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Carvalho ÉDS, Souza ARDN, Melo DFC, de Farias AS, Macedo BBDO, Sartim MA, Caggy MC, Rodrigues BDA, Ribeiro GS, Reis HN, Araújo FQ, da Silva IM, Sachett A, Sampaio VDS, Balieiro AADS, Zamuner SR, Vissoci JRN, Cabral LN, Monteiro WM, Sachett JDAG. Photobiomodulation Therapy to Treat Snakebites Caused by Bothrops atrox: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2024; 184:70-80. [PMID: 38048090 PMCID: PMC10696517 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.6538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Importance Bothrops venom acts almost immediately at the bite site and causes tissue damage. Objective To investigate the feasibility and explore the safety and efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in reducing the local manifestations of B atrox envenomations. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial conducted at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, in Manaus, Brazil. A total of 60 adult participants were included from November 2020 to March 2022, with 30 in each group. Baseline characteristics on admission were similarly distributed between groups. Data analysis was performed from August to December 2022. Intervention The intervention group received LLLT combined with regular antivenom treatment. The laser used was a gallium arsenide laser with 4 infrared laser emitters and 4 red laser emitters, 4 J/cm2 for 40 seconds at each application point. Main Outcomes and Measures Feasibility was assessed by eligibility, recruitment, and retention rates; protocol fidelity; and patients' acceptability. The primary efficacy outcome of this study was myolysis estimated by the value of creatine kinase (U/L) on the third day of follow-up. Secondary efficacy outcomes were (1) pain intensity, (2) circumference measurement ratio, (3) extent of edema, (4) difference between the bite site temperature and that of the contralateral limb, (5) need for the use of analgesics, (6) frequency of secondary infections, and (7) necrosis. These outcomes were measured 48 hours after admission. Disability assessment was carried out from 4 to 6 months after patients' discharge. P values for outcomes were adjusted with Bonferroni correction. Results A total of 60 patients (mean [SD] age, 43.2 [15.3] years; 8 female individuals [13%] and 52 male individuals [87%]) were included. The study was feasible, and patient retention and acceptability were high. Creatine kinase was significantly lower in the LLLT group (mean [SD], 163.7 [160.0] U/L) 48 hours after admission in relation to the comparator (412.4 [441.3] U/L) (P = .03). Mean (SD) pain intensity (2.9 [2.7] vs 5.0 [2.4]; P = .004), circumference measurement ratio (6.6% [6.6%] vs 17.1% [11.6%]; P < .001), and edema extent (25.8 [15.0] vs 40.1 [22.7] cm; P = .002) were significantly lower in the LLLT group in relation to the comparator. No difference was observed between the groups regarding the mean difference between the bite site temperature and the contralateral limb. Secondary infections, necrosis, disability outcomes, and the frequency of need for analgesics were similar in both groups. No adverse event was observed. Conclusions and Relevance The data from this randomized clinical trial suggest that the use of LLLT was feasible and safe in a hospital setting and effective in reducing muscle damage and the local inflammatory process caused by B atrox envenomations. Trial Registration Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials Identifier: RBR-4qw4vf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica da Silva Carvalho
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Andrea Renata do Nascimento Souza
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Dessana Francis Chehuan Melo
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Altair Seabra de Farias
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Aurélio Sartim
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Mariela Costa Caggy
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Heloísa Nunes Reis
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Iran Mendonça da Silva
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - André Sachett
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Vanderson de Souza Sampaio
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lioney Nobre Cabral
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Brazil
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Pereira AFM, Cavalcante JS, Angstmam DG, Almeida C, Soares GS, Pucca MB, Ferreira Junior RS. Unveiling the Pain Relief Potential: Harnessing Analgesic Peptides from Animal Venoms. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2766. [PMID: 38140106 PMCID: PMC10748172 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of pain encompasses a complex interplay of sensory and emotional experiences associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Accurately describing and localizing pain, whether acute or chronic, mild or severe, poses a challenge due to its diverse manifestations. Understanding the underlying origins and mechanisms of these pain variations is crucial for effective management and pharmacological interventions. Derived from a wide spectrum of species, including snakes, arthropods, mollusks, and vertebrates, animal venoms have emerged as abundant repositories of potential biomolecules exhibiting analgesic properties across a broad spectrum of pain models. This review focuses on highlighting the most promising venom-derived toxins investigated as potential prototypes for analgesic drugs. The discussion further encompasses research prospects, challenges in advancing analgesics, and the practical application of venom-derived toxins. As the field continues its evolution, tapping into the latent potential of these natural bioactive compounds holds the key to pioneering approaches in pain management and treatment. Therefore, animal toxins present countless possibilities for treating pain caused by different diseases. The development of new analgesic drugs from toxins is one of the directions that therapy must follow, and it seems to be moving forward by recommending the composition of multimodal therapy to combat pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia Marques Pereira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 01419-901, SP, Brazil;
| | - Joeliton S. Cavalcante
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 01419-901, SP, Brazil; (J.S.C.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Davi Gomes Angstmam
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 01419-901, SP, Brazil; (J.S.C.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Cayo Almeida
- Center of Mathematics, Computing Sciences and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09280-560, SP, Brazil;
| | - Gean S. Soares
- Delphina Rinaldi Abdel Azil Hospital and Emergency Room (HPSDRAA), Manaus 69093-415, AM, Brazil;
| | - Manuela B. Pucca
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil;
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira Junior
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 01419-901, SP, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 01419-901, SP, Brazil; (J.S.C.); (D.G.A.)
- Center for Translational Science and Development of Biopharmaceuticals FAPESP/CEVAP, São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 01419-901, SP, Brazil
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Bibliometric Analysis of Literature in Snake Venom-Related Research Worldwide (1933–2022). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162058. [PMID: 36009648 PMCID: PMC9405337 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Around the world, snake envenomation poses a serious health risk. Proteins with pharmacological effects are present in snake venom. Recent studies elaborate snake venom and its potential application, including as a cancer drug and antibacterial substances. Our study aimed to analyze the global profile of the literature in snake venom research from documents indexed in the Scopus database between 1933 and 2022. In total, 2999 documents were published with Brazil showing the highest productivity. Antivenom, proteomics, and transcriptomics are emerging as hot topics on a global scale. The present study offers a distinctive overview of snake venom research conducted worldwide. Abstract Snake envenomation is a severe economic and health concern affecting countries worldwide. Snake venom carries a wide variety of small peptides and proteins with various immunological and pharmacological properties. A few key research areas related to snake venom, including its applications in treating cancer and eradicating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, have been gaining significant attention in recent years. The goal of the current study was to analyze the global profile of literature in snake venom research. This study presents a bibliometric review of snake venom-related research documents indexed in the Scopus database between 1933 and 2022. The overall number of documents published on a global scale was 2999, with an average annual production of 34 documents. Brazil produced the highest number of documents (n = 729), followed by the United States (n = 548), Australia (n = 240), and Costa Rica (n = 235). Since 1963, the number of publications has been steadily increasing globally. At a worldwide level, antivenom, proteomics, and transcriptomics are growing hot issues for research in this field. The current research provides a unique overview of snake venom research at global level from 1933 through 2022, and it may be beneficial in guiding future research.
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Abstract
The deleterious consequences of snake envenomation are due to the extreme protein complexity of snake venoms. Therefore, the identification of their components is crucial for understanding the clinical manifestations of envenomation pathophysiology and for the development of effective antivenoms. In addition, snake venoms are considered as libraries of bioactive molecules that can be used to develop innovative drugs. Numerous separation and analytical techniques are combined to study snake venom composition including chromatographic techniques such as size exclusion and RP-HPLC and electrophoretic techniques. Herein, we present in detail these existing techniques and their applications in snake venom research. In the first part, we discuss the different possible technical combinations that could be used to isolate and purify SV proteins using what is known as bioassay-guided fractionation. In the second part, we describe four different proteomic strategies that could be applied for venomics studies to evaluate whole venom composition, including the mostly used technique: RP-HPLC. Eventually, we show that to date, there is no standard technique used for the separation of all snake venoms. Thus, different combinations might be developed, taking into consideration the main objective of the study, the available resources, and the properties of the target molecules to be isolated.
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Zhao HY, Sun Y, Du Y, Li JQ, Lv JG, Qu YF, Lin LH, Lin CX, Ji X, Gao JF. Venom of the Annulated Sea Snake Hydrophis cyanocinctus: A Biochemically Simple but Genetically Complex Weapon. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:548. [PMID: 34437419 PMCID: PMC8402435 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that the venom system in sea snakes has a role in enhancing their secondary adaption to the marine environment, it follows that elucidating the diversity and function of venom toxins will help to understand the adaptive radiation of sea snakes. We performed proteomic and de novo NGS analyses to explore the diversity of venom toxins in the annulated sea snake (Hydrophis cyanocinctus) and estimated the adaptive molecular evolution of the toxin-coding unigenes and the toxicity of the major components. We found three-finger toxins (3-FTxs), phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) in the venom proteome and 59 toxin-coding unigenes belonging to 24 protein families in the venom-gland transcriptome; 3-FTx and PLA2 were the most abundant families. Nearly half of the toxin-coding unigenes had undergone positive selection. The short- (i.p. 0.09 μg/g) and long-chain neurotoxin (i.p. 0.14 μg/g) presented fairly high toxicity, whereas both basic and acidic PLA2s expressed low toxicity. The toxicity of H. cyanocinctus venom was largely determined by the 3-FTxs. Our data show the venom is used by H. cyanocinctus as a biochemically simple but genetically complex weapon and venom evolution in H. cyanocinctus is presumably driven by natural selection to deal with fast-moving prey and enemies in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Zhao
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (H.-Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.-H.L.)
| | - Yan Sun
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (H.-Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.-H.L.)
| | - Yu Du
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Herpetological Research, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China; (Y.D.); (J.-G.L.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.-Q.L.); (Y.-F.Q.)
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.-Q.L.); (Y.-F.Q.)
| | - Jin-Geng Lv
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Herpetological Research, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China; (Y.D.); (J.-G.L.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Yan-Fu Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.-Q.L.); (Y.-F.Q.)
| | - Long-Hui Lin
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (H.-Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.-H.L.)
| | - Chi-Xian Lin
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Herpetological Research, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China; (Y.D.); (J.-G.L.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.-Q.L.); (Y.-F.Q.)
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gao
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (H.-Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (L.-H.L.)
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Zhao HY, Wen L, Miao YF, Du Y, Sun Y, Yin Y, Lin CX, Lin LH, Ji X, Gao JF. Venom-gland transcriptomic, venomic, and antivenomic profiles of the spine-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis curtus) from the South China Sea. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:520. [PMID: 34238212 PMCID: PMC8268360 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A comprehensive evaluation of the -omic profiles of venom is important for understanding the potential function and evolution of snake venom. Here, we conducted an integrated multi-omics-analysis to unveil the venom-transcriptomic and venomic profiles in a same group of spine-bellied sea snakes (Hydrophis curtus) from the South China Sea, where the snake is a widespread species and might generate regionally-specific venom potentially harmful to human activities. The capacity of two heterologous antivenoms to immunocapture the H. curtus venom was determined for an in-depth evaluation of their rationality in treatment of H. curtus envenomation. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood was used to detect the adaptive molecular evolution of full-length toxin-coding unigenes. Results A total of 90,909,384 pairs of clean reads were generated via Illumina sequencing from a pooled cDNA library of six specimens, and yielding 148,121 unigenes through de novo assembly. Sequence similarity searching harvested 63,845 valid annotations, including 63,789 non-toxin-coding and 56 toxin-coding unigenes belonging to 22 protein families. Three protein families, three-finger toxins (3-FTx), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and cysteine-rich secretory protein, were detected in the venom proteome. 3-FTx (27.15% in the transcriptome/41.94% in the proteome) and PLA2 (59.71%/49.36%) were identified as the most abundant families in the venom-gland transcriptome and venom proteome. In addition, 24 unigenes from 11 protein families were shown to have experienced positive selection in their evolutionary history, whereas four were relatively conserved throughout evolution. Commercial Naja atra antivenom exhibited a stronger capacity than Bungarus multicinctus antivenom to immunocapture H. curtus venom components, especially short neurotoxins, with the capacity of both antivenoms to immunocapture short neurotoxins being weaker than that for PLA2s. Conclusions Our study clarified the venom-gland transcriptomic and venomic profiles along with the within-group divergence of a H. curtus population from the South China Sea. Adaptive evolution of most venom components driven by natural selection appeared to occur rapidly during evolutionary history. Notably, the utility of commercial N. atra and B. multicinctus antivenoms against H. curtus toxins was not comprehensive; thus, the development of species-specific antivenom is urgently needed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07824-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Zhao
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Wen
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Feng Miao
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Du
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Herpetological Research, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, Hainan, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, Hainan, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yin Yin
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chi-Xian Lin
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Herpetological Research, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, Hainan, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, Hainan, China
| | - Long-Hui Lin
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, Hainan, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China. .,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian-Fang Gao
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.
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Andrade-Silva D, Zelanis A, Travaglia-Cardoso SR, Nishiyama MY, Serrano SMT. Venom Profiling of the Insular Species Bothrops alcatraz: Characterization of Proteome, Glycoproteome, and N-Terminome Using Terminal Amine Isotopic Labeling of Substrates. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:1341-1358. [PMID: 33404253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops alcatraz, a species endemic to Alcatrazes Islands, is regarded as critically endangered due to its small area of occurrence and the declining quality of its habitat. We recently reported the identification of N-glycans attached to toxins of Bothrops species, showing similar compositions in venoms of the B. jararaca complex (B. jararaca, B. insularis, and B. alcatraz). Here, we characterized B. alcatraz venom using electrophoretic, proteomic, and glycoproteomic approaches. Electrophoresis showed that B. alcatraz venom differs from B. jararaca and B. insularis; however, N-glycan removal revealed similarities between them, indicating that the occupation of N-glycosylation sites contributes to interspecies variability in the B. jararaca complex. Metalloproteinase was the major toxin class identified in the B. alcatraz venom proteome followed by serine proteinase and C-type lectin, and overall, the adult B. alcatraz venom resembles that of B. jararaca juvenile specimens. The comparative glycoproteomic analysis of B. alcatraz venom with B. jararaca and B. insularis indicated that there may be differences in the utilization of N-glycosylation motifs among their different toxin classes. Furthermore, we prospected for the first time the N-terminome of a snake venom using the terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS) approach and report the presence of ∼30% of N-termini corresponding to truncated toxin forms and ∼37% N-terminal sequences blocked by pyroglutamic acid in B. alcatraz venom. These findings underscore a low correlation between venom gland transcriptomes and proteomes and support the view that post-translational processes play a major role in shaping venom phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Andrade-Silva
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - André Zelanis
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, (ICT-UNIFESP), São José dos Campos 12231-280, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Milton Y Nishiyama
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Solange M T Serrano
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
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Mamede CCN, de Sousa Simamoto BB, da Cunha Pereira DF, de Oliveira Costa J, Ribeiro MSM, de Oliveira F. Edema, hyperalgesia and myonecrosis induced by Brazilian bothropic venoms: overview of the last decade. Toxicon 2020; 187:10-18. [PMID: 32846146 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite accidents are considered serious public health problems. They are often neglected, and individuals who have received insufficient treatment are subjected to various disabling alterations. Snake venoms are secretions composed of biologically active molecules capable of triggering local and systemic effects in envenomation victims. Bothropic snakes are responsible for most of the ophidian accidents in Brazil; their venoms are mainly related to local manifestations, due to a composition that is especially rich in proteases and phospholipases A2. The most common local damages are inflammation, with consequent cellular activation and release of inflammatory mediators, hemorrhage, edema, pain and (myo)necrosis, which may lead to amputation of the affected areas. Antivenom therapy is the main treatment for snakebites. However, the efficiency is mainly due to the neutralization of the toxins responsible for the systemic alterations. Thus, the local damages can evolve to markedly compromise the tissue. The complexity of these local effects associated with the toxicity of the snake venom components of the genus Bothrops, arouse interest in the study of the biochemical and pathophysiological mechanisms involved with the actions caused by toxins of the venom. Therefore, this review aims to analyze the edematogenic, hyperalgesic and myotoxic effects caused by Brazilian bothropic venoms in order to contribute to the study and elucidation of the mechanisms of action of its components and, consequently, enable discoveries of more effective combined therapies in the treatment of local damages resulting from envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Júnia de Oliveira Costa
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro (IFTM), Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Monteiro WM, Contreras-Bernal JC, Bisneto PF, Sachett J, Mendonça da Silva I, Lacerda M, Guimarães da Costa A, Val F, Brasileiro L, Sartim MA, Silva-de-Oliveira S, Bernarde PS, Kaefer IL, Grazziotin FG, Wen FH, Moura-da-Silva AM. Bothrops atrox, the most important snake involved in human envenomings in the amazon: How venomics contributes to the knowledge of snake biology and clinical toxinology. Toxicon X 2020; 6:100037. [PMID: 32550592 PMCID: PMC7285970 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bothrops atrox snakes are mostly endemic of the Amazon rainforest and is certainly the South American pit viper responsible for most of the snakebites in the region. The composition of B. atrox venom is significantly known and has been used to trace the relevance of the venom phenotype for snake biology and for the impacts in the clinics of human patients involved in accidents by B. atrox. However, in spite of the wide distribution and the great medical relevance of B. atrox snakes, B. atrox taxonomy is not fully resolved and the impacts of the lack of taxonomic resolution on the studies focused on venom or envenoming are currently unknown. B. atrox venom presents different degrees of compositional variability and is generally coagulotoxic, inducing systemic hematological disturbances and local tissue damage in snakebite patients. Antivenoms are the effective therapy for attenuating the clinical signs. This review brings a comprehensive discussion of the literature concerning B. atrox snakes encompassing from snake taxonomy, diet and venom composition, towards clinical aspects of snakebite patients and efficacy of the antivenoms. This discussion is highly supported by the contributions that venomics and antivenomics added for the advancement of knowledge of B. atrox snakes, their venoms and the treatment of accidents they evoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jorge Carlos Contreras-Bernal
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ferreira Bisneto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Iran Mendonça da Silva
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães da Costa
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fernando Val
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Lisele Brasileiro
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Sartim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Sâmella Silva-de-Oliveira
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Bernarde
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Centro Multidisciplinar, Campus Floresta, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, Brazil
| | - Igor L. Kaefer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Moura-da-Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Abstract
Snakebites are a hazard in the tropical world. Although antivenom therapy is effective, it is beset with inherent drawbacks. A better understanding of the major components of snake venoms and their neutralisation will help in improving snakebite treatment. Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are responsible for severe haemorrhage, the inhibition of coagulation and platelet aggregation, observed in the victims of snakebite envenoming. Inhibitors from various sources including medicinal plants, animal venoms, and sera are sought to block the pharmacological functions of SVMPs. In this review, we describe the interaction of natural inhibitors with SVMPs. To understand their inhibitory mechanisms, we focussed on the complex structures of these inhibitors and SVMPs. There are three distinct classes of inhibitors; namely, chelators, competitive inhibitors, and non-competitive inhibitors. A small number of inhibitors show their anti-hemorrhagic activity in invivo animal models in treatment mode, but most studies evaluate either invitro neutralisation of enzymatic activity or invivo effects in pre-incubation protocols. We propose the distinct strategies and limitations to design either broad-spectrum or highly selective SVMP inhibitors. The goal of designing broad-spectrum inhibitors against SVMPs capable of effective treatment of snakebites without toxicity has been elusive, probably because of the narrow molecular footprint of inhibitors against a large number of SVMPs with distinct molecular surfaces. Our ability to design highly selective inhibitors is limited by the lack of information of interactions between selective inhibitors and SVMPs. Comparisons of structures of hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic SVMPs revealed different distributions of electric charge on the surface of SVMPs, which may be exploited to design specific inhibitors. The specific inhibitors may also be useful to identify target molecules of the SVMPs and help to understand their mechanism of action.
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11
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Ramos MV, Brito D, Freitas CDT, Gonçalves JFC, Porfirio CTMN, Lobo MDP, Monteiro-Moreira ACO, Souza LAC, Fernandes AV. Proteomic identification and purification of seed proteins from native Amazonian species displaying antifungal activity. PLANTA 2018; 248:197-209. [PMID: 29675765 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seeds of native species from the rain forest (Amazon) are source of chitinases and their protein extracts exhibited strong and broad antifungal activity. Numerous plant species native to the Amazon have not yet been chemically studied. Studies of seeds are scarcer, since adversities in accessing study areas and seasonality pose constant hurdles to systematic research. In this study, proteins were extracted from seeds belonging to endemic Amazon species and were investigated for the first time. Proteolytic activity, peptidase inhibitors, and chitinases were identified, but chitinolytic activity predominated. Four proteins were purified through chromatography and identified as lectin and chitinases by MS/MS analyses. The proteins were examined for inhibition of a phytopathogen (Fusarium oxysporum). Analyses by fluorescence microscopy suggested binding of propidium iodide to DNA of fungal spores, revealing that spore integrity was lost when accessed by the proteins. Further structural and functional analyses of defensive proteins belonging to species facing highly complex ecosystems such as Amazonia should be conducted, since these could provide new insights into specificity and synergism involving defense proteins of plants submitted to a very complex ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio V Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Brito
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cléverson D T Freitas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Camila T M N Porfirio
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marina D P Lobo
- Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz A C Souza
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Andreia V Fernandes
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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12
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Evaluation of KIM-1 as an early biomarker of snakebite-induced AKI in mice. Toxicon 2018; 151:24-28. [PMID: 29909065 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most important complications of bothropic poisoning and its early identification remains challenging. The nephrotoxicity of Bothrops insularis venom (BinsV) was previously described by our research group. In this study, we continued to evaluate the effect of BinsV on kidney function in mice and LLC-MK2 proximal tubule cells, evaluating KIM-1 protein as an early AKI biomarker. Male Swiss mice were inoculated with BinsV intramuscularly and observed for 24 h in a metabolic cage model. Urine and blood were collected for biochemical analyses and the kidneys were examined for oxide-reducing balance and submitted to histological analysis. LLC-MK2 cells incubated with BinsV were assessed for cell viability and cell death mechanism by flow cytometry. Histological analysis of the kidneys indicated AKI and the oxide-reducing analyses demonstrated a decreasing in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and an increasing on Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. BinsV was cytotoxic to LLC-MK2 and the cytometry analyses suggested necrosis. Within 24 h after the envenomation, urinary creatinine did not increase, but the urinary levels of KIM-1 increased. In conclusion, we found AKI evidence in the kidney tissue and the increase in the KIM-1 levels suggest it can be used as an early AKI biomarker.
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13
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Quintana-Castillo JC, Vargas LJ, Segura C, Estrada-Gómez S, Bueno-Sánchez JC, Alarcón JC. Characterization of the Venom of C. d. cumanesis of Colombia: Proteomic Analysis and Antivenomic Study. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020085. [PMID: 29462980 PMCID: PMC5848186 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Colombian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus cumanensis is distributed in three geographic zones of the country: the Atlantic Coast, the upper valley of the Magdalena River, and the eastern plains of the Colombian Orinoquía. Its venom induces neurological symptoms, such as eyelid ptosis, myasthenic facies, and paralysis of the respiratory muscles, which can lead to death. Identification and analysis of C. d. cumanensis showed nine groups of proteins responsible for the neurotoxic effect, of which the crotoxin complex was the most abundant (64.71%). Immunorecognition tests of C. d. cumanensis showed that the use of a commercial antivenom manufactured in Mexico resulted in immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Quintana-Castillo
- School of Medicine, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Street 50 A N° 41-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Leidy Johana Vargas
- School of Medicine, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Street 50 A N° 41-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Cesar Segura
- Malaria Group, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia UdeA, Street 70 N° 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Sebastian Estrada-Gómez
- Ophidism/Scorpionism Program, Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of Antioquia UdeA, Street 70 N° 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Julio César Bueno-Sánchez
- Reproduction Group, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia UdeA, Street 70 N° 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Juan Carlos Alarcón
- Ophidism/Scorpionism Program, Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of Antioquia UdeA, Street 70 N° 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
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14
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Barbosa LN, Ferreira RS, Luiza Mello P, Garcia Garces H, Luana Chechi J, Frachin T, De Barros LC, De Moraes Guimenes Bosco S, Bagagli E, Fernandes Júnior A, Barraviera B, Delazari Dos Santos L. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of Bothrops insularis bacterial and fungal microbiota. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:142-153. [PMID: 29319420 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1395581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bothrops insularis, known as the golden lancehead snake, has its natural habitat restricted to Queimada Grande Island on the southern coast of Brazil. This culture-dependent study aimed to identify microorganisms obtained from the mouth, eyes, and cloaca of this species. Swabs from 20 snakes were collected for fungal and bacterial isolation. DNA was extracted from all samples, and identification was performed by amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions and the 16S rDNA gene, respectively. All strains were identified and deposited in the GenBank nucleotide database. MEGA v6.0 software was utilized to construct phylogenetic trees. In total, 100 strains were isolated and characterized, from which 42 fungi were distributed into 23 species and 58 bacteria into 13 species. The genus Fusarium was predominant since 11 strains and probably a new species was isolated from this fungus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis were the predominant groups of aerobic bacteria isolated. Phylogenetic analyses between bacterial and fungal sequences suggest a similarity between the microorganisms found on the island and on the continent. These findings may be attributed to anthropic actions resulting from both expeditions to the island and actions of migratory birds, which are the main sources of food for snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Nunes Barbosa
- a Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP) , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- a Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP) , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
- c Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Priscila Luiza Mello
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Hans Garcia Garces
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Jéssica Luana Chechi
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Tarsila Frachin
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Luciana Curtolo De Barros
- a Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP) , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Sandra De Moraes Guimenes Bosco
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bagagli
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ary Fernandes Júnior
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- a Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP) , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
- c Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lucilene Delazari Dos Santos
- a Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP) , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
- c Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Sao Paulo , Brazil
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15
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New findings from the first transcriptome of the Bothrops moojeni snake venom gland. Toxicon 2017; 140:105-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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A Review and Database of Snake Venom Proteomes. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090290. [PMID: 28927001 PMCID: PMC5618223 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the last decade combining transcriptomics with established proteomics methods have made possible rapid identification and quantification of protein families in snake venoms. Although over 100 studies have been published, the value of this information is increased when it is collated, allowing rapid assimilation and evaluation of evolutionary trends, geographical variation, and possible medical implications. This review brings together all compositional studies of snake venom proteomes published in the last decade. Compositional studies were identified for 132 snake species: 42 from 360 (12%) Elapidae (elapids), 20 from 101 (20%) Viperinae (true vipers), 65 from 239 (27%) Crotalinae (pit vipers), and five species of non-front-fanged snakes. Approximately 90% of their total venom composition consisted of eight protein families for elapids, 11 protein families for viperines and ten protein families for crotalines. There were four dominant protein families: phospholipase A2s (the most common across all front-fanged snakes), metalloproteases, serine proteases and three-finger toxins. There were six secondary protein families: cysteine-rich secretory proteins, l-amino acid oxidases, kunitz peptides, C-type lectins/snaclecs, disintegrins and natriuretic peptides. Elapid venoms contained mostly three-finger toxins and phospholipase A2s and viper venoms metalloproteases, phospholipase A2s and serine proteases. Although 63 protein families were identified, more than half were present in <5% of snake species studied and always in low abundance. The importance of these minor component proteins remains unknown.
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Vieira SM, da Rocha SLG, Neves-Ferreira AGDC, Almeida RV, Perales J. Heterologous expression of the antimyotoxic protein DM64 in Pichia pastoris. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005829. [PMID: 28759578 PMCID: PMC5552330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation is a neglected condition that constitutes a public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries, including Brazil. Interestingly, some animals are resistant to snake envenomation due to the presence of inhibitory glycoproteins in their serum that target toxic venom components. DM64 is an acidic glycoprotein isolated from Didelphis aurita (opossum) serum that has been characterized as an inhibitor of the myotoxicity induced by bothropic toxins bearing phospholipase A2 (PLA2) structures. This antitoxic protein can serve as an excellent starting template for the design of novel therapeutics against snakebite envenomation, particularly venom-induced local tissue damage. Therefore, the aim of this work was to produce a recombinant DM64 (rDM64) in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and to compare its biological properties with those of native DM64. Yeast fermentation in the presence of Pefabloc, a serine protease inhibitor, stimulated cell growth (~1.5-fold), increased the rDM64 production yield approximately 10-fold and significantly reduced the susceptibility of rDM64 to proteolytic degradation. P. pastoris fermentation products were identified by mass spectrometry and Western blotting. The heterologous protein was efficiently purified from the culture medium by affinity chromatography (with immobilized PLA2 myotoxin) and/or an ion exchange column. Although both native and recombinant DM64 exhibit different glycosylation patterns, they show very similar electrophoretic mobilities after PNGase F treatment. rDM64 formed a noncovalent complex with myotoxin II (Lys49-PLA2) from Bothrops asper and displayed biological activity that was similar to that of native DM64, inhibiting the cytotoxicity of myotoxin II by 92% at a 1:1 molar ratio. Snakebite envenomation causes medical emergencies that, depending on the species responsible for the bite, involve different organs and tissues. Envenomation by snakebite is a worldwide problem, and Brazil presents a high incidence of Bothrops bites. Bothrops venoms cause pathological alterations with prominent local effects, such as edema, blistering, hemorrhage, dermonecrosis and myonecrosis, usually followed by poor tissue regeneration and permanent sequelae. Bleeding, coagulopathy, cardiovascular shock and renal failure are typical systemic effects of these venoms. The clinical treatment for snakebite envenoming is intravenous administration of the specific antivenom. However, serotherapy does not efficiently protect against local tissue damage. Additional challenges faced by classical antivenom therapy include the wide antigenic variation of venoms across species and even within the same snake species and the frequent occurrence of adverse reactions that are associated with the administration of immunobiologicals. The development of new effective toxin inhibitors based on the structure of natural antiophidic proteins is an attractive therapeutic alternative. DM64 is a myotoxin inhibitor that was isolated from opossum serum, and its expression as a recombinant protein is paramount to the characterization of its structure-function relationship, an essential step toward the development of alternative strategies to better manage bothropic snakebite envenomations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Martins Vieira
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Toxins (INCTTOX), CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Surza Lucia Gonçalves da Rocha
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Toxins (INCTTOX), CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ana Gisele da Costa Neves-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Toxins (INCTTOX), CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JP); (AGCNF)
| | - Rodrigo Volcan Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Proteins, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Toxins (INCTTOX), CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JP); (AGCNF)
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18
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Viana LG, Valente RH, Heluany CS, Souza-Imberg A, Luna MS, Perales J, Yamanouye N. Bothrops jararaca venom gland secretory cells in culture: Effects of noradrenaline on toxin production and secretion. Toxicon 2017; 133:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Xu N, Zhao HY, Yin Y, Shen SS, Shan LL, Chen CX, Zhang YX, Gao JF, Ji X. Combined venomics, antivenomics and venom gland transcriptome analysis of the monocoled cobra ( Naja kaouthia ) from China. J Proteomics 2017; 159:19-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Venomics: integrative venom proteomics and beyond*. Biochem J 2017; 474:611-634. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Venoms are integrated phenotypes that evolved independently in, and are used for predatory and defensive purposes by, a wide phylogenetic range of organisms. The same principles that contribute to the evolutionary success of venoms, contribute to making the study of venoms of great interest in such diverse fields as evolutionary ecology and biotechnology. Evolution is profoundly contingent, and nature also reinvents itself continuosly. Changes in a complex phenotypic trait, such as venom, reflect the influences of prior evolutionary history, chance events, and selection. Reconstructing the natural history of venoms, particularly those of snakes, which will be dealt with in more detail in this review, requires the integration of different levels of knowledge into a meaningful and comprehensive evolutionary framework for separating stochastic changes from adaptive evolution. The application of omics technologies and other disciplines have contributed to a qualitative and quantitative advance in the road map towards this goal. In this review we will make a foray into the world of animal venoms, discuss synergies and complementarities of the different approaches used in their study, and identify current bottlenecks that prevent inferring the evolutionary mechanisms and ecological constraints that molded snake venoms to their present-day variability landscape.
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21
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An in-depth snake venom proteopeptidome characterization: Benchmarking Bothrops jararaca. J Proteomics 2017; 151:214-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Pla D, Sanz L, Sasa M, Acevedo ME, Dwyer Q, Durban J, Pérez A, Rodriguez Y, Lomonte B, Calvete JJ. Proteomic analysis of venom variability and ontogeny across the arboreal palm-pitvipers (genus Bothriechis). J Proteomics 2016; 152:1-12. [PMID: 27777178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bothriechis is a genus of eleven currently recognized slender and arboreal venomous snakes, commonly called palm-pitvipers that range from southern Mexico to northern South America. Despite dietary studies suggesting that palm-pitvipers are generalists with an ontogenetic shift toward endothermic prey, venom proteomic analyses have revealed remarkable divergence between the venoms of the Costa Rican species, B. lateralis, B. schlegelii, B. supraciliaris, and B. nigroviridis. To achieve a more complete picture of the venomic landscape across Bothriechis, the venom proteomes of biodiversity of the northern Middle American highland palm-pitvipers, B. thalassinus, B. aurifer, and B. bicolor from Guatemala, B. marchi from Honduras, and neonate Costa Rican B. lateralis and B. schlegelii, were investigated. B. thalassinus and B. aurifer venoms are comprised by similar toxin arsenals dominated by SVMPs (33-39% of the venom proteome), CTLs (11-16%), BPP-like molecules (10-13%), and CRISPs (5-10%), and are characterized by the absence of PLA2 proteins. Conversely, the predominant (35%) components of B. bicolor are D49-PLA2 molecules. The venom proteome of B. marchi is similar to B. aurifer and B. thalassinus in that it is rich in SVMPs and BPPs, but also contains appreciable amounts (14.3%) of PLA2s. The major toxin family found in the venoms of both neonate B. lateralis and B. schlegelii, is serine proteinase (SVSP), comprising about 20% of their toxin arsenals. The venom of neonate B. schlegelii is the only palm-pitviper venom where relative high amounts of Kunitz-type (6.3%) and γPLA2 (5.2%) inhibitors have been identified. Despite notable differences between their proteomes, neonate venoms are more similar to each other than to adults of their respective species. However, the ontogenetic changes taking place in the venom of B. lateralis strongly differ from those that occur in the venom of B. schlegelii. Thus, the ontogenetic change in B. lateralis produces a SVMP-rich venom, whereas in B. schlegelii the age-dependent compositional shift generates a PLA2-rich venom. Overall, genus-wide venomics illustrate the high evolvability of palm-pitviper venoms. The integration of the pattern of venom variation across Bothriechis into a phylogenetic and biogeographic framework may lay the foundation for assessing, in future studies, the evolutionary path that led to the present-day variability of the venoms of palm-pitvipers. SIGNIFICANCE Bothriechis represents a monophyletic basal genus of eleven arboreal palm-pitvipers that range from southern Mexico to northern South America. Despite palm-pitvipers' putative status as diet generalists, previous proteomic analyses have revealed remarkable divergence between the venoms of Costa Rican species, B. lateralis, B. schlegelii, B. supraciliaris, and B. nigroviridis. Our current proteomic study of Guatemalan species, B. thalassinus, B. aurifer, and B. bicolor, Honduran B. marchi, and neonate B. lateralis and B. schlegelii from Costa Rica was undertaken to deepen our understanding of the evolutionary pattern of venom proteome diversity across Bothriechis. Ancestral characters are often, but not always, preserved in an organism's development. Venoms of neonate B. lateralis and B. schlegelii are more similar to each other than to adults of their respective species, suggesting that the high evolvability of palm-pitviper venoms may represent an inherent feature of Bothriechis common ancestor. Our genus-wide data identified four nodes of venom phenotype differentiation across the phylogeny of Bothriechis. Integrated into a phylogenetic and biogeographic framework, the pattern of venom variation across Bothriechis may lay the groundwork to establish whether divergence was driven by selection for efficient resource exploitation in arboreal 'islands', thereby contributing to the ecological speciation of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinia Pla
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Libia Sanz
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mahmood Sasa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Manuel E Acevedo
- Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas, Centro de Datos para la Conservacion, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Quetzal Dwyer
- Parque Reptilandia, Platanillo between Dominical & San Isidro, 8000 Dominical, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
| | - Jordi Durban
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Pérez
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yania Rodriguez
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
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Barbu EM, Cady KC, Hubby B. Phage Therapy in the Era of Synthetic Biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a023879. [PMID: 27481531 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
For more than a century, bacteriophage (or phage) research has enabled some of the most important discoveries in biological sciences and has equipped scientists with many of the molecular biology tools that have advanced our understanding of replication, maintenance, and expression of genetic material. Phages have also been recognized and exploited as natural antimicrobial agents and nanovectors for gene therapy, but their potential as therapeutics has not been fully exploited in Western medicine because of challenges such as narrow host range, bacterial resistance, and unique pharmacokinetics. However, increasing concern related to the emergence of bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics has heightened interest in phage therapy and the development of strategies to overcome hurdles associated with bacteriophage therapeutics. Recent progress in sequencing technologies, DNA manipulation, and synthetic biology allowed scientists to refactor the entire bacterial genome of Mycoplasma mycoides, thereby creating the first synthetic cell. These new strategies for engineering genomes may have the potential to accelerate the construction of designer phage genomes with superior therapeutic potential. Here, we discuss the use of phage as therapeutics, as well as how synthetic biology can create bacteriophage with desirable attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle C Cady
- Synthetic Genomics, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Bolyn Hubby
- Synthetic Genomics, La Jolla, California 92037
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24
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Hong Y, Thimmapuram J, Zhang J, Collings CK, Bhide K, Schmidt K, Ebner PD. The impact of orally administered phages on host immune response and surrounding microbial communities. BACTERIOPHAGE 2016; 6:e1211066. [PMID: 27738553 DOI: 10.1080/21597081.2016.1211066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown the efficacy of phage therapy in reducing foodborne pathogen carriage in food animals. Fewer studies have focused on host reactions, especially in terms of phage-mediated acute immune responses and effects on the gut microbiome. Here we administered E. coli O157:H7 phages in low (single dose of 105 PFU) or high (single dose of 107 PFU) quantities to mice. While there were time points at which cytokine levels in different treatment groups differed from one another, all cytokine levels remained within normal ranges for mice regardless of treatment. Similarly, the patterns of these differences were not dose related, indicating that phage treatment did not result in a strong acute immune response as measured here. In separate experiments, 3-week-old pigs received a diet containing an in-feed antibiotic or daily phage treatment. After two weeks, microbial DNA of ileal, cecal, and fecal contents was characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing. There were no statistical differences in performance among the different groups. Compared to control pigs (no antibiotic, no phage), antibiotic treatment significantly altered ileal microbiome composition (P < 0.05), with Bacilli being most affected (antibiotic treated: 22%; control: 76%; FDR = 0.0572). No significant differences were observed in cecal and fecal microbiome composition between antibiotic-treated and control pigs, and there were no differences in gut microbiome composition between phage treated and control pigs in any intestinal compartment. Significant abundance differences were observed at the OTU level, with OTUs belonging to genera such as Lactobacillus and Streptococcus being over- or under-represented in either antibiotic or phage treated groups compared to control pigs. Determining whether these changes are deleterious to host, however, requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Hong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Jiayi Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Ketaki Bhide
- Bionformatics Core, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kyle Schmidt
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Paul D Ebner
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
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25
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Debono J, Cochran C, Kuruppu S, Nouwens A, Rajapakse NW, Kawasaki M, Wood K, Dobson J, Baumann K, Jouiaei M, Jackson TNW, Koludarov I, Low D, Ali SA, Smith AI, Barnes A, Fry BG. Canopy Venom: Proteomic Comparison among New World Arboreal Pit-Viper Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070210. [PMID: 27399777 PMCID: PMC4963843 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central and South American pitvipers, belonging to the genera Bothrops and Bothriechis, have independently evolved arboreal tendencies. Little is known regarding the composition and activity of their venoms. In order to close this knowledge gap, venom proteomics and toxin activity of species of Bothriechis, and Bothrops (including Bothriopsis) were investigated through established analytical methods. A combination of proteomics and bioactivity techniques was used to demonstrate a similar diversification of venom composition between large and small species within Bothriechis and Bothriopsis. Increasing our understanding of the evolution of complex venom cocktails may facilitate future biodiscoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Debono
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Chip Cochran
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Sanjaya Kuruppu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Amanda Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Niwanthi W Rajapakse
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Minami Kawasaki
- Aquatic Animal Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia.
| | - Kelly Wood
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - James Dobson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Kate Baumann
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Mahdokht Jouiaei
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Timothy N W Jackson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Ivan Koludarov
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Dolyce Low
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Syed A Ali
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
| | - A Ian Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Andrew Barnes
- Aquatic Animal Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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26
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Moura-da-Silva AM, Almeida MT, Portes-Junior JA, Nicolau CA, Gomes-Neto F, Valente RH. Processing of Snake Venom Metalloproteinases: Generation of Toxin Diversity and Enzyme Inactivation. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8060183. [PMID: 27294958 PMCID: PMC4926149 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are abundant in the venoms of vipers and rattlesnakes, playing important roles for the snake adaptation to different environments, and are related to most of the pathological effects of these venoms in human victims. The effectiveness of SVMPs is greatly due to their functional diversity, targeting important physiological proteins or receptors in different tissues and in the coagulation system. Functional diversity is often related to the genetic diversification of the snake venom. In this review, we discuss some published evidence that posit that processing and post-translational modifications are great contributors for the generation of functional diversity and for maintaining latency or inactivation of enzymes belonging to this relevant family of venom toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Moura-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Michelle T Almeida
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - José A Portes-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Carolina A Nicolau
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Gomes-Neto
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Richard H Valente
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-360, Brazil.
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27
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McCleary RJR, Sridharan S, Dunstan NL, Mirtschin PJ, Kini RM. Proteomic comparisons of venoms of long-term captive and recently wild-caught Eastern brown snakes (Pseudonaja textilis) indicate venom does not change due to captivity. J Proteomics 2016; 144:51-62. [PMID: 27240975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Snake venom is a highly variable phenotypic character, and its variation and rapid evolution are important because of human health implications. Because much snake antivenom is produced from captive animals, understanding the effects of captivity on venom composition is important. Here, we have evaluated toxin profiles from six long-term (LT) captive and six recently wild-caught (RC) eastern brown snakes, Pseudonaja textilis, utilizing gel electrophoresis, HPLC-MS, and shotgun proteomics. We identified proteins belonging to the three-finger toxins, group C prothrombin activators, Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors, and phospholipases A2, among others. Although crude venom HPLC analysis showed LT snakes to be higher in some small molecular weight toxins, presence/absence patterns showed no correlation with time in captivity. Shotgun proteomics indicated the presence of similar toxin families among individuals but with variation in protein species. Although no venom sample contained all the phospholipase A2 subunits that form the textilotoxin, all did contain both prothrombin activator subunits. This study indicates that captivity has limited effects on venom composition, that venom variation is high, and that venom composition may be correlated to geographic distribution. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Through proteomic comparisons, we show that protein variation within LT and RC groups of snakes (Pseudonaja textilis) is high, thereby resulting in no discernible differences in venom composition between groups. We utilize complementary techniques to characterize the venom proteomes of 12 individual snakes from our study area, and indicate that individuals captured close to one another have more similar venom gel electrophoresis patterns than those captured at more distant locations. These data are important for understanding natural variation in and potential effects of captivity on venom composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J R McCleary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5305, USA
| | - Sindhuja Sridharan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Nathan L Dunstan
- Venom Supplies Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 547, Tanunda, South Australia 5352, Australia
| | - Peter J Mirtschin
- Venom Supplies Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 547, Tanunda, South Australia 5352, Australia
| | - R Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
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28
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Abd El Aziz TM, Bourgoin-Voillard S, Combemale S, Beroud R, Fadl M, Seve M, De Waard M. Fractionation and proteomic analysis of the Walterinnesia aegyptia snake venom using OFFGEL and MALDI-TOF-MS techniques. Electrophoresis 2016; 36:2594-605. [PMID: 26178575 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Animal venoms are complex mixtures of more than 100 different compounds, including peptides, proteins, and nonprotein compounds such as lipids, carbohydrates, and metal ions. In addition, the existing compounds show a wide range of molecular weights and concentrations within these venoms, making separation and purification procedures quite tedious. Here, we analyzed for the first time by MS the advantages of using the OFFGEL technique in the separation of the venom components of the Egyptian Elapidae Walterinnesia aegyptia snake compared to two classical methods of separation, SEC and RP-HPLC. We demonstrate that OFFGEL separates venom components over a larger scale of fractions, preserve respectable resolution with regard to the presence of a given compound in adjacent fractions and allows the identification of a greater number of ions by MS (102 over 134 total ions). We also conclude that applying several separating techniques (SEC and RP-HPLC in addition to OFFGEL) provides complementary results in terms of ion detection (21 more for SEC and 22 more with RP-HPLC). As a result, we provide a complete list of 134 ions present in the venom of W. aegyptia by using all these techniques combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Mohamed Abd El Aziz
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Neuroscience Institute, LabEx Ion Channels, Science and Therapeutics, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Sandrine Bourgoin-Voillard
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,INSERM, IAB, PROMETHEE Proteomic Platform, Grenoble, France.,CHU de Grenoble, IAB, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, PROMETHEE Proteomic Platform, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Rémy Beroud
- Smartox Biotechnology, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Mahmoud Fadl
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Michel Seve
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,INSERM, IAB, PROMETHEE Proteomic Platform, Grenoble, France.,CHU de Grenoble, IAB, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, PROMETHEE Proteomic Platform, Grenoble, France
| | - Michel De Waard
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Neuroscience Institute, LabEx Ion Channels, Science and Therapeutics, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Smartox Biotechnology, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France
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29
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de Menezes RRPPB, Mello CP, Lima DB, Tessarolo LD, Sampaio TL, Paes LCF, Alves NTQ, Assis Junior EM, Lima Junior RCP, Toyama MH, Martins AMC. Involvement of Nitric Oxide on Bothropoides insularis Venom Biological Effects on Murine Macrophages In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151029. [PMID: 26974665 PMCID: PMC4790960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viperidae venom has several local and systemic effects, such as pain, edema, inflammation, kidney failure and coagulopathy. Additionally, bothropic venom and its isolated components directly interfere on cellular metabolism, causing alterations such as cell death and proliferation. Inflammatory cells are particularly involved in pathological envenomation mechanisms due to their capacity of releasing many mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO). NO has many effects on cell viability and it is associated to the development of inflammation and tissue damage caused by Bothrops and Bothropoides venom. Bothropoides insularis is a snake found only in Queimada Grande Island, which has markedly toxic venom. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the biological effects of Bothropoides insularis venom (BiV) on RAW 264.7 cells and assess NO involvement. The venom was submitted to colorimetric assays to identify the presence of some enzymatic components. We observed that BiV induced H2O2 production and showed proteolytic and phospholipasic activities. RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were incubated with different concentrations of BiV and then cell viability was assessed by MTT reduction assay after 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours of incubation. A time- and concentration-dependent effect was observed, with a tendency to cell proliferation at lower BiV concentrations and cell death at higher concentrations. The cytotoxic effect was confirmed after lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurement in the supernatant from the experimental groups. Flow cytometry analyses revealed that necrosis is the main cell death pathway caused by BiV. Also, BiV induced NO release. The inhibition of both proliferative and cytotoxic effects with L-NAME were demonstrated, indicating that NO is important for these effects. Finally, BiV induced an increase in iNOS expression. Altogether, these results demonstrate that B. insularis venom have proliferative and cytotoxic effects on macrophages, with necrosis participation. We also suggest that BiV acts by inducing iNOS expression and causing NO release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon R. P. P. B. de Menezes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Clarissa P. Mello
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Dânya B. Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Louise D. Tessarolo
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Tiago Lima Sampaio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lívia C. F. Paes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Natacha T. Q. Alves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto C. P. Lima Junior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcos H. Toyama
- São Vicente Unit, Paulista Coastal Campus, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice M. C. Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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30
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Suntravat M, Uzcategui NL, Atphaisit C, Helmke TJ, Lucena SE, Sánchez EE, Acosta AR. Gene expression profiling of the venom gland from the Venezuelan mapanare (Bothrops colombiensis) using expressed sequence tags (ESTs). BMC Mol Biol 2016; 17:7. [PMID: 26944950 PMCID: PMC4779267 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-016-0059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bothrops colombiensis is a highly dangerous pit viper and responsible for over 70% of snakebites in Venezuela. Although the composition in B. colombiensis venom has been identified using a proteome analysis, the venom gland transcriptome is currently lacking. RESULTS We constructed a cDNA library from the venom gland of B. colombiensis, and a set of 729 high quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was identified. A total number of 344 ESTs (47.2% of total ESTs) was related to toxins. The most abundant toxin transcripts were metalloproteinases (37.5%), phospholipases A2s (PLA2, 29.7%), and serine proteinases (11.9%). Minor toxin transcripts were linked to waprins (5.5%), C-type lectins (4.1%), ATPases (2.9%), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP, 2.3%), snake venom vascular endothelium growth factors (svVEGF, 2.3%), L-amino acid oxidases (2%), and other putative toxins (1.7%). While 160 ESTs (22% of total ESTs) coded for translation proteins, regulatory proteins, ribosomal proteins, elongation factors, release factors, metabolic proteins, and immune response proteins. Other proteins detected in the transcriptome (87 ESTs, 11.9% of total ESTs) were undescribed proteins with unknown functions. The remaining 138 (18.9%) cDNAs had no match with known GenBank accessions. CONCLUSION This study represents the analysis of transcript expressions and provides a physical resource of unique genes for further study of gene function and the development of novel molecules for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montamas Suntravat
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, USA.
| | - Néstor L Uzcategui
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Ultraestructura, Instituto Anatómico de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - Chairat Atphaisit
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, USA.
| | - Thomas J Helmke
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, USA.
| | - Sara E Lucena
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, USA.
| | - Elda E Sánchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, USA.
| | - Alexis Rodríguez Acosta
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Ultraestructura, Instituto Anatómico de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Shan LL, Gao JF, Zhang YX, Shen SS, He Y, Wang J, Ma XM, Ji X. Proteomic characterization and comparison of venoms from two elapid snakes (Bungarus multicinctus and Naja atra) from China. J Proteomics 2016; 138:83-94. [PMID: 26924299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bungarus multicinctus (many-banded krait) and Naja atra (Chinese cobra) are widely distributed and medically important venomous snakes in China; however, their venom proteomic profiles have not been fully compared. Here, we fractionated crude venoms and analyzed them using a combination of proteomic techniques. Three-finger toxins (3-FTx) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were most abundant in both species, respectively accounting for 32.6% and 66.4% of total B. multicinctus venom, and 84.3% and 12.2% of total N. atra venom. Venoms from these two species contained one common protein family and six less abundant species-specific protein families. The proteomic profiles of B. multicinctus and N. atra venoms and analysis of toxicological activity in mice suggested that 3-FTx and PLA2 are the major contributors to clinical symptoms caused by envenomation. The venoms differed in enzymatic activity, likely the result of inter-specific variation in the amount of related venom components. Antivenomics assessment revealed that a small number of venom components (3-FTxs and PLA2s in B. multicinctus, and 3-FTxs in N. atra) could not be immunocaptured completely, suggesting that we should pay attention to enhancing the immune response of these components in designing commercial antivenoms for B. multicinctus and N. atra. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The proteomic profiles of venoms from two medically important snake species - B. multicinctus and N. atra - have been explored. Quantitative and qualitative differences are evident in both venoms when proteomic profiles and transcriptomic results are compared; this is a reminder that combined approaches are needed to explore the precise composition of snake venom. Two protein families (3-FTx and PLA2) of high abundance in these snake venoms are major players in the biochemical and pharmacological effects of envenomation. Elucidation of the proteomic profiles of these snake venoms is helpful in understanding composition-function relationships and will facilitate the clinical application of antivenoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Shan
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gao
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yan-Xia Zhang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shan-Shan Shen
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying He
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Ma
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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Snake Venomics and Antivenomics of Bothrops diporus, a Medically Important Pitviper in Northeastern Argentina. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 8:toxins8010009. [PMID: 26712790 PMCID: PMC4728531 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake species within genus Bothrops are responsible for more than 80% of the snakebites occurring in South America. The species that cause most envenomings in Argentina, B. diporus, is widely distributed throughout the country, but principally found in the Northeast, the region with the highest rates of snakebites. The venom proteome of this medically relevant snake was unveiled using a venomic approach. It comprises toxins belonging to fourteen protein families, being dominated by PI- and PIII-SVMPs, PLA2 molecules, BPP-like peptides, L-amino acid oxidase and serine proteinases. This toxin profile largely explains the characteristic pathophysiological effects of bothropic snakebites observed in patients envenomed by B. diporus. Antivenomic analysis of the SAB antivenom (Instituto Vital Brazil) against the venom of B. diporus showed that this pentabothropic antivenom efficiently recognized all the venom proteins and exhibited poor affinity towards the small peptide (BPPs and tripeptide inhibitors of PIII-SVMPs) components of the venom.
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Freitas-de-Sousa L, Amazonas D, Sousa L, Sant'Anna S, Nishiyama M, Serrano S, Junqueira-de-Azevedo I, Chalkidis H, Moura-da-Silva A, Mourão R. Comparison of venoms from wild and long-term captive Bothrops atrox snakes and characterization of Batroxrhagin, the predominant class PIII metalloproteinase from the venom of this species. Biochimie 2015; 118:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Interrogating the Venom of the Viperid Snake Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii by a Combined Approach of Electrospray and MALDI Mass Spectrometry. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0092091. [PMID: 25955844 PMCID: PMC4425365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete sequence characterization of snake venom proteins by mass spectrometry is rather challenging due to the presence of multiple isoforms from different protein families. In the present study, we investigated the tryptic digest of the venom of the viperid snake Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii by a combined approach of liquid chromatography coupled to either electrospray (online) or MALDI (offline) mass spectrometry. These different ionization techniques proved to be complementary allowing the identification a great variety of isoforms of diverse snake venom protein families, as evidenced by the detection of the corresponding unique peptides. For example, ten out of eleven predicted isoforms of serine proteinases of the venom of S. c. edwardsii were distinguished using this approach. Moreover, snake venom protein families not encountered in a previous transcriptome study of the venom gland of this snake were identified. In essence, our results support the notion that complementary ionization techniques of mass spectrometry allow for the detection of even subtle sequence differences of snake venom proteins, which is fundamental for future structure-function relationship and possible drug design studies.
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Clearance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in calves by rectal administration of bovine lactoferrin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:1644-51. [PMID: 25527551 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03724-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains, of which E. coli O157:H7 is the best-studied serotype, are an important group of foodborne pathogens causing severe illness in humans worldwide. The main reservoirs for EHEC are ruminants, mostly cattle, which harbor the bacteria in their intestinal tracts without showing clinical symptoms. In this study, we used bovine lactoferrin, a natural occurring bactericidal and immunomodulating protein, as an antibacterial agent against EHEC infection in cattle. Nine 3-month-old Holstein-Friesian calves were experimentally infected with EHEC (strain NCTC12900). Three animals received a daily rectal spray treatment with bovine lactoferrin, three animals received an oral treatment, and three animals served as a control group. Blood samples were collected weekly and fecal samples twice weekly to monitor antibody responses and fecal excretion, respectively. Animals in the rectal group ceased shedding within 26 days of the experimental treatment and remained negative. This beneficial effect of bovine lactoferrin was not observed in the oral group, where animals were still shedding at the time of euthanasia (day 61). All groups developed serum responses, but no clear differences could be observed between the groups. However, the results indicate that the use of bovine lactoferrin as a rectal treatment can be a useful strategy to preclude further transmission of EHEC infections from cattle to humans.
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Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, Bastos CMV, Ho PL, Luna MS, Yamanouye N, Casewell NR. Venom-related transcripts from Bothrops jararaca tissues provide novel molecular insights into the production and evolution of snake venom. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:754-66. [PMID: 25502939 PMCID: PMC4327157 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Attempts to reconstruct the evolutionary history of snake toxins in the context of their co-option to the venom gland rarely account for nonvenom snake genes that are paralogous to toxins, and which therefore represent important connectors to ancestral genes. In order to reevaluate this process, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic survey on body tissues from a venomous snake. A nonredundant set of 33,000 unigenes (assembled transcripts of reference genes) was independently assembled from six organs of the medically important viperid snake Bothrops jararaca, providing a reference list of 82 full-length toxins from the venom gland and specific products from other tissues, such as pancreatic digestive enzymes. Unigenes were then screened for nontoxin transcripts paralogous to toxins revealing 1) low level coexpression of approximately 20% of toxin genes (e.g., bradykinin-potentiating peptide, C-type lectin, snake venom metalloproteinase, snake venom nerve growth factor) in body tissues, 2) the identity of the closest paralogs to toxin genes in eight classes of toxins, 3) the location and level of paralog expression, indicating that, in general, co-expression occurs in a higher number of tissues and at lower levels than observed for toxin genes, and 4) strong evidence of a toxin gene reverting back to selective expression in a body tissue. In addition, our differential gene expression analyses identify specific cellular processes that make the venom gland a highly specialized secretory tissue. Our results demonstrate that the evolution and production of venom in snakes is a complex process that can only be understood in the context of comparative data from other snake tissues, including the identification of genes paralogous to venom toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inácio L M Junqueira-de-Azevedo
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Mancini Val Bastos
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Norma Yamanouye
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Brahma RK, McCleary RJR, Kini RM, Doley R. Venom gland transcriptomics for identifying, cataloging, and characterizing venom proteins in snakes. Toxicon 2014; 93:1-10. [PMID: 25448392 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Snake venoms are cocktails of protein toxins that play important roles in capture and digestion of prey. Significant qualitative and quantitative variation in snake venom composition has been observed among and within species. Understanding these variations in protein components is instrumental in interpreting clinical symptoms during human envenomation and in searching for novel venom proteins with potential therapeutic applications. In the last decade, transcriptomic analyses of venom glands have helped in understanding the composition of various snake venoms in great detail. Here we review transcriptomic analysis as a powerful tool for understanding venom profile, variation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kungur Brahma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, Assam, India
| | - Ryan J R McCleary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - R Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; University of South Australia, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Robin Doley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, Assam, India.
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38
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Strain-dependent cellular immune responses in cattle following Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization. Infect Immun 2014; 82:5117-31. [PMID: 25267838 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02462-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 causes hemorrhagic diarrhea and potentially fatal renal failure in humans. Ruminants are considered to be the primary reservoir for human infection. Vaccines that reduce shedding in cattle are only partially protective, and their underlying protective mechanisms are unknown. Studies investigating the response of cattle to colonization generally focus on humoral immunity, leaving the role of cellular immunity unclear. To inform future vaccine development, we studied the cellular immune responses of cattle during EHEC O157:H7 colonization. Calves were challenged either with a phage type 21/28 (PT21/28) strain possessing the Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a) and Stx2c genes or with a PT32 strain possessing the Stx2c gene only. T-helper cell-associated transcripts at the terminal rectum were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Induction of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and T-bet was observed with peak expression of both genes at 7 days in PT32-challenged calves, while upregulation was delayed, peaking at 21 days, in PT21/28-challenged calves. Cells isolated from gastrointestinal lymph nodes demonstrated antigen-specific proliferation and IFN-γ release in response to type III secreted proteins (T3SPs); however, responsiveness was suppressed in cells isolated from PT32-challenged calves. Lymph node cells showed increased expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 in CD4(+) T cells from PT21/28-challenged calves, NK cells from PT32-challenged calves, and CD8(+) and γδ T cells from both PT21/28- and PT32-challenged calves following ex vivo restimulation with T3SPs. This study demonstrates that cattle mount cellular immune responses during colonization with EHEC O157:H7, the temporality of which is strain dependent, with further evidence of strain-specific immunomodulation.
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Mello CP, Morais IC, Menezes RR, Pereira GJ, Torres AF, Lima DB, Pereira TP, Toyama MH, Monteiro HS, Smaili SS, Martins AM. Bothropoides insularis venom cytotoxicity in renal tubular epithelia cells. Toxicon 2014; 88:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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40
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Portes-Junior JA, Yamanouye N, Carneiro SM, Knittel PS, Sant’Anna SS, Nogueira FCS, Junqueira M, Magalhães GS, Domont GB, Moura-da-Silva AM. Unraveling the Processing and Activation of Snake Venom Metalloproteinases. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3338-48. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500185a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabio C. S. Nogueira
- Unidade
de Proteômica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Magno Junqueira
- Unidade
de Proteômica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | | | - Gilberto B. Domont
- Unidade
de Proteômica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
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Endersen L, O'Mahony J, Hill C, Ross RP, McAuliffe O, Coffey A. Phage Therapy in the Food Industry. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2014; 5:327-49. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030713-092415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Endersen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland; , ,
| | - Jim O'Mahony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland; , ,
| | - Colin Hill
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;
| | - R. Paul Ross
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;
- Biotechnology Department, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; ,
| | - Olivia McAuliffe
- Biotechnology Department, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; ,
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland; , ,
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Fernández Culma M, Andrés Pereañez J, Núñez Rangel V, Lomonte B. Snake venomics of Bothrops punctatus, a semiarboreal pitviper species from Antioquia, Colombia. PeerJ 2014; 2:e246. [PMID: 24498576 PMCID: PMC3912449 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bothrops punctatus is an endangered, semi-arboreal pitviper species distributed in Panamá, Colombia, and Ecuador, whose venom is poorly characterized. In the present work, the protein composition of this venom was profiled using the ‘snake venomics’ analytical strategy. Decomplexation of the crude venom by RP-HPLC and SDS-PAGE, followed by tandem mass spectrometry of tryptic digests, showed that it consists of proteins assigned to at least nine snake toxin families. Metalloproteinases are predominant in this secretion (41.5% of the total proteins), followed by C-type lectin/lectin-like proteins (16.7%), bradykinin-potentiating peptides (10.7%), phospholipases A2 (93%), serine proteinases (5.4%), disintegrins (38%), L-amino acid oxidases (3.1%), vascular endothelial growth factors (17%), and cysteine-rich secretory proteins (1.2%). Altogether, 6.6% of the proteins were not identified. In vitro, the venom exhibited proteolytic, phospholipase A2, and L-amino acid oxidase activities, as well as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity, in agreement with the obtained proteomic profile. Cytotoxic activity on murine C2C12 myoblasts was negative, suggesting that the majority of venom phospholipases A2 likely belong to the acidic type, which often lack major toxic effects. The protein composition of B. punctatus venom shows a good correlation with toxic activities here and previously reported, and adds further data in support of the wide diversity of strategies that have evolved in snake venoms to subdue prey, as increasingly being revealed by proteomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime Andrés Pereañez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo , Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín , Colombia ; Facultad de Química Farmacéutica , Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín , Colombia
| | - Vitelbina Núñez Rangel
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo , Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín , Colombia ; Escuela de Microbiología , Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín , Colombia
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado , Facultad de Microbiología , Universidad de Costa Rica , San José , Costa Rica
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Calvete JJ. Proteomic tools against the neglected pathology of snake bite envenoming. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 8:739-58. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chan BK, Abedon ST, Loc-Carrillo C. Phage cocktails and the future of phage therapy. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:769-83. [PMID: 23701332 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses of bacteria, known as bacteriophages or phages, were discovered nearly 100 years ago. Their potential as antibacterial agents was appreciated almost immediately, with the first 'phage therapy' trials predating Fleming's discovery of penicillin by approximately a decade. In this review, we consider phage therapy that can be used for treating bacterial infections in humans, domestic animals and even biocontrol in foods. Following an overview of the topic, we explore the common practice - both experimental and, in certain regions of the world, clinical - of mixing therapeutic phages into cocktails consisting of multiple virus types. We conclude with a discussion of the commercial and medical context of phage cocktails as therapeutic agents. In comparing off-the-shelf versus custom approaches, we consider the merits of a middle ground, which we deem 'modifiable'. Finally, we explore a regulatory framework for such an approach based on an influenza vaccine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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45
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Snake venomics: From the inventory of toxins to biology. Toxicon 2013; 75:44-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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46
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Activation of Bothrops jararaca snake venom gland and venom production: A proteomic approach. J Proteomics 2013; 94:460-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Mora-Obando D, Guerrero-Vargas JA, Prieto-Sánchez R, Beltrán J, Rucavado A, Sasa M, Gutiérrez JM, Ayerbe S, Lomonte B. Proteomic and functional profiling of the venom of Bothrops ayerbei from Cauca, Colombia, reveals striking interspecific variation with Bothrops asper venom. J Proteomics 2013; 96:159-72. [PMID: 24231109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bothrops ayerbei, a pitviper inhabiting the Patía River's basin (Valle Alto del Río Patía) in the Southwestern Department of Cauca, Colombia, was considered as a variant form of Bothrops asper prior to being proposed as a new species in 2010, on the basis of subtle morphological differences. This study reports the proteomic and functional profiling of B. ayerbei venom. Its most striking feature is an almost complete absence (0.7%) of phospholipases A2 (PLA2), which is in contrast to the high proportion of these enzymes (25.3%) in the venom of B. asper from Cauca, as well as in other species of Bothrops. The predominant proteins in B. ayerbei venom are metalloproteinases (53.7%), in agreement with its higher hemorrhagic and lethal activities compared to B. asper venom. Moreover, the negligible content of PLA2s in B. ayerbei venom correlates with its weaker myotoxic effect, in contrast to B. asper venom, here shown to contain abundant Asp49- and Lys49-type PLA2s responsible for its strong myotoxic activity. Other components identified in B. ayerbei venom include bradykinin-potentiating-like peptides and proteins belonging to the C-type lectin/lectin-like, serine proteinase, l-amino acid oxidase, disintegrin, cysteine-rich secretory protein, nerve growth factor, and phosphodiesterase families. The venom composition of B. ayerbei resembles that of neonate specimens of B. asper, which shows a predominance of metalloproteinases, with only low amounts of PLA2s. Therefore, the present findings suggest that the expression of venom proteins in B. ayerbei, in contrast to B. asper, might retain a marked 'paedomorphic' condition. Altogether, the proteomic and toxicological characterization of the venom of B. ayerbei here reported argues in favor of its taxonomical separation from B. asper in Cauca, Colombia. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE B. ayerbei, a pitviper found in Cauca, Colombia, had been considered as a variant form of B. asper, but was recently described as a new species on the basis of subtle morphological differences. Our study provides the first detailed proteomic and functional analysis of the venom of B. ayerbei, revealing striking interspecific variation from B. asper, thus arguing in favor of their taxonomical separation. In addition, the observed composition of the venom of B. ayerbei correlates well with its functional and toxicological properties, helping to predict the main clinical manifestations in envenomings by this species, which inflicts a considerable number of snakebites in the Southwestern regions of Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mora-Obando
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jimmy Alexander Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Herpetológicas y Toxinológicas, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | | | - José Beltrán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mahmood Sasa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Santiago Ayerbe
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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48
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Comparison of phylogeny, venom composition and neutralization by antivenom in diverse species of bothrops complex. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2442. [PMID: 24069493 PMCID: PMC3772048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Latin America, Bothrops snakes account for most snake bites in humans, and the recommended treatment is administration of multispecific Bothrops antivenom (SAB – soro antibotrópico). However, Bothrops snakes are very diverse with regard to their venom composition, which raises the issue of which venoms should be used as immunizing antigens for the production of pan-specific Bothrops antivenoms. In this study, we simultaneously compared the composition and reactivity with SAB of venoms collected from six species of snakes, distributed in pairs from three distinct phylogenetic clades: Bothrops, Bothropoides and Rhinocerophis. We also evaluated the neutralization of Bothrops atrox venom, which is the species responsible for most snake bites in the Amazon region, but not included in the immunization antigen mixture used to produce SAB. Using mass spectrometric and chromatographic approaches, we observed a lack of similarity in protein composition between the venoms from closely related snakes and a high similarity between the venoms of phylogenetically more distant snakes, suggesting little connection between taxonomic position and venom composition. P-III snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are the most antigenic toxins in the venoms of snakes from the Bothrops complex, whereas class P-I SVMPs, snake venom serine proteinases and phospholipases A2 reacted with antibodies in lower levels. Low molecular size toxins, such as disintegrins and bradykinin-potentiating peptides, were poorly antigenic. Toxins from the same protein family showed antigenic cross-reactivity among venoms from different species; SAB was efficient in neutralizing the B. atrox venom major toxins. Thus, we suggest that it is possible to obtain pan-specific effective antivenoms for Bothrops envenomations through immunization with venoms from only a few species of snakes, if these venoms contain protein classes that are representative of all species to which the antivenom is targeted. Snakebite envenomation is a serious health issue in Latin America, particularly in the Amazon, where antivenom administration may be delayed due to logistic constraints. Bothrops snakes are involved in most of the snakebite-related accidents in Brazil. This work reports a comparative study of the toxin composition and antigenicity of the Bothrops venoms used to prepare the commercial antivenom and its effectiveness against the venom from Bothrops atrox, a prevalent Amazon species that is not included in the pool. Our data show a lack of connection between Bothrops taxonomic identity and venom composition. We also show that different toxins display distinct reactivity with the tested antivenom. However, the antivenom reacted similarly with each class of toxin present in the venoms of the different snakes studied. Important evidence was the neutralization of the major toxic effects of B. atrox venom, not included in the mixture of antigens used to produce the antivenom. Based on the observed antigenicity of the distinct protein classes of toxins, we suggest that it is possible to obtain pan-specific and efficient Bothrops antivenoms via immunization with venoms from a few species of snakes that are representative of the protein composition of a large number of targeted species.
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Proteomic analysis of Bothrops pirajai snake venom and characterization of BpirMP, a new P-I metalloproteinase. J Proteomics 2013; 80:250-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tashima AK, Zelanis A, Kitano ES, Ianzer D, Melo RL, Rioli V, Sant'anna SS, Schenberg ACG, Camargo ACM, Serrano SMT. Peptidomics of three Bothrops snake venoms: insights into the molecular diversification of proteomes and peptidomes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1245-62. [PMID: 22869554 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.019331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom proteomes/peptidomes are highly complex and maintenance of their integrity within the gland lumen is crucial for the expression of toxin activities. There has been considerable progress in the field of venom proteomics, however, peptidomics does not progress as fast, because of the lack of comprehensive venom sequence databases for analysis of MS data. Therefore, in many cases venom peptides have to be sequenced manually by MS/MS analysis or Edman degradation. This is critical for rare snake species, as is the case of Bothrops cotiara (BC) and B. fonsecai (BF), which are regarded as near threatened with extinction. In this study we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the venom peptidomes of BC, BF, and B. jararaca (BJ) using a combination of solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase HPLC to fractionate the peptides, followed by nano-liquid chromatography-tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) or direct infusion electrospray ionization-(ESI)-MS/MS or MALDI-MS/MS analyses. We detected marked differences in the venom peptidomes and identified peptides ranging from 7 to 39 residues in length by de novo sequencing. Forty-four unique sequences were manually identified, out of which 30 are new peptides, including 17 bradykinin-potentiating peptides, three poly-histidine-poly-glycine peptides and interestingly, 10 L-amino acid oxidase fragments. Some of the new bradykinin-potentiating peptides display significant bradykinin potentiating activity. Automated database search revealed fragments from several toxins in the peptidomes, mainly from l-amino acid oxidase, and allowed the determination of the peptide bond specificity of proteinases and amino acid occurrences for the P4-P4' sites. We also demonstrate that the venom lyophilization/resolubilization process greatly increases the complexity of the peptidome because of the imbalance caused to the venom proteome and the consequent activity of proteinases on venom components. The use of proteinase inhibitors clearly showed different outcomes in the peptidome characterization and suggested that degradomic-peptidomic analysis of snake venoms is highly sensitive to the conditions of sampling procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre K Tashima
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, CAT-cepid, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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