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Kim SJ, Moon J. Narrative Review of the Safety of Using Pigs for Xenotransplantation: Characteristics and Diagnostic Methods of Vertical Transmissible Viruses. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1181. [PMID: 38927388 PMCID: PMC11200752 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Amid the deepening imbalance in the supply and demand of allogeneic organs, xenotransplantation can be a practical alternative because it makes an unlimited supply of organs possible. However, to perform xenotransplantation on patients, the source animals to be used must be free from infectious agents. This requires the breeding of animals using assisted reproductive techniques, such as somatic cell nuclear transfer, embryo transfer, and cesarean section, without colostrum derived in designated pathogen-free (DPF) facilities. Most infectious agents can be removed from animals produced via these methods, but several viruses known to pass through the placenta are not easy to remove, even with these methods. Therefore, in this narrative review, we examine the characteristics of several viruses that are important to consider in xenotransplantation due to their ability to cross the placenta, and investigate how these viruses can be detected. This review is intended to help maintain DPF facilities by preventing animals infected with the virus from entering DPF facilities and to help select pigs suitable for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Kim
- Apures Co., Ltd., 44, Hansan-gil, Cheongbuk-eup, Pyeongtaek-si 17792, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joonho Moon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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2
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Unterweger C, Kreutzmann H, Buenger M, Klingler E, Auer A, Rümenapf T, Truyen U, Ladinig A. Litters of Various-Sized Mummies (LVSM) and Stillborns after Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Type 1 Infection-A Case Report. Vet Sci 2023; 10:494. [PMID: 37624281 PMCID: PMC10458132 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse origins and causes are described for papyraceous mummifications of porcine foetuses, but the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is not one of them. In contrast, PRRSV is unlikely to cause mid-term placental transmission but may cause late-term abortions and weakness of piglets. This case report describes a sudden occurrence of mummified foetuses of various sizes and stillborns and delayed birth (>115 days) in more than 50% of sows from one farrowing batch, while newborn piglets were mostly vital. Neither increased embryonic death nor infertility was reported. Three litters with mummies, autolysed piglets and stillborn piglets were investigated, and infections with porcine parvoviruses, porcine teschoviruses, porcine circoviruses, encephalomyocarditis virus, Leptospira spp. and Chlamydia spp. were excluded. Instead, high viral loads of PRRSV were detected in the thymus pools of piglets at all developmental stages, even in piglets with a crown-rump length between 80 and 150 mm, suggesting a potential mid-term in utero transmission of the virus. Genomic regions encoding structural proteins (ORF2-7) of the virus were sequenced and identified the virulent PRRSV-1 strain AUT15-33 as the closest relative. This case report confirms the diversity of PRRSV and its potential involvement in foetal death in mid-gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Unterweger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.K.); (M.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Heinrich Kreutzmann
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.K.); (M.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Moritz Buenger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.K.); (M.B.); (A.L.)
| | | | - Angelika Auer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (T.R.)
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (T.R.)
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.K.); (M.B.); (A.L.)
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Xu J, Liu X, Sun Y, Zhang D, Zhou H, Fan T. Bioinspired Photonic Microchip with Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Single Recognition of c-Myc Protein in Predictive Medical Diagnostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203227. [PMID: 37037193 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of trace c-Myc protein as the biomarker of ubiquitous cancers is critical in achieving predictive medical diagnostics. However, qualitative and quantitative detection of c-Myc protein with superior single selectivity and sensitivity is still challenging. Herein, a bioinspired photonic sensing microchip for single recognition of c-Myc protein is outlined with two synergistic aspects involving chemical and physical design criteria. Chemical design uses specific molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) with exquisite complementarity in its chemical functions and spatial geometries to targeted c-Myc protein, leading to excellent sensitivity and selectivity for single identification. Physical design involves optical geometrical double-reflection polarization rotation and multilayer interference of the fabricated periodic photonic architecture inspired by Papilio palinurus butterfly wings to enhance the spectral diversity of reflectance. Therefore, a one-of-a-kind sensing platform integrates the advantages of MIP and bioinspired photonic structure is demonstrated to actualize distinctive signal conversion and amplification for qualitative and quantitative detection of trace c-Myc protein, accompanied with superior sensitivity (detection limit is 0.014 µg mL-1 ), selectivity, stability, anti-interference ability as well as rapid response/recovery time. This sensor microchip uniquely ventures into the territory of functionally combining bioinspired photonic structure with MIP absorbers, proven promising for prevention or diagnosis of cancers in medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xianghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ya Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Han Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Future Materials Innovation Center, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tongxiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Uribe‐García HF, Suarez‐Mesa RA, Rondón‐Barragán IS. Survey of porcine circovirus type 2 and parvovirus in swine breeding herds of Colombia. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2451-2459. [PMID: 36137294 PMCID: PMC9677394 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the consequences of the presentation of reproductive failures in sows is the economic losses in production because it alters the estimated values of the volume of production, decreasing the productivity of the farm. Porcine circovirosis by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has been associated with reproductive disorders, and porcine parvovirus (PVP) is one of the pathological agents most related to the presentation of reproductive failure in pigs. In Colombia, there are reports of the presence of PCV2 through molecular techniques, and PVP through serum tests; however, in the department of Tolima, the prevalence of these two viruses is unknown. Objective In this study, the aim was to establish a report of the prevalence of viruses in five municipalities of the department of Tolima‐Colombia. Methods Blood samples from 150 breeding sows of five municipalities in Tolima, Colombia, were obtained. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect the PCV2 and PVP virus in the blood samples followed by PCR and sequencing of 16 PCR products of the amplification of the cap gene of PCV2. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to identify the genotype of the PCV2 virus. Results The presence of PCV2d in sows was detected in 135 samples (90%), as well as the identification of PVP in 2.6% of the samples. In addition, the phylogenetic analysis showed that 16 isolates were the PCV2d2 genotype. Conclusion PCV2d and PVP were found to coinfect the females, and the identification of variability in regions in the predicted amino acid sequence of the PCV2 capsid may be associated with virus pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinner F. Uribe‐García
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
| | - Rafael A. Suarez‐Mesa
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
| | - Iang S. Rondón‐Barragán
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
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5
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Rebollada-Merino A, Pérez-Sancho M, Rodríguez-Bertos A, García N, Martínez I, Navarro A, Domínguez L, García-Seco T. Environment and Offspring Surveillance in Porcine Brucellosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:915692. [PMID: 35799841 PMCID: PMC9253667 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.915692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine brucellosis, caused by Brucella suis (B. suis), is a notifiable disease causing significant economic losses in production systems. Most infected pigs may act as carriers and shed B. suis even if asymptomatic. This can contribute to environmental persistence, thus hindering control efforts. Here, the environment and the offspring were investigated during and after a B. suis outbreak at a sow breeding farm. The diagnosis of B. suis in sows (n = 1,140) was performed by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from vaginal swabs, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) from sera, and brucellin skin test (BST). B. suis diagnosis in post-weaning pigs (n = 899) was performed by I-ELISA in sera and BST. The environmental surveillance programme was implemented by placing gauze sponges (n = 175) pre-hydrated in a surfactant and inactivating liquid for Brucella DNA detection by PCR in different farm areas. Our results showed that the offspring of infected sows reacted to in vivo techniques for B. suis. Furthermore, the offspring born during the outbreak displayed higher seropositivity (I-ELISA) and reactivity (BST) than those pigs born after. Brucella DNA was detected in pregnant sow areas, boxes, boots, and post-weaning pig areas. In addition, Brucella DNA environmental detection was higher during the B. suis outbreak than the post B. suis outbreak. The environmental approach has proven to be a simple, practical, valuable, and safe method to detect and monitor B. suis. These results suggest a role of the environment and the offspring that should be considered in porcine brucellosis surveillance and control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Rebollada-Merino
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Sancho
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Pérez-Sancho
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea García
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Navarro
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa García-Seco
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Thuy NTD, Trung NT, Dung TQ, Khoa DVA, Thuy DTN, Opriessnig T. First investigation of the prevalence of parvoviruses in slaughterhouse pigs and genomic characterization of ungulate copiparvovirus 2 in Vietnam. Arch Virol 2021; 166:779-788. [PMID: 33433693 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ungulate protoparvovirus 1, also known as porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1), is considered to be one of the major causes of reproductive failure in pig breeding herds. Other parvoviruses have also been identified in pigs, including ungulate tetraparvovirus 3, or PPV2, ungulate tetraparvovirus 2, or PPV3, and ungulate copiparvovirus 2, or PPV4, but their significance for pigs is unknown. In the present study, the prevalence of PPV1-4 was investigated using a total of 231 lung and serum samples collected from slaughterhouses in 13 provinces throughout Vietnam. The overall prevalence was 54.5% (126/231) for PPV1, 28.0% (65/231) for PPV2, 17.7% (41/231) for PPV3, and 7.8% (18/231) for PPV4. While PPV1 and PPV2 were found in 11 provinces, PPV4 was detected in only three provinces. Co-circulation of PPV1, PPV2 and PPV3 was frequently observed, with PPV1/PPV2 coinfection predominating, with 20.8% (48/231). All four PPVs were detected together in only one sample from Thua Thien Hue. Three nearly complete PPV4 genome sequences of 5,453 nt were determined and deposited in the GenBank database. Alignment and comparison of the three genome sequences showed 99.5-99.6% nucleotide sequence identity, and the deduced amino acid sequences of open reading frames 1-3 were 99.6-99.9% identical to each other, 98.9-99.3% identical to those of other Vietnamese strains and 99.4-99.7% identical to those of Chinese strains). Phylogenetic analysis further confirmed a close relationship between Vietnamese and Chinese PPV4 strains. These results are the first to report the prevalence of PPV1, PPV2, PPV3, and PPV4 and nearly complete genomic sequences of PPV4 in pigs from slaughterhouses in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Dieu Thuy
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | | | - Tran Quoc Dung
- Institute of Biotechnology, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam.,University of Education, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | | | - Dinh Thi Ngoc Thuy
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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7
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Lagan Tregaskis P, Staines A, Gordon A, Sheridan P, McMenamy M, Duffy C, Collins PJ, Mooney MH, Lemon K. Co-infection status of novel parvovirus's (PPV2 to 4) with porcine circovirus 2 in porcine respiratory disease complex and porcine circovirus-associated disease from 1997 to 2012. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1979-1994. [PMID: 32969579 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As global pig health diseases, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) generate substantial economic losses despite pigs been vaccinated against the primary causative virus, highlighting the importance of understanding virome interactions and specifically co-factor infections. Established primary endemic pathogens for PRDC include porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) and swine influenza virus (SIV), and PCV2 aetiology in interaction with other co-infecting viruses can result in PCVAD. Porcine parvovirus (PPV) 1 is a well-characterized virus with an available vaccine preventing reproductive failure in sows. However, whilst novel PPV 2 to 7 viruses have been identified since 2001, their viral pathogenic potential in clinical and subclinical disease remains to be determined. Therefore, this study has sought to develop a better understanding of their potential role as associated co-infections in PRDC and PCVAD by examining archival samples for the presence of PCV2 and the novel parvoviruses PPV2-4 from clinically diseased pigs across production age stages. Epidemiologically, the novel PPV2 was found to be the most prevalent within the fattener age group with PPV2-4 statistically associated with pig respiratory disease and enteric ulcers. Additionally, statistical modelling by latent class analysis (LCA) on veterinary pathology scored pigs found a clustering co-factor association between PPV2 and PCV2, suggesting the novel PPV may be involved in PRDC and PCVAD. Phylogenetic analysis of novel PPVs revealed the PPV2 capsid evolution to be diverged from the original strains with a low nucleotide homology of 88%-96% between two distinct clades. These findings determine that novel PPV 2-4 viruses are statistically associated as co-infectors in a diseased pig population, and significantly detected PPV2 clustering co-infection frequency with PCV2 in PRDC and PCVAD diseased pigs through LCA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lagan Tregaskis
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Anthony Staines
- Department of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Gordon
- Statistical Services Branch, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Pauline Sheridan
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Michael McMenamy
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Catherine Duffy
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - P J Collins
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Mark H Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ken Lemon
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
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8
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Deng S, Zhiyong H, Mengjiao Z, Shuangqi F, Jingyuan Z, Yunzhen H, Hailuan X, Jinding C. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of a new Porcine parvovirus strain GD2013 in China. J Virol Methods 2019; 275:113748. [PMID: 31605714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV), a causative agent of an infectious reproductive disorder causing stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility (SMEDI) syndrome in swine, is a threat to both domestic pigs and wild boars regardless of age and gender. Recent studies found that the observed average substitution rate in the PPV genome was close to those of the RNA viruses and new strains showing serological neutralization activities different from that of the vaccine strain NADL-2 have been reported. These observations have increased the need for the development of new commercial vaccine strains. In this study, a new PPV strain, GD2013, was isolated from Guangdong, China, and its entire genome sequenced. A phylogenetic tree based on the complete coding region of the genomes of 32 PPV strains was constructed using the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. The results showed that strain GD2013 fell into the same phylogenetic cluster as the classical vaccine strains NADL-2 and POVCAP, suggesting a close relationship to the vaccine strains. Multiple sequence alignments and amino acid mutation analyses of the PPV VP2 gene revealed a new amino acid polymorphism site at Thr45 on VP2 that could be used to identify low virulence strains as vaccine candidates. Selective pressure analysis of the NS1 and VP2 genes by calculating the mean rates of non-synonymous substitutions (dN) over synonymous substitutions (dS) implied that both of these genes were under negative selection. Therefore, by using phylogenetic and amino acid mutation analyses, a likely candidate strain suitable for evaluation as an attenuated vaccine strain was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Han Zhiyong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhu Mengjiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fan Shuangqi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhang Jingyuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Huang Yunzhen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xu Hailuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chen Jinding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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9
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Zhang L, Wang Z, Zhang J, Luo X, Du Q, Chang L, Zhao X, Huang Y, Tong D. Porcine parvovirus infection impairs progesterone production in luteal cells through mitogen-activated protein kinases, p53, and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis†. Biol Reprod 2018; 98:558-569. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomao Luo
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Chang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dewen Tong
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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10
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Darbellay J, Cox B, Lai K, Delgado-Ortega M, Wheler C, Wilson D, Walker S, Starrak G, Hockley D, Huang Y, Mutwiri G, Potter A, Gilmour M, Safronetz D, Gerdts V, Karniychuk U. Zika Virus Causes Persistent Infection in Porcine Conceptuses and may Impair Health in Offspring. EBioMedicine 2017; 25:73-86. [PMID: 29097124 PMCID: PMC5704061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Outcomes of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnant women vary from the birth of asymptomatic offspring to abnormal development and severe brain lesions in fetuses and infants. There are concerns that offspring affected in utero and born without apparent symptoms may develop mental illnesses. Therefore, animal models are important to test interventions against in utero infection and health sequelae in symptomatic and likely more widespread asymptomatic offspring. To partially reproduce in utero infection in humans, we directly inoculated selected porcine conceptuses with ZIKV. Inoculation resulted in rapid trans-fetal infections, persistent infection in conceptuses, molecular pathology in fetal brains, fetal antibody and type I interferon responses. Offspring infected in utero showed ZIKV in their fetal membranes collected after birth. Some in utero affected piglets were small, depressed, had undersized brains, and showed seizures. Some piglets showed potentially increased activity. Our data suggest that porcine model of persistent in utero ZIKV infection has a strong potential for translational research and can be used to test therapeutic interventions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Darbellay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Brian Cox
- Department of Physiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lai
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Mario Delgado-Ortega
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Colette Wheler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Donald Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Stewart Walker
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Gregory Starrak
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Duncan Hockley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Yanyun Huang
- Prairie Diagnostic Services, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - George Mutwiri
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrew Potter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Matthew Gilmour
- Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Uladzimir Karniychuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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11
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Perspectives on the Evolution of Porcine Parvovirus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080196. [PMID: 28933737 PMCID: PMC5580453 DOI: 10.3390/v9080196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is one of the main causes of porcine reproductive failure. It is important for swine industries to understand the recent trends in PPV evolution. Previous data show that PPV has two genetic lineages originating in Germany. In this study, two more genetic lineages were defined, one of which was distinctly Asian. Additionally, amino acid substitutions in European strains and Asian strains showed distinct differences in several regions of the VP2 gene. The VP1 gene of the recent PPV isolate (T142_South Korea) was identical to that of Kresse strain isolated in the USA in 1985, indicating that modern PPV strains now resemble the original strains (Kresse and NADL-2). In this study, we compared strains isolated in the 20th century to recent isolates and confirmed the trend that modern strains are becoming more similar to previous strains.
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Wang JC, Liu LB, Han QA, Wang JF, Yuan WZ. An exo probe-based recombinase polymerase amplification assay for the rapid detection of porcine parvovirus. J Virol Methods 2017; 248:145-147. [PMID: 28690087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), an isothermal amplification technology, has been developed as an alternative to PCR in pathogen detection. A real-time RPA assay (rt-RPA) was developed to detect the porcine parvovirus (PPV) using primers and exo probe specific for the VP2 gene. The amplification was performed at 39°C for 20min. There was no cross-reaction with other pathogens tested. Using the recombinant plasmid pPPV-VP2 as template, the analytical sensitivity was 103 copies. The assay performance was evaluated by testing 115 field samples by rt-RPA and a real-time PCR assay. The diagnostic agreement between assays was 100%, and PPV DNA was detected in 94 samples. The R2 value of rt-RPA and real-time PCR was 0.909 by linear regression analysis. The developed rt-RPA assay provides a useful alternative tool for rapid, simple and reliable detection of PPV in diagnostic laboratories and at point-of-care, especially in remote and rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Chang Wang
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Li-Bing Liu
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Qing-An Han
- Hebei Animal Disease Control Center, Shijiazhuang 050050, China
| | - Jin-Feng Wang
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Wan-Zhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
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Yang Y, Qin X, Zhang W, Li Y, Zhang Z. Rapid and specific detection of porcine parvovirus by isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification assays. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:300-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Molecular Detection of Pseudorabies Virus (PrV), Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) and Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) in Swine in Republic of Montenegro. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/acve-2016-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The presence of pseudorabies virus (PrV), porcine parvovirus (PPV) and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) was examined in sixty samples (spleen and lymph nodes) and thirty samples of sacral ganglia collected from non-vaccinated swine by virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using PCR method PrV was detected in three samples, PPV in seven samples and six samples were found positive for PCV2. The phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of three PrV isolates identified in this study showed high similarity and significant clustering within the PrV genotype I strains such as Kaplan and Bartha isolated from pigs in Hungary, strain Becker isolated in USA and strain Kolchis isolated in Greece. The nucleotide sequences of two PPV isolates showed high level of similarity with the strain Challenge isolated from pigs in UK, strain Kresse isolated in USA and strains 77 and LZ isolated in China. The phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of two PCV2 isolates showed high level of similarity and significant clustering within genotype PCV2b strains such as NIVS-3, NIVS-5 and NIVS-6 isolated in Serbia, strain 3959 isolated in Austria, strain PM165 isolated from pigs in Brasil, and strain XT2008 isolated in China. The results of our study present the molecular characterization of PrV, PPV and PCV2 identified in swine in Republic of Montenegro. Besides that, these results confirmed that PCR is a very useful method for rapid detection of these viruses in subclinically infected swine.
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15
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Zhao X, Xiang H, Bai X, Fei N, Huang Y, Song X, Zhang H, Zhang L, Tong D. Porcine parvovirus infection activates mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway by inducing ROS accumulation. Virol J 2016; 13:26. [PMID: 26880103 PMCID: PMC4755023 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection primarily causes reproductive failure of pregnant swine and results in host cell death. Boars, as an important disseminator, shed PPV to sows via semen. PPV infects and numerously replicates in boar testicle, which results in damage of swine testicle in vivo. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a mediator of cell apoptosis, play a crucial role in the mitochondria apoptotic pathway. However, whether PPV infection induces ST cells apoptosis and ROS accumulation is still unclear. Methods To determine the effects of PPV infection on the apoptosis, we detected morphological changes, DNA ladder, activities of caspases, and expression of PARP in PPV-infected ST cells. Moreover, aiming to investigate the effect of PPV infection on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and ROS accumulation, we detected the Δψm, apoptosis-related genes, and ROS. To investigate the role of ROS in the process of PPV-induced apoptosis, the ST cells were infected with PPV and treated with the ROS antioxidants. The ROS level was measured using Reactive Oxygen Species Assay Kit and the Δψm, expression level of Bcl-2, translocation of Bax, and redistribution of mitochondria cytochrome c were tested. Results In this study, we demonstrated that PPV infection could induce apoptosis that was characterized by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and activation of caspases. Moreover, PPV infection suppressed Bcl-2 expression, enhanced Bax expression and translocation to mitochondria, decreased the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and triggered the release of cytochrome c, which caused the subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and initiation of apoptosis. However, during the process of PPV-induced apoptosis, the protein levels of Fas and FasL were not affected. Further studies showed that PPV infection caused ROS accumulation. Inhibition of ROS could reduce mitochondrial transmembrane potential and could significantly block ST cells apoptosis via suppressing Bax translocation, cytochrome c and caspase-3 activation. Conclusions All these results suggest that PPV-induced ROS accumulation mediates apoptosis in ST cells, which provided theoretical basis for the molecular pathogenesis of PPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hailing Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Naijiao Fei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangjun Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongling Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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16
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McKillen J, McNair I, Lagan P, McKay K, McClintock J, Casement V, Charreyre C, Allan G. Reproduction of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome in an animal disease model as a tool for vaccine testing under controlled conditions. Res Vet Sci 2016; 105:143-52. [PMID: 27033924 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Snatch farrowed, colostrum deprived piglets were inoculated with different combinations of porcine circovirus 2, porcine parvovirus and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae candidate vaccines. 10 piglets were mock-vaccinated. Following virus challenge with a combined porcine circovirus 2/porcine parvovirus inoculum, all animals were monitored and samples taken for serology, immunohistochemistry and qPCR. At 24 dpc all non-vaccinated animals remaining were exhibiting signs of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome which was confirmed by laboratory analysis. Details of the study, analysis of samples and performance of the candidate vaccines are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- John McKillen
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom.
| | - Irene McNair
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Lagan
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - Karen McKay
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - Julie McClintock
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Casement
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gordon Allan
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
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17
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Streck AF, Hergemöller F, Rüster D, Speck S, Truyen U. A TaqMan qPCR for quantitation of Ungulate protoparvovirus 1 validated in several matrices. J Virol Methods 2015; 218:46-50. [PMID: 25779824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ungulate protoparvovirus 1 (UPV1) is one of the major causes of reproductive disorders in swine. Recently, the rapid viral evolution of UPV1 and its viral persistence in several tissues has been described. Based upon this, a real-time qPCR method using upgraded primers targeting VP1 and applying the TaqMan technology was developed in this study for UPV1, and it was validated in feces, serum and tissue. Within the results, the limit of detection of the qPCR was 100copies of the viral genome per reaction of serum and feces and 1000copies of the viral genome per reaction of the grinded tissue (pre-inoculated matrices with diluted serially viruses). No cross reactivity was observed with other viruses associated with reproductive disorders. The assay was specific and reproducible, presenting low intra- and inter-assay variation (0.93% and 1.06%, respectively). In 50 clinical samples, the method was found to be more sensitive than immunofluorescence and a SYBR Green PCR. In conclusion, this qPCR represents an upgraded and useful tool to quantify UPV1 in different sample matrices for diagnostic and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Felipe Streck
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rio Grande do Sul Federal University, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Francine Hergemöller
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dana Rüster
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Speck
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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18
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Ramesh kumar D, Sanjuktha M, Rajan J, Ananda Bharathi R, Santiago T, Alavandi S, Poornima M. Development of SYBR Green based real time PCR assay for detection of monodon baculovirus in Penaeus monodon. J Virol Methods 2014; 205:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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19
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Ladinig A, Wilkinson J, Ashley C, Detmer SE, Lunney JK, Plastow G, Harding JCS. Variation in fetal outcome, viral load and ORF5 sequence mutations in a large scale study of phenotypic responses to late gestation exposure to type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96104. [PMID: 24756023 PMCID: PMC3996001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of extensive research, the mechanisms of reproductive disease associated with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv) are still poorly understood. The objectives of this large scale study were to evaluate associations between viral load and fetal preservation, determine the impact of type 2 PRRSv on fetal weights, and investigate changes in ORF5 PRRSv genome in dams and fetuses during a 21-day period following challenge. At gestation day 85 (±1), 114 gilts were experimentally infected with type 2 PRRSv, while 19 gilts served as reference controls. At necropsy, fetuses were categorized according to their preservation status and tissue samples were collected. PRRSv RNA concentrations were measured in gilt serum collected on days 0, 2, 6, and 21 post-infection, as well as in gilt and fetal tissues collected at termination. Fetal mortality was 41±22.8% in PRRS infected litters. Dead fetuses appeared to cluster in some litters but appeared solitary or random in others. Nine percent of surviving piglets were meconium-stained. PRRSv RNA concentration in fetal thymus, fetal serum and endometrium differed significantly across preservation category and was greatest in tissues of meconium-stained fetuses. This, together with the virtual absence of meconium staining in non-infected litters indicates it is an early pathological condition of reproductive PRRS. Viral load in fetal thymus and in fetal serum was positively associated with viral load in endometrium, suggesting the virus exploits dynamic linkages between individual maternal-fetal compartments. Point mutations in ORF5 sequences from gilts and fetuses were randomly located in 20 positions in ORF5, but neither nucleotide nor amino acid substitutions were associated with fetal preservation. PRRSv infection decreased the weights of viable fetuses by approximately 17%. The considerable variation in gilt and fetal outcomes provides tremendous opportunity for more detailed investigations of potential mechanisms and single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with fetal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ladinig
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Jamie Wilkinson
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carolyn Ashley
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Susan E. Detmer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joan K. Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Graham Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John C. S. Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Gwyther CL, Jones DL, Golyshin PN, Edwards-Jones G, McKillen J, McNair I, McDonald JE, Williams AP. Bioreduction of sheep carcasses effectively contains and reduces pathogen levels under operational and simulated breakdown conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5267-5275. [PMID: 23590844 DOI: 10.1021/es400183z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Options for the storage and disposal of animal carcasses are extremely limited in the EU after the introduction of the EU Animal By-products Regulations (ABPR; EC/1774/2002), leading to animosity within the livestock sector and the call for alternative methods to be validated. Novel storage technologies such as bioreduction may be approved under the ABPR provided that they can be shown to prevent pathogen proliferation. We studied the survival of Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella spp., E. coli O157 and porcine parvovirus in bioreduction vessels containing sheep carcasses for approximately 4 months. The vessels were operated under two different scenarios: (A) where the water within was aerated and heated to 40 °C, and (B) with no aeration or heating, to simulate vessel failure. Microbial analysis verified that pathogens were contained within the bioreduction vessel and indeed reduced in numbers with time under both scenarios. This study shows that bioreduction can provide an effective and safe on-farm storage system for livestock carcasses prior to ultimate disposal. The findings support a review of the current regulatory framework so that bioreduction is considered for approval for industry use within the EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri L Gwyther
- School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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21
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Dias A, Gerber P, Araújo A, Auler P, Gallinari G, Lobato Z. Lack of antibody protection against Porcine circovirus 2 and Porcine parvovirus in naturally infected dams and their offspring. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:341-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Kohn LK, Queiroga CL, Martini MC, Barata LE, Porto PSS, Souza L, Arns CW. In vitro antiviral activity of Brazilian plants (Maytenus ilicifolia and Aniba rosaeodora) against bovine herpesvirus type 5 and avian metapneumovirus. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:1269-1275. [PMID: 22873798 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.673627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Medicinal plants are well known for their use in traditional folk medicine as treatments for many diseases including infectious diseases. OBJECTIVE Six Brazilian medicinal plant species were subjected to an antiviral screening bioassay to investigate and evaluate their biological activities against five viruses: bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), murine hepatitis virus type 3, porcine parvovirus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antiviral activity was determined by a titration technique that depends on the ability of plant extract dilutions (25 or 2.5 µg/mL) to inhibit the viral induced cytopathic effect and the extracts' inhibition percentage (IP). RESULTS Two medicinal plant species showed potential antiviral activity. The Aniba rosaeodora Ducke (Lauraceae) extract had the best results, with 90% inhibition of viral growth at 2.5 µg/mL when the extract was added during the replication period of the aMPV infection cycle. The Maytenus ilicifolia (Schrad.) Planch. (Celastraceae) extracts at a concentration of 2.5 µg/mL exhibited antiviral activity during the attachment phase of BHV-5 (IP = 100%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The biomonitored fractionation of the active extracts from M. ilicifolia and A. rosaeodora could be a potential tool for identifying their active compounds and determining the exact mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Kohn
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas – Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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de Castro AMMG, Cruz TF, Salgado VR, Kanashiro TM, Ferrari KL, Araujo JP, Brandão PE, Richtzenhain LJ. Detection of porcine circovirus genotypes 2a and 2b in aborted foetuses from infected swine herds in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:29. [PMID: 22554105 PMCID: PMC3434114 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been associated with several disease complexes, including reproductive failure. The aim of this study was to identify the subtypes of PCV2 that are associated with reproductive failure in pigs from the State of São Paulo, Brazil and to investigate co-infections with other infectious organisms. Findings Samples of 168 aborted foetuses or mummified foetuses from five farrow-to-finish swine farms known to be infected with PCV2 and located in the State of São Paulo were tested for PCV2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive samples were additionally tested for porcine parvovirus (PPV), Leptospira spp. and Brucella spp. by PCR. PCV2 was detected in 18 of the samples (10.7%). PPV, Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp were found in 2, 10 and 0 cases, respectively. Eleven PCV2 strains were sequenced and determined to be either genotype 2a (n = 1) or 2b (n = 10). Conclusions The findings indicate that the frequency of PCV2 infections in aborted porcine foetuses from the State of São Paulo is rather low (10.7%) and that co-infection with other pathogens is common and may be involved in PCV2 associated reproductive failure. No repeatable, characteristic amino acid motifs for regions of the PCV2 capsid protein seemed to be associated with abortion in sows.
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Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) isolate PPV2010 has recently emerged in China. Herein, we analyze the complete genome sequence of PPV2010. Our results indicate that the genome of PPV2010 bears mixed characteristics of virulent PPV and vaccine strains. Importantly, PPV2010 has the potential to be a naturally attenuated candidate vaccine strain.
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McKillen J, McNeilly F, Duffy C, McMenamy M, McNair I, Hjertner B, Millar A, McKay K, Lagan P, Adair B, Allan G. Isolation in cell cultures and initial characterisation of two novel bocavirus species from swine in Northern Ireland. Vet Microbiol 2011; 152:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Genetic elements in the VP region of porcine parvovirus are critical to replication efficiency in cell culture. J Virol 2011; 85:3025-9. [PMID: 21209104 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02215-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors controlling porcine parvovirus (PPV) replication efficiency are poorly characterized. Two prototype strains of PPV, NADL-2 and Kresse, differ greatly in pathogenic capacity both in vivo and in vitro, yet their genomic sequence is nearly identical (13 single-nucleotide substitutions and a 127-nucleotide noncoding repeated sequence). We have created a series of chimeras of these strains to identify the genetic elements involved in replication efficiency in the host porcine cell line. While the capsid proteins ultimately determine viral replication fitness, interaction between the NS1 protein and the VP gene occurs and involves interaction with the noncoding repeated sequence.
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27
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Song C, Zhu C, Zhang C, Cui S. Detection of porcine parvovirus using a taqman-based real-time pcr with primers and probe designed for the NS1 gene. Virol J 2010; 7:353. [PMID: 21126330 PMCID: PMC3014914 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A TaqMan-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was devised for the detection of porcine parvovirus (PPV). Two primers and a TaqMan probe for the non-structural protein NS1 gene were designed. The detection limit was 1 × 102 DNA copies/μL, and the assay was linear in the range of 1 × 102 to 1 × 109 copies/μL. There was no cross-reaction with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), or Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The assay was specific and reproducible. In 41 clinical samples, PPV was detected in 32 samples with the real-time PCR assay and in only 11 samples with a conventional PCR assay. The real-time assay using the TaqMan-system can therefore be practically used for studying the epidemiology and management of PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Song
- Division of Swine Infectious Disease, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of CAAS, Harbin, China 150001
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Development of SYBR green-based real-time PCR and duplex nested PCR assays for quantitation and differential detection of species- or type-specific porcine Torque teno viruses. J Virol Methods 2010; 170:140-6. [PMID: 20863859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Torque teno virus (TTV), a single-stranded circular DNA virus, has been incriminated in swine diseases recently. Multiple infection with porcine TTV species 1 (PTTV1) and species 2 (PTTV2), each consisting of two types (PTTV1a and 1b) or subtypes (PTTV2b and 2c), in a single pig had been reported by our group previously. The present study described three novel assays for quantitation and differential detection of porcine TTV. First, we developed two SYBR green-based real-time PCR assays to quantify viral loads of two porcine TTV species, respectively. The PTTV1- and PTTV2-specific real-time PCR primer sequences were selected to target conserved regions identified by multiple alignments of ten available porcine TTV full-length genomes. Furthermore, by coupling the two singleplex PCR assays, a duplex real-time PCR assay followed by melting curve analysis was established for simultaneous detection and differentiation of PTTV1 and PTTV2. In addition, a type-specific duplex nested PCR was also developed to simultaneously detect and distinguish between the two types, PTTV1a and 1b, in PTTV1 species. These assays provide rapid and practical tools for molecular diagnosis of species- or type-specific porcine TTV.
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Multiple pathways involved in porcine parvovirus cellular entry and trafficking toward the nucleus. J Virol 2010; 84:7782-92. [PMID: 20484503 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00479-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a major cause of reproductive failure in swine. The mechanisms implicated in the first steps of infection that lead to the delivery of the PPV genome to the nucleus are poorly understood. In the present work, a panel of chemical inhibitors was used to dissect the cellular mechanisms involved in establishing a PPV infection. The results demonstrated that following binding to sialic acids on cell surface glycoproteins, the virus used both clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis pathways to gain access into cells. Virus obtained from infected cells was present either as isolated particles or as aggregates, and these two forms could be separated by low-speed centrifugation. Isolated and purified particles strongly preferred entry by clathrin-mediated endocytosis, whereas aggregates clearly favored macropinocytosis. Subsequent endosomal acidification and traffic to the late endosomes were also shown to be essential for infection. The microtubule network was found to be important during the first 10 h of infection, whereas an intact actin network was required for almost the whole viral cycle. Proteasome processing was found to be essential, and capsid proteins were ubiquitinated relatively early during infection. Taken together, these results provided new insights into the first steps of PPV infection, including the use of alternative entry pathways, unique among members of this viral family.
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Dual heterologous porcine circovirus genogroup 2a/2b infection induces severe disease in germ-free pigs. Vet Microbiol 2010; 145:209-19. [PMID: 20409649 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our primary objectives were to determine: the relative virulence of porcine circovirus (PCV) 2a and PCV2b, if heterologous infection induces severe illness, and the relative concentration of PCV2a and PCV2b in tissues of heterologously infected pigs. In experiment 1, 18 germ-free piglets served as controls or were infected with PCV2a or PCV2b. Half were immune stimulated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (2aKLH, 2bKLH). No piglets demonstrated severe illness. Lesion severity did not differ, but PCV2 capsid staining was more intense in 2a- than 2b-infected pigs (P<.05). In experiment 2, 20 germ-free piglets were dual inoculated 7 days apart with PCV2a and PCV2b (2a2b, 2b2a), PCV2b twice (2b2b), or PCV2a (2a2a) twice. Five of 9 heterologous-infected pigs developed severe illness. All heterologously infected pigs demonstrated ascites or edema, and 8/9 developed thymic atrophy. By contrast, 1 of 5 2b2b-infected pigs developed bronchopneumonia and pleural effusion. No 2a2a-infected pig developed illness. Gross lesions were more severe in heterologously infected pigs than in 2b2b pigs (P<.05), and were more severe in 2b2b than 2a2a pigs (P<.05). PCV2 capsid staining intensity did not differ by group. In heterologously infected pigs, higher levels of PCV2 DNA reflective of the first inoculum compared to the second were found in mesenteric lymph node (P=.04), spleen (P=.004) and liver (P=.04). These results indicate that dual heterologous PCV2a/2b inoculation 7 days apart may induce severe clinical illness, but PCV2a and PCV2b when administered singularly or in combination with KLH appear to be of equivalent virulence.
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Liu D, Wang X, Ge J, Liu S, Li Y. Comparison of the immune responses induced by oral immunization of mice with Lactobacillus casei-expressing porcine parvovirus VP2 and VP2 fused to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit protein. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 34:73-81. [PMID: 20226529 PMCID: PMC7112623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The major structural protein VP2 of porcine parvovirus (PPV) was used as the model parvovirus antigen, which has been expressed in Lactobacillus casei fusing with Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) as mucosal adjuvant. The VP2-LTB DNA fragment was cloned into vector pPG611 or pPG612 to generated inducible surface-displayed and secretion expression systems based on xylose promoter, designated as rLc:pPG611-VP2-LTB (recombinant L. casei) and rLc:pPG612-VP2-LTB, respectively. Expression of the fusion protein was verified by SDS-PAGE, Western blot immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. It was observed that the level of IgG or sIgA from mice orally immunized with VP2-LTB was higher than that from mice received VP2 and negative control, which demonstrated significantly statistically different. Especially, the titer of IgG or sIgA in mice immunized with rLc:pPG612-VP2-LTB is the highest in this study. In summary, LTB as mucosal adjuvant was able to effectively facilitate induction of mucosal and systemic immunity by L. casei-expressing VP2 fusion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diqiu Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China.
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Cao Z, Gong FC, Tu M, Zeng MX, Huang XX, Zhang L, Tan SZ, Sun LX, Gu N. Preliminary Recognition of c-Myc Gene Protein Using an Optical Biosensor with Gold Colloid Nanoparticles Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903082820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jóźwik A, Manteufel J, Selbitz HJ, Truyen U. Vaccination against porcine parvovirus protects against disease, but does not prevent infection and virus shedding after challenge infection with a heterologous virus strain. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2437-2441. [PMID: 19535504 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.012054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The demonstration of field isolates of porcine parvovirus (PPV) that differ genetically and antigenically from vaccine strains of PPV raises the question of whether the broadly used inactivated vaccines can still protect sows against the novel viruses. Ten specific-pathogen-free primiparous sows were assigned to three groups and were vaccinated with one of two vaccines based on the old vaccine strains, or served as non-vaccinated controls. After insemination, all sows were challenged with the prototype genotype 2 virus, PPV-27a, on gestation day 41; fetuses were delivered on gestation day 90 and examined for virus infection. The fetuses of the vaccinated sows were protected against disease, but both the vaccinated and the non-vaccinated sows showed a marked increase in antibody titres after challenge infection, indicating replication of the challenge virus. All sows (vaccinated and non-vaccinated) shed the challenge virus for at least 10 days after infection, with no difference in the pattern or duration of virus shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jóźwik
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Manteufel
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - H-J Selbitz
- IDT Biologika GmbH, PF 400214, 06855 Rosslau, Germany
| | - U Truyen
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Miao LF, Zhang CF, Chen CM, Cui SJ. Real-time PCR to detect and analyze virulent PPV loads in artificially challenged sows and their fetuses. Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:145-9. [PMID: 19345523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To establish a real-time polymerase chain reaction with SYBR Green for detection and quantification of porcine parvovirus (PPV) in porcine tissues, two primers specific for the non-structural protein 1 gene were designed. The detection limit of this assay was 3-23 gene copies/reaction, equivalent to 0.001 TCID(50)/ml. The assay was linear over a 10(6) dilution range of template concentrations. Other porcine pathogens involved in reproductive disorders (porcine circovirus 2, porcine reproductive and respiratory virus, pseudorabies virus, classical swine fever virus) were negative by this assay. This assay could detect PPV titres at least 10(5) smaller than the hemagglutination assay. To better understand the pathogenesis of PPV, the levels of viral DNA in various tissues of artificially challenged sows and their fetuses were quantified with this method. The virus was found mainly in the heart, lung, spleen, kidney, and endometrium of sows, and mainly in the heart, spleen, lung, and testis of fetuses. This study provides a new tool for the study of PPV infection and distribution in sows and their fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-fei Miao
- Division of Swine Infectious Disease, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
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35
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Chen HY, Li XK, Cui BA, Wei ZY, Li XS, Wang YB, Zhao L, Wang ZY. A TaqMan-based real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of porcine parvovirus. J Virol Methods 2008; 156:84-8. [PMID: 19041671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a TaqMan probe was developed to detect porcine parvovirus (PPV). Real-time PCR was optimized to quantify PPV using a detection system (Rotor Gene 2000 detector) and a dual-labeled fluorogenic probe. The gene-specific labeled fluorogenic probe for the VP2 gene of PPV was used to detect PPV. Quantitation of PPV was accomplished by a standard curve plotting cycle threshold values (Ct) against each dilution of standard plasmids. When the specificity of the assay using specific PPV primers was evaluated by testing the PPV standard strain and other viruses, no cross-reactions were detected with non-PPV reference viruses. The detection limit of real-time PCR for PPV was 2.08log10 genome copy equivalent (gce). In this study, a real-time PCR assay was performed on 80 clinical samples and compared with a conventional PCR assay. In 48 of 80 samples, PPV DNA was detected by the conventional PCR assay. All samples positive for PPV DNA by the conventional PCR assay were also positive by the real-time PCR assay, and 12 of 32 samples that tested negative for PPV DNA by the conventional method tested positive by the real-time PCR assay. Using the real-time PCR assay, the number of samples in which PPV was detected increased by 15%. Therefore, it is considered to be a useful tool for the detection of PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Chen
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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36
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Simultaneous detection and genotyping of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) by real-time RT-PCR and amplicon melting curve analysis using SYBR Green. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:184-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Lindner J, Modrow S. Human bocavirus--a novel parvovirus to infect humans. Intervirology 2008; 51:116-22. [PMID: 18536522 DOI: 10.1159/000137411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For almost three decades parvovirus B19 has been described as the only member of the Parvoviridae to infect and cause illness in humans. This statement was correct until 2005 when a group of Swedish scientists identified a previously uncharacterized virus in pools of human nasopharyngeal aspirates obtained from individuals suffering from diseases of the respiratory tract. Comprehensive sequence and phylogenetic analysis allowed the identification of the new virus as a member of the Parvoviridae. Based on its close relation to the minute virus of canines and the bovine parvovirus, it was named human bocavirus (HBoV). Since the identification of HBoV, viral genomes have been frequently detected worldwide in nasopharyngeal swabs, serum and fecal samples almost exclusively derived from young children with various symptoms of the respiratory or the gastrointestinal tract. The detection of HBoV genomes tends to be associated with elevated rates of coinfections with further respiratory viruses, e.g. respiratory syncytial virus or metapneumovirus. First studies on virus-specific immune responses have described the presence of ubiquitous humoral and cellular immune reactions against HBoV in adults and adolescents, indicating a high seroprevalence of this new virus in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Lindner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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