age groups (17-39 OR 0.25, P = 0.001; 40-64 OR 0.15, P = 0.001; 65-above OR 0.14, P = 0.029). Attacks by small dogs were more likely to inflict head wounds than large dogs (OR 6.12, P < 0.001). The probability of re-presentation was lower in patients bitten by medium sized dogs (OR 0.29, P = 0.027) than larger dogs. Our predictive maps showed significant clustering of paediatric case probability in the Logan city and Redlands councils associated with socioeconomic status of the places of residence. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate significant demographic and geographic heterogeneity in dog bite ED presentations. Public health interventions to reduce the burden of dog bites should be targeted to the populations most at-risk in the areas identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pekin
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, QLD, Australia
| | - Hester Rynhoud
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, QLD, Australia
| | - Bradley Brennan
- Logan Hospital, Metro South Hospital Service, Logan, 4131, QLD, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, QLD, Australia.,UQ Children's Health Research Centre, Children's Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, QLD, Australia
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20
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Khan K, Horswell BB, Samanta D. Dog-Bite Injuries to the Craniofacial Region: An Epidemiologic and Pattern-of-Injury Review at a Level 1 Trauma Center. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 78:401-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Jakeman M, Oxley JA, Owczarczak-Garstecka SC, Westgarth C. Pet dog bites in children: management and prevention. BMJ Paediatr Open 2020; 4:e000726. [PMID: 32821860 PMCID: PMC7422634 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog bite injuries are a significant public health problem and many are sustained by children. These injuries can be complex, both physically and psychologically, and in rare cases fatal. This paper will review current evidence-based approaches to treatment, explore identified patterns in biting incidents and discuss the effectiveness of prevention strategies. Safe management of these patients requires a comprehensive approach. Physical injuries need to be accurately assessed with a high index of suspicion for underlying injuries, particularly in younger children less able to communicate. Treatment depends on severity and location, but all bites must be irrigated to reduce the risk of infection but may not always require prophylactic antibiotic use. Careful exploration of the circumstances in which the bite occurred is essential to make safeguarding decisions and prevent future bites. Reducing the incidence of paediatric dog bites requires education of both children and parents that any dog can bite, regardless of breed, and all child-dog interactions must be highly supervised. However, education alone is unlikely to prevent dog bites. Policies that support environmental changes need to be developed such as provision of pet dogs less likely to bite (or bite as severely), through breeding for temperament and appropriate socialisation. Additionally, investment in psychological support for bite victims and their families is required to reduce the long-term impacts of being bitten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Jakeman
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - James A Oxley
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Livestock and One Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sara C Owczarczak-Garstecka
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Livestock and One Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Dogs Trust, London, UK
| | - Carri Westgarth
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Livestock and One Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Williams EJ, Blackwell E. Managing the Risk of Aggressive Dog Behavior: Investigating the Influence of Owner Threat and Efficacy Perceptions. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 39:2528-2542. [PMID: 31136682 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive behavior in pet dogs is a serious problem for dog owners across the globe, with bite injuries representing a serious risk to both people and other dogs. The effective management of aggressive behavior in dogs represents a challenging and controversial issue. Although positive reinforcement training methods are now considered to be the most effective and humane technique to manage the risk of aggression, punishment-based methods continue to be used. Unfortunately, there has been little scientific study into the various factors influencing whether dog owners choose to use positive reinforcement techniques to manage aggression in their dogs. As such, current understanding of how best to encourage and support dog owners to use these methods remains extremely limited. This article uses a survey methodology based on protection motivation theory (PMT) to investigate the factors that influence owner use of positive reinforcement methods to manage aggressive behavior, in an attempt to understand potential barriers and drivers of use. In addition, the article provides an initial exploration of the potential role of wider psychological factors, including owner emotional state, social influence, and cognitive bias. Findings show that the perceived efficacy of positive reinforcement methods and the perceived ability of owners to effectively implement the technique are both key factors predicting future intentions and current reported use. Future interventions should focus on enhancing owner confidence in the effective use of positive reinforcement techniques across multiple scenarios, as well as helping owners manage their own emotional responses when they encounter challenging situations and setbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Williams
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emily Blackwell
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Kogan LR, Schoenfeld-Tacher RM, Hellyer PW, Oxley JA, Rishniw M. Small Animal Veterinarians' Perceptions, Experiences, and Views of Common Dog Breeds, Dog Aggression, and Breed-Specific Laws in the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214081. [PMID: 31652882 PMCID: PMC6861953 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dog aggression directed towards humans is a common and serious behavioral and public health issue. This cross-sectional study was designed to gain insights into U.S. small animal veterinarians’ views and experiences with the most common dog breeds in the U.S., dog aggression, and breed-specific legislation. An electronic survey was distributed via email to an online veterinary community, and responses were summarized and compared by means of χ2 and Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel tests. Most respondents were concerned about the risks of dog bite injuries, but the majority were not in favor of banning specific breeds of dogs in order to enhance public safety. When participants rated the perceived bite risk associated with popular dog breeds, Chow Chows were perceived as the highest risk, with pit bull types categorized as a moderate risk. Golden Retrievers were seen as the most appropriate for families with children. Public education about animal behavior was the most frequently endorsed policy intervention to increase public safety. These findings suggest that most veterinarians feel that banning an entire dog breed is not an effective way to ensure human safety. Instead, most respondents endorsed alternative initiatives, such as public education and stricter leash laws, to reduce the risk of dog bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori R Kogan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Regina M Schoenfeld-Tacher
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Peter W Hellyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - James A Oxley
- Measham, 102 Bosworth Road, Measham, Swadlincote DE12 7Q, UK.
| | - Mark Rishniw
- Veterinary Information Network, 777 W Covell Blvd, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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An Epidemiological Analysis of Pediatric Dog Bite Injuries Over a Decade. J Surg Res 2019; 246:231-235. [PMID: 31606513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An estimated 800,000 dog bites require medical attention every year. The purpose of this study is to review the characteristics of dog bite injuries in children and examine temporal trends. METHODS The Kids' Inpatient Database was used to identify pediatric patients with dog bite injuries over a 10-y period. Demographic data, primary payer, injury characteristics, length of hospitalization, and treatments were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed in SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). RESULTS A total of 6308 patients were identified. Average age at time of injury was 6.4 ± 4.3 y. Children under age 5 y were the most affected subgroup (39.3% in 2000 versus 44.7% in 2009, P < 0.001). Most bites were to the head/neck and significantly increased from 53.9% in 2000 to 60.1% in 2009. Cellulitis complicated many injuries (33.7% in 2000 versus 44.8% in 2009, P < 0.001). Overall, 50% of patients underwent a procedure; 31% had an invasive surgical procedure; and 5.1% of patients required skin grafts or flaps. CONCLUSIONS Dog bites are a common cause of pediatric injuries and are a significant burden on families and the health care system. Evaluating the characteristics of these injuries can guide educational efforts.
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Children Have an Increased Risk of Periorbital Dog Bite Injuries. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 78:91-100. [PMID: 31568755 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dog bites to the head, neck, and face (HNF) disproportionately affect children. It is unclear if specific facial regions are uniquely at risk in this population. Both the periorbital region and the central target area (CTA; nose, lips, and cheeks) have been proposed as being at increased risk. This study addressed the following question: Among individuals sustaining a dog bite injury to the HNF, are children, when compared with adults, at greater risk of injury to the periorbital region or CTA? PATIENTS AND METHODS Using a retrospective cohort design, we enrolled a sample composed of patients presenting with HNF dog bite injuries. The predictor variable was age category: pediatric or adult (≥18 years). The primary outcome variable was injury location: isolated periorbital, isolated CTA, both periorbital and CTA, or other HNF location (neither periorbital nor CTA). Other variables included specific facial structures injured, demographic characteristics, injury circumstances, and clinical course. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were calculated. RESULTS The sample consisted of 183 pediatric (58.5%) and 130 adult (41.5%) patients. Isolated periorbital injuries were more common in the pediatric group (relative risk [RR], 2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3 to 3.7]; P = .003), as was injury to both periorbital and CTA regions (RR, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.2 to 3.5]; P = .01). Isolated CTA injury was the most common injury pattern overall in both children and adults, but children were at significantly less risk than adults (RR, 0.7 [95% CI, 0.5 to 0.9]; P = .002). Children were also less likely to sustain an injury to other HNF regions (RR, 0.6 [95% CI, 0.3 to 0.97]; P = .038). CONCLUSIONS Children were twice as likely as adults to incur a periorbital dog bite, but no such increased risk was observed for the CTA. This may reflect unique anatomic risks in children or targeting of their eyes by attacking dogs, contributing to higher rates of HNF injury in this population. Public health measures should recommend against children being at eye level with dogs, even if familiar or under adult supervision.
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Dhillon J, Hoopes J, Epp T. Scoping decades of dog evidence: a scoping review of dog bite-related sequelae. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2019; 110:364-375. [PMID: 30378009 PMCID: PMC6964408 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-018-0145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There has been considerable literature published focusing on various sequelae to dog bites over the last three decades. Much of the literature has focused on rabies, particularly canine rabies variant, which accounts for the majority of rabies deaths worldwide. This paper describes the complications, the pathogens, and other sequelae resulting from dog bites documented in the literature. METHODS This paper used evidence found through a scoping review which charted the published peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed gray literature and online information relating to dog bite incidents. Each complication or sequela was additionally assessed from the viewpoint of Canadian Indigenous, rural, and geographically remote communities, which experience a high number of dog bite incidents annually. SYNTHESIS Peer-reviewed literature (N = 693; case report, original research, and review articles) provided detailed information on specific pathogens, infections, and diseases of interest, especially rabies. However, in addition to these, the sequelae from dog bites may include moderate to severe injuries that further result in anxiety around dogs or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CONCLUSIONS While a lot of focus in the literature is on rabies as a sequela to dog bites, the impacts of anxiety and PTSD are not as well articulated. Treatment of dog bite injuries may be standardized; however, improved collaborations between diverse health professionals (physicians, veterinarians, counseling services, animal behaviourists, and others) could be of considerable benefit in decreasing the effects of dog bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Dhillon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
- Animal Health Science Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0Y9, Canada
| | | | - Tasha Epp
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
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West C, Rouen C. Incidence and characteristics of dog bites in three remote Indigenous communities in Far North Queensland, Australia, 2006-2011. J Vet Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Children are victims of dog bites due to irresponsible dog ownership, parenthood, and managers of school institutions in Serbia. J Vet Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Park JW, Kim DK, Jung JY, Lee SU, Chang I, Kwak YH, Hwang S. Dog-bite injuries in Korea and risk factors for significant dog-bite injuries: A 6-year cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210541. [PMID: 30789915 PMCID: PMC6383883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An accurate understanding of the current status of dog-bite injuries in Korea is essential for establishing preventive strategies. There have been no national reports about dog-bite injuries in Korea. This study investigated dog-bite injuries in Korea that were registered in the nationwide injury surveillance database and analysed the risk factors for significant dog-bite injury. Methods A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted using the emergency department (ED)-based Injury In-depth Surveillance (EDIIS) registry in Korea between 2011 and 2016. We defined significant injury as death, admission, surgery, or fracture or amputation. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to obtain the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for the factors associated with significant dog-bite injuries. Results Among 1,537,617 injured patients, 9,966 (6.5 per 1,000 injured patients) presented to the ED for dog-bite injuries (5.6 in 2011 to 7.6 in 2016, P for trend < 0.001), and 489 (4.9%) were significant injuries. In the age-specific analysis, there were increasing trends only among teenagers (12−18 years) and adults (> 18 years). Being elderly (≥ 60 years) (aOR: 2.70, 95% CI: 2.15−3.39), having injuries to multiple anatomic sites (aOR: 4.37, 95% CI: 2.96−6.45), being bitten outdoors (aOR: 2.71, 95% CI: 2.20−3.34), and being bitten by a relative’s dog (aOR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.09−5.17) were strongly associated with significant dog-bite injury. Conclusion Dog-bite injuries are increasing in Korea, especially in teenagers and adults. A relative’s or neighbour’s dog may be more dangerous than a stranger’s dog. Preventive strategies are needed to prevent dog-bite injuries in adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Wan Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Kyun Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Jae Yun Jung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Uk Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ikwan Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Young Ho Kwak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyun Hwang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Epidemiology of hospitalizations due to dog bite injuries in Israel, 2009-2016. Injury 2018; 49:2167-2173. [PMID: 30322704 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dog bites are a substantial public health concern. Rarely has hospitalizations resulting from dog bites been examined. We examined, at a national level, demographic and injury characteristics of dog-bites injuries requiring hospitalization to target prevention programs and policies for those who are at higher risk. METHODS Data on hospitalizations due to dog-bite injuries with an ICD9-CM E906.0 coding were extracted from the Israeli National Trauma Registry between 2009-2016. We calculated the annual incidence of hospitalized dog-bite injuries and compared rates by Chi-squared test. Mantel Haenszel chi-squared test and Dickey-Fuller time-series analysis were used to test linear age and temporal trends, respectively. RESULTS Overall 986 persons were hospitalized for dog-bite injuries between 2009-2016. An increasing significant trend over the 8-year-period in the proportion of hospitalized dog-bite injuries among all trauma hospitalizations was revealed among children between 0 and 14 years old (p = 0.01). Children had also approximately twice the risk for dog-bite injuries compared to persons aged between 15 and 94 years old (relative risk [RR] = 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.35-2.66, p < 0.0001); the 2016 (latest year) rate per 100,000 was significantly higher for boys than for girls (RR = 2.85, 95%CI = 1.57-5.19, p < 0.0001); no gender differences were detected in the other age groups. Injury in the face/head/neck was most common in children between 0 and 14 years old (49.7%), specifically among the youngers (<1, 1-3 and 4-5 year olds) compared with the 6-11 and 12-14 age groups (p < 0.0001), with 4-fold-risk compared with persons aged between 15 and 94 years old (RR = 3.78, 95%CI, 3.01-4.75). There was no overall significant temporal trend in the annual incidence rates (from 1.84 (95%CI = 1.54-2.15) in 2009 to 1.54 (95%CI = 1.28-1.81) in 2016 per 100,000 population. CONCLUSIONS Children younger than 15 years, with greater extent in boys than girls, represent the high-risk demographic group for dog bites. Prevention programs targeting at this group should be implemented and translated into an actual reduction in the incidence of dog-bites. In addition, an ongoing monitoring and reporting system specific for all dog-bites should be established in Israel, in order to better understand how to minimize the incidence of dog-bites and evaluate prevention efforts.
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Meints K, Brelsford V, De Keuster T. Teaching Children and Parents to Understand Dog Signaling. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:257. [PMID: 30525045 PMCID: PMC6256863 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe human-dog relationships require understanding of dogs' signaling. As children are at particularly high risk of dog bites, we investigated longitudinally how children from 3 to 5 years and parents perceive and interpret dogs' distress signaling gestures. All participants were then taught how to link their perception of the dog with the correct interpretation of dogs' behavioral signals and tested again. Results show a significant increase in learning for children and adults, with them showing greater understanding of dogs' signaling after intervention. Better learning effects were found with increasing age and depended on the type of distress signaling of the dogs. Effects endured over time and it can be concluded that children and adults can be taught to interpret dogs' distress signaling more correctly. Awareness and recognition of dogs' stress signaling can be seen as an important first step in understanding the dog's perspective and are vital to enable safe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Meints
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tiny De Keuster
- Department Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Online videos indicate human and dog behaviour preceding dog bites and the context in which bites occur. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7147. [PMID: 29740161 PMCID: PMC5940802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
YouTube videos of dog bites present an unexplored opportunity to observe dog bites directly. We recorded the context of bites, bite severity, victim and dog characteristics for 143 videos and for 56 videos we coded human and dog behaviour before the bite. Perceived bite severity was derived from visual aspects of the bite. Associations between bite severity and victim, dog and context characteristics were analysed using a Bayesian hierarchical regression model. Human and dog behaviour before the bite were summarised with descriptive statistics. No significant differences in bite severity were observed between contexts. Only age of the victim was predictive of bite severity: adults were bitten more severely than infants and infants more severely than children. Non-neutral codes describing dog body posture and some displacement and appeasement behaviours increased approximately 20 seconds before the bite and humans made more tactile contacts with dogs 21 seconds before the bite. This analysis can help to improve understanding of context in which bites occur and improve bite prevention by highlighting observable human and dog behaviours occurring before the bite.
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Messam LLM, Kass PH, Chomel BB, Hart LA. Factors Associated With Bites to a Child From a Dog Living in the Same Home: A Bi-National Comparison. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:66. [PMID: 29780810 PMCID: PMC5945954 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a veterinary clinic-based retrospective cohort study aimed at identifying child-, dog-, and home-environment factors associated with dog bites to children aged 5–15 years old living in the same home as a dog in Kingston, Jamaica (236) and San Francisco, USA (61). Secondarily, we wished to compare these factors to risk factors for dog bites to the general public. Participant information was collected via interviewer-administered questionnaire using proxy respondents. Data were analyzed using log-binomial regression to estimate relative risks and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each exposure–dog bite relationship. Exploiting the correspondence between X% confidence intervals and X% Bayesian probability intervals obtained using a uniform prior distribution, for each exposure, we calculated probabilities of the true (population) RRs ≥ 1.25 or ≤0.8, for positive or negative associations, respectively. Boys and younger children were at higher risk for bites, than girls and older children, respectively. Dogs living in a home with no yard space were at an elevated risk (RR = 2.97; 95% CI: 1.06–8.33) of biting a child living in the same home, compared to dogs that had yard space. Dogs routinely allowed inside for some portion of the day (RR = 3.00; 95% CI: 0.94–9.62) and dogs routinely allowed to sleep in a family member’s bedroom (RR = 2.82; 95% CI: 1.17–6.81) were also more likely to bite a child living in the home than those that were not. In San Francisco, but less so in Kingston, bites were inversely associated with the number of children in the home. While in Kingston, but not in San Francisco, smaller breeds and dogs obtained for companionship were at higher risk for biting than larger breeds and dogs obtained for protection, respectively. Overall, for most exposures, the observed associations were consistent with population RRs of practical importance (i.e., RRs ≥ 1.25 or ≤0.8). Finally, we found substantial consistency between risk factors for bites to children and previously reported risk factors for general bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Locksley L McV Messam
- Section: Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bruno B Chomel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lynette A Hart
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the pattern of adult dog bites presenting to a medium size Canadian city’s Emergency Departments. METHODS All adult (≥16 years) patients presenting to Emergency Departments in our region during a 30-month period (January 2013 to June 2015) were identified. Demographics, injury patterns, and dog-specific characteristics were studied. RESULTS A total of 475 dog bites were identified. The greatest proportion of dog bites occurred in the summer months (140, 30%). Pit-bull type was the most frequently implicated breed (27%). The majority of patients identified were female (295, 62%). The majority of bites occurred in the hands (264 cases, 56%). Bites occurring in the head and neck accounted for 11% of all injuries. Although 50% of injuries required only washout and dressing, 15 cases (3%) required a complex primary closure. The operating room was utilized in the reconstruction of eight defects (2%). There were four (1%) tendon repairs, one (0.2%) nerve repair, and one injury requiring a skin graft (0.2%). Three patients were admitted to hospital. We identified an overall infection rate of 10%. CONCLUSIONS Dog bites most commonly occurred in the hands and upper extremities, and carried an infection risk of approximately 10%. Large, muscular breeds were the most frequently implicated. The effectiveness of breed-specific legislation remains unclear, but educational programs for dog owners, children, and health care workers may help decrease the number and severity of attacks.
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Descriptive study of dog bites in France—Severity factors, factors of onset of sequelae, and circumstances. Results of a survey conducted by InVS and Zoopsy in 2009-2010. J Vet Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Arhant C, Beetz AM, Troxler J. Caregiver Reports of Interactions between Children up to 6 Years and Their Family Dog-Implications for Dog Bite Prevention. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:130. [PMID: 28913340 PMCID: PMC5582199 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In children up to 6 years, interactions such as interfering with the dog’s resources and also benign behaviors (e.g., petting) commonly precede a bite incident with the family dog. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the development of everyday interactions between children up to 6 years and their family dogs and whether parents’ attitudes to supervision are related to those interactions. Additionally, we investigated whether behavior of dogs that had lived in the family for longer than the child differed from those that grew up with children. A self-selected sample of caregivers living with a child up to 6 years and a family dog was surveyed via an online questionnaire (N = 402). Frequency of observed child behaviors directed toward the dog and dog behaviors directed toward the child were scored on a six-point scale (1—never and 6—very often). Data on characteristics of the caregiver, the child, and the dog were collected, and a section surveying attitudes to supervision of child–dog interactions was included. Additionally, we asked whether the dog already injured the child. Benign child behaviors toward dogs were most frequently reported (mean ± SD: 4.1 ± 1.2), increased with child age (rs = 0.38, p < 0.001), and reached high levels from 6 months on. Overall, resource-related interactions were relatively infrequent (2.1 ± 1.1). Most common was the dog allowing the child to take objects from its mouth (4.1 ± 1.7). This behavior was more common with older children (rs = 0.37, p < 0.001). Reported injuries during resource-related interactions occurred while feeding treats or taking objects from the dog during fetch play. Dogs that had lived in the family for longer than the child showed less affiliative behaviors toward the child (e.g., energetic affiliative: U = −7.171, p < 0.001) and more fear-related behaviors (U = −3.581, p < 0.001). Finally, the caregivers’ attitudes to supervision were related to all child behaviors (e.g., allow unsafe behaviors—benign child behavior: rs = 0.47, p < 0.001). The results of this study underline the need for a dog bite prevention approach directed toward the caregivers very early in the child–dog relationship, taking into account the child’s age and individual needs of the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Arhant
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Josef Troxler
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Ng ZY, Eberlin KR, Lin T, Masiakos PT, Cetrulo CL. Reconstruction of Pediatric Scalp Avulsion Injuries After Dog Bites. J Craniofac Surg 2017; 28:1282-1285. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000003607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Golinko MS, Arslanian B, Williams JK. Characteristics of 1616 Consecutive Dog Bite Injuries at a Single Institution. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2017; 56:316-325. [PMID: 27400935 DOI: 10.1177/0009922816657153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dog bite injuries remain a common form of pediatric trauma. This single-institution study of 1616 consecutive dog bite injuries over 4 years revealed a much higher prevalence of dog bites as compared with other similar centers. Though inpatient admission was rare (9.8%), 58% of all patients required laceration repair, primarily in the emergency department. Infants were more than 4 times as likely to be bitten by the family dog and more than 6 times as likely to be bitten in the head/neck region. Children ≤5 years old were 62% more likely to require repair; and 5.5% of all patients required an operation. Pit bull bites were implicated in half of all surgeries performed and over 2.5 times as likely to bite in multiple anatomic locations as compared to other breeds. The relatively high regional prevalence and younger age of injured patients as compared with other centers is a topic of further study but should draw attention to interventions that can minimize child risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Golinko
- 1 Arkansas Children's Hospital Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Brian Arslanian
- 2 Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (CHOA) at Scottish Rite, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph K Williams
- 2 Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (CHOA) at Scottish Rite, Atlanta, GA, USA.,3 Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Shen J, Pang S, Schwebel DC. A randomized trial evaluating child dog-bite prevention in rural China through video-based testimonials. Health Psychol 2016; 35:454-64. [PMID: 26523353 PMCID: PMC4833565 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dog-bite injuries pose significant threat to children globally. School-age children are especially at risk because of their insufficient safety knowledge and cognitively immature tendency toward low perceived vulnerability to bites, and this risk is elevated further for school-age children living in rural China due to the large number of stray dogs, all potential rabies carriers, present in their communities. METHOD This randomized controlled trial evaluated whether viewing an educational video of testimonials would change safety knowledge, perceived vulnerability, and simulated behaviors with dogs among a sample of 280 third and fourth graders living in rural China. Participants were randomly assigned to view either an educational video of testimonials on dog-bite prevention (treatment) or an educational video of testimonials on drowning prevention (comparison). Safety knowledge, perceived vulnerability to dog bites, and simulated behavior with dogs using a dollhouse model were assessed both before and after exposure to the video of testimonials. RESULTS Children who watched the educational video of testimonials on dog-bite prevention had increased safety knowledge, higher perceived vulnerability, and less risky simulated behaviors with dogs compared with the comparison group. Mediation analysis revealed that the intervention successfully changed children's simulated behaviors with dogs through greater safety knowledge and increased perceived vulnerability. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest the incorporation of testimonials into injury prevention programs has potential for broad global dissemination. The fact that both increased knowledge and heightened perceived vulnerability mediated changes in simulated behavior suggests the dual roles of knowledge and appraisal on children's injury-risk behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Shen
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Shulan Pang
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, China
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Maksymowicz K, Janeczek A, Szotek S, Łukomski R, Dawidowicz J. Dog bites in humans in a large urban agglomeration in the southwest of Poland, an analysis of forensic medical records. J Vet Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sribnick EA, Sarda S, Sawvel MS, Reisner A, Chern JJ. Dog bite injuries in children: Clinical implications for head involvement. TRAUMA-ENGLAND 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1460408616631772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Given the popularity of dogs in the United States, children with dog bite injuries represent a significant health concern. While dog bite injury in any area of the body can lead to significant morbidity and potential mortality, dog bite injury to the head tends to occur in younger children and leads to more significant pathology. Methods This study presents data obtained from retrospective analysis of a trauma database from a single, urban pediatric hospital system. Data were gathered over more than eight years and includes 236 patients. We examined patient demographics, dog breed involved, hospital course and treatment, infection rate, antibiotic use, and disposition. Results Of the 236 total patients, 174 patients had head involvement with the injury. The dog involved tended to be an animal owned by a family member or family friend. Patients who had head involvement tended to be younger than those without head involvement. Head injury correlated with a significant increase in the number of surgeries required. The two deaths were exclusively in children under three months of age who had head involvement. Patients given antibiotic prophylaxis with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were associated with a lower rate of post-injury infection than patients on other forms of antibiotic prophylaxis, and patients treated without antibiotic prophylaxis had a lower infection than those treated with prophylactic antibiotics. Conclusions Dog bites in children represent a significant, preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. Our data suggest that young children are especially vulnerable and dog–child interactions should be monitored closely, even when the dog is familiar to the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Sribnick
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Samir Sarda
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael S Sawvel
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Reisner
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua J Chern
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Human attacks by large felid carnivores in captivity and in the wild. Wilderness Environ Med 2015; 25:220-30. [PMID: 24864068 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Whereas those who live in the native ranges of the large feline carnivores are well aware of the risks of cat and human encounters, North Americans and Europeans are increasingly exposed to exotic animals through travel, ecotourism, leisure pursuits in rural areas, occupational exposure, zoo and animal park visits, wild habitat encroachment at the urban-wildlands interface, and contact with exotic pets. In encounters during which persons have been severely injured, lapses in animal management protocols, lack of appropriate adult supervision, and intoxication have been reported. Unlike common domestic pets that have lived in close association with humans for thousands of years, no matter where individual large felines may have been raised, they remain wild carnivores with strong prey-drive and territorial instincts. The emergency management of large felid attacks is similar to that of other major trauma: stabilization; management of significant orthopedic, neurologic, vascular, and soft tissue injuries; antibiotic coverage provided for the number of organisms that inhabit their mouths and the potential for tetanus and rabies; and early management in survivors of likely posttraumatic stress disorder. We must actively explore responsible measures globally that can be taken to ensure biologically appropriate, ethical, safe, and sustainable conservation of these large carnivores in both their natural habitats and captivity.
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Chiam SC, Solanki NS, Lodge M, Higgins M, Sparnon AL. Retrospective review of dog bite injuries in children presenting to a South Australian tertiary children's hospital emergency department. J Paediatr Child Health 2014; 50:791-4. [PMID: 25041425 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the characteristics, circumstances and consequences of dog bite injuries in children in order to inform the discourse concerning preventative approaches. METHOD A retrospective review of children presenting to the emergency department (ED) of the Women's and Children's Hospital (WCH) in South Australia between the years 2009 and 2011 was performed. RESULTS A total of 277 children presented to the WCH with dog bite injuries between 2009 and 2011. Of those, 141(51.0%) were referred for admission. Injury rates were highest in those aged 0-4, declining thereafter with age. In the 0-4 year age group, 89.5% of children presented after being bitten by a familiar dog with 92.5% occurring at home. The head/neck region constituted the most common location for injuries. We found that 67.5% of dog bite injuries were provoked and occurred between the child and a familiar dog (78.0%). Dogs from the bull terrier group (20.0%) and Jack Russell Terriers (11.0%) were the two most documented breeds. Almost half of the children presenting during the specified timeframe required at least one operation under a general anaesthetic. Two children were referred to a psychologist for management of post-traumatic stress. CONCLUSION Dog bite injuries are common in children and often require admission for inpatient care. This presents as a significant public health burden. For this reason, prevention initiatives need to be implemented on an ongoing basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su C Chiam
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Alabi O, Nguku P, Chukwukere S, Gaddo A, Nsubuga P, Umoh J. Profile of dog bite victims in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria: a review of dog bite records (2006-2008). Pan Afr Med J 2014; 18 Suppl 1:12. [PMID: 25328631 PMCID: PMC4199353 DOI: 10.11694/pamj.supp.2014.18.1.4341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dogs are the major reservoir of rabies virus in Nigeria; transmission to humans is via a bite by rabid dog. Between 2006 and 2008 National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI) rabies laboratory reported increased numbers of rabies in dogs and human dog bites. The objective of the study was to use veterinary and health records to develop a profile of bite victims and recommend appropriate public health actions. Methods We used the dog brain specimen result register of Rabies Laboratory of NVRI, from “January, 2006” to “December, 2008” and traced dog bite cases. Structured questionnaires were administered to persons who reported dog bite incident and could be traced. We reviewed records from Evangelical Churches of West Africa (ECWA) clinic from “January, 2006” to “December, 2008” to collect detailed profiles of bite victims. Results Bite victims linked to positive dog samples were traced to “ECWA clinic” from “January, 2006” to “December, 2008”. Most bite victims were <16 years 141 (72.3%), male 128 (65.6%), and 48.2% had primary school education. Bites were unprovoked 184 (94.4%), mostly on arms. 54.4% victims received complete post exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Majority of the biting dogs were housed and unvaccinated. Conclusion This study provided important information on the profile of dog bite victims and highlights the need for a sustained awareness and education of children on the dangers of dog bite. It has shown lack of enforcement of regulations for licensing of dogs and rabies vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaniran Alabi
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nigeria
| | - Patrick Nguku
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nigeria
| | | | - Ayika Gaddo
- Evangelical Churches of West Africa Clinic, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Peter Nsubuga
- Global Public Health Solutions, Decatur, Georgia, USA
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Human directed aggression in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris): Occurrence in different contexts and risk factors. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Maxillofacial injuries due to animal bites. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2013; 14:142-53. [PMID: 26028828 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-013-0593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal bites are a significant public health problem, with the majority of bites coming from dogs, cats and humans. These may present as punctures, abrasions, tears, or avulsions. The force and relative bluntness of the teeth also increases the possibility of a crush injury with devitalized tissue .The clinical presentation and appropriate treatment of infected bite wounds vary according to the animal and causative organisms. These wounds have always been considered complex injuries contaminated with a unique polymicrobial inoculum. MATERIALS This article reviews animal bite wound incidence, bacteriology, risk factors for complications, evaluation components, recommended treatment and prevention based on advanced PUBMED search of the English language literature from the years 1970 to present. CONCLUSION As the bite wounds are frequently located on the face, an oral and maxillofacial surgeon needs to be familiar with the treatment of animal bites, pitfalls in management and to educate patients on ways to avoid future bite injuries. The management of animal bites is an evidence poor area and most recommendations are based on small case series, microbiological data and expert opinion. The main controversies include whether wounds should or should not undergo primary closure and the use of prophylactic antimicrobials.
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Chen HH, Neumeier AT, Davies BW, Durairaj VD. Analysis of pediatric facial dog bites. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2013; 6:225-32. [PMID: 24436765 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1349211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize and report the epidemiological data regarding pediatric facial dog bites. For this study, a retrospective chart review was used. This study was performed at a large tertiary pediatric hospital. All children younger than 18 years who sought medical attention after a facial dog bite between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2008, were included. Demographic and epidemiologic data were collected and analyzed. A total of 537 children were identified. The average age was 4.59 ± 3.36 years, with a slight male preponderance (52.0%). The majority of dog bites occurred in children 5 years of age or younger (68.0%). Almost all (89.8%) of the dogs were known to the children. When circumstances surrounding the bite were documented, over half (53.2%) of the cases were provoked. The most common breeds were mixed breed (23.0%), Labrador retriever (13.7%), Rottweiler (4.9%), and German shepherd (4.4%). Inpatient treatment was required in 121 (22.5%) patients with an average length of stay of 2.96 ± 2.77 days. Children 5 years or younger were more likely to be hospitalized than older children. Children 5 years old and younger are at high risk for being bitten in the face by a familiar dog and are more likely to require hospitalization than older children. Certain dog breeds are more likely to bite, and there is often a history of provocation. There is a tremendous financial and psychosocial burden associated with dog bites, and prevention strategies should focus on education with the aid of public policies and better documentation and reporting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Denver
| | | | - Brett W Davies
- Department of Oculoplastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Colorado Denver ; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Vikram D Durairaj
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Denver ; Department of Oculoplastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Colorado Denver ; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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Yeh CC, Liao CC, Muo CH, Chang SN, Hsieh CH, Chen FN, Lane HY, Sung FC. Mental disorder as a risk factor for dog bites and post-bite cellulitis. Injury 2012; 43:1903-7. [PMID: 21529803 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with mental disorders are at an increased risk for sustaining traumatic injury. No study has evaluated the association between mental disorders and the injury of dog bite. We conducted case-control studies to investigate whether people with mental disorders are at elevated risks of dog bite and post-bite cellulitis. METHODS Using insurance data of 2000-2007, we compared 4660 patients with dog bites and 18,640 controls without the events for the association with mental disorders and other covariates. Amongst those with dog bites, a nested case-control study was performed to compare 286 patients with post-bite cellulites and rest of 4374 patients for factors associated with the infection. RESULTS Young children, the older adults, and people with low socioeconomic status were at an elevated risk of sustaining the dog bite. In separate logistic regression models adjusting for socio-demographic variables, the results showed that patients with concomitant psychotic and non-psychotic mental disorders were associated with increased risks of dog bites (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.32-1.74) and of post-bite cellulitis (OR=2.13, 95% CI 1.46-3.10). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with mental disorders are likely at an elevated risk for serious dog bites and post-bite cellulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chieh Yeh
- Trauma and Emergency Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Boat BW, Dixon CA, Pearl E, Thieken L, Bucher SE. Pediatric dog bite victims: a need for a continuum of care. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2012; 51:473-7. [PMID: 22294754 DOI: 10.1177/0009922811435504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The authors assessed the ongoing needs of 34 pediatric dog bite victims and their families 1 month after receiving care in a pediatric emergency department. More than 70% of the parents noted at least 1 new concerning behavior in their children, and more than 85% of the parents also endorsed concerns about their own reactions. Half of the parents believed that children, in general, might benefit from interventions to help with postbite fears and nearly three quarters felt that families would benefit from education regarding dog bite prevention. The majority (85%) of the parents believed that additional supportive services could be offered effectively at emergency department or pediatric office/clinic visits. A template for a dog bite information card is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara W Boat
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 311 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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