1
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Haydak J, Azeloglu EU. Role of biophysics and mechanobiology in podocyte physiology. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:371-385. [PMID: 38443711 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Podocytes form the backbone of the glomerular filtration barrier and are exposed to various mechanical forces throughout the lifetime of an individual. The highly dynamic biomechanical environment of the glomerular capillaries greatly influences the cell biology of podocytes and their pathophysiology. Throughout the past two decades, a holistic picture of podocyte cell biology has emerged, highlighting mechanobiological signalling pathways, cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular adhesion as key determinants of biomechanical resilience in podocytes. This biomechanical resilience is essential for the physiological function of podocytes, including the formation and maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier. Podocytes integrate diverse biomechanical stimuli from their environment and adapt their biophysical properties accordingly. However, perturbations in biomechanical cues or the underlying podocyte mechanobiology can lead to glomerular dysfunction with severe clinical consequences, including proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. As our mechanistic understanding of podocyte mechanobiology and its role in the pathogenesis of glomerular disease increases, new targets for podocyte-specific therapeutics will emerge. Treating glomerular diseases by targeting podocyte mechanobiology might improve therapeutic precision and efficacy, with potential to reduce the burden of chronic kidney disease on individuals and health-care systems alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Haydak
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Liu PJ, Sayeeda K, Zhuang C, Krendel M. Roles of myosin 1e and the actin cytoskeleton in kidney functions and familial kidney disease. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38708443 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian kidneys are responsible for removing metabolic waste and maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis via selective filtration. One of the proteins closely linked to selective renal filtration is myosin 1e (Myo1e), an actin-dependent molecular motor found in the specialized kidney epithelial cells involved in the assembly and maintenance of the renal filter. Point mutations in the gene encoding Myo1e, MYO1E, have been linked to familial kidney disease, and Myo1e knockout in mice leads to the disruption of selective filtration. In this review, we discuss the role of the actin cytoskeleton in renal filtration, the known and hypothesized functions of Myo1e, and the possible explanations for the impact of MYO1E mutations on renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ju Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Kazi Sayeeda
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Cindy Zhuang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Mira Krendel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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3
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Li L, Zhang C, Cao Z, Ma L, Liu C, Lan X, Qu C, Fu P, Luo R, Wang Y. Passivation protein-adhesion platform promoting stent reendothelialization using two-electron-assisted oxidation of polyphenols. Biomaterials 2024; 305:122423. [PMID: 38142470 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophilic surfaces play an important role in nature. Inspired by this, scientists have designed various superhydrophilic materials that are widely used in the field of biomaterials, such as PEG molecular brushes and zwitterionic materials. However, superhydrophilic coatings with only anti-fouling properties do not satisfy the requirements for rapid reendothelialization of cardiovascular stent surfaces. Herein, a novel polyphenol superhydrophilic surface with passivated protein-adsorption properties was developed using two-electron oxidation of dopamine and polyphenols. This coating has a multiscale effects: 1) macroscopically: anti-fouling properties of superhydrophilic; 2) microscopically: protein adhesion properties of active groups (quinone-, amino-, hydroxyphenyl groups and aromatic ring). Polyphenols not only enhance the ability of coating to passivate protein-adsorption, but also make the coating have polyphenol-related biological functions. Therefore, the polyphenol and passivated protein-adsorption platform together maintain the stability of the scaffold microenvironment. This, in turn, provides favorable conditions for the growth of endothelial cells on the scaffold surface. In vivo implantation of the coated stents into the abdominal aorta resulted in uniform and dense endothelial cells covering the surface of the neointima. Moreover, new endothelial cells secreted large amounts of functional endothelial nitric oxide synthase like healthy endothelial cells. These results indicate that the polyphenol superhydrophilic coating potentially resists intra-stent restenosis and promotes surface reendothelialization. Hence, polyphenol superhydrophilic coatings with passivated protein-adsorption properties constructed by two-electron-assisted oxidation are a highly effective and versatile surface-modification strategy for implantable cardiovascular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhua Li
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Chunle Zhang
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhengjiang Cao
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaorong Lan
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Chao Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rifang Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Yunbing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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4
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Cybulsky AV, Papillon J, Bryan C, Navarro‐Betancourt JR, Sabourin LA. Role of the Ste20-like kinase SLK in podocyte adhesion. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15897. [PMID: 38163671 PMCID: PMC10758337 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
SLK controls the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and migration. Podocyte-specific deletion of SLK in mice leads to podocyte injury as mice age and exacerbates injury in experimental focal segment glomerulosclerosis (FSGS; adriamycin nephrosis). We hypothesized that adhesion proteins may be substrates of SLK. In adriamycin nephrosis, podocyte ultrastructural injury was exaggerated by SLK deletion. Analysis of a protein kinase phosphorylation site dataset showed that podocyte adhesion proteins-paxillin, vinculin, and talin-1 may be potential SLK substrates. In cultured podocytes, deletion of SLK increased adhesion to collagen. Analysis of paxillin, vinculin, and talin-1 showed that SLK deletion reduced focal adhesion complexes (FACs) containing these proteins mainly in adriamycin-induced injury; there was no change in FAC turnover (focal adhesion kinase Y397 phosphorylation). In podocytes, paxillin S250 showed basal phosphorylation that was slightly enhanced by SLK; however, SLK did not phosphorylate talin-1. In adriamycin nephrosis, SLK deletion did not alter glomerular expression/localization of talin-1 and vinculin, but increased focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation modestly. Therefore, SLK decreases podocyte adhesion, but FAC proteins in podocytes are not major substrates of SLK in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Cybulsky
- Department of MedicineMcGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Joan Papillon
- Department of MedicineMcGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Craig Bryan
- Department of MedicineMcGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - José R. Navarro‐Betancourt
- Department of MedicineMcGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Luc A. Sabourin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer TherapeuticsOttawaOntarioCanada
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5
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Tian X, Pedigo CE, Li K, Ma X, Bunda P, Pell J, Lek A, Gu J, Zhang Y, Medina Rangel PX, Li W, Schwartze E, Nagata S, Lerner G, Perincheri S, Priyadarshini A, Zhao H, Lek M, Menon MC, Fu R, Ishibe S. Profilin1 is required for prevention of mitotic catastrophe in murine and human glomerular diseases. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171237. [PMID: 37847555 PMCID: PMC10721156 DOI: 10.1172/jci171237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression of proteinuric kidney diseases is associated with podocyte loss, but the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Podocytes reenter the cell cycle to repair double-stranded DNA breaks. However, unsuccessful repair can result in podocytes crossing the G1/S checkpoint and undergoing abortive cytokinesis. In this study, we identified Pfn1 as indispensable in maintaining glomerular integrity - its tissue-specific loss in mouse podocytes resulted in severe proteinuria and kidney failure. Our results suggest that this phenotype is due to podocyte mitotic catastrophe (MC), characterized histologically and ultrastructurally by abundant multinucleated cells, irregular nuclei, and mitotic spindles. Podocyte cell cycle reentry was identified using FUCCI2aR mice, and we observed altered expression of cell-cycle associated proteins, such as p21, p53, cyclin B1, and cyclin D1. Podocyte-specific translating ribosome affinity purification and RNA-Seq revealed the downregulation of ribosomal RNA-processing 8 (Rrp8). Overexpression of Rrp8 in Pfn1-KO podocytes partially rescued the phenotype in vitro. Clinical and ultrastructural tomographic analysis of patients with diverse proteinuric kidney diseases further validated the presence of MC podocytes and reduction in podocyte PFN1 expression within kidney tissues. These results suggest that profilin1 is essential in regulating the podocyte cell cycle and its disruption leads to MC and subsequent podocyte loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Tian
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher E. Pedigo
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaotao Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Patricia Bunda
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John Pell
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Jianlei Gu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Bioinformation Department, Suzhou SITRI Institute of Immunology Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Paulina X. Medina Rangel
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eike Schwartze
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Soichiro Nagata
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gabriel Lerner
- Departments of Surgical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sudhir Perincheri
- Departments of Surgical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anupama Priyadarshini
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Madhav C. Menon
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rongguo Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuta Ishibe
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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6
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Khan NG, Tungekar B, Adiga D, Chakrabarty S, Rai PS, Kabekkodu SP. Alterations induced by Bisphenol A on cellular organelles and potential relevance on human health. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119505. [PMID: 37286138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical partially soluble in water and exists in a solid state. Its structural similarity with estrogen makes it an endocrine-disrupting chemical. BPA can disrupt signaling pathways at very low doses and may cause organellar stress. According to in vitro and in vivo studies, BPA interacts with various cell surface receptors to cause organellar stress, producing free radicals, cellular toxicity, structural changes, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytoskeleton remodeling, centriole duplication, and aberrant changes in several cell signaling pathways. The current review summarizes the impact of BPA exposure on the structural and functional aspects of subcellular components of cells such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, and microtubules and its consequent impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem G Khan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Bushra Tungekar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Divya Adiga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India; Center for DNA Repair and Genome Stability (CDRGS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Padmalatha S Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India; Center for DNA Repair and Genome Stability (CDRGS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
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7
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Rogg M, Maier JI, Helmstädter M, Sammarco A, Kliewe F, Kretz O, Weißer L, Van Wymersch C, Findeisen K, Koessinger AL, Tsoy O, Baumbach J, Grabbert M, Werner M, Huber TB, Endlich N, Schilling O, Schell C. A YAP/TAZ-ARHGAP29-RhoA Signaling Axis Regulates Podocyte Protrusions and Integrin Adhesions. Cells 2023; 12:1795. [PMID: 37443829 PMCID: PMC10340513 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerular disease due to podocyte malfunction is a major factor in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease. Identification of podocyte-specific signaling pathways is therefore a prerequisite to characterizing relevant disease pathways and developing novel treatment approaches. Here, we employed loss of function studies for EPB41L5 (Yurt) as a central podocyte gene to generate a cell type-specific disease model. Loss of Yurt in fly nephrocytes caused protein uptake and slit diaphragm defects. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of human EPB41L5 knockout podocytes demonstrated impaired mechanotransduction via the YAP/TAZ signaling pathway. Further analysis of specific inhibition of the YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription factor complex by TEADi led to the identification of ARGHAP29 as an EPB41L5 and YAP/TAZ-dependently expressed podocyte RhoGAP. Knockdown of ARHGAP29 caused increased RhoA activation, defective lamellipodia formation, and increased maturation of integrin adhesion complexes, explaining similar phenotypes caused by loss of EPB41L5 and TEADi expression in podocytes. Detection of increased levels of ARHGAP29 in early disease stages of human glomerular disease implies a novel negative feedback loop for mechanotransductive RhoA-YAP/TAZ signaling in podocyte physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rogg
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin I. Maier
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alena Sammarco
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Kliewe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany (N.E.)
| | - Oliver Kretz
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Weißer
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clara Van Wymersch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karla Findeisen
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna L. Koessinger
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Tsoy
- Institute for Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (O.T.)
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Institute for Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (O.T.)
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Markus Grabbert
- Department of Urology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Werner
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany (N.E.)
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Ye Q, Wang DJ, Lan B, Mao JH. T-cell and B-cell repertoire diversity are selectively skewed in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome revealed by high-throughput sequencing. World J Pediatr 2023; 19:273-282. [PMID: 36449136 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies suggest that the dysfunction of T cells and B cells may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), but laboratory evidence is lacking. Therefore, this study explored T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) profiling in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. METHODS High-throughput sequencing technology was used to profile the TCR and BCR repertoires in children with INS. Peripheral blood was collected from ten INS patients, including five vinculin autoantibody-positive patients and five vinculin autoantibody-negative patients, before and after treatment. TCR and BCR libraries were constructed by 5'-RACE and sequenced by a DNBSEQ-T7 sequencer, and sequence analyses were performed using ReSeqTools, FastP, MiXCR, and VDJtools. RESULTS The TRA (T-cell receptor α), TRG (T-cell receptor γ), and IGH (immunoglobulin heavy chain) repertoires of the INS group were occupied by highly abundant clonotypes, whereas small clonotypes occupied the healthy group, especially TRA. A significant increase in the Shannon-Weaver index was observed for the TRA and TRG repertoires after treatment in vinculin autoantibody-negative patients, but a significant increase in the IGH repertoire after treatment was observed in vinculin autoantibody-positive patients. The frequency of some V-J pairs was significantly enriched in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome patients. The usage frequency of the V and J genes was skewed in patients, which seemed not related to immunosuppressive therapy. However, after effective treatment, dynamic changes in the size of the individual clonotype were observed. CONCLUSION T-cell and B-cell immunity contribute to the pathogenesis of different INSs. Video: (MP4 99,786 KB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Dong-Jie Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Bing Lan
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
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9
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Ye Q, Li Y, Liu H, Mao J, Jiang H. Machine learning models for predicting steroid-resistant of nephrotic syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090241. [PMID: 36776850 PMCID: PMC9911108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the absence of effective measures to predict steroid responsiveness, patients with nonhereditary steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) have a significantly increased risk of progression to end-stage renal disease. In view of the poor outcomes of SRNS, it is urgent to identify the steroid responsiveness of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) early. Methods To build a prediction model for SRNS, we collected 91 subjects; 57 of them had steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome, and the others had SRNS. For each subject, 87 clinical variables were measured. In general, only a small part of these variables is informative to SRNS. Thus, we proposed a new variable selection framework including a penalized regression approach (named MLR+TLP) to select variables having a linear effect on the SRNS and a nonparametric screening method (MAC) to select variables having a nonlinear marginal (joint) effect on the SRNS. Thereafter, considering the correlation between selected clinical variables, we used a stepwise method to build our final model for predicting SRNS. In addition, a statistical testing procedure is proposed to test the overfitting of the proposed model. Results Twenty-six clinical variables were selected to be informative to SRNS, and an SVM model was built to predict SRNS with a leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO-CV) accuracy of 95.2% (overfitting p value<0.005). To make the model more useful, we incorporate prior medical information into the model and consider the correlation between selected variables. Then, a reduced SVM model including only eight clinical variables (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urine occult blood, percentage of neutrophils, immunoglobulin A, cholesterol, vinculin autoantibody, aspartate aminotransferase, and prolonged prothrombin time) was built to have a LOO-CV accuracy of 92.8% (overfitting p value<0.005). The validation cohort showed that the reduced model obtained an accuracy of 94.0% (overfitting p value<0.005), with a sensitivity of 90.0% and a specificity of 96.7%. Notably, vinculin autoantibody is the only podocyte autoantibody included in this model. It is linearly related to steroid responsiveness. Finally, our model is freely available as a user-friendly web tool at https://datalinkx.shinyapps.io/srns/. Conclusion The SRNS prediction model constructed in this study comprehensively and objectively evaluates the internal conditions and disease status of INS patients and will provide scientific guidance for selecting treatment methods for children with nonhereditary SRNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhou Li
- Center for Data Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Mathematical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangjin Jiang
- Center for Data Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Kaimori JY, Kikkawa Y, Motooka D, Namba-Hamano T, Takuwa A, Okazaki A, Kobayashi K, Tanigawa A, Kotani Y, Uno Y, Yoshimi K, Hattori K, Asahina Y, Kajimoto S, Doi Y, Oka T, Sakaguchi Y, Mashimo T, Sekiguchi K, Nakaya A, Nomizu M, Isaka Y. A heterozygous LAMA5 variant may contribute to slowly progressive, vinculin-enhanced familial FSGS and pulmonary defects. JCI Insight 2022; 7:158378. [PMID: 36173685 PMCID: PMC9746903 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The LAMA5 gene encodes laminin α5, an indispensable component of glomerular basement membrane and other types of basement membrane. A homozygous pathological variant in LAMA5 is known to cause a systemic developmental syndrome including glomerulopathy. However, the roles of heterozygous LAMA5 gene variants in human renal and systemic diseases have remained unclear. We performed whole-exome sequencing analyses of a family with slowly progressive nephropathy associated with hereditary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and we identified what we believe to be a novel probable pathogenic variant of LAMA5, NP_005551.3:p.Val3687Met. In vitro analyses revealed cell type-dependent changes in secretion of variant laminin α5 laminin globular 4-5 (LG4-5) domain. Heterozygous and homozygous knockin mice with a corresponding variant of human LAMA5, p.Val3687Met, developed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis-like pathology with reduced laminin α5 and increased glomerular vinculin levels, which suggested that impaired cell adhesion may underlie this glomerulopathy. We also identified pulmonary defects such as bronchial deformity and alveolar dilation. Reexaminations of the family revealed phenotypes compatible with reduced laminin α5 and increased vinculin levels in affected tissues. Thus, the heterozygous p.Val3687Met variant may cause a new syndromic nephropathy with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis through possibly defective secretion of laminin α5. Enhanced vinculin may be a useful disease marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ya Kaimori
- Department of Inter-Organ Communication Research in Kidney Diseases and,Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yamato Kikkawa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, and,Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Namba-Hamano
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayako Takuwa
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuko Okazaki
- Department of Genome Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Kobayashi
- Department of Genome Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Medical Solutions Division, NEC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Kotani
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences and
| | | | - Kazuto Yoshimi
- Genome Editing Research and Development (R&D) Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science
| | - Koki Hattori
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Asahina
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachio Kajimoto
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Oka
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakaguchi
- Department of Inter-Organ Communication Research in Kidney Diseases and,Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences and,Genome Editing Research and Development (R&D) Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science;,Division of Genome Engineering, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science
| | - Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
- Division of Matrixome Research and Application, Institute for Protein Research; and
| | - Akihiro Nakaya
- Department of Genome Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Genome Data Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Nomizu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Isaka
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Preston R, Meng QJ, Lennon R. The dynamic kidney matrisome - is the circadian clock in control? Matrix Biol 2022; 114:138-155. [PMID: 35569693 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock network in mammals is responsible for the temporal coordination of numerous physiological processes that are necessary for homeostasis. Peripheral tissues demonstrate circadian rhythmicity and dysfunction of core clock components has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases that are characterized by abnormal extracellular matrix, such as fibrosis (too much disorganized matrix) and tissue breakdown (too little matrix). Kidney disease is characterized by proteinuria, which along with the rate of filtration, displays robust circadian oscillation. Clinical observation and mouse studies suggest the presence of 24 h kidney clocks responsible for circadian oscillation in kidney function. Recent experimental evidence has also revealed that cell-matrix interactions and the biomechanical properties of extracellular matrix have key roles in regulating peripheral circadian clocks and this mechanism appears to be cell- and tissue-type specific. Thus, establishing a temporally resolved kidney matrisome may provide a useful tool for studying the two-way interactions between the extracellular matrix and the intracellular time-keeping mechanisms in this critical niche tissue. This review summarizes the latest genetic and biochemical evidence linking kidney physiology and disease to the circadian system with a particular focus on the extracellular matrix. We also review the experimental approaches and methodologies required to dissect the roles of circadian pathways in specific tissues and outline the translational aspects of circadian biology, including how circadian medicine could be used for the treatment of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Preston
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Qing-Jun Meng
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
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12
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CdGAP maintains podocyte function and modulates focal adhesions in a Src kinase-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18657. [PMID: 36333327 PMCID: PMC9636259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and their activity is modulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide exchanging factors (GEFs). Glomerular podocytes have numerous actin-based projections called foot processes and their alteration is characteristic of proteinuric kidney diseases. We reported previously that Rac1 hyperactivation in podocytes causes proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in mice. However, which GAP and GEF modulate Rac1 activity in podocytes remains unknown. Here, using a proximity-based ligation assay, we identified CdGAP (ARHGAP31) and β-PIX (ARHGEF7) as the major regulatory proteins interacting with Rac1 in human podocytes. CdGAP interacted with β-PIX through its basic region, and upon EGF stimulation, they both translocated to the plasma membrane in podocytes. CdGAP-depleted podocytes had altered cell motility and increased basal Rac1 and Cdc42 activities. When stimulated with EGF, CdGAP-depleted podocytes showed impaired β-PIX membrane-translocation and tyrosine phosphorylation, and reduced activities of Src kinase, focal adhesion kinase, and paxillin. Systemic and podocyte-specific CdGAP-knockout mice developed mild but significant proteinuria, which was exacerbated by Adriamycin. Collectively, these findings show that CdGAP contributes to maintain podocyte function and protect them from injury.
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13
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Lausecker F, Lennon R, Randles MJ. The kidney matrisome in health, aging, and disease. Kidney Int 2022; 102:1000-1012. [PMID: 35870643 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated extracellular matrix is the hallmark of fibrosis, and it has a profound impact on kidney function in disease. Furthermore, perturbation of matrix homeostasis is a feature of aging and is associated with declining kidney function. Understanding these dynamic processes, in the hope of developing therapies to combat matrix dysregulation, requires the integration of data acquired by both well-established and novel technologies. Owing to its complexity, the extracellular proteome, or matrisome, still holds many secrets and has great potential for the identification of clinical biomarkers and drug targets. The molecular resolution of matrix composition during aging and disease has been illuminated by cutting-edge mass spectrometry-based proteomics in recent years, but there remain key questions about the mechanisms that drive altered matrix composition. Basement membrane components are particularly important in the context of kidney function; and data from proteomic studies suggest that switches between basement membrane and interstitial matrix proteins are likely to contribute to organ dysfunction during aging and disease. Understanding the impact of such changes on physical properties of the matrix, and the subsequent cellular response to altered stiffness and viscoelasticity, is of critical importance. Likewise, the comparison of proteomic data sets from multiple organs is required to identify common matrix biomarkers and shared pathways for therapeutic intervention. Coupled with single-cell transcriptomics, there is the potential to identify the cellular origin of matrix changes, which could enable cell-targeted therapy. This review provides a contemporary perspective of the complex kidney matrisome and draws comparison to altered matrix in heart and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lausecker
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael J Randles
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK.
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14
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Cai XY, Wang ZF, Ge SW, Xu G. Identification of Hub Genes and Immune-Related Pathways for Membranous Nephropathy by Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:914382. [PMID: 35812314 PMCID: PMC9263269 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.914382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We aim to explore the detailed molecular mechanisms of membrane nephropathy (MN) related genes by bioinformatics analysis.METHODS: Two microarray datasets (GSE108109 and GSE104948) with glomerular gene expression data from 65 MN patients and 9 healthy donors were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. After processing the raw data, DEGs screening was conducted using the LIMMA (linear model for microarray data) package and Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed with GSEA software (v. 3.0), followed by gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was carried out to determine the hub genes, by applying the maximal clique centrality (MCC) method, which was visualized by Cytoscape. Finally, utilizing the Nephroseq v5 online platform, we analyzed subgroups associated with hub genes. The findings were further validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in renal tissues from MN or control patients.RESULTS: A sum of 370 DEGs (188 up-regulated genes, 182 down-regulated genes) and 20 hub genes were ascertained. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated that DEGs of MN were preponderantly associated with cell damage and complement cascade-related immune responses. Combined with literature data and hub gene-related MN subset analysis, CTSS, ITGB2, and HCK may play important roles in the pathological process of MN.CONCLUSION: This study identified novel hub genes in MN using bioinformatics. We found that some hub genes such as CTSS, ITGB2, and HCK might contribute to MN immunopathological process, providing new insights for further study of the molecular mechanisms underlying glomerular injury of MN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gang Xu
- *Correspondence: Shu-Wang Ge, ; Gang Xu,
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15
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Ye Q, Lan B, Liu H, Persson PB, Lai EY, Mao J. A critical role of the podocyte cytoskeleton in the pathogenesis of glomerular proteinuria and autoimmune podocytopathies. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13850. [PMID: 35716094 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Selective glomerular filtration relies on the membrane separating the glomerular arterioles from the Bowman space. As a major component of the glomerular filtration barrier, podocytes form foot processes by the actin cytoskeleton, which dynamically adjusts in response to environmental changes to maintain filtration barrier integrity. The slit diaphragms bridge the filtration slits between neighboring foot processes and act as signaling hubs interacting with the actin cytoskeleton. Focal adhesions relay signals to regulate actin dynamics while allowing podocyte adherence to the basement membrane. Mutations in actin regulatory and signaling proteins may disrupt the actin cytoskeleton, resulting in foot process retraction, effacement, and proteinuria. Large-scale gene expression profiling platforms, transgenic animal models, and other in vivo gene delivery methods now enhance our understanding of the interactions among podocyte focal adhesions, slit diaphragms, and actin dynamics. In addition, our team found that at least 66% of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) children have podocyte autoantibodies, which was defined as a new disease subgroup-, autoimmune podocytopathies. This review outlines the pathophysiological mechanisms of podocyte cytoskeleton protein interactions in proteinuria and glomerular podocytopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Lan
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pontus B Persson
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Translational Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - En Yin Lai
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Translational Physiology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Tian X, Bunda P, Ishibe S. Podocyte Endocytosis in Regulating the Glomerular Filtration Barrier. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:801837. [PMID: 35223901 PMCID: PMC8866310 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.801837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a mechanism that internalizes and recycles plasma membrane components and transmembrane receptors via vesicle formation, which is mediated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent signaling pathways. Podocytes are specialized, terminally differentiated epithelial cells in the kidney, located on the outermost layer of the glomerulus. These cells play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier in conjunction with the adjacent basement membrane and endothelial cell layers within the glomerulus. An intact podocyte endocytic machinery appears to be necessary for maintaining podocyte function. De novo pathologic human genetic mutations and loss-of-function studies of critical podocyte endocytosis genes in genetically engineered mouse models suggest that this pathway contributes to the pathophysiology of development and progression of proteinuria in chronic kidney disease. Here, we review the mechanism of cellular endocytosis and its regulation in podocyte injury in the context of glomerular diseases. A thorough understanding of podocyte endocytosis may shed novel insights into its biological function in maintaining a functioning filter and offer potential targeted therapeutic strategies for proteinuric glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Patricia Bunda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shuta Ishibe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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17
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Delézay O, Hodin S, Hé Z, Ollier E, Delavenne X. Functional, proteomic and phenotypic in vitro studies evidence podocyte injury after chronic exposure to heparin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 429:115683. [PMID: 34411582 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is a widely used anticoagulant that possess numerous properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-angiogenesis, and anti-metastatic effects. The effect of this drug was evaluated on the podocyte, an important actor of the glomerular filtration. Using a functional approach, we demonstrate that heparin treatment leads to a functional podocyte perturbation characterized by the increase of podocyte monolayer permeability. This effect is enhanced with time of exposure. Proteomic study reveals that heparin down regulate focal adhesion and cytoskeletal protein expressions as well as the synthesis of glomerular basement membrane components. This study clearly demonstrates that UFH may affect podocyte function by altering cytoskeleton organization, cell-cell contacts and cell attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Delézay
- INSERM, U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Sophie Hodin
- INSERM, U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Zhiguo Hé
- EA 2521, Biologie, Ingénierie et Imagerie de la Greffe de Cornée (BIIGC), Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Edouard Ollier
- INSERM, U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Xavier Delavenne
- INSERM, U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France
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18
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Martin CE, Jones N. ShcA expression in podocytes is dispensable for glomerular development but its upregulation is associated with kidney disease. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:9874-9882. [PMID: 34540124 PMCID: PMC8430102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ShcA (SHC1) is a phosphotyrosine adaptor protein which plays broad signaling roles within the cell. Systemic loss of ShcA during embryogenesis is lethal, while its aberrant expression contributes to disease. We recently demonstrated that ShcA is highly expressed during glomerular development and that it is upregulated within podocytes in experimental kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. The objective of this study was to analyze the in vivo role of ShcA in podocytes. METHODS We selectively deleted all three isoforms of ShcA from mouse kidney podocytes using the Cre/lox system driven by the podocyte-specific podocin promoter (Nphs2). Immunostaining of kidney sections was used to confirm ShcA deletion in podocytes. Coomassie blue staining of protein gels was used to detect urinary albumin. Light and electron microscopy were used to assess glomerular morphology. Transcript levels of SHC1 in human renal disease were assessed using the Nephroseq database. RESULTS Mice lacking podocyte ShcA were born at the expected Mendelian frequency and did not display overt renal impairment or changes in podocyte architecture beyond one year of age. In parallel, we correlated increased ShcA mRNA expression in the human kidney with proteinuria and reduced glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION Our studies reveal that ShcA is dispensable for normal kidney function, but its upregulation is associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Nina Jones
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
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19
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Maier JI, Rogg M, Helmstädter M, Sammarco A, Walz G, Werner M, Schell C. A Novel Model for Nephrotic Syndrome Reveals Associated Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome and Extramedullary Hematopoiesis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061509. [PMID: 34203913 PMCID: PMC8232754 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular kidney disease causing nephrotic syndrome is a complex systemic disorder and is associated with significant morbidity in affected patient populations. Despite its clinical relevance, well-established models are largely missing to further elucidate the implications of uncontrolled urinary protein loss. To overcome this limitation, we generated a novel, inducible, podocyte-specific transgenic mouse model (Epb41l5fl/fl*Nphs1-rtTA-3G*tetOCre), developing nephrotic syndrome in adult mice. Animals were comprehensively characterized, including microbiome analysis and multiplexed immunofluorescence imaging. Induced knockout mice developed a phenotype consistent with focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS). Although these mice showed hallmark features of severe nephrotic syndrome (including proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and dyslipidemia), they did not exhibit overt chronic kidney disease (CKD) phenotypes. Analysis of the gut microbiome demonstrated distinct dysbiosis and highly significant enrichment of the Alistipes genus. Moreover, Epb41l5-deficient mice developed marked organ pathologies, including extramedullary hematopoiesis of the spleen. Multiplex immunofluorescence imaging demonstrated red pulp macrophage proliferation and mTOR activation as driving factors of hematopoietic niche expansion. Thus, this novel mouse model for adult-onset nephrotic syndrome reveals the significant impact of proteinuria on extra-renal manifestations, demonstrating the versatility of this model for nephrotic syndrome-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin I. Maier
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Manuel Rogg
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Alena Sammarco
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Martin Werner
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Iwakura T, Marschner JA, Zhao ZB, Świderska MK, Anders HJ. Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing in kidney research. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:216-223. [PMID: 31598727 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is a quantitative, label-free, non-invasive analytical method allowing continuous monitoring of the behaviour of adherent cells by online recording of transcellular impedance. ECIS offers a wide range of practical applications to study cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, toxicity and monolayer barrier integrity. All of these applications are relevant for basic kidney research, e.g. on endothelial cells, tubular and glomerular epithelial cells. This review gives an overview on the fundamental principles of the ECIS technology. We name strengths and remaining hurdles for practical applications, present an ECIS array reuse protocol, and review its past, present and potential future contributions to preclinical kidney research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Iwakura
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, München, Germany.,Internal Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Julian A Marschner
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Zhi Bo Zhao
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Monika Katarzyna Świderska
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, München, Germany
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21
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Angelotti ML, Antonelli G, Conte C, Romagnani P. Imaging the kidney: from light to super-resolution microscopy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:19-28. [PMID: 31325314 PMCID: PMC7771978 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The important achievements in kidney physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms can largely be ascribed to progress in the technology of microscopy. Much of what we know about the architecture of the kidney is based on the fundamental descriptions of anatomic microscopists using light microscopy and later by ultrastructural analysis provided by electron microscopy. These two techniques were used for the first classification systems of kidney diseases and for their constant updates. More recently, a series of novel imaging techniques added the analysis in further dimensions of time and space. Confocal microscopy allowed us to sequentially visualize optical sections along the z-axis and the availability of specific analysis software provided a three-dimensional rendering of thicker tissue specimens. Multiphoton microscopy permitted us to simultaneously investigate kidney function and structure in real time. Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy allowed to study the spatial distribution of metabolites. Super-resolution microscopy increased sensitivity and resolution up to nanoscale levels. With cryo-electron microscopy, researchers could visualize the individual biomolecules at atomic levels directly in the tissues and understand their interaction at subcellular levels. Finally, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry permitted the measuring of hundreds of different molecules at the same time on tissue sections at high resolution. This review provides an overview of available kidney imaging strategies, with a focus on the possible impact of the most recent technical improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lucia Angelotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Antonelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Carolina Conte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
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22
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Iampietro C, Bellucci L, Arcolino FO, Arigoni M, Alessandri L, Gomez Y, Papadimitriou E, Calogero RA, Cocchi E, Van Den Heuvel L, Levtchenko E, Bussolati B. Molecular and functional characterization of urine-derived podocytes from patients with Alport syndrome. J Pathol 2021; 252:88-100. [PMID: 32652570 PMCID: PMC7589231 DOI: 10.1002/path.5496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alport syndrome (AS) is a genetic disorder involving mutations in the genes encoding collagen IV α3, α4 or α5 chains, resulting in the impairment of glomerular basement membrane. Podocytes are responsible for production and correct assembly of collagen IV isoforms; however, data on the phenotypic characteristics of human AS podocytes and their functional alterations are currently limited. The evident loss of viable podocytes into the urine of patients with active glomerular disease enables their isolation in a non‐invasive way. Here we isolated, immortalized, and subcloned podocytes from the urine of three different AS patients for molecular and functional characterization. AS podocytes expressed a typical podocyte signature and showed a collagen IV profile reflecting each patient's mutation. Furthermore, RNA‐sequencing analysis revealed 348 genes differentially expressed in AS podocytes compared with control podocytes. Gene Ontology analysis underlined the enrichment in genes involved in cell motility, adhesion, survival, and angiogenesis. In parallel, AS podocytes displayed reduced motility. Finally, a functional permeability assay, using a podocyte–glomerular endothelial cell co‐culture system, was established and AS podocyte co‐cultures showed a significantly higher permeability of albumin compared to control podocyte co‐cultures, in both static and dynamic conditions under continuous perfusion. In conclusion, our data provide a molecular characterization of immortalized AS podocytes, highlighting alterations in several biological processes related to extracellular matrix remodelling. Moreover, we have established an in vitro model to reproduce the altered podocyte permeability observed in patients with AS. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland..
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Iampietro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Linda Bellucci
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Fanny O Arcolino
- Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Development & Regeneration, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maddalena Arigoni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Alessandri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Yonathan Gomez
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elli Papadimitriou
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaele A Calogero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Cocchi
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Division of Nephrology and Center for Precision Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lambertus Van Den Heuvel
- Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Development & Regeneration, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Development & Regeneration, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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23
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Wang Y, Qin Y, Peng R, Wang H. Loss-of-function or gain-of-function variations in VINCULIN (VCL) are risk factors of human neural tube defects. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1563. [PMID: 33491343 PMCID: PMC8077129 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe birth defects resulting from the failure of neural tube closure during embryogenesis. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the occurrence of NTDs and the heritability of NTDs is approximately 70%. As a key component of focal adhesions, Vinculin (VCL) plays pivotal roles in cell skeleton remodeling and signal transduction. Vcl deficient mice displayed NTD, but how VCL variants contribute to human NTDs has not been addressed yet. Methods We screened VCL variants in a Chinese cohort of 387 NTDs and 244 controls by targeted next‐generation sequencing. Results We identified four case‐specific VCL variations (p.M209L, p.D256fs, p.L555V and p.R586Q). VCL p.D256fs and p.L555V are novel variations that have never been reported. Our analysis revealed that p.D256fs is a loss‐of‐function variant, while p.L555V showed a gain of function in planner cell polarity (PCP) pathway regulation and cell migration, probably due to its enhanced protein stability. Conclusion Our study reports human NTD specific novel variations in VCL and provides the functional evaluation of VCL variants related to the etiology of human NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Wang
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction & Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic, Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Peng
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction & Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction & Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic, Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Kim JJ, Fornoni A. Bedside to bench Alport syndrome research: are human urine-derived podocytes the answer? †. J Pathol 2020; 253:11-13. [PMID: 33009821 DOI: 10.1002/path.5564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In a recent issue of The Journal of Pathology, Iampietro et al isolated and characterized several clones of urine-derived podocytes from three patients with Alport syndrome (AS) and proteinuria and one age-matched non-proteinuric control. They reported differential expression of genes involved in cell motility, adhesion, survival, and angiogenesis. The authors found AS podocytes to be less motile and to have significantly higher permeability to albumin compared to control podocytes, highlighting that AS podocytes may retain their phenotype even when losing contact with the glomerular basement membrane. The establishment of urine-derived podocyte cell lines from patients with different genetic forms of AS may represent a valuable and minimally invasive tool to investigate the cellular mechanisms contributing to kidney disease progression in AS and may allow for the establishment of patient-specific drug screening opportunities. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ju Kim
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/Peggy and Harold Katz Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/Peggy and Harold Katz Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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25
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Bisphenol A impaired cell adhesion by altering the expression of adhesion and cytoskeleton proteins on human podocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16638. [PMID: 33024228 PMCID: PMC7538920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical -xenoestrogen- used in food containers is present in the urine of almost the entire population. Recently, several extensive population studies have proven a significant association between urinary excretion of BPA and albuminuria. The alteration of glomerular podocytes or "podocytopathy" is a common event in chronic albuminuric conditions. Since many podocytes recovered from patients' urine are viable, we hypothesized that BPA could impair podocyte adhesion capabilities. Using an in vitro adhesion assay, we observed that BPA impaired podocyte adhesion, an effect that was abrogated by Tamoxifen (an estrogen receptor blocker). Genomic and proteomic analyses revealed that BPA affected the expression of several podocyte cytoskeleton and adhesion proteins. Western blot and immunocytochemistry confirmed the alteration in the protein expression of tubulin, vimentin, podocin, cofilin-1, vinculin, E-cadherin, nephrin, VCAM-1, tenascin-C, and β-catenin. Moreover, we also found that BPA, while decreased podocyte nitric oxide production, it lead to overproduction of ion superoxide. In conclusion, our data show that BPA induced a novel type of podocytopathy characterizes by an impairment of podocyte adhesion, by altering the expression of adhesion and cytoskeleton proteins. Moreover, BPA diminished production of podocyte nitric oxide and induced the overproduction of oxygen-free metabolites. These data provide a mechanism by which BPA could participate in the pathogenesis and progression of renal diseases.
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26
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Tang VW. Collagen, stiffness, and adhesion: the evolutionary basis of vertebrate mechanobiology. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1823-1834. [PMID: 32730166 PMCID: PMC7525820 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-12-0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of collagen I in vertebrates resulted in a dramatic increase in the stiffness of the extracellular environment, supporting long-range force propagation and the development of low-compliant tissues necessary for the development of vertebrate traits including pressurized circulation and renal filtration. Vertebrates have also evolved integrins that can bind to collagens, resulting in the generation of higher tension and more efficient force transmission in the extracellular matrix. The stiffer environment provides an opportunity for the vertebrates to create new structures such as the stress fibers, new cell types such as endothelial cells, new developmental processes such as neural crest delamination, and new tissue organizations such as the blood-brain barrier. Molecular players found only in vertebrates allow the modification of conserved mechanisms as well as the design of novel strategies that can better serve the physiological needs of the vertebrates. These innovations collectively contribute to novel morphogenetic behaviors and unprecedented increases in the complexities of tissue mechanics and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W. Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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27
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Blaine J, Dylewski J. Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Podocytes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071700. [PMID: 32708597 PMCID: PMC7408282 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are an integral part of the glomerular filtration barrier, a structure that prevents filtration of large proteins and macromolecules into the urine. Podocyte function is dependent on actin cytoskeleton regulation within the foot processes, structures that link podocytes to the glomerular basement membrane. Actin cytoskeleton dynamics in podocyte foot processes are complex and regulated by multiple proteins and other factors. There are two key signal integration and structural hubs within foot processes that regulate the actin cytoskeleton: the slit diaphragm and focal adhesions. Both modulate actin filament extension as well as foot process mobility. No matter what the initial cause, the final common pathway of podocyte damage is dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton leading to foot process retraction and proteinuria. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton can be due to acquired causes or to genetic mutations in key actin regulatory and signaling proteins. Here, we describe the major structural and signaling components that regulate the actin cytoskeleton in podocytes as well as acquired and genetic causes of actin dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Blaine
- Renal Division, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - James Dylewski
- Renal Division, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Denver Health Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +303-724-4841
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28
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Crk1/2 and CrkL play critical roles in maintaining podocyte morphology and function. Exp Cell Res 2020; 394:112135. [PMID: 32535035 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes are actin-rich epithelial cells whose effacement and detachment are the main cause of glomerular disease. Crk family proteins: Crk1/2 and CrkL are reported to be important intracellular signaling proteins that are involved in many biological processes. However, the roles of them in maintaining podocyte morphology and function remain poorly understood. In this study, specific knocking down of Crk1/2 and CrkL in podocytes caused abnormal cell morphology, actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and dysfunction in cell adhesion, spreading, migration, and viability. The p130Cas, focal adhesion kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, p38 and JNK signaling pathways involved in these alterations. Furthermore, knocking down CrkL alone conferred a more modest phenotype than did the Crk1/2 knockdown and the double knockdown. Kidney biopsy specimens from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and minimal change nephropathy showed downregulation of Crk1/2 and CrkL in glomeruli. In zebrafish embryos, Crk1/2 and CrkL knockdown compromised the morphology and caused abnormal glomerular development. Thus, our results suggest that Crk1/2 and CrkL expression are important in podocytes; loss of either will cause podocyte dysfunction, leading to foot process effacement and podocyte detachment.
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29
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The planarian Vinculin is required for the regeneration of GABAergic neurons in Dugesia japonica. Exp Cell Res 2019; 383:111540. [PMID: 31369753 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vinculin is a cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions, playing an important role in linkage of integrin adhesion molecules to the actin cytoskeleton. The planarian nervous system is a fascinating system for studying the organogenesis during regeneration. In this paper, a homolog gene of Vinculin, DjVinculin, was identified and characterized in Dugesia japonica. The DjVinculin sequence analysis revealed that it contains an opening reading frame encoding a putative protein of 975 amino acids with functionally domains that are highly conserved, including eight anti-parallel α-helical bundles organized into five distinct domains. Whole mount in situ hybridization showed that DjVinculin was predominantly expressed in the brain of intact and regenerating planarians. RNA interference of DjVinculin caused distinct defects in brain morphogenesis and influences the regeneration of planarian GABAergic neurons. The expression level of DjGAD protein was decreased in the DjVinculin-knockdown planarians. These findings suggest that DjVinculin is required for GABAergic neurons regeneration.
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30
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Konishi S, Yano T, Tanaka H, Mizuno T, Kanoh H, Tsukita K, Namba T, Tamura A, Yonemura S, Gotoh S, Matsumoto H, Hirai T, Tsukita S. Vinculin is critical for the robustness of the epithelial cell sheet paracellular barrier for ions. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/4/e201900414. [PMID: 31399484 PMCID: PMC6689668 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinculin in the apical junctional complex maintains the paracellular barrier function specifically for ions, but not for large solutes, by buffering mechanical fluctuations. The paracellular barrier function of tight junctions (TJs) in epithelial cell sheets is robustly maintained against mechanical fluctuations, by molecular mechanisms that are poorly understood. Vinculin is an adaptor of a mechanosensory complex at the adherens junction. Here, we generated vinculin KO Eph4 epithelial cells and analyzed their confluent cell-sheet properties. We found that vinculin is dispensable for the basic TJ structural integrity and the paracellular barrier function for larger solutes. However, vinculin is indispensable for the paracellular barrier function for ions. In addition, TJs stochastically showed dynamically distorted patterns in vinculin KO cell sheets. These KO phenotypes were rescued by transfecting full-length vinculin and by relaxing the actomyosin tension with blebbistatin, a myosin II ATPase activity inhibitor. Our findings indicate that vinculin resists mechanical fluctuations to maintain the TJ paracellular barrier function for ions in epithelial cell sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Konishi
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yano
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Mizuno
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hatsuho Kanoh
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshinori Namba
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima, Japan.,Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shimpei Gotoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisako Matsumoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan .,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Dlugos CP, Picciotto C, Lepa C, Krakow M, Stöber A, Eddy ML, Weide T, Jeibmann A, P Krahn M, Van Marck V, Klingauf J, Ricker A, Wedlich-Söldner R, Pavenstädt H, Klämbt C, George B. Nephrin Signaling Results in Integrin β1 Activation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1006-1019. [PMID: 31097607 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with certain mutations in the gene encoding the slit diaphragm protein Nephrin fail to develop functional slit diaphragms and display severe proteinuria. Many adult-onset glomerulopathies also feature alterations in Nephrin expression and function. Nephrin signals from the podocyte slit diaphragm to the Actin cytoskeleton by recruiting proteins that can interact with C3G, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of the small GTPase Rap1. Because Rap activity affects formation of focal adhesions, we hypothesized that Nephrin transmits signals to the Integrin receptor complex, which mediates podocyte adhesion to the extracellular matrix. METHODS To investigate Nephrin's role in transmitting signals to the Integrin receptor complex, we conducted genetic studies in Drosophila nephrocytes and validated findings from Drosophila in a cultured human podocyte model. RESULTS Drosophila nephrocytes form a slit diaphragm-like filtration barrier and express the Nephrin ortholog Sticks and stones (Sns). A genetic screen identified c3g as necessary for nephrocyte function. In vivo, nephrocyte-specific gene silencing of sns or c3g compromised nephrocyte filtration and caused nephrocyte diaphragm defects. Nephrocytes with impaired Sns or C3G expression displayed an altered localization of Integrin and the Integrin-associated protein Talin. Furthermore, gene silencing of c3g partly rescued nephrocyte diaphragm defects of an sns overexpression phenotype, pointing to genetic interaction of sns and c3g in nephrocytes. We also found that activated Nephrin recruited phosphorylated C3G and resulted in activation of Integrin β1 in cultured podocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that Nephrin can mediate a signaling pathway that results in activation of Integrin β1 at focal adhesions, which may affect podocyte attachment to the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian Klämbt
- Neurobiology, Westfälische-Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
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32
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Smith D, Starborg T. Serial block face scanning electron microscopy in cell biology: Applications and technology. Tissue Cell 2019; 57:111-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Siegerist F, Endlich K, Endlich N. Novel Microscopic Techniques for Podocyte Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:379. [PMID: 30050501 PMCID: PMC6050355 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Together with endothelial cells and the glomerular basement membrane, podocytes form the size-specific filtration barrier of the glomerulus with their interdigitating foot processes. Since glomerulopathies are associated with so-called foot process effacement-a severe change of well-formed foot processes into flat and broadened processes-visualization of the three-dimensional podocyte morphology is a crucial part for diagnosis of nephrotic diseases. However, interdigitating podocyte foot processes are too narrow to be resolved by classic light microscopy due to Ernst Abbe's law making electron microscopy necessary. Although three dimensional electron microscopy approaches like serial block face and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy and electron tomography allow volumetric reconstruction of podocytes, these techniques are very time-consuming and too specialized for routine use or screening purposes. During the last few years, different super-resolution microscopic techniques were developed to overcome the optical resolution limit enabling new insights into podocyte morphology. Super-resolution microscopy approaches like three dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM), stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED) and localization microscopy [stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM)] reach resolutions down to 80-20 nm and can be used to image and further quantify podocyte foot process morphology. Furthermore, in vivo imaging of podocytes is essential to study the behavior of these cells in situ. Therefore, multiphoton laser microscopy was a breakthrough for in vivo studies of podocytes in transgenic animal models like rodents and zebrafish larvae because it allows imaging structures up to several hundred micrometer in depth within the tissue. Additionally, along with multiphoton microscopy, lightsheet microscopy is currently used to visualize larger tissue volumes and therefore image complete glomeruli in their native tissue context. Alongside plain visualization of cellular structures, atomic force microscopy has been used to study the change of mechanical properties of podocytes in diseased states which has been shown to be a culprit in podocyte maintenance. This review discusses recent advances in the field of microscopic imaging and demonstrates their currently used and other possible applications for podocyte research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicole Endlich
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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34
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Yu X, Chen L, Wu K, Yan S, Zhang R, Zhao C, Zeng Z, Shu Y, Huang S, Lei J, Ji X, Yuan C, Zhang L, Feng Y, Liu W, Huang B, Zhang B, Luo W, Wang X, Liu B, Haydon RC, Luu HH, He TC, Gan H. Establishment and functional characterization of the reversibly immortalized mouse glomerular podocytes (imPODs). Genes Dis 2018; 5:137-149. [PMID: 30258943 PMCID: PMC6147083 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerular podocytes are highly specialized epithelial cells and play an essential role in establishing the selective permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier of kidney. Maintaining the viability and structural integrity of podocytes is critical to the clinical management of glomerular diseases, which requires a thorough understanding of podocyte cell biology. As mature podocytes lose proliferative capacity, a conditionally SV40 mutant tsA58-immortalized mouse podocyte line (designated as tsPC) was established from the Immortomouse over 20 years ago. However, the utility of the tsPC cells is hampered by the practical inconvenience of culturing these cells. In this study, we establish a user-friendly and reversibly-immortalized mouse podocyte line (designated as imPOD), on the basis of the tsPC cells by stably expressing the wildtype SV40 T-antigen, which is flanked with FRT sites. We show the imPOD cells exhibit long-term high proliferative activity, which can be effectively reversed by FLP recombinase. The imPOD cells express most podocyte-related markers, including WT-1, Nephrin, Tubulin and Vinculin, but not differentiation marker Synaptopodin. The imPOD cells do not form tumor-like masses in vivo. We further demonstrate that TGFβ1 induces a podocyte injury-like response in the FLP-reverted imPOD cells by suppressing the expression of slit diaphragm-associated proteins P-Cadherin and ZO-1 and upregulating the expression of mesenchymal markers, α-SMA, Vimentin and Nestin, as well as fibrogenic factors CTGF and Col1a1. Collectively, our results strongly demonstrate that the newly engineered imPOD cells should be a valuable tool to study podocyte biology both under normal and under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Yu
- Departments of Nephrology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Cardiology, General Surgery, Plastic Surgery, and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Liqun Chen
- Departments of Nephrology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Cardiology, General Surgery, Plastic Surgery, and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ke Wu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Laboratory Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shujuan Yan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Laboratory Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ruyi Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Laboratory Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Departments of Nephrology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Cardiology, General Surgery, Plastic Surgery, and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Zongyue Zeng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Laboratory Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yi Shu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Laboratory Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shifeng Huang
- Departments of Nephrology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Cardiology, General Surgery, Plastic Surgery, and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jiayan Lei
- Departments of Nephrology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Cardiology, General Surgery, Plastic Surgery, and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Ji
- Departments of Nephrology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Cardiology, General Surgery, Plastic Surgery, and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Three Gorges University School of Medicine, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Linghuan Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Laboratory Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yixiao Feng
- Departments of Nephrology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Cardiology, General Surgery, Plastic Surgery, and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Departments of Nephrology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Cardiology, General Surgery, Plastic Surgery, and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Bo Huang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Laboratory Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Surgery of Gansu Province and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Wenping Luo
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Laboratory Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Laboratory Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Departments of Nephrology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Cardiology, General Surgery, Plastic Surgery, and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hua Gan
- Departments of Nephrology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Cardiology, General Surgery, Plastic Surgery, and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
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