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Mai Y, Izumi K, Mai S, Nishie W, Ujiie H. Detection of a natural antibody targeting the shed ectodomain of BP180 in mice. J Dermatol Sci 2023; 112:15-22. [PMID: 37550175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemphigoid diseases are characterized by subepidermal blister formation accompanied by autoantibodies targeting skin component molecules, such as BP180. It is suggested that an epitope-phenotype correlation exists among autoantibodies recognizing BP180. However, it is unclear which regions of BP180 are likely targets for autoantibodies. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the portions of BP180 where antibodies tend to react under the breakdown of immune tolerance. METHODS We immunized mice with full-length mouse BP180 (mBP180) to produce anti-mBP180 antibodies. Using the immunized mice, hybridoma cells were established to produce anti-mBP180 antibodies. We analyzed the characteristics of the anti-mBP180 antibodies that were produced in terms of epitopes, immunoglobulin subclasses, and somatic hypermutations. RESULTS Hybridoma cells derived from immunized mice with full-length mBP180 produced antibodies targeting the intracellular domain (IC) and the shed ectodomain (EC) of mBP180. Using the domain-deleted mBP180 recombinant protein, we revealed that monoclonal anti-mBP180 EC antibodies react to neoepitopes on the 13th collagenous region of cleaved mBP180, which corresponds to the epitopes of linear IgA bullous dermatosis antibodies in human BP180. Furthermore, the subclasses of these antibodies could be distinguished by epitope: The subclass of the anti-mBP180 IC monoclonal antibodies was IgG, whereas that of the anti-mBP180 EC antibodies was IgM. Of note, a clone of these IgM mBP180 EC antibodies was a germline antibody without somatic hypermutation, which is also known as a natural antibody. CONCLUSION These data suggest that mice potentially have natural antibodies targeting the neoepitopes of cleaved mBP180 EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Mai
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Izumi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Shoko Mai
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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2
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Bonavia A, Dominguez SR, Dveksler G, Gagneten S, Howard M, Jeffers S, Qian Z, Smith MK, Thackray LB, Tresnan DB, Wentworth DE, Wessner DR, Williams RK, Miura TA. Kathryn V. Holmes: A Career of Contributions to the Coronavirus Field. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071573. [PMID: 35891553 PMCID: PMC9315735 DOI: 10.3390/v14071573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two years, scientific research has moved at an unprecedented rate in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rapid development of effective vaccines and therapeutics would not have been possible without extensive background knowledge on coronaviruses developed over decades by researchers, including Kathryn (Kay) Holmes. Kay’s research team discovered the first coronavirus receptors for mouse hepatitis virus and human coronavirus 229E and contributed a wealth of information on coronaviral spike glycoproteins and receptor interactions that are critical determinants of host and tissue specificity. She collaborated with several research laboratories to contribute knowledge in additional areas, including coronaviral pathogenesis, epidemiology, and evolution. Throughout her career, Kay was an extremely dedicated and thoughtful mentor to numerous graduate students and post-doctoral fellows. This article provides a review of her contributions to the coronavirus field and her exemplary mentoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Bonavia
- Vaccine Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Samuel R. Dominguez
- Department of Pediatrics-Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Gabriela Dveksler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Sara Gagneten
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
| | - Megan Howard
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201, USA;
| | | | - Zhaohui Qian
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China;
| | | | - Larissa B. Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Dina B. Tresnan
- Safety Surveillance and Risk Management, Worldwide Safety, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA;
| | - David E. Wentworth
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Virology Surveillance and Diagnosis Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA;
| | - David R. Wessner
- Departments of Biology and Public Health, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA;
| | | | - Tanya A. Miura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-208-885-4940
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3
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IgG targeting distinct seasonal coronavirus- conserved SARS-CoV-2 spike subdomains correlates with differential COVID-19 disease outcomes. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110904. [PMID: 35617962 PMCID: PMC9108089 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite SARS-CoV-2 being a "novel" virus, early detection of anti-spike IgG in severe COVID-19 patients may be caused by the amplification of humoral memory responses against seasonal coronaviruses. Here, we examine this phenomenon by characterizing anti-spike IgG responses in non-hospitalized convalescent individuals across a spectrum of COVID-19 severity. We observe that disease severity positively correlates with anti-spike IgG levels, IgG cross-reactivity against other betacoronaviruses (β-CoVs), and FcγR activation. Analysis of IgG targeting β-CoV-conserved and non-conserved immunodominant epitopes within the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein revealed epitope-specific relationships: IgG targeting the conserved heptad repeat (HR) 2 region significantly correlates with milder disease, while targeting the conserved S2'FP region correlates with more severe disease. Furthermore, a lower HR2-to-S2'FP IgG-binding ratio correlates with greater disease severity, with ICU-hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing the lowest HR2/S2'FP ratios. These findings suggest that HR2/S2'FP IgG profiles may predict disease severity and offer insight into protective versus deleterious humoral recall responses.
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4
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Yu JL, Liu QY, Yang B, Sun YF, Wang YJ, Jiang J, Wang B, Cheng Y, Wang QB. Immunogenicity Analysis of the Recombinant Plasmodium falciparum Surface-Related Antigen in Mice. Pathogens 2022; 11:550. [PMID: 35631071 PMCID: PMC9145071 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, has received widespread attention owing to its severity. As a novel protein, P. falciparum surface-related antigen (PfSRA) has the structural and functional characteristics to be considered as a malaria vaccine candidate; however, limited information is available on its immunogenicity. Here, we expressed three fragments of recombinant PfSRA in an Escherichia coli system and further analyzed its immunogenicity. The results showed that rPfSRA-immunized mice produced specific antibodies with high endpoint titers (1:10,000 to 1:5,120,000) and affinity antibodies (i.e., rPfSRA-F1a (97.70%), rPfSRA-F2a (69.62%), and rPfSRA-F3a (91.87%)). In addition, the sera of immunized mice recognized both the native PfSRA and recombinant PfSRA, the rPfSRA antibodies inhibited the invasion of P. falciparum into the erythrocytes, and they were dose-dependent in vitro. This study confirmed PfSRA could be immunogenic, especially the F1a at the conserved region N-terminal and provided further support for it as a vaccine candidate against P.falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Yu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China; (J.-L.Y.); (B.Y.); (Y.-F.S.)
| | - Qing-Yang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi 9th Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (Wuxi 9th People’s Hospital), Wuxi 214000, China;
| | - Bo Yang
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China; (J.-L.Y.); (B.Y.); (Y.-F.S.)
| | - Yi-Fan Sun
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China; (J.-L.Y.); (B.Y.); (Y.-F.S.)
| | - Ya-Ju Wang
- Wuxi Red Cross Blood Center, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.-J.W.); (J.J.)
| | - Jian Jiang
- Wuxi Red Cross Blood Center, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.-J.W.); (J.J.)
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China;
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China; (J.-L.Y.); (B.Y.); (Y.-F.S.)
| | - Qiu-Bo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi 9th Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (Wuxi 9th People’s Hospital), Wuxi 214000, China;
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5
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Cell Entry of Animal Coronaviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101977. [PMID: 34696406 PMCID: PMC8540712 DOI: 10.3390/v13101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses and can cause deadly diseases in animals and humans. Cell entry is the first and essential step of successful virus infection and can be divided into two ongoing steps: cell binding and membrane fusion. Over the past two decades, stimulated by the global outbreak of SARS-CoV and pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, numerous efforts have been made in the CoV research. As a result, significant progress has been achieved in our understanding of the cell entry process. Here, we review the current knowledge of this essential process, including the viral and host components involved in cell binding and membrane fusion, molecular mechanisms of their interactions, and the sites of virus entry. We highlight the recent findings of host restriction factors that inhibit CoVs entry. This knowledge not only enhances our understanding of the cell entry process, pathogenesis, tissue tropism, host range, and interspecies-transmission of CoVs but also provides a theoretical basis to design effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to control CoVs infection.
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6
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Yang B, Liu H, Xu QW, Sun YF, Xu S, Zhang H, Tang JX, Zhu GD, Liu YB, Cao J, Cheng Y. Genetic Diversity Analysis of Surface-Related Antigen (SRA) in Plasmodium falciparum Imported From Africa to China. Front Genet 2021; 12:688606. [PMID: 34421996 PMCID: PMC8378275 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.688606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum surface-related antigen (SRA) is located on the surfaces of gametocyte and merozoite and has the structural and functional characteristics of potential targets for multistage vaccine development. However, little information is available regarding the genetic polymorphism of pfsra. To determine the extent of genetic variation about P. falciparum by characterizing the sra sequence, 74 P. falciparum samples were collected from migrant workers who returned to China from 12 countries of Africa between 2015 and 2019. The full length of the sra gene was amplified and sequenced. The average pairwise nucleotide diversities (π) of P. falciparum sra gene was 0.00132, and the haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.770. The average number of nucleotide differences (k) for pfsra was 3.049. The ratio of non-synonymous (dN) to synonymous (dS) substitutions across sites (dN/dS) was 1.365. Amino acid substitutions of P. falciparum SRA could be categorized into 35 unique amino acid variants. Neutrality tests showed that the polymorphism of PfSRA was maintained by positive diversifying selection, which indicated its role as a potential target of protective immune responses and a vaccine candidate. Overall, the ability of the N-terminal of PfSRA antibodies to evoke inhibition of merozoite invasion of erythrocytes and conserved amino acid at low genetic diversity suggest that the N-terminal of PfSRA could be evaluated as a vaccine candidate against P. falciparum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin-Wen Xu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yi-Fan Sun
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Sui Xu
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasite Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian-Xia Tang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasite Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Guo-Ding Zhu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasite Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Yao-Bao Liu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasite Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasite Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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7
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Sohrabi F, Saeidifard S, Ghasemi M, Asadishad T, Hamidi SM, Hosseini SM. Role of plasmonics in detection of deadliest viruses: a review. EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS 2021; 136:675. [PMID: 34178567 PMCID: PMC8214556 DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have threatened animal and human lives since a long time ago all over the world. Some of these tiny particles have caused disastrous pandemics that killed a large number of people with subsequent economic downturns. In addition, the quarantine situation itself encounters the challenges like the deficiency in the online educational system, psychiatric problems and poor international relations. Although viruses have a rather simple protein structure, they have structural heterogeneity with a high tendency to mutation that impedes their study. On top of the breadth of such worldwide worrying issues, there are profound scientific gaps, and several unanswered questions, like lack of vaccines or antivirals to combat these pathogens. Various detection techniques like the nucleic acid test, immunoassay, and microscopy have been developed; however, there is a tradeoff between their advantages and disadvantages like safety in sample collecting, invasiveness, sensitivity, response time, etc. One of the highly resolved techniques that can provide early-stage detection with fast experiment duration is plasmonics. This optical technique has the capability to detect viral proteins and genomes at the early stage via highly sensitive interaction between the biological target and the plasmonic chip. The efficiency of this technique could be proved using commercialized techniques like reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. In this study, we aim to review the role of plasmonic technique in the detection of 11 deadliest viruses besides 2 common genital viruses for the human being. This is a rapidly moving topic of research, and a review article that encompasses the current findings may be useful for guiding strategies to deal with the pandemics. By investigating the potential aspects of this technique, we hope that this study could open new avenues toward the application of point-of-care techniques for virus detection at early stage that may inhibit the progressively hygienic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foozieh Sohrabi
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajede Saeidifard
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Masih Ghasemi
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Asadishad
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Mehri Hamidi
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Vishwakarma P, Yadav N, Rizvi ZA, Khan NA, Chiranjivi AK, Mani S, Bansal M, Dwivedi P, Shrivastava T, Kumar R, Awasthi A, Ahmed S, Samal S. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein Based Novel Epitopes Induce Potent Immune Responses in vivo and Inhibit Viral Replication in vitro. Front Immunol 2021; 12:613045. [PMID: 33841395 PMCID: PMC8032902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.613045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) initiates infection by attachment of the surface-exposed spike glycoprotein to the host cell receptors. The spike glycoprotein (S) is a promising target for inducing immune responses and providing protection; thus the ongoing efforts for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and therapeutic developments are mostly spiraling around S glycoprotein. The matured functional spike glycoprotein is presented on the virion surface as trimers, which contain two subunits, such as S1 (virus attachment) and S2 (virus fusion). The S1 subunit harbors the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD). The RBD is responsible for binding to host-cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The NTD and RBD of S1, and the S2 of S glycoprotein are the major structural moieties to design and develop spike-based vaccine candidates and therapeutics. Here, we have identified three novel epitopes (20-amino acid peptides) in the regions NTD, RBD, and S2 domains, respectively, by structural and immunoinformatic analysis. We have shown as a proof of principle in the murine model, the potential role of these novel epitopes in-inducing humoral and cellular immune responses. Further analysis has shown that RBD and S2 directed epitopes were able to efficiently inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus in vitro suggesting their role as virus entry inhibitors. Structural analysis revealed that S2-epitope is a part of the heptad repeat 2 (HR2) domain which might have plausible inhibitory effects on virus fusion. Taken together, this study discovered novel epitopes that might have important implications in the development of potential SARS-CoV-2 spike-based vaccine and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Vishwakarma
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Naveen Yadav
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Naseem Ahmed Khan
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar Chiranjivi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Shailendra Mani
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Manish Bansal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Prabhanjan Dwivedi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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9
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Ricke DO. Two Different Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) Risks for SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640093. [PMID: 33717193 PMCID: PMC7943455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) disease severity and stages varies from asymptomatic, mild flu-like symptoms, moderate, severe, critical, and chronic disease. COVID-19 disease progression include lymphopenia, elevated proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils in lungs, immune dysregulation, cytokine storms, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), etc. Development of vaccines to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and other coronavirus has been difficult to create due to vaccine induced enhanced disease responses in animal models. Multiple betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 expand cellular tropism by infecting some phagocytic cells (immature macrophages and dendritic cells) via antibody bound Fc receptor uptake of virus. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) may be involved in the clinical observation of increased severity of symptoms associated with early high levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients. Infants with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19 may also have ADE caused by maternally acquired SARS-CoV-2 antibodies bound to mast cells. ADE risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 has implications for COVID-19 and MIS-C treatments, B-cell vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 antibody therapy, and convalescent plasma therapy for patients. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies bound to mast cells may be involved in MIS-C and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) following initial COVID-19 infection. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies bound to Fc receptors on macrophages and mast cells may represent two different mechanisms for ADE in patients. These two different ADE risks have possible implications for SARS-CoV-2 B-cell vaccines for subsets of populations based on age, cross-reactive antibodies, variabilities in antibody levels over time, and pregnancy. These models place increased emphasis on the importance of developing safe SARS-CoV-2 T cell vaccines that are not dependent upon antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell O. Ricke
- Biological and Chemical Technologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Biotechnology and Human Systems, Lexington, MA, United States
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10
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Amlabu E, Mensah-Brown H, Nyarko PB, Akuh OA, Opoku G, Ilani P, Oyagbenro R, Asiedu K, Aniweh Y, Awandare GA. Functional Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum Surface-Related Antigen as a Potential Blood-Stage Vaccine Target. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:778-790. [PMID: 29912472 PMCID: PMC6057521 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte invasion is a multistep process that involves a spectrum of interactions that are not well characterized. We have characterized a 113-kDa immunogenic protein, PF3D7_1431400 (PF14_0293), that possesses coiled-coil structures. The protein is localized on the surfaces of both merozoites and gametocytes, hence the name Plasmodium falciparum surface-related antigen (PfSRA). The processed 32-kDa fragment of PfSRA binds normal human erythrocytes with different sensitivities to enzyme treatments. Temporal imaging from initial attachment to internalization of viable merozoites revealed that a fragment of PfSRA, along with PfMSP119, is internalized after invasion. Moreover, parasite growth inhibition assays showed that PfSRA P1 antibodies potently inhibited erythrocyte invasion of both sialic acid–dependent and –independent parasite strains. Also, immunoepidemiological studies show that malaria-infected populations have naturally acquired antibodies against PfSRA. Overall, the results demonstrate that PfSRA has the structural and functional characteristics of a very promising target for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Amlabu
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra.,Department of Biochemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
| | - Henrietta Mensah-Brown
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
| | - Prince B Nyarko
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
| | - Ojo-Ajogu Akuh
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
| | - Grace Opoku
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
| | - Philip Ilani
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
| | - Richard Oyagbenro
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
| | - Kwame Asiedu
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
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11
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Larzábal M, Baldoni HA, Suvire FD, Curto LM, Gomez GE, Da Silva WM, Giudicessi SL, Camperi SA, Delfino JM, Cataldi AA, Enriz D. An inhibitory mechanism of action of coiled‐coil peptides against type three secretion system from enteropathogenicEscherichia coli. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3149. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hector A. Baldoni
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y FarmaciaUniversidad Nacional de San Luis San Luis Argentina
- IMASL‐CONICET San Luis Argentina
| | - Fernando D. Suvire
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y FarmaciaUniversidad Nacional de San Luis San Luis Argentina
- IMIBIO‐CONICET San Luis Argentina
| | - Lucrecia M. Curto
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química BiológicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires‐CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gabriela E. Gomez
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química BiológicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires‐CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | | | - Silvana L. Giudicessi
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de BiotecnologíaUniversidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
- CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Silvia A. Camperi
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de BiotecnologíaUniversidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
- CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Jose M. Delfino
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química BiológicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires‐CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | | | - Daniel Enriz
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y FarmaciaUniversidad Nacional de San Luis San Luis Argentina
- IMIBIO‐CONICET San Luis Argentina
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Lubell
- Editorial Board, Peptide Science , Département de chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Canada
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13
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Natural immune response to Plasmodium vivax alpha-helical coiled coil protein motifs and its association with the risk of P. vivax malaria. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28651021 PMCID: PMC5484505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein α-helical coiled coil structures are known to induce antibodies able to block critical functions in different pathogens. In a previous study, a total of 50 proteins of Plasmodium vivax erythrocytic asexual stages containing α-helical coiled coil structural motifs were identified in silico, and the corresponding peptides were chemically synthesized. A total of 43 peptides were recognized by naturally acquired antibodies in plasma samples from both Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Colombian adult donors. In this study, the association between IgG antibodies to these peptides and clinical immunity was further explored by measuring total IgG antibody levels to 24 peptides in baseline samples from a longitudinal study of children aged 1–3 years (n = 164) followed for 16 months. Samples were reactive to all peptides tested. Eight peptides were recognized by >50% of individuals, whereas only one peptide had < 20% reactivity. Children infected at baseline were seropositive to 23/24 peptides. No significant association was observed between antibody titers and age or molecular force of infection, suggesting that antibody levels had already reached an equilibrium. There was a strong association between antibody levels to all peptides and protection against P. vivax clinical episodes during the 16 months follow-up. These results suggest that the selected coiled coil antigens might be good markers of both exposure and acquired immunity to P. vivax malaria, and further preclinical investigation should be performed to determine their potential as P. vivax vaccine antigens.
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14
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Jiang Z, Gera L, Mant CT, Hirsch B, Yan Z, Shortt JA, Pollock DD, Qian Z, Holmes KV, Hodges RS. Platform technology to generate broadly cross-reactive antibodies to α-helical epitopes in hemagglutinin proteins from influenza A viruses. Biopolymers 2016; 106:144-159. [PMID: 26799790 PMCID: PMC7159342 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have utilized a de novo designed two‐stranded α‐helical coiled‐coil template to display conserved α‐helical epitopes from the stem region of hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins of influenza A. The immunogens have all the surface‐exposed residues of the native α‐helix in the native HA protein of interest displayed on the surface of the two‐stranded α‐helical coiled‐coil template. This template when used as an immunogen elicits polyclonal antibodies which bind to the α‐helix in the native protein. We investigated the highly conserved sequence region 421–476 of HA by inserting 21 or 28 residue sequences from this region into our template. The cross‐reactivity of the resulting rabbit polyclonal antibodies prepared to these immunogens was determined using a series of HA proteins from H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7, and H7N9 virus strains which are representative of Group 1 and Group 2 virus subtypes of influenza A. Antibodies from region 449–476 were Group 1 specific. Antibodies to region 421–448 showed the greatest degree of cross‐reactivity to Group 1 and Group 2 and suggested that this region has a great potential as a “universal” synthetic peptide vaccine for influenza A. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 144–159, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Lajos Gera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Colin T Mant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Brooke Hirsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045.,Flagship Biosciences, Westminster, CO, 80021
| | - Zhe Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045.,Molecular Cloning Laboratories (MCLAB), San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Jonathan A Shortt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - David D Pollock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Zhaohui Qian
- Institute of Pathogen Biology at Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Yi Zhuang DiShengBeiLu, BeiGongDa RuanJianYuan, Bldg#7, Beijing, 100176, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Kathryn V Holmes
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Robert S Hodges
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045
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15
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Céspedes N, Habel C, Lopez-Perez M, Castellanos A, Kajava AV, Servis C, Felger I, Moret R, Arévalo-Herrera M, Corradin G, Herrera S. Plasmodium vivax antigen discovery based on alpha-helical coiled coil protein motif. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100440. [PMID: 24959747 PMCID: PMC4069070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein α-helical coiled coil structures that elicit antibody responses, which block critical functions of medically important microorganisms, represent a means for vaccine development. By using bioinformatics algorithms, a total of 50 antigens with α-helical coiled coil motifs orthologous to Plasmodium falciparum were identified in the P. vivax genome. The peptides identified in silico were chemically synthesized; circular dichroism studies indicated partial or high α-helical content. Antigenicity was evaluated using human sera samples from malaria-endemic areas of Colombia and Papua New Guinea. Eight of these fragments were selected and used to assess immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. ELISA assays indicated strong reactivity of serum samples from individuals residing in malaria-endemic regions and sera of immunized mice, with the α-helical coiled coil structures. In addition, ex vivo production of IFN-γ by murine mononuclear cells confirmed the immunogenicity of these structures and the presence of T-cell epitopes in the peptide sequences. Moreover, sera of mice immunized with four of the eight antigens recognized native proteins on blood-stage P. vivax parasites, and antigenic cross-reactivity with three of the peptides was observed when reacted with both the P. falciparum orthologous fragments and whole parasites. Results here point to the α-helical coiled coil peptides as possible P. vivax malaria vaccine candidates as were observed for P. falciparum. Fragments selected here warrant further study in humans and non-human primate models to assess their protective efficacy as single components or assembled as hybrid linear epitopes.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/chemistry
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Circular Dichroism
- Computational Biology
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Databases, Genetic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genome, Protozoan
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Mice
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/immunology
- Plasmodium vivax/genetics
- Plasmodium vivax/immunology
- Protein Structure, Secondary
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Céspedes
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center (MVDC), Cali, Colombia
- School of Health, University of Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Catherine Habel
- Biochemistry Department, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Angélica Castellanos
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center (MVDC), Cali, Colombia
- Fundación Centro de Primates, Cali, Colombia
| | - Andrey V. Kajava
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoleculaire (CRBM) and Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- University ITMO, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Catherine Servis
- Biochemistry Department, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Remy Moret
- Hôpital Saint Camille, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Myriam Arévalo-Herrera
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center (MVDC), Cali, Colombia
- School of Health, University of Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Sócrates Herrera
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center (MVDC), Cali, Colombia
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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16
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Rusnati M, Chiodelli P, Bugatti A, Urbinati C. Bridging the past and the future of virology: surface plasmon resonance as a powerful tool to investigate virus/host interactions. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:238-60. [PMID: 24059853 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.826177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of antiviral drug research and development, viruses still remain a top global healthcare problem. Compared to eukaryotic cells, viruses are composed by a limited numbers of proteins that, nevertheless, set up multiple interactions with cellular components, allowing the virus to take control of the infected cell. Each virus/host interaction can be considered as a therapeutical target for new antiviral drugs but, unfortunately, the systematic study of a so huge number of interactions is time-consuming and expensive, calling for models overcoming these drawbacks. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a label-free optical technique to study biomolecular interactions in real time by detecting reflected light from a prism-gold film interface. Launched 20 years ago, SPR has become a nearly irreplaceable technology for the study of biomolecular interactions. Accordingly, SPR is increasingly used in the field of virology, spanning from the study of biological interactions to the identification of putative antiviral drugs. From the literature available, SPR emerges as an ideal link between conventional biological experimentation and system biology studies functional to the identification of highly connected viral or host proteins that act as nodal points in virus life cycle and thus considerable as therapeutical targets for the development of innovative antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rusnati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
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17
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Céspedes N, Vallejo A, Arévalo-Herrera M, Herrera S. Malaria vaccines: high-throughput tools for antigens discovery with potential for their development. Colomb Med (Cali) 2013; 44:121-8. [PMID: 24892459 PMCID: PMC4002024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease induced by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, which are transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes and represents a great socio-economic burden Worldwide. Plasmodium vivax is the second species of malaria Worldwide, but it is the most prevalent in Latin America and other regions of the planet. It is currently considered that vaccines represent a cost-effective strategy for controlling transmissible diseases and could complement other malaria control measures; however, the chemical and immunological complexity of the parasite has hindered development of effective vaccines. Recent availability of several genomes of Plasmodium species, as well as bioinformatic tools are allowing the selection of large numbers of proteins and analysis of their immune potential. Herein, we review recently developed strategies for discovery of novel antigens with potential for malaria vaccine development.
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18
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Moyle PM, Toth I. Modern subunit vaccines: development, components, and research opportunities. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:360-76. [PMID: 23316023 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccines, based on the administration of killed or attenuated microorganisms, have proven to be among the most effective methods for disease prevention. Safety issues related to administering these complex mixtures, however, prevent their universal application. Through identification of the microbial components responsible for protective immunity, vaccine formulations can be simplified, enabling molecular-level vaccine characterization, improved safety profiles, prospects to develop new high-priority vaccines (e.g. for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria), and the opportunity for extensive vaccine component optimization. This subunit approach, however, comes at the expense of decreased immunity, requiring the addition of immunostimulatory agents (adjuvants). As few adjuvants are currently used in licensed vaccines, adjuvant development represents an exciting area for medicinal chemists to play a role in the future of vaccine development. In addition, immune responses can be further customized though optimization of delivery systems, tuning the size of particulate vaccines, targeting specific cells of the immune system (e.g. dendritic cells), and adding components to aid vaccine efficacy in whole immunized populations (e.g. promiscuous T-helper epitopes). Herein we review the current state of the art and future direction in subunit vaccine development, with a focus on the described components and their potential to steer the immune response toward a desired response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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19
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Azoitei ML, Ban YEA, Julien JP, Bryson S, Schroeter A, Kalyuzhniy O, Porter JR, Adachi Y, Baker D, Pai EF, Schief WR. Computational design of high-affinity epitope scaffolds by backbone grafting of a linear epitope. J Mol Biol 2011; 415:175-92. [PMID: 22061265 PMCID: PMC7105911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Computational grafting of functional motifs onto scaffold proteins is a promising way to engineer novel proteins with pre-specified functionalities. Typically, protein grafting involves the transplantation of protein side chains from a functional motif onto structurally homologous regions of scaffold proteins. Using this approach, we previously transplanted the human immunodeficiency virus 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes onto heterologous proteins to design novel “epitope-scaffold” antigens. However, side-chain grafting is limited by the availability of scaffolds with compatible backbone for a given epitope structure and offers no route to modify backbone structure to improve mimicry or binding affinity. To address this, we report here a new and more aggressive computational method—backbone grafting of linear motifs—that transplants the backbone and side chains of linear functional motifs onto scaffold proteins. To test this method, we first used side-chain grafting to design new 2F5 epitope scaffolds with improved biophysical characteristics. We then independently transplanted the 2F5 epitope onto three of the same parent scaffolds using the newly developed backbone grafting procedure. Crystal structures of side-chain and backbone grafting designs showed close agreement with both the computational models and the desired epitope structure. In two cases, backbone grafting scaffolds bound antibody 2F5 with 30- and 9-fold higher affinity than corresponding side-chain grafting designs. These results demonstrate that flexible backbone methods for epitope grafting can significantly improve binding affinities over those achieved by fixed backbone methods alone. Backbone grafting of linear motifs is a general method to transplant functional motifs when backbone remodeling of the target scaffold is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai L Azoitei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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20
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Efficient activation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein by the transmembrane protease TMPRSS2. J Virol 2010; 84:12658-64. [PMID: 20926566 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01542-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) receptor, an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), does not strictly correlate with SARS-CoV cell tropism in lungs; therefore, other cellular factors have been predicted to be required for activation of virus infection. In the present study, we identified transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), whose expression does correlate with SARS-CoV infection in the upper lobe of the lung. In Vero cells expressing TMPRSS2, large syncytia were induced by SARS-CoV infection. Further, the lysosome-tropic reagents failed to inhibit, whereas the heptad repeat peptide efficiently inhibited viral entry into cells, suggesting that TMPRSS2 affects the S protein at the cell surface and induces virus-plasma membrane fusion. On the other hand, production of virus in TMPRSS2-expressing cells did not result in S-protein cleavage or increased infectivity of the resulting virus. Thus, TMPRSS2 affects the entry of virus but not other phases of virus replication. We hypothesized that the spatial orientation of TMPRSS2 vis-a-vis S protein is a key mechanism underling this phenomenon. To test this, the TMPRSS2 and S proteins were expressed in cells labeled with fluorescent probes of different colors, and the cell-cell fusion between these cells was tested. Results indicate that TMPRSS2 needs to be expressed in the opposing (target) cell membrane to activate S protein rather than in the producer cell, as found for influenza A virus and metapneumoviruses. This is the first report of TMPRSS2 being required in the target cell for activation of a viral fusion protein but not for the S protein synthesized in and transported to the surface of cells. Our findings suggest that the TMPRSS2 expressed in lung tissues may be a determinant of viral tropism and pathogenicity at the initial site of SARS-CoV infection.
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21
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Hearty S, Conroy PJ, Ayyar BV, Byrne B, O'Kennedy R. Surface plasmon resonance for vaccine design and efficacy studies: recent applications and future trends. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:645-64. [PMID: 20518719 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a clear correlation between design and protection continues to present a barrier to progress in vaccine research. In this article, we outline how surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors are emerging as tools to help resolve some of the key biophysical determinants of protection and, thereby, facilitate more rational vaccine design campaigns. SPR technology has contributed significantly to our understanding of the complex biophysical determinants of HIV neutralization and offers a platform for preclinical evaluation of vaccine candidates. In particular, the concept of reverse-engineering HIV vaccine targets based on known broadly neutralizing antibody modalities is explored and extended to include other infectious diseases, such as malaria and influenza, and other diseases such as cancer. The analytical capacity afforded by SPR includes serum screening to monitor immune responses and highly efficient quality-control surveillance measures. These are discussed alongside key technological advances, such as developments in sample throughput, and a perspective predicting continued growth and diversification of the role of SPR in vaccine development is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hearty
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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22
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Robson Marsden H, Kros A. Self-assembly of coiled coils in synthetic biology: inspiration and progress. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:2988-3005. [PMID: 20474034 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biological self-assembly is very complex and results in highly functional materials. In effect, it takes a bottom-up approach using biomolecular building blocks of precisely defined shape, size, hydrophobicity, and spatial distribution of functionality. Inspired by, and drawing lessons from self-assembly processes in nature, scientists are learning how to control the balance of many small forces to increase the complexity and functionality of self-assembled nanomaterials. The coiled-coil motif, a multipurpose building block commonly found in nature, has great potential in synthetic biology. In this review we examine the roles that the coiled-coil peptide motif plays in self-assembly in nature, and then summarize the advances that this has inspired in the creation of functional units, assemblies, and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Robson Marsden
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Robson Marsden H, Kros A. Selbstorganisation von Coiled-Coils in der synthetischen Biologie: Inspiration und Fortschritt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Pimentel TAPF, Yan Z, Jeffers SA, Holmes KV, Hodges RS, Burkhard P. Peptide nanoparticles as novel immunogens: design and analysis of a prototypic severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 73:53-61. [PMID: 19152635 PMCID: PMC2756483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus that cost nearly 800 lives. While there have been no recent outbreaks of the disease, the threat remains as SARS coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) like strains still exist in animal reservoirs. Therefore, the development of a vaccine against SARS is in grave need. Here, we have designed and produced a prototypic SARS vaccine: a self‐assembling polypeptide nanoparticle that repetitively displays a SARS B‐cell epitope from the C‐terminal heptad repeat of the virus’ spike protein. Biophysical analyses with circular dichroism, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering confirmed the computational design showing α‐helcial nanoparticles with sizes of about 25 nm. Immunization experiments with no adjuvants were performed with BALB/c mice. An investigation of the binding properties of the elicited antibodies showed that they were highly conformation specific for the coiled‐coil epitope because they specifically recognized the native trimeric conformation of C‐terminal heptad repeat region. Consequently, the antisera exhibited neutralization activity in an in vitro infection inhibition assay. We conclude that these peptide nanoparticles represent a promising platform for vaccine design, in particular for diseases that are characterized by neutralizing epitopes with coiled‐coil conformation such as SARS‐CoV or other enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tais A P F Pimentel
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
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25
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Recent antiviral strategies against human coronavirus-related respiratory illnesses. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2008; 14:248-53. [PMID: 18427249 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e3282f7646f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The main purpose of this review is to summarize the current research (2006-2007) concerning the development of novel anticoronaviral strategies and compounds. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research led to the identification of several novel agents inhibiting coronaviral replication. The most promising compounds include carbohydrate-binding agents, neutralizing antibodies and drugs targeting a coronaviral envelope protein. SUMMARY Although initial outbreaks of coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) were controlled by public health measures, the development of vaccines and antiviral agents for SARS-CoV is essential for improving control and treatment of future outbreaks. Four years after the SARS-CoV epidemic, several compounds with an anticoronaviral activity have been identified.
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26
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Villard V, Agak GW, Frank G, Jafarshad A, Servis C, Nébié I, Sirima SB, Felger I, Arevalo-Herrera M, Herrera S, Heitz F, Bäcker V, Druilhe P, Kajava AV, Corradin G. Rapid identification of malaria vaccine candidates based on alpha-helical coiled coil protein motif. PLoS One 2007; 2:e645. [PMID: 17653272 PMCID: PMC1920550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify malaria antigens for vaccine development, we selected alpha-helical coiled coil domains of proteins predicted to be present in the parasite erythrocytic stage. The corresponding synthetic peptides are expected to mimic structurally "native" epitopes. Indeed the 95 chemically synthesized peptides were all specifically recognized by human immune sera, though at various prevalence. Peptide specific antibodies were obtained both by affinity-purification from malaria immune sera and by immunization of mice. These antibodies did not show significant cross reactions, i.e., they were specific for the original peptide, reacted with native parasite proteins in infected erythrocytes and several were active in inhibiting in vitro parasite growth. Circular dichroism studies indicated that the selected peptides assumed partial or high alpha-helical content. Thus, we demonstrate that the bioinformatics/chemical synthesis approach described here can lead to the rapid identification of molecules which target biologically active antibodies, thus identifying suitable vaccine candidates. This strategy can be, in principle, extended to vaccine discovery in a wide range of other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Villard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - George W. Agak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Catherine Servis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Issa Nébié
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sodiomon B. Sirima
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | - Frederic Heitz
- CRBM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Volker Bäcker
- CRBM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Giampietro Corradin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2006 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:300-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yan Z, Tripet B, Hodges RS. Biophysical characterization of HRC peptide analogs interaction with heptad repeat regions of the SARS-coronavirus Spike fusion protein core. J Struct Biol 2006; 155:162-75. [PMID: 16765058 PMCID: PMC7129827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2006.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The Spike (S) protein of SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) mediates viral entry into host cells. It contains two heptad repeat regions, denoted HRN and HRC. We have identified the location of the two interacting HR regions that form the six-helix bundle (B. Tripet, et al, J. Biol. Chem., 279: 20836–20849, 2004). In this study, HRC peptide (1150–1185) was chosen as the region to make structure-based substitutions to design a series of HRC analogs with increased hydrophobicity, helical propensity and electrostatic interactions, or with a covalent constraint (lactam bridge) to stabilize the α-helical conformation. Effects of the substitutions on α-helical structure of HRC peptides and their abilities to interact with HRN or HRC have been examined by biophysical techniques. Our results show that the binding of the HRC analogs to HRN does not correlate with the coiled-coil stability of the HRC analogs, but their interactions with HRC does correlate with their stability, except for HRC7. This study also suggested three types of potential peptide inhibitors against viral entry can be designed, those that simultaneously inhibit interaction with HRC and HRN and those that are either HRC-specific or HRN-specific. For example, our study shows the important role of α-helical structure in the formation of the six-helix bundle where the lactam bridge constrained analog (HRC5) provided the best interaction with HRN. The importance of α-helical structure in the interaction with native HRC was demonstrated with analog HRC4 which binds best to HRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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