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Begum M, Choubey M, Tirumalasetty MB, Arbee S, Mohib MM, Wahiduzzaman M, Mamun MA, Uddin MB, Mohiuddin MS. Adiponectin: A Promising Target for the Treatment of Diabetes and Its Complications. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2213. [PMID: 38004353 PMCID: PMC10672343 DOI: 10.3390/life13112213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, presents a formidable global health challenge with its associated complications. Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, has emerged as a significant player in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Beyond its metabolic effects, adiponectin exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and vasoprotective properties, making it an appealing therapeutic target for mitigating diabetic complications. The molecular mechanisms by which adiponectin impacts critical pathways implicated in diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular problems are thoroughly examined in this study. In addition, we explore possible treatment options for increasing adiponectin levels or improving its downstream signaling. The multifaceted protective roles of adiponectin in diabetic complications suggest its potential as a novel therapeutic avenue. However, further translational studies and clinical trials are warranted to fully harness the therapeutic potential of adiponectin in the management of diabetic complications. This review highlights adiponectin as a promising target for the treatment of diverse diabetic complications and encourages continued research in this pivotal area of diabetes therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmuda Begum
- Department of Internal Medicine, HCA-St David’s Medical Center, 919 E 32nd St, Austin, TX 78705, USA;
| | - Mayank Choubey
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, 101 Mineola Blvd, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; (M.C.); (M.B.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Munichandra Babu Tirumalasetty
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, 101 Mineola Blvd, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; (M.C.); (M.B.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Shahida Arbee
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-Yazako, Karimata, Aichi, Nagakute 480-1103, Japan;
| | - Mohammad Mohabbulla Mohib
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Straße 6, 06112 Halle, Germany;
| | - Md Wahiduzzaman
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, 101 Mineola Blvd, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; (M.C.); (M.B.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Mohammed A. Mamun
- CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Savar 1342, Bangladesh;
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Borhan Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Sarif Mohiuddin
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, 101 Mineola Blvd, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; (M.C.); (M.B.T.); (M.W.)
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Kim J, Oh CM, Kim H. The Interplay of Adipokines and Pancreatic Beta Cells in Metabolic Regulation and Diabetes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2589. [PMID: 37761031 PMCID: PMC10526203 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between adipokines and pancreatic beta cells, often referred to as the adipo-insular axis, plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic homeostasis. Adipokines are signaling molecules secreted by adipocytes that have profound effects on several physiological processes. Adipokines such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin influence the function of pancreatic beta cells. The reciprocal communication between adipocytes and beta cells is remarkable. Insulin secreted by beta cells affects adipose tissue metabolism, influencing lipid storage and lipolysis. Conversely, adipokines released from adipocytes can influence beta cell function and survival. Chronic obesity and insulin resistance can lead to the release of excess fatty acids and inflammatory molecules from the adipose tissue, contributing to beta cell dysfunction and apoptosis, which are key factors in developing type 2 diabetes. Understanding the complex interplay of the adipo-insular axis provides insights into the mechanisms underlying metabolic regulation and pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. By elucidating the molecular mediators involved in this interaction, new therapeutic targets and strategies may emerge to reduce the risk and progression of diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and its associated complications. This review summarizes the interactions between adipokines and pancreatic beta cells, and their roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chang-Myung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyeongseok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35105, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35105, Republic of Korea
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Fu X, Wang Y, Zhao F, Cui R, Xie W, Liu Q, Yang W. Shared biological mechanisms of depression and obesity: focus on adipokines and lipokines. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:5917-5950. [PMID: 37387537 PMCID: PMC10333059 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Depression and obesity are both common disorders currently affecting public health, frequently occurring simultaneously within individuals, and the relationship between these disorders is bidirectional. The association between obesity and depression is highly co-morbid and tends to significantly exacerbate metabolic and related depressive symptoms. However, the neural mechanism under the mutual control of obesity and depression is largely inscrutable. This review focuses particularly on alterations in systems that may mechanistically explain the in vivo homeostatic regulation of the obesity and depression link, such as immune-inflammatory activation, gut microbiota, neuroplasticity, HPA axis dysregulation as well as neuroendocrine regulators of energy metabolism including adipocytokines and lipokines. In addition, the review summarizes potential and future treatments for obesity and depression and raises several questions that need to be answered in future research. This review will provide a comprehensive description and localization of the biological connection between obesity and depression to better understand the co-morbidity of obesity and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yicun Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Fangyi Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xie
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
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Abdalla MMI, Mohanraj J, Somanath SD. Adiponectin as a therapeutic target for diabetic foot ulcer. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:758-782. [PMID: 37383591 PMCID: PMC10294063 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i6.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The global burden of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) is a significant public health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide. These wounds cause considerable suffering and have a high economic cost. Therefore, there is a need for effective strategies to prevent and treat DFUs. One promising therapeutic approach is the use of adiponectin, a hormone primarily produced and secreted by adipose tissue. Adiponectin has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties, and researchers have suggested its potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of DFUs. Studies have indicated that adiponectin can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increase the production of vascular endothelial growth factor, a key mediator of angiogenesis, and inhibit the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Additionally, adiponectin has been found to possess antioxidant properties and impact glucose metabolism, the immune system, extracellular matrix remodeling, and nerve function. The objective of this review is to summarize the current state of research on the potential role of adiponectin in the treatment of DFUs and to identify areas where further research is needed in order to fully understand the effects of adiponectin on DFUs and to establish its safety and efficacy as a treatment for DFUs in the clinical setting. This will provide a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms of DFUs that can aid in the development of new and more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mohamed Ibrahim Abdalla
- Department of Physiology, Human Biology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Jaiprakash Mohanraj
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Biology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Sushela Devi Somanath
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Wang Y, Li Y, Qiao J, Li N, Qiao S. AMPK α1 mediates the protective effect of adiponectin against insulin resistance in INS-1 pancreatic β cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:625-632. [PMID: 31693217 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The fat-derived protein adiponectin is known to reverse the effects of insulin resistance and to lower blood glucose levels. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway plays a central role in metabolism and energy homeostasis. Here, to investigate the role of AMPK in the protective effect of adiponectin against insulin resistance, we established the model of high-glucose (HG)- and high-lipid (HL)-induced insulin resistance in INS-1 pancreatic β cells. We found that 25mM of glucose and 0.4mM of palmitic acid treatment significantly increased cell apoptosis and impaired insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. However, recombinant human adiponectin dramatically reduced HG- and/or HL-induced cell apoptosis and greatly improved insulin secretion. Interestingly, adiponectin treatment also activated AMPK signalling pathway by increasing the phosphorylation of Thr172 in the AMPK α subunit; 10μM of compound C, a potent AMPK inhibitor, blocked the protective effects of adiponectin against HG/HL-induced insulin resistance. Furthermore, knockout experiments by CRISPR/Cas9 technology showed that AMPK α1, but not AMPK α2, is involved in the protective effects of adiponectin. Taken together, adiponectin reversed the effects of insulin resistance via AMPK α1, which provides a novel insight into the protective mechanism of adiponectin and may be used as a new strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Adiponectin can reverse the effects of insulin resistance and lower blood glucose levels. Here, adiponectin reduced HG/HL-induced cell apoptosis and greatly improved insulin secretion. These effects were blocked by AMPK inhibitor, compound C. Specifically, we found that AMPK α1, but not AMPK α2, mediates the protective effects of adiponectin, which provides a novel insight into the protective mechanism of adiponectin against insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Qiao
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Na Li
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Shun Qiao
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Zong J, Liao X, Ren B, Wang Z. The antidepressant effects of rosiglitazone on rats with depression induced by neuropathic pain. Life Sci 2018; 203:315-322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhao G, He F, Wu C, Li P, Li N, Deng J, Zhu G, Ren W, Peng Y. Betaine in Inflammation: Mechanistic Aspects and Applications. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1070. [PMID: 29881379 PMCID: PMC5976740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Betaine is known as trimethylglycine and is widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Betaine is known to function physiologically as an important osmoprotectant and methyl group donor. Accumulating evidence has shown that betaine has anti-inflammatory functions in numerous diseases. Mechanistically, betaine ameliorates sulfur amino acid metabolism against oxidative stress, inhibits nuclear factor-κB activity and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, regulates energy metabolism, and mitigates endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. Consequently, betaine has beneficial actions in several human diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenlu Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nengzhang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Peng YJ, Shen TL, Chen YS, Mersmann HJ, Liu BH, Ding ST. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptor 1 overexpression enhance inflammatory bowel disease. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:24. [PMID: 29540173 PMCID: PMC5851065 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiponectin (ADN) is an adipokine derived from adipocytes. It binds to adiponectin receptor 1 and 2 (AdipoR1 and R2) to exert its function in regulating whole-body energy homeostasis and inflammatory responses. However, the role of ADN-AdipoR1 signaling in intestinal inflammation is controversial, and its role in the regulation of neutrophils is still unclear. Our goal was to clarify the role of AdipoR1 signaling in colitis and the effects on neutrophils. METHODS We generated porcine AdipoR1 transgenic mice (pAdipoR1 mice) and induced murine colitis using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to study the potential role of AdipoR1 in inflammatory bowel disease. We also treated a THP-1 macrophage and a HT-29 colon epithelial cell line with ADN recombinant protein to study the effects of ADN on inflammation. RESULTS After inducing murine colitis, pAdipoR1 mice developed more severe symptoms than wild-type (WT) mice. Treatment with ADN increased the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in THP-1 and HT-29 cells. Moreover, we also observed that the expression of cyclooxygenase2 (cox2), neutrophil chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL5), and the infiltration of neutrophils were increased in the colon of pAdipoR1 mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that ADN-AdipoR1 signaling exacerbated colonic inflammation through two possible mechanisms. First, ADN-AdipoR1 signaling increased pro-inflammatory factors. Second, AdipoR1 enhanced neutrophil chemokine expression and recruited neutrophils into the colonic tissue to increase inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Peng
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da’an Dist, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da’an Dist, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Harry John Mersmann
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da’an Dist, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hsien Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da’an Dist, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Torng Ding
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da’an Dist, Taipei City, 10617 Taiwan
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Manna P, Jain SK. Obesity, Oxidative Stress, Adipose Tissue Dysfunction, and the Associated Health Risks: Causes and Therapeutic Strategies. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2016; 13:423-44. [PMID: 26569333 DOI: 10.1089/met.2015.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is gaining acceptance as a serious primary health burden that impairs the quality of life because of its associated complications, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, asthma, sleep disorders, hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, and infertility. It is a complex metabolic disorder with a multifactorial origin. Growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a role as the critical factor linking obesity with its associated complications. Obesity per se can induce systemic oxidative stress through various biochemical mechanisms, such as superoxide generation from NADPH oxidases, oxidative phosphorylation, glyceraldehyde auto-oxidation, protein kinase C activation, and polyol and hexosamine pathways. Other factors that also contribute to oxidative stress in obesity include hyperleptinemia, low antioxidant defense, chronic inflammation, and postprandial reactive oxygen species generation. In addition, recent studies suggest that adipose tissue plays a critical role in regulating the pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity and its related co-morbidities. To establish an adequate platform for the prevention of obesity and its associated health risks, understanding the factors that contribute to the cause of obesity is necessary. The most current list of obesity determinants includes genetic factors, dietary intake, physical activity, environmental and socioeconomic factors, eating disorders, and societal influences. On the basis of the currently identified predominant determinants of obesity, a broad range of strategies have been recommended to reduce the prevalence of obesity, such as regular physical activity, ad libitum food intake limiting to certain micronutrients, increased dietary intake of fruits and vegetables, and meal replacements. This review aims to highlight recent findings regarding the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of obesity and its associated risk factors, the role of dysfunctional adipose tissue in development of these risk factors, and potential strategies to regulate body weight loss/gain for better health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Manna
- Department of Pediatrics, LSU Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, LSU Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
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Sun J, Gao Y, Yao T, Huang Y, He Z, Kong X, Yu KJ, Wang RT, Guo H, Yan J, Chang Y, Chen H, Scherer PE, Liu T, Williams KW. Adiponectin potentiates the acute effects of leptin in arcuate Pomc neurons. Mol Metab 2016; 5:882-891. [PMID: 27689001 PMCID: PMC5034606 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs) are located on neurons of the hypothalamus involved in metabolic regulation – including arcuate proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) and Neuropeptide Y/Agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons. AdipoRs play a critical role in regulating glucose and fatty acid metabolism by initiating several signaling cascades overlapping with Leptin receptors (LepRs). However, the mechanism by which adiponectin regulates cellular activity in the brain remains undefined. Methods In order to resolve this issue, we utilized neuron-specific transgenic mouse models to identify Pomc and NPY/AgRP neurons which express LepRs for patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments. Results We found that leptin and adiponectin synergistically activated melanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Conversely, NPY/AgRP neurons were inhibited in response to adiponectin. The adiponectin-induced depolarization of arcuate Pomc neurons occurred via activation of Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, independent of 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. Adiponectin also activated melanocortin neurons at various physiological glucose levels. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a requirement for PI3K signaling in the acute adiponectin-induced effects on the cellular activity of arcuate melanocortin neurons. Moreover, these data provide evidence for PI3K as a substrate for both leptin and adiponectin to regulate energy balance and glucose metabolism via melanocortin activity. Adiponectin activates arcuate Pomc neurons. Adiponectin-induced activation of Pomc neurons requires PI3K (independent of AMPK). Adiponectin inhibits adjacent NPY/AgRP neurons (disinhibiting arcuate Pomc neurons). Leptin potentiates the effects of adiponectin arcuate Pomc neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yong Gao
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ting Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yiru Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhenyan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xingxing Kong
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kai-Jiang Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, No. 150 Haping St, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Rui-Tao Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, No. 150 Haping St, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongsheng Chang
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tiemin Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, No. 150 Haping St, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Lazra Y, Falach A, Frenkel L, Rozenberg K, Sampson S, Rosenzweig T. Autocrine/paracrine function of globular adiponectin: inhibition of lipid metabolism and inflammatory response in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:754-66. [PMID: 25491932 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipose-derived hormone, with beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and inflammation. The aim of this study was to clarify the autocrine/paracrine effects of globular adiponectin (gAd) administrated during differentiation on the function of the mature adipocytes. Experiments were performed on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes treated with gAd (10 nM), starting at an early stage of differentiation. gAd treatment during differentiation was without effect on mRNA expression of adiponectin and AdipoR2, but increased AdipoR1 expression. PPARgamma, perillipin and FABP4 mRNA expressions were lower in gAd-treated adipocytes, accompanied by a reduction in lipid accumulation. While mRNA expression of HSL was not affected by gAd compared to untreated adipocytes, both ATGL and FAS were reduced, indicating that gAd regulates both lipolysis and lipogenesis. PPARα, ACOX2 and UCPs mRNA expressions were not affected by gAd, indicating that the reduction in lipid content is not attributed to an increase in fatty-acid oxidation. In accord with the lower PPARγ expression, there was reduced Glut4 mRNA expression; however, insulin-induced PKB phosphorylation was enhanced by gAd, and glucose uptake was not altered. To investigate the effect of gAd on LPS-induced inflammatory response, cells were treated with gAd either during differentiation or 24 h before induction of inflammation in differentiated adipocytes. LPS-induced inflammatory response, as indicated by increase in IL6 and MCP-1 mRNA expression. gAd given through differentiation was much more effective in abrogating LPS-dependent cytokines production than gAd given to the mature adipocyte. In conclusion, elevated gAd at differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells leads to reduced lipid content, reduced lipid metabolism and high resistance to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Lazra
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Nutrition, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel; Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Pashaj A, Xia M, Moreau R. α-Lipoic acid as a triglyceride-lowering nutraceutical. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:1029-41. [PMID: 26235242 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Considering the current obesity epidemic in the United States (>100 million adults are overweight or obese), the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia is likely to grow beyond present statistics of ∼30% of the population. Conventional therapies for managing hypertriglyceridemia include lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, pharmacological approaches, and nutritional supplements. It is critically important to identify new strategies that would be safe and effective in lowering hypertriglyceridemia. α-Lipoic acid (LA) is a naturally occurring enzyme cofactor found in the human body in small quantities. A growing body of evidence indicates a role of LA in ameliorating metabolic dysfunction and lipid anomalies primarily in animals. Limited human studies suggest LA is most efficacious in situations where blood triglycerides are markedly elevated. LA is commercially available as dietary supplements and is clinically shown to be safe and effective against diabetic polyneuropathies. LA is described as a potent biological antioxidant, a detoxification agent, and a diabetes medicine. Given its strong safety record, LA may be a useful nutraceutical, either alone or in combination with other lipid-lowering strategies, when treating severe hypertriglyceridemia and diabetic dyslipidemia. This review examines the current evidence regarding the use of LA as a means of normalizing blood triglycerides. Also presented are the leading mechanisms of action of LA on triglyceride metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjeza Pashaj
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Mengna Xia
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Régis Moreau
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Arnaboldi L, Corsini A. Could changes in adiponectin drive the effect of statins on the risk of new-onset diabetes? The case of pitavastatin. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2015; 16:1-27. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(14)70002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Nakagawa Y, Chiba K. Role of microglial m1/m2 polarization in relapse and remission of psychiatric disorders and diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:1028-48. [PMID: 25429645 PMCID: PMC4276905 DOI: 10.3390/ph7121028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder were thought to be caused by neurotransmitter abnormalities. Patients with these disorders often experience relapse and remission; however the underlying molecular mechanisms of relapse and remission still remain unclear. Recent advanced immunological analyses have revealed that M1/M2 polarization of macrophages plays an important role in controlling the balance between promotion and suppression in inflammation. Microglial cells share certain characteristics with macrophages and contribute to immune-surveillance in the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we summarize immunoregulatory functions of microglia and discuss a possible role of microglial M1/M2 polarization in relapse and remission of psychiatric disorders and diseases. M1 polarized microglia can produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide, suggesting that these molecules contribute to dysfunction of neural network in the CNS. Alternatively, M2 polarized microglia express cytokines and receptors that are implicated in inhibiting inflammation and restoring homeostasis. Based on these aspects, we propose a possibility that M1 and M2 microglia are related to relapse and remission, respectively in psychiatric disorders and diseases. Consequently, a target molecule skewing M2 polarization of microglia may provide beneficial therapies for these disorders and diseases in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakagawa
- Research Strategy and Planning Department, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan.
| | - Kenji Chiba
- Advanced Medical Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan.
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15
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Vetvik KK, Sonerud T, Lindeberg M, Lüders T, Størkson RH, Jonsdottir K, Frengen E, Pietiläinen KH, Bukholm I. Globular adiponectin and its downstream target genes are up-regulated locally in human colorectal tumors: ex vivo and in vitro studies. Metabolism 2014; 63:672-81. [PMID: 24636346 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low plasma adiponectin levels are linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and the risk of several types of malignancy. Despite the decline in circulating adiponectin concentrations, the increase in the expression of adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 is greater in cancerous than in normal colonic tissue. The purpose of this study was to obtain new information regarding local adiponectin signaling in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS We characterized the expressions of adiponectin and several of its downstream targets in paired samples of tumor tissue and adjacent noncancerous mucosa in 60 surgical patients with colorectal adenocarcinomas. RESULTS Adiponectin was expressed in both colorectal tumors and the adjacent mucosa. The expressions of adiponectin mRNA and its globular protein variant (gAd), adiponectin receptor type 1 and 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mRNA were significantly higher in colorectal tumors than in the adjacent mucosa. This finding was accompanied by increased mRNA expression of genes encoding proteins involved in fatty-acid trafficking and oxidation. The potential interference between adiponectin stimulation and AMPK activation through AMPK1 was examined in an in vitro model with the aid of silencing-RNA experiments. Furthermore, AMPK mRNA expression on tumors was positively correlated with a more advanced tumor stage in the patients. CONCLUSION We propose that the globular adiponectin-AMPK pathway functions in an autocrine manner in colorectal tumors, explaining some of the beneficial changes in cellular oxidative capacity in tumors in favor of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kannisto Vetvik
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen), Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Surgical Department, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Tonje Sonerud
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen), Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Lindeberg
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Torben Lüders
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen), Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild H Størkson
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen), Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Surgical Department, Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway
| | - Kristin Jonsdottir
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen), Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Frengen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ida Bukholm
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen), Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Surgical Department, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute of Health Promotion, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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Patané G, Caporarello N, Marchetti P, Parrino C, Sudano D, Marselli L, Vigneri R, Frittitta L. Adiponectin increases glucose-induced insulin secretion through the activation of lipid oxidation. Acta Diabetol 2013; 50:851-7. [PMID: 23440352 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-013-0458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression of adiponectin receptors has been demonstrated in human and rat pancreatic beta cells, where globular (g) adiponectin rescues rat beta cells from cytokine and fatty acid-induced apoptosis. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether adiponectin has a direct effect on insulin secretion and the metabolic pathways involved. Purified human pancreatic islets and rat beta cells (INS-1E) were exposed (1 h) to g-adiponectin, and glucose-induced insulin secretion was measured. A significant increase in glucose-induced insulin secretion was observed in the presence of g-adiponectin (1 nmol/l) with respect to control cells in both human pancreatic islets (n = 5, p < 0.05) and INS-1E cells (n = 5, p < 0.001). The effect of globular adiponectin on insulin secretion was independent of AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) activation or glucose oxidation. In contrast, g-adiponectin significantly increased oleate oxidation (n = 5, p < 0.05), and the effect of g-adiponectin (p < 0.001) on insulin secretion by INS-1E was significantly reduced in the presence of etomoxir (1 μmol/l), an inhibitor of fatty acid beta oxidation. g-Adiponectin potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion in both human pancreatic islets and rat beta cells via an AMPK independent pathway. Increased fatty acid oxidation rather than augmented glucose oxidation is the mechanism responsible. Overall, our data indicate that, in addition to its anti-apoptotic action, g-adiponectin has another direct effect on beta cells by potentiating insulin secretion. Adiponectin, therefore, in addition to its well-known effect on insulin sensitivity, has important effects at the pancreatic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Patané
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania Medical School, Via Palermo 636, 95122, Catania, Italy
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17
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Wang C, Li X, Mu K, Li L, Wang S, Zhu Y, Zhang M, Ryu J, Xie Z, Shi D, Zhang WJ, Dong LQ, Jia W. Deficiency of APPL1 in mice impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through inhibition of pancreatic beta cell mitochondrial function. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1999-2009. [PMID: 23793716 PMCID: PMC4556236 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interaction, pleckstrin homology domain and leucine zipper containing 1 (APPL1) is an adapter protein that positively mediates adiponectin signalling. Deficiency of APPL1 in the target tissues of insulin induces insulin resistance. We therefore aimed, in the present study, to determine its role in regulating pancreatic beta cell function. METHODS A hyperglycaemic clamp test was performed to determine insulin secretion in APPL1 knockout (KO) mice. Glucose- and adiponectin-induced insulin release was measured in islets from APPL1 KO mice or INS-1(832/13) cells with either APPL1 knockdown or overproduction. RT-PCR and western blotting were conducted to analyse gene expression and protein abundance. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential were assayed to evaluate mitochondrial function. RESULTS APPL1 is highly expressed in pancreatic islets, but its levels are decreased in mice fed a high-fat diet and db/db mice compared with controls. Deletion of the Appl1 gene leads to impairment of both the first and second phases of insulin secretion during hyperglycaemic clamp tests. In addition, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is significantly decreased in islets from APPL1 KO mice. Conversely, overproduction of APPL1 leads to an increase in GSIS in beta cells. In addition, expression levels of several genes involved in insulin production, mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial OCR, ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential are reduced significantly in APPL1-knockdown beta cells. Moreover, suppression or overexproduction of APPL1 inhibits or stimulates adiponectin-potentiated GSIS in beta cells, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study demonstrates the roles of APPL1 in regulating GSIS and mitochondrial function in pancreatic beta cells, which implicates APPL1 as a therapeutic target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of ChinaDiabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaida Mu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of ChinaDiabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of ChinaDiabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of ChinaDiabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of ChinaDiabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of ChinaDiabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiyoon Ryu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Zhifang Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongyun Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiping J. Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lily Q. Dong
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of ChinaDiabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Fonseca VU, Papa PC, Campos DB. Potencial envolvimento da adiponectina e seus receptores na modulação da esteroidogênese em corpo lúteo de cadelas ao longo do diestro. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012001000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
No ciclo estral de cadelas a fase luteínica, denominada diestro, compreende um período que varia de 60 a 100 dias em animais não-prenhes, caracterizado pela elevação plasmática de progesterona nos primeiros 20 dias pós ovulação (p.o). A adiponectina é a mais abundante proteína secretada pelo tecido adiposo, porém sua concentração plasmática diminui significativamente em alterações metabólicas como resistência insulínica e Diabetes mellitus tipo2, alterações descritas como relacionadas em algumas cadelas com o período de diestro. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a expressão e imunolocalização do sistema adiponectina (adiponectina e seus receptores, adipoR1 e adipoR2) no corpo lúteo de cadelas ao longo do diestro, correlacionando-o ao perfil hormonal de 17β-estradiol e progesterona, assim como à expressão de um dos genes alvo do sistema, o PPAR-γ. Para realização do estudo foram coletados corpos lúteos de 28 cadelas durante ovariosalpingohisterectomia de eleição nos dias 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 e 70 pós ovulação (o dia zero da ovulação foi considerado aquele no qual a concentração plasmática de progesterona atingiu 5ng/mL). Os corpos lúteos foram avaliados por imunohistoquímica para adiponectina e seus receptores e a expressão do RNAm do PPAR-γ por PCR em tempo real. A análise estatística da avaliação gênica foi realizada com o teste ANOVA, seguido por comparação múltipla Newman-Keuls. O sinal da adiponectina apresentou-se mais intenso até os primeiros 20 dias p.o, momento de regência da progesterona; houve queda gradativa após este período, coincidindo com a ascensão do 17β-estradiol, cujo pico foi notado próximo do dia 40 p.o. A queda marcante da adiponectina ocorreu após 50 dias p.o. O sinal do adipoR1 mostrou-se bem evidente até os 40 dias p.o e o do adipoR2 até os 50 dias p. o, decaindo posteriormente. Foi observada maior expressão do gene PPAR-γ aos 10, 30 e 70 dias p.o. Estes resultados mostram que a expressão protéica da adiponectina e de seus receptores se altera ao longo do diestro e que estas alterações podem estar relacionados às alterações hormonais e expressão do PPAR- γ, participando do mecanismo fisiológico de desenvolvimento, manutenção, atividade e regressão luteínica em cadelas.
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Chetboun M, Abitbol G, Rozenberg K, Rozenfeld H, Deutsch A, Sampson SR, Rosenzweig T. Maintenance of redox state and pancreatic beta-cell function: role of leptin and adiponectin. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1966-76. [PMID: 22253064 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Whereas oxidative stress is linked to cellular damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also believed to be involved in the propagation of signaling pathways. Studies on the role of ROS in pancreatic beta-cell physiology, in contrast to pathophysiology, have not yet been reported. In this study we investigate the importance of maintaining cellular redox state on pancreatic beta-cell function and viability, and the effects of leptin and adiponectin on this balance. Experiments were conducted on RINm and MIN6 pancreatic beta-cells. Leptin (1-100 ng/ml) and adiponectin (1-100 nM) increased ROS accumulation, as was determined by DCFDA fluorescence. Using specific inhibitors, we found that the increase in ROS levels was mediated by NADPH oxidase (Nox), but not by AMP kinase (AMPK) or phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K). Leptin and adiponectin increased beta-cell number as detected by the XTT method, but did not affect apoptosis, indicating that the increased cell number results from increased proliferation. The adipokines-induced increase in viability is ROS dependent as this effect was abolished by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or PEG-catalase. In addition, insulin secretion was found to be regulated by alterations in redox state, but not by adipokines. Finally, the effects of the various treatments on activity and mRNA expression of several antioxidant enzymes were determined. Both leptin and adiponectin reduced mRNA levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD)1. Adiponectin also decreased SOD activity and increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the presence of H2O2. The results of this study show that leptin and adiponectin, by inducing a physiological increase in ROS levels, may be positive regulators of beta-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moria Chetboun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel, Israel
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Turer AT, Scherer PE. Adiponectin: mechanistic insights and clinical implications. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2319-26. [PMID: 22688349 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived secretory protein that has been very widely studied over the past 15 years. A multitude of different functions have been attributed to this adipokine. It has been characterised in vitro at the level of tissue culture systems and in vivo through genetic manipulation of rodent models. It is also widely accepted as a biomarker in clinical studies. Originating in adipose tissue, generally positive metabolic effects have been attributed to adiponectin. In this review, we briefly discuss the key characteristics of this interesting but very complex molecule, highlight recent results in the context of its mechanism of action and summarise some of the key epidemiological data that helped establish adiponectin as a robust biomarker for insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular disease and many additional disease phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Turer
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8521, USA.
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that osteoporosis, similarly to obesity and diabetes, could be another disorder of energy metabolism. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has emerged over the last decade as a key sensing mechanism in the regulation of cellular energy homeostasis and is an essential mediator of the central and peripheral effects of many hormones on the metabolism of appetite, fat and glucose. Novel work demonstrates that the AMPK signaling pathway also plays a role in bone physiology. Activation of AMPK promotes bone formation in vitro and the deletion of α or β subunit of AMPK decreases bone mass in mice. Furthermore, AMPK activity in bone cells is regulated by the same hormones that regulate food intake and energy expenditure through AMPK activation in the brain and peripheral tissues. AMPK is also activated by antidiabetic drugs such as metformin and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which also impact on skeletal metabolism. Interestingly, TZDs have detrimental skeletal side effects, causing bone loss and increasing the risk of fractures, although the role of AMPK mediation is still unclear. These data are presented in this review that also discusses the potential roles of AMPK in bone as well as the possibility for AMPK to be a future therapeutic target for intervention in osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jeyabalan
- Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
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Lee YH, Magkos F, Mantzoros CS, Kang ES. Effects of leptin and adiponectin on pancreatic β-cell function. Metabolism 2011; 60:1664-72. [PMID: 21632069 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Leptin and adiponectin are hormones secreted from adipocytes that have important roles in metabolism and energy homeostasis. This review evaluates the effects of leptin and adiponectin on β-cell function by analyzing and compiling results from human clinical trials and epidemiologic studies as well as in vitro and in vivo experiments. Leptin has been shown to inhibit ectopic fat accumulation and thereby prevent β-cell dysfunction and protect the β-cell from cytokine- and fatty acid-induced apoptosis. However, leptin suppresses insulin gene expression and secretion as well as glucose transport into the β-cell. Adiponectin stimulates insulin secretion by enhancing exocytosis of insulin granules and upregulating the expression of the insulin gene; however, this effect depends on the prevailing glucose concentration and status of insulin resistance. In addition, adiponectin has antiapoptotic properties in β-cells. Available evidence concerning the role of these adipokines on insulin secretion, insulin gene expression, and apoptosis is not always entirely consistent; and many fundamental questions remain to be answered by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Yamane T, Kobayashi-Hattori K, Oishi Y. Adiponectin promotes hyaluronan synthesis along with increases in hyaluronan synthase 2 transcripts through an AMP-activated protein kinase/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α-dependent pathway in human dermal fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 415:235-8. [PMID: 22024046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although adipocytokines affect the functions of skin, little information is available on the effect of adiponectin on the skin. In this study, we investigated the effect of adiponectin on hyaluronan synthesis and its regulatory mechanisms in human dermal fibroblasts. Adiponectin promoted hyaluronan synthesis along with an increase in the mRNA levels of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), which plays a primary role in hyaluronan synthesis. Adiponectin also increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). A pharmacological activator of AMPK, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1β-ribofuranoside (AICAR), increased mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), which enhances the expression of HAS2 mRNA. In addition, AICAR increased the mRNA levels of HAS2. Adiponectin-induced HAS2 mRNA expression was blocked by GW6471, a PPARα antagonist, in a concentration-dependent manner. These results show that adiponectin promotes hyaluronan synthesis along with increases in HAS2 transcripts through an AMPK/PPARα-dependent pathway in human dermal fibroblasts. Thus, our study suggests that adiponectin may be beneficial for retaining moisture in the skin, anti-inflammatory activity, and the treatment of a variety of cutaneous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yamane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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Verkest KR, Rand JS, Fleeman LM, Morton JM, Richards AA, Rose FJ, Whitehead JP. Distinct adiponectin profiles might contribute to differences in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in dogs and humans. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011; 41:67-73. [PMID: 21600725 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dogs develop obesity-associated insulin resistance but not type 2 diabetes mellitus. Low adiponectin is associated with progression to type 2 diabetes in obese humans. The aims of this study were to compare total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and the ratio of HMW to total adiponectin (S(A)) between dogs and humans and to examine whether total or HMW adiponectin or both are associated with insulin resistance in naturally occurring obese dogs. We compared adiponectin profiles between 10 lean dogs and 10 lean humans and between 6 lean dogs and 6 age- and sex-matched, client-owned obese dogs. Total adiponectin was measured with assays validated in each species. We measured S(A) with velocity centrifugation on sucrose gradients. The effect of total and HMW adiponectin concentrations on MINMOD-estimated insulin sensitivity was assessed with linear regression. Lean dogs had total and HMW adiponectin concentrations three to four times higher than lean humans (total: dogs 32 ± 5.6 mg/L, humans 10 ± 1.3 mg/L, P<0.001; HMW: dogs 25 ± 4.5 mg/L, humans 6 ± 1.3 mg/L, P<0.001) and a higher S(A) (dogs: 0.78 ± 0.05; humans: 0.54 ± 0.08, P = 0.002). Adiponectin concentrations and S(A) were not lower in obese dogs (0.76 ± 0.05 in both groups; P=1). Total adiponectin, HMW adiponectin, and S(A) were not associated with insulin sensitivity in dogs. We propose that differences in adiponectin profiles between humans and dogs might contribute to the propensity of humans but not dogs to develop type 2 diabetes. Dogs with chronic, naturally occurring obesity do not have selectively reduced HMW adiponectin, and adiponectin does not appear to be important in the development of canine obesity-associated insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Verkest
- Centre for Companion Animal Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Szkudelski T, Nogowski L, Szkudelska K. Short-term regulation of adiponectin secretion in rat adipocytes. Physiol Res 2011; 60:521-30. [PMID: 21401303 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.931971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin belongs to the group of biologically active substances secreted by adipocytes and referred to as adipokines. Disturbances in its secretion and/or action are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of some metabolic diseases. However, regulation of adiponectin secretion is poorly elucidated. In the present study, short-term regulation of adiponectin secretion in primary rat adipocytes was investigated. Isolated rat adipocytes were incubated in Krebs-Ringer buffer containing 5 mM glucose and insulin alone or in the combination with epinephrine, dibutyryl-cAMP, adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist (DPCPX), palmitate, 2-bromopalmitate or inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport (rotenone). Adipocyte exposure for 2 h to insulin (1-100 nM) significantly increased secretion of adiponectin compared with secretion observed without insulin. Furthermore, secretion of adiponectin from adipocytes incubated with glucose and insulin was reduced by 1 and 2 microM epinephrine, but not by 0.25 and 0.5 microM epinephrine. Under similar conditions, 1 and 2 mM dibutyryl-cAMP substantially diminished secretion of adiponectin, whereas 0.5 mM dibutyryl-cAMP was ineffective. Secretion of adiponectin was found to be effectively decreased by DPCPX. Moreover, adipocyte exposure to rotenone also resulted in a substantial diminution of secretory response of adipocytes incubated for 2 h with glucose and insulin. It was also demonstrated that palmitate and 2-bromopalmitate (0.06-0.5 mM) failed to affect secretion of leptin. The obtained results indicated that in short-term regulation of adiponectin secretion, insulin and epinephrine exert the opposite effects. These effects appeared as early as after 2 h of exposure. Moreover, deprivation of energy or blockade of adenosine action substantially decreased secretion of adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Szkudelski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Maehira F, Ishimine N, Miyagi I, Eguchi Y, Shimada K, Kawaguchi D, Oshiro Y. Anti-diabetic effects including diabetic nephropathy of anti-osteoporotic trace minerals on diabetic mice. Nutrition 2010; 27:488-95. [PMID: 20708379 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In our previous study to evaluate the effects of soluble silicon (Si) on bone metabolism, Si and coral sand (CS) as a natural Si-containing material suppressed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), which regulates both glucose and bone metabolism and increases adipogenesis at the expense of osteogenesis, leading to bone loss. In this study, we investigated the anti-diabetic effects of bone-seeking elements, Si and stable strontium (Sr), and CS as a natural material containing these elements using obese diabetic KKAy mice. METHODS Weanling male mice were fed diets containing 1% Ca supplemented with CaCO(3) as the control and CS, and diets supplemented with 50 ppm Si or 750 ppm Sr to control diet for 56 d. The mRNA expressions related to energy expenditure in the pancreas and kidney were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS At the end of feeding, plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels decreased significantly in three test groups, while pancreatic PPARγ and adiponectin mRNA expression levels increased significantly toward the normal level, improving the glucose sensitivity of β-cells and inducing a significant decrease in insulin expression. The renal PPARγ, PPARα, and adiponectin expression levels, histologic indices of diabetic glomerulopathy, and plasma indices of renal function were also improved significantly in the test groups. CONCLUSION Taken together, anti-osteoporotic trace minerals, Si and Sr, and CS containing them showed novel anti-diabetic effects of lowering blood glucose level, improving the tolerance to insulin, leptin, and adiponectin, and reducing the risk of glomerulopathy through modulation of related gene expression in the pancreas and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusako Maehira
- Department of Biometabolic Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
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Wijesekara N, Krishnamurthy M, Bhattacharjee A, Suhail A, Sweeney G, Wheeler MB. Adiponectin-induced ERK and Akt phosphorylation protects against pancreatic beta cell apoptosis and increases insulin gene expression and secretion. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33623-31. [PMID: 20709750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.085084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional impact of adiponectin on pancreatic beta cells is so far poorly understood. Although adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1/2) were identified, their involvement in adiponectin-induced signaling and other molecules involved is not clearly defined. Therefore, we investigated the role of adiponectin in beta cells and the signaling mediators involved. MIN6 beta cells and mouse islets were stimulated with globular (2.5 μg/ml) or full-length (5 μg/ml) adiponectin under serum starvation, and cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, insulin gene expression, and secretion were measured. Lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis to determine phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Akt, or ERK. Functional significance of signaling was confirmed using dominant negative mutants or pharmacological inhibitors. Participation of AdipoRs was assessed by overexpression or siRNA. Adiponectin failed to activate AMPK after 10 min or 1- and 24-h stimulation. ERK was significantly phosphorylated after 24-h treatment with adiponectin, whereas Akt was activated at all time points examined. 24-h stimulation with adiponectin significantly increased cell viability by decreasing cellular apoptosis, and this was prevented by dominant negative Akt, wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor), and U0126 (MEK inhibitor). Moreover, adiponectin regulated insulin gene expression and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, which was also prevented by wortmannin and U0126 treatment. Interestingly, the data also suggest adiponectin-induced changes in Akt and ERK phosphorylation and caspase-3 may occur independent of the level of AdipoR expression. This study demonstrates a lack of AMPK involvement and implicates Akt and ERK in adiponectin signaling, leading to protection against apoptosis and stimulation of insulin gene expression and secretion in pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeeja Wijesekara
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, USA
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Abstract
Obesity is an established risk factor in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease; all components that are part of the metabolic syndrome. Traditionally, insulin resistance has been defined in a glucocentric perspective. However, elevated systemic levels of fatty acids are now considered significant contributors towards the pathophysiological aspects associated with the syndrome. An overaccumulation of unoxidized long-chain fatty acids can saturate the storage capacity of adipose tissue, resulting in a lipid 'spill over' to non-adipose tissues, such as the liver, muscle, heart, and pancreatic-islets. Under these circumstances, such ectopic lipid deposition can have deleterious effects. The excess lipids are driven into alternative non-oxidative pathways, which result in the formation of reactive lipid moieties that promote metabolically relevant cellular dysfunction (lipotoxicity) and programmed cell-death (lipoapoptosis). Here, we focus on how both of these processes affect metabolically significant cell-types and highlight how lipotoxicity and sequential lipoapoptosis are as major mediators of insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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Abd El-Maksoud AM, El Hefnawy MH, Yahya SM, Seoudi DM, Abdel-Ghaffar ARB, Eskander EF, Ahmed HH, Kamal IH. Early predictors of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetic patients. Clin Biochem 2009; 42:1401-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lin P, Chen L, Li D, Liu J, Yang N, Sun Y, Xu Y, Fu Y, Hou X. Adiponectin reduces glucotoxicity-induced apoptosis of INS-1 rat insulin-secreting cells on a microfluidic chip. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2009; 217:59-65. [PMID: 19155609 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.217.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar and progressive failure of insulin-producing beta-cells. Persistent hyperglycemia and blood sugar fluctuation are two general phenomena in diabetic patients, and both of them can result in an increased frequency of beta-cell apoptosis. Therefore, rescuing pancreatic beta-cells from glucotoxicity-induced beta-cell apoptosis is increasing viewed as a promising means for curing. The aim of this study was to investigate whether adiponectin, an important cytokine expressed in adipose tissue, has a potential for the application as the antiapoptotic strategy. INS-1 rat insulin-secreting cell line was used in this study as a model of pancreatic beta-cells, because INS-1 cells show the susceptibility to glucotoxicity, as seen in beta-cells. INS-1 cells were cultured on a novel microfluidic chip with persistent perfusion and subsequently exposed to sustained high glucose (SHG) (25 mmol/l) or intermittent high glucose (IHG) (11.1 and 25 mmol/l glucose alternating every 12 h) in the absence or presence of adiponectin for 72 h. Using this device, we showed that IHG induced more serious impairment in INS-1 cells than did SHG, and adiponectin partially rescued INS-1 cells from glucotoxicity-induced apoptosis, dysfunction and reduction of insulin gene expression. Simultaneously, the mRNA expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is a signaling protein that acts to modulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, was restored in the presence of adiponectin. Based on the above evidence, we suggest that adiponectin could reduce glucotoxicity-induced apoptosis of beta-cells, at least in part, by transiently activating AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Department of Endocrine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China.
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Rowe GC, Choi CS, Neff L, Horne WC, Shulman GI, Baron R. Increased energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity in the high bone mass DeltaFosB transgenic mice. Endocrinology 2009; 150:135-43. [PMID: 18772235 PMCID: PMC2630902 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and osteoporosis are major health issues affecting millions of individuals. Transgenic mice overexpressing DeltaFosB, an activator protein-1 transcription factor, under the control of the enolase 2 (ENO2) promoter exhibit both an increase in bone density and a decrease in adipose mass. Here we demonstrate that DeltaFosB overexpression increases fatty-acid oxidation and energy expenditure, leading to a decrease in adipocyte size and adipose mass. In addition, the ENO2-DeltaFosB mice exhibit increased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Targeted overexpression of DeltaFosB in adipocytes using the adipocyte protein 2 promoter failed to induce changes in fat or in bone, showing that the effect on metabolic activity is not due to cell-autonomous effects of DeltaFosB within adipocytes. Detailed analysis of the ENO2-DeltaFosB mice demonstrated that energy expenditure was increased in muscle, independent of locomotor activity. These findings provide evidence that signaling downstream of DeltaFosB is a potential target for not only osteoporosis but also obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C Rowe
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Guillod-Maximin E, Roy AF, Vacher CM, Aubourg A, Bailleux V, Lorsignol A, Pénicaud L, Parquet M, Taouis M. Adiponectin receptors are expressed in hypothalamus and colocalized with proopiomelanocortin and neuropeptide Y in rodent arcuate neurons. J Endocrinol 2009; 200:93-105. [PMID: 18971219 DOI: 10.1677/joe-08-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin is involved in the control of energy homeostasis in peripheral tissues through Adipor1 and Adipor2 receptors. An increasing amount of evidence suggests that this adipocyte-secreted hormone may also act at the hypothalamic level to control energy homeostasis. In the present study, we observed the gene and protein expressions of Adipor1 and Adipor2 in rat hypothalamus using different approaches. By immunohistochemistry, Adipor1 expression was ubiquitous in the rat brain. By contrast, Adipor2 expression was more limited to specific brain areas such as hypothalamus, cortex, and hippocampus. In arcuate and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, Adipor1, and Adipor2 were expressed by neurons and astrocytes. Furthermore, using transgenic green fluorescent protein mice, we showed that Adipor1 and Adipor2 were present in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Finally, adiponectin treatment by intracerebroventricular injection induced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in the rat hypothalamus. This was confirmed by in vitro studies using hypothalamic membrane fractions. In conclusion, Adipor1 and Adipor2 are both expressed by neurons (including POMC and NPY neurons) and astrocytes in the rat hypothalamic nuclei. Adiponectin is able to increase AMPK phosphorylation in the rat hypothalamus. These data reinforced a potential role of adiponectin and its hypothalamic receptors in the control of energy homeostasis.
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Wade TE, Mathur A, Lu D, Swartz-Basile DA, Pitt HA, Zyromski NJ. Adiponectin receptor-1 expression is decreased in the pancreas of obese mice. J Surg Res 2008; 154:78-84. [PMID: 19062045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is epidemic in the 21st century and has been shown to be a risk factor for developing severe acute pancreatitis. Adipose tissue produces small molecules called adipokines, which are important in modulating metabolism and inflammation. The anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin is decreased in obesity and inversely mirrors the severity of pancreatitis in a murine experimental model. Adiponectin acts through two receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2; no data are currently available regarding adiponection receptor expression in the obese murine pancreas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis were undertaken to determine expression of adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in the pancreas and liver of lean (C57BL/6J) and congenitally obese (Lep(Ob) and Lep(Db)) mice. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry confirmed expression of both AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in the pancreas of all three murine strains. Staining was positive in acinar cells and to a lesser extent in islet cells. Pancreatic gene expression of AdipoR2 was similar among lean and obese mice. AdipoR1 gene expression, however, was significantly (P < 0.001) decreased in the pancreas of both Lep(Ob) and Lep(Db) mice compared to wild-type lean animals. Gene expression of both AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 was significantly less in the liver of obese (Lep(Ob) and Lep(Db)) mice compared to wild-type lean animals (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These data show for the first time that the adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are expressed in the obese murine pancreas. The paucity of AdipoR1 receptors may be important when considering the role played by adipokines in the genesis of severe pancreatitis in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence E Wade
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Barb D, Williams CJ, Neuwirth AK, Mantzoros CS. Adiponectin in relation to malignancies: a review of existing basic research and clinical evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:s858-66. [PMID: 18265479 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.3.858s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone that plays an important role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease, may also be of importance in the development and progression of several malignancies. Circulating adiponectin concentrations, which are determined mainly by genetic factors, nutrition, and adiposity, are lower in patients with breast, endometrial, prostate, and colon cancer. It has thus been proposed that adiponectin may be a biological link between obesity (especially central obesity) and increased cancer risk. Adiponectin may influence cancer risk through its well-recognized effects on insulin resistance, but it is also plausible that adiponectin acts on tumor cells directly. Several cancer cell types express adiponectin receptors that may mediate the effects of adiponectin on cellular proliferation. Herein, we review recent evidence supporting a role of serum adiponectin concentrations as a novel risk factor and possible diagnostic marker for obesity-related malignancies, including cancers of the breast, endometrium, colon, and prostate. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the potential role of adiponectin in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Barb
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Disease, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Chabrolle C, Tosca L, Dupont J. Regulation of adiponectin and its receptors in rat ovary by human chorionic gonadotrophin treatment and potential involvement of adiponectin in granulosa cell steroidogenesis. Reproduction 2007; 133:719-31. [PMID: 17504916 DOI: 10.1530/rep-06-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, adiponectin and its receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) mRNAs are expressed in various tissues. However, the cellular expression and the role of adiponectin system have never been investigated in rat ovary. Here, we report the presence of adiponectin, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in rat ovaries, and we have investigated its role in granulosa cells. Using RT-PCR and western blot, we show that the mRNAs and proteins for adiponectin, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are found in the ovaries. Immunohistochemistry localized adiponectin, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in theca-interstitial T-I cells, corpus luteum, oocyte and less abundantly in granulosa cells. In the KGN human granulosa cell line, adiponectin mRNA and protein were undetectable; AdipoR2 was weakly expressed, whereas AdipoR1 was clearly present. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) injection (48 h) after pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) injection (24 h) in immature rats increased the level of adiponectin (protein) by about threefold (P< 0.05) and those of AdipoR1 by threefold (mRNA,P< 0.05) and 1.5-fold (protein,P< 0.05) in ovary, whereas the mRNA and protein levels of AdipoR2 were unchanged. Interestingly, hCG injection (48 h) after the PMSG treatment (24 h) decreased plasma adiponectin levels and increased insulin plasma levels.In vitroin primary rat granulosa cells, human adiponectin recombinant (5 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of follicle-stimulating hormone (10−8M, 48 h) had no effect on the steroidogenesis. However, it increased progesterone secretion (P< 0.05) by about twofold and oestradiol production (P< 0.05) by about 1.6-fold in response to insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) (10−8M). Furthermore, it improved IGF-I-induced IGF-I receptor-β subunit tyrosine phosphorylation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In basal state, human adiponectin recombinant also increased rapidly but transiently the ERK1/2, p38 and Akt phosphorylations, whereas it increased more lately the adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Thus, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are regulated by hCG treatment in rat ovary and adiponectin enhances IGF-I-induced steroidogenesis in granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Chabrolle
- Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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Newsholme P, Keane D, Welters HJ, Morgan NG. Life and death decisions of the pancreatic β-cell: the role of fatty acids. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006; 112:27-42. [PMID: 17132138 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Both stimulatory and detrimental effects of NEFAs (non-esterified fatty acids) on pancreatic β-cells have been recognized. Acute exposure of the pancreatic β-cell to high glucose concentrations and/or saturated NEFAs results in a substantial increase in insulin release, whereas chronic exposure results in desensitization and suppression of secretion, followed by induction of apoptosis. Some unsaturated NEFAs also promote insulin release acutely, but they are less toxic to β-cells during chronic exposure and can even exert positive protective effects. Therefore changes in the levels of NEFAs are likely to be important for the regulation of β-cell function and viability under physiological conditions. In addition, the switching between endogenous fatty acid synthesis or oxidation in the β-cell, together with alterations in neutral lipid accumulation, may have critical implications for β-cell function and integrity. Long-chain acyl-CoA (formed from either endogenously synthesized or exogenous fatty acids) controls several aspects of β-cell function, including activation of specific isoenzymes of PKC (protein kinase C), modulation of ion channels, protein acylation, ceramide formation and/or NO-mediated apoptosis, and transcription factor activity. In this review, we describe the effects of exogenous and endogenous fatty acids on β-cell metabolism and gene and protein expression, and have explored the outcomes with respect to insulin secretion and β-cell integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Newsholme
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Huypens PR. Leptin and adiponectin regulate compensatory beta cell growth in accordance to overweight. Med Hypotheses 2006; 68:1134-7. [PMID: 17098372 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Compensatory beta cell growth occurs in accordance to overweight and increasing insulin demands. The proliferative actions of insulin and insulin-like growth factors are mediated via the IRS-2-PI(3)K-Akt pathway of pleiotropic insulin signaling. However, sustained activation leads to negative feedback via the mTOR-induced proteasomal degradation of IRS-2. The proliferative actions of incretins and adipokines are mediated via other pathways that ultimately converge with the IRS-2-PI(3)K-Akt axis. The incretins GIP and GLP-1 increase IRS-2 levels in beta cells by acting via the cAMP-PKA pathway, whereas leptin inhibits PTEN activity via CK2-dependent pathways. By increasing PIP(3) availability the adipokine amplifies the magnitude as well as duration of factors acting via the IRS-2-PI(3)K-Akt pathway. Considering that AMPK prevents mTOR-induced degradation of IRS-2, we propose that adiponectin and leptin cooperatively achieve compensatory beta cell growth in accordance to adiposity. In conditions of overt obesity, when adiponectin levels are too low to provide sufficient IRS-2 levels, loss of compensatory beta cell growth may occur.
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Kola B, Boscaro M, Rutter GA, Grossman AB, Korbonits M. Expanding role of AMPK in endocrinology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2006; 17:205-15. [PMID: 16766204 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine 5' monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a regulator of cellular and systemic energy homeostasis. It mediates some of the effects of peripheral hormones such as leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin, and it is involved in the insulin-sensitizing role of the antidiabetic drug metformin. There is increasing evidence that AMPK has a central role in mediating the appetite-modulating and metabolic effects of many other hormones and substances, including the cannabinoids. Recent studies have illustrated the interaction between hormones and AMPK, and highlighted AMPK as a potential target for the development of tissue-specific AMPK modulators in the treatment of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blerina Kola
- Department of Endocrinology, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Zhao YF, Feng DD, Chen C. Contribution of adipocyte-derived factors to beta-cell dysfunction in diabetes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:804-19. [PMID: 16378747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In addition to serving as an energy reservoir, the adipocyte has been characterized as an endocrine cell, secreting many bioactive factors which influence energy homeostasis. Being overweight, with excessive adipose tissue, is considered to be part of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction are two major pathophysiological changes seen in type 2 diabetes. In addition to inducing insulin resistance in insulin-responsive tissues, adipocyte-derived factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of beta-cell dysfunction. Leptin, free fatty acids, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 are all produced and secreted by adipocytes, and may directly influence aspects of beta-cell function, including insulin synthesis and secretion, insulin cell survival and apoptosis. During the progression from normal weight to obesity and on to overt diabetes, the adipocyte-derived factors contribute to the occurrence and development of beta-cell dysfunction and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Zhao
- Department of Physiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Haber EP, Procópio J, Carvalho CRO, Carpinelli AR, Newsholme P, Curi R. New Insights into Fatty Acid Modulation of Pancreatic β‐Cell Function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2006; 248:1-41. [PMID: 16487789 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)48001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance states as found in type 2 diabetes and obesity are frequently associated with hyperlipidemia. Both stimulatory and detrimental effects of free fatty acids (FFA) on pancreatic beta cells have long been recognized. Acute exposure of the pancreatic beta cell to both high glucose concentrations and saturated FFA results in a substantial increase of insulin release, whereas a chronic exposure results in desensitization and suppression of secretion. Reduction of plasma FFA levels in fasted rats or humans severely impairs glucose-induced insulin release but palmitate can augment insulin release in the presence of nonstimulatory concentrations of glucose. These results imply that changes in physiological plasma levels of FFA are important for regulation of beta-cell function. Although it is widely accepted that fatty acid (FA) metabolism (notably FA synthesis and/or formation of LC-acyl-CoA) is necessary for stimulation of insulin secretion, the key regulatory molecular mechanisms controlling the interplay between glucose and fatty acid metabolism and thus insulin secretion are not well understood but are now described in detail in this review. Indeed the correct control of switching between FA synthesis or oxidation may have critical implications for beta-cell function and integrity both in vivo and in vitro. LC-acyl-CoA (formed from either endogenously synthesized or exogenous FA) controls several aspects of beta-cell function including activation of certain types of PKC, modulation of ion channels, protein acylation, ceramide- and/or NO-mediated apoptosis, and binding to and activating nuclear transcriptional factors. The present review also describes the possible effects of FAs on insulin signaling. We have previously reported that acute exposure of islets to palmitate up-regulates some key components of the intracellular insulin signaling pathway in pancreatic islets. Another aspect considered in this review is the potential source of fatty acids for pancreatic islets in addition to supply in the blood. Lipids can be transferred from leukocytes (macrophages) to pancreatic islets in coculture. This latter process may provide an additional source of FAs that may play a significant role in the regulation of insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther P Haber
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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