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Lai WK, Palaniveloo L, Mohd Sallehuddin S, Ganapathy SS. Double burden of malnutrition and its socio-demographic determinants among children and adolescents in Malaysia: National Health And Morbidity Survey 2019. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2024; 43:94. [PMID: 38915044 PMCID: PMC11197233 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-024-00583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaysia faces the threat of a double burden of malnutrition where undernutrition and overweight (including obesity) coexist in the same population. This study aimed to determine the anthropometric assessment among children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years and its association with socio-demographic factors. METHODS Data were extracted from the National Health and Morbidity Survey conducted in 2019. This cross-sectional survey applied a two-stage stratified sampling design. Socio-demographic characteristics were obtained. Weight and height were measured, age- and sex-specific standard scores for height and BMI were calculated to establish individual's anthropometric assessment. Having either stunting or thinness was considered undernutrition, while being overweight (including obesity) was considered overnutrition. If someone had undernutrition and/or overnutrition, they were classified as having malnutrition. The prevalence was determined using complex sampling analysis, while the association was assessed through logistic regression. The analysis included a total of 3,185 respondents. RESULTS The prevalence of stunting, thinness, overweight and obesity among the respondents aged 5 to 17 years was 12.7%, 10.0%, 15.0% and 14.8%, respectively. The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 48.3%. Respondents residing in rural had 1.35 times more likelihood of experiencing undernutrition [AOR = 1.35, 95% CI (1.04, 1.77)] compared to their urban counterparts. Boys exhibited a greater likelihood of being overweight and obese than girls [AOR = 1.40, 95% CI (1.13, 1.73)]. Respondents aged 10 to 14 years were 1.37 times more likely to be overnutrition than those aged 5 to 9 years old [AOR = 1.37, 95% CI (1.09, 1.73)]. CONCLUSION There is growing evidence of the increasing prevalence of coexistence of undernutrition along with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Malaysia. Moving forward, greater initiatives and efforts are required to formulate strategies for planning and implementing programs and policies to expedite progress in improving nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Kent Lai
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia.
- Raub Health District Office, Pahang State Health Deparment, Ministry of Health, Raub, Malaysia.
| | - Lalitha Palaniveloo
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
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Asif M, Qureshi HAI, Seyal SM, Aslam M, Sultan MT, Elwahab MEA, Matłosz P, Wyszyńska J. Assessing Disparities about Overweight and Obesity in Pakistani Youth Using Local and International Standards for Body Mass Index. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2944. [PMID: 38792484 PMCID: PMC11122011 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Obesity is currently considered a public health problem in both developed and developing countries. Gender- and age-specific body mass index (BMI) growth standards or references are particularly effective in monitoring the global obesity pandemic. This study aimed to report disparities in age-, gender- and ethnic-specific statistical estimates of overweight and obesity for 2-18 years aged Pakistani children and adolescents using the World Health Organization (WHO), the Center for Disease Control (CDC) 2000 references, the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and Pakistani references for BMI. Methods: The study used secondary data of 10,668 pediatric population, aged 2-18 years. Demographic information like age (years), gender, city and anthropometric examinations, i.e., height (cm) and weight (kg) were used in this study. The recommended age- and gender-specific BMI cut-offs of the WHO, CDC 2000 and the IOTF references were used to classify the children sampled as overweight and obese. For the Pakistani reference, overweight and obesity were defined as BMI-for-age ≥ 85th percentile and BMI-for-age ≥ 95th percentile, respectively. Cohen's κ statistic was used to assess the agreement between the international references and local study population references in the classification of overweight/obesity. Results: The statistical estimates (%) of the participants for overweight and obesity varied according to the reference used: WHO (7.4% and 2.2%), CDC (4.9% and 2.1%), IOTF (5.2% and 2.0%) and Pakistan (8.8% and 6.0%), respectively; suggesting higher levels of overweight and obesity prevalence when local study references are used. The Kappa statistic shows a moderate to excellent agreement (κ ≥ 0.6) among three international references when classifying child overweight and obesity and poor agreement between local references and the WHO (0.45, 0.52), CDC (0.25, 0.50) and IOTF references (0.16, 0.31), for overweight and obesity, respectively. Conclusions: The results of the study showed a visible difference in the estimates of excess body weight after applying the WHO, CDC, IOTF and local BMI references to the study population. Based on the disparity results and poor agreement between international references and the local study reference, this study recommends using local BMI references in identifying children with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif
- Department of Statistics, Govt. Graduate College Qadir Pur Raan, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | | | - Saba Mazhar Seyal
- South City Hospital, District Headquarter (DHQ) Sadar, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Statistics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | | | - Maysaa Elmahi Abd Elwahab
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Piotr Matłosz
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Justyna Wyszyńska
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Al-Hazzaa HM, Alrasheedi AA, Alsulaimani RA, Jabri L, Alhowikan AM, Alhussain MH, Bawaked RA, Alqahtani SA. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among saudi children: A comparison of two widely used international standards and the national growth references. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:954755. [PMID: 36004353 PMCID: PMC9393362 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.954755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare three body mass index (BMI) classifications that are used to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Saudi children aged 6-13 years: the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) age and gender cutoffs, the World Health Organization (WHO) growth references for school-aged children, and the Saudi (KSA) national growth references. Methods The sample comprised 2,169 children (52.5% girls) derived from two cross-sectional studies conducted in Riyadh and Jeddah during the 2017 and 2019 school years, respectively. Body weight and height were measured, and BMI was calculated. Results The proportions (%) of the participants who were classified as underweight, overweight, and obese varied according to the reference used: IOTF reference (13.8, 18.4, and 12.7), WHO reference (17.2, 19.1, and 18.9), and KSA reference (7.0, 22.4, and 9.3), respectively, indicating higher values for overweight and obesity prevalence when the WHO references were used. Kappa agreement measures between the three references were found to be high, with the coefficients ranging from 0.936 (between the IOTF and KSA references) to 0.849 (between the IOTF and WHO references). In all three classifications, girls exhibited lower overweight or obesity prevalence than boys. Family income, but not paternal or maternal education, was significantly (p = 0.015) associated with overweight/obesity when using the IOTF standards. In addition, having a small family in the house was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with obesity, irrespective of the classification system. Conclusion Inconsistency was observed when estimating the prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity among Saudi children. However, when defining the overall prevalence of overweight plus obesity among Saudi children, the IOTF classification system performed in a similar way to the KSA references (31.1% versus 31.7%) compared to the WHO references (38.0%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa
- Lifestyle and Health Research Center, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani A. Alrasheedi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rayan A. Alsulaimani
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Jabri
- American International School of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Maha H. Alhussain
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Foods & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowaedh A. Bawaked
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alqahtani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Mohamad MS, Mahadir Naidu B, Kaltiala R, Virtanen SM, Lehtinen-Jacks S. Thinness, overweight and obesity among 6- to 17-year-old Malaysians: secular trends and sociodemographic determinants from 2006 to 2015. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:6309-6322. [PMID: 34348828 PMCID: PMC11148614 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021003190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine secular trends and sociodemographic determinants of thinness, overweight and obesity among Malaysian children and adolescents from 2006 to 2015. DESIGN We used cross-sectional data from the National Health and Morbidity Surveys 2006, 2011 and 2015. Individuals were classified into pre- (6-9 years), early (10-13 years) and mid- (14-17 years) adolescence. BMI status was determined according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and WHO criteria, using measured height and weight. We analysed trends using log-binomial regression, by sex-age groups, stratified by sociodemographic factors (ethnicity, residential area, household size and household income), and accounting for the complex survey design. Associations between sociodemographic factors and prevalence of thinness and overweight (obesity included) in 2015 were assessed using log-Poisson regression. SETTING Nationwide population-based surveys, Malaysia. PARTICIPANTS Eligible 6-17-year-olds from urban and rural residential areas (n 28 094). RESULTS The prevalence of thinness decreased from 2006 to 2015 (IOTF: boys from 22 % to 18 %, girls from 23 % to 19 %; WHO: boys from 9 % to 7 %, girls from 8 % to 6 %), while the prevalence of overweight increased (IOTF: boys from 20 % to 26 %, girls from 19 % to 24 %; WHO: boys from 25 % to 31 %, girls from 22 % to 27 %). These changes were statistically significant in most sex-age groups. Thinness and overweight co-existed in all sociodemographic subgroups, with variation in the prevalence estimates, but similar secular changes in most subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Malaysia is facing a double burden of malnutrition at population level with a secular increase in overweight and obesity and a gradual decrease in thinness among 6-17-year-olds from varying sociodemographic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Mohamad
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, Tampere33520, Finland
| | - Balkish Mahadir Naidu
- Research and Methodology Unit, Department of Statistics Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Riittakerttu Kaltiala
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Suvi M Virtanen
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, Tampere33520, Finland
- Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- The Science Center of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Lehtinen-Jacks
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, Tampere33520, Finland
- Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
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Pop TL, Maniu D, Rajka D, Lazea C, Cismaru G, Ştef A, Căinap SS. Prevalence of Underweight, Overweight and Obesity in School-Aged Children in the Urban Area of the Northwestern Part of Romania. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105176. [PMID: 34068152 PMCID: PMC8152956 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the last three decades, there has been an excess weight epidemic due to changes in nutrition and lifestyle. Few data on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in Romania were published, without a single study representative at the national level. There are reports on the higher level of overweight and obesity in urban areas compared to rural ones. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of underweight, overweight, obesity and severe obesity in children enrolled in schools from the urban area. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this cross-sectional study, children from 177 schools from the urban area of five counties from the northwestern part of Romania were included after the parents signed written informed consent. Anthropometric data were recorded (weight, height) based on World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and Body-Mass-Index (BMI), and the z-score for BMI were calculated. The nutritional status was estimated using three reference criteria: WHO, International Obesity Task Force (IOTC) and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). RESULTS We analyzed data of 21,650 children (48.19% boys) age between 7 and 18 years. The prevalence of overweight was 13.8%, 16.2% and 20.3%, of obesity was 10.7%, 10.0% and 5.7% and of severe obesity was 5.1%, 1.2% and 1.6% (using WHO, CDC and IOTF cut-offs). Underweight was present in 5.2% (WHO), 6% (CDC) and 2.6% (IOTF). The highest prevalence of overweight (including obesity) was found in children aged 10 years, and the lowest in adolescents at 18 years. Boys have a higher prevalence of excess weight than girls. Using IOTF cut-offs, the prevalence of obesity and severe obesity was lower than using WHO criteria. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of overweight (including obesity) in children from the urban area of Western Romania was recorded at alarming levels, higher in boys and at the pre-puberty ages. There are significant differences based on the reference system used. It is important to correctly choose the reference for the definition of overweight and obesity to have the correct estimation of the target for public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Lucian Pop
- 2nd Pediatric Discipline, Mother and Child Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- 2nd Pediatric Clinic, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, 400177 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Romanian Society of Social Pediatrics, 400177 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (T.L.P.)
| | - Dana Maniu
- Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Daniela Rajka
- Society of Physicians from Children and Youth Communities, 400427 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Cecilia Lazea
- 1st Pediatric Discipline, Mother and Child Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 40012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 1st Pediatric Clinic, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, 400470 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (T.L.P.)
| | - Gabriel Cismaru
- Cardiology-Rehabilitation Discipline, Internal Medicine Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Cardiology Department, Rehabilitation Hospital, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Ştef
- Department of Surgery, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- “Nicolae Stancioiu” Heart Institute, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Sorana Căinap
- 2nd Pediatric Discipline, Mother and Child Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- 2nd Pediatric Clinic, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, 400177 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Romanian Society of Social Pediatrics, 400177 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Cagetti MG, Cocco F, Calzavara E, Augello D, Zangpoo P, Campus G. Life-conditions and anthropometric variables as risk factors for oral health in children in Ladakh, a cross-sectional survey. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:51. [PMID: 33546664 PMCID: PMC7863482 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this survey was to evaluate the severity of dental caries among children living in Zanskar Valley (Ladakh, India) and its association with anthropometric and background variables. Methods This cross‐sectional survey was conducted on schoolchildren divided into four age groups (< 6, ≥ 6 < 11, ≥ 11 < 14 and > 14 years of age). A total of 1474 schoolchildren (607 males, 41.2%) were examined. Actual caries prevalence (dt/DT) and gingival bleeding were recorded by four calibrated dentists. An ad hoc questionnaire evaluated general health, eating habits, oral hygiene and the self-perception of oral conditions. Height, weight, waist circumference, heart-rate and oxygen-saturation were also collected directly by examiners. Responses to questionnaire items were treated as categorical or ordinal variables. The relationship between children’s caries data, gingival bleeding, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI) following the International Obesity Task Force, waist circumference and questionnaire items was assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and Pearson correlation. Conditional ordinal logistic regression was used to analyse associations among caries severity, gender, BMI, waist circumference, oxygen saturation and questionnaire items. A forward stepwise logistic regression procedure was also carried-out to estimate the ORs of gingival bleeding prevalence and the covariates derived from examination or questionnaire. Results Caries was almost ubiquitarian with only 10.0% of caries-free children (dt/DT = 0). Caries severity, in both primary and permanent dentitions, was statistically significantly related to gender, waist circumference, BMI, oral hygiene frequency and self-reported chewing problems (p < 0.01 in both dentitions). An increasing relative risk for caries in permanent dentition compared to caries-free subjects was observed in children with a low BMI (RRR = 1.67, 95%CI = 1.54/2.83 for subjects with 1–3 caries lesions and RRR = 1.52, 95%CI = 1.36/1.74 for subjects with > 3 caries lesions); also, children with reduced waist circumference had a higher relative risk to have 1–3 caries lesions (RRR = 2.16, 95%CI = 1.84/2.53) and an even higher risk to have more than 3 caries lesions (RRR = 4.22, 95%CI = 3.33/5.34). Conclusions A significant impact of untreated caries lesions was observed in Ladakh schoolchildren; low BMI values and reduced waist circumference showed to be the main caries risk predictors. Preventive and intervention programmes should be implemented to improve children's oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Cagetti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Science, University of Milan, Via Beldiletto 1, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Cocco
- Department of Surgery, Microsurgery and Medicine Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ezio Calzavara
- Private Practitioner, Italian Association of Dentists (ANDI) Foundation Onlus, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 44, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Augello
- Private Practitioner, Italian Association of Dentists (ANDI) Foundation Onlus, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 44, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Phunchok Zangpoo
- Dental Surgeon, Community Health Center, Padum, Zanskar, Ladakh, c/o Italian Association of Dentists (ANDI) Foundation Onlus, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 44, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Campus
- Department of Surgery, Microsurgery and Medicine Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 07100, Sassari, Italy. .,Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,School of Dentistry, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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Assessment of body mass index in a pediatric population aged 7-17 from Ukraine according to various international criteria-A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244300. [PMID: 33338085 PMCID: PMC7748136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health problems. The prevalence of obesity among children is increasing and may negatively affect their immediate health, but it can also lead to obesity in adulthood. The aim of the study was to compare BMI cut-off points by examining three main international references: the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Task Force Obesity (IOTF) and the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Ultimately, the study group consisted of 18,144 children and adolescents aged 6.5–17.5 years. Body mass was measured on medical scales with an accuracy of ± 100 g and height measurement was taken using a height meter with an accuracy of ± 0.1 cm three times. Underweight, overweight and obesity were calculated according to WHO, IOTF and CDC BMI international references. There were differences in the incidence of underweight between the classifications: 16.8% according to IATF, 5.3% according to WHO and 9.9% according to CDC. There were also differences in the incidence of overweight and obesity between the classifications: 13% according to IOTF, 19.7% according to WHO and 14.1% according to CDC. In the CDC and WHO studies, a significantly higher prevalence of childhood obesity (4.0% and 4.7%, respectively) was observed compared with IOTF (2.1%). The prevalence of overweight and obesity in this study was higher among boys compared to girls. However, estimates of prevalence of overweight and obesity differ in methods and reference cut-off points. Higher prevalence was obtained in IOTF classification, followed by the WHO and CDC classification.
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Abd El-Aty NS, Osman SR, Ahmed ES, GadAllah MA. Overweight and obesity prevalence among upper Egypt primary schools' children using Egyptian and CDC growth charts. Appl Nurs Res 2020; 56:151346. [PMID: 33097357 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring of overweight and obesity among children; by using different growth charts; is fundamental to disease prevention and health promotion. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine overweight and obesity for age among primary school children in Upper Egypt using the Egyptian and CDC growth charts. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Cross-sectional research design was used and conducted at 20 public primary schools in four Upper Egypt governorates. The sample size was 5300 children who selected by multistage sampling technique. Interview questionnaire included personal data and anthropometric measurements (height, Weight and BMI) and Egyptian and CDC growth charts. RESULTS The percentages of children being overweight and obese for age using Egyptian chart were low compared to CDC charts (1.9 vs 4.6%, 8.5% vs. 3.3%, 8.7% vs 3.3% respectively). According to Egyptian chart 5.2% and 5% from total studied boys and girls were overweight and obese respectively, while in CDC growth chart 13.3% and 10.5% from total studied boys and girls respectively. CONCLUSION It concluded that there were remarkable differences between CDC and Egyptian growth charts references in the classification of child overweight and obesity. The CDC growth chart evident much higher prevalence among the studied children compared to the Egyptian growth chart. RECOMMENDATION Periodic development and reconstruction of national growth chart to represent the growth pattern of all geographical areas in Egypt. Also, further researches needed to assess the differences of both international and national references.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Safaa R Osman
- Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Egypt.
| | - Eman S Ahmed
- Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Egypt.
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Prevalence of underweight in children and adolescents (aged 3-18 years) from Kraków (Poland) in 1983 and 2010. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22:2210-2219. [PMID: 31213211 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019001319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the changes in the prevalence of underweight among girls and boys living in Kraków that occurred between 1983 and 2010. DESIGN The study was based on two cross-sectional surveys conducted in 1983 and 2010. The prevalence of underweight was estimated based on the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cut-off points. SETTING The study was conducted in Kraków, Poland. PARTICIPANTS Children aged 3-18 years (n 5245). RESULTS Between 1983 and 2010 the prevalence of underweight decreased in both sexes. Using the IOTF criteria, the prevalence of underweight decreased from 10·5 to 10·3 % in girls and from 8·9 to 7·5 % in boys, but it was still higher in girls than in boys. According to the CDC criteria, this prevalence decreased from 5·1 to 4·4 % and from 5·9 to 4·6 %, respectively, and was slightly lower in girls. According to the IOTF criteria, underweight prevalence increased slightly during childhood in both sexes while according to the CDC criteria it decreased in boys and did not change in girls. Among juveniles and adolescents, it decreased regardless of the method used. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of underweight in the population of children and adolescents from Kraków changed slightly in 1983 and 2010 despite economic and social changes. Depending on the cut-off points used, not only the magnitude but also the direction of changes between series could be different. In order to aid global monitoring, the prevalence of underweight as well as overweight should always be evaluated by several methods.
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Partap U, Young EH, Allotey P, Sandhu MS, Reidpath DD. Characterisation and correlates of stunting among Malaysian children and adolescents aged 6-19 years. Glob Health Epidemiol Genom 2019; 4:e2. [PMID: 30891249 PMCID: PMC6415126 DOI: 10.1017/gheg.2019.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite emerging evidence regarding the reversibility of stunting at older ages, most stunting research continues to focus on children below 5 years of age. We aimed to assess stunting prevalence and examine the sociodemographic distribution of stunting risk among older children and adolescents in a Malaysian population. Methods We used cross-sectional data on 6759 children and adolescents aged 6-19 years living in Segamat, Malaysia. We compared prevalence estimates for stunting defined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) references, using Cohen's κ coefficient. Associations between sociodemographic indices and stunting risk were examined using mixed-effects Poisson regression with robust standard errors. Results The classification of children and adolescents as stunted or normal height differed considerably between the two references (CDC v. WHO; κ for agreement: 0.73), but prevalence of stunting was high regardless of reference (crude prevalence: CDC 29.2%; WHO: 19.1%). Stunting risk was approximately 19% higher among underweight v. normal weight children and adolescents (p = 0.030) and 21% lower among overweight children and adolescents (p = 0.001), and decreased strongly with improved household drinking water sources [risk ratio (RR) for water piped into house: 0.35, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.30-0.41, p < 0.001). Protective effects were also observed for improved sanitation facilities (RR for flush toilet: 0.41, 95% CI 0.19-0.88, p = 0.023). Associations were not materially affected in multiple sensitivity analyses. Conclusions Our findings justify a framework for strategies addressing stunting across childhood, and highlight the need for consensus on a single definition of stunting in older children and adolescents to streamline monitoring efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttara Partap
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Elizabeth H. Young
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Pascale Allotey
- United Nations University International Institute of Global Health (UNU-IIGH), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Manjinder S. Sandhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Daniel D. Reidpath
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- South East Asia Community Observatory, Segamat, Malaysia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregnancy in adolescence is a global health issue, especially in developing countries. Additionally, the recommended gestational weight gain (GWG) is usually based on pre-pregnancy BMI and that might be complex for pregnant teens. The study objective was to compare three different methods of BMI classification and suggest the best way of determining pre-pregnancy BMI and monitoring GWG among pregnant adolescents. DESIGN Pre-pregnancy weight, weight at first prenatal visit, height, sociodemographic, reproductive and perinatal data were collected. Weighted kappa and McNemar statistics were used to assess agreement between the classification methods. SETTING Prof. Dr Jose Aristodemo Pinotti Women's Hospital, University of Campinas, Brazil.ParticipantsPrimiparas younger than 19 years of age and with less than 20 weeks of gestational age (n 150). RESULTS BMI of the primiparas was determined according to the WHO recommendation for adult women, the Child Growth Standards (CGS) and their gynaecological age (GA). The WHO and GA measurements presented a strong agreement with each other (κ w=0·99; 95 % CI 0·97, 1·00), but did not agree with the CGS classification (κ w=0·62; 95 % CI 0·50, 0·74 by WHO; κ w=0·62; 95 % CI 0·51, 0·74 by GA). Also, inadequate GWG was observed in 72·2 % of cases and was correlated with a higher rate of caesarean birth. CONCLUSIONS BMI classification according to the CGS differed from WHO and GA. However, CGS and WHO agreed on perinatal outcomes. We recommend using BMI classification by WHO to assess pregnant adolescents, since it is easily applied and better known among health professionals.
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12
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Abstract
Childhood obesity has assumed epidemic proportions and it is currently one of the most prevalent public health problems. The pathophysiology of excess weight gain is complex with interactions between genetic factors, environment and biological factors. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology of childhood obesity and discuss clinical evaluation of a child with obesity. A staged approach to treatment is detailed. We discuss the role of lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery as treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Kumar
- Division of Pediatric, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA -
| | - Tara Kaufman
- Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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