Combating oxidative stress disorders with citrus flavonoid: Naringenin

Glutaraldehyde-crosslinked Naringenin-loaded Albumin Nanoparticles (GNANPs) induce antimicrobial properties and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells

An assessment of the anticancer activity of Glutaraldehyde-crosslinked Naringenin-loaded Albumin Nanoparticles (GNANPs) against gastric cancer cells was the purpose of this study. The increasing prevalence of gastric cancer and the limitations of conventional therapies necessitate novel approaches that combine targeted drug delivery with therapeutic efficacy. Several techniques were used to characterize the synthesized GNANPs, including UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and photoluminescence (PL). They were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties, cytotoxicity, ROS accumulation, apoptotic activity, and oxidative stress markers against AGS cells. The characterization analyses indicated the existence of Glutaraldehyde-crosslinked Naringenin-loaded Albumin Nanoparticles with an oval-shaped morphology and an average particle size of 127.80 nm. The existence of several elements and functional groups in the GNANPs was also detected using EDX and FT-IR analyses, respectively. The synthesized GNANPs have shown exceptional antibacterial activities by effectively inhibiting the growth of several infections. The treatment of GNANPs efficiently inhibited the growth of AGS cells. Fluorescence staining studies showed increased apoptosis and oxidative stress markers in AGS cells treated with synthesized Glutaraldehyde-crosslinked Naringenin-loaded Albumin Nanoparticles, indicating their potential as a viable cancer treatment option.

Multiple system biology approaches reveals the role of the hsa-miR-21 in increasing risk of neurological disorders in patients suffering from hypertension

Hypertension is a prevalent disease that substantially elevates the risk of neurological disorders such as dementia, stroke and Parkinson's disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in the regulation of gene expression related to brain function and disorders. Understanding the involvement of miRNAs in these conditions could provide new insights into potential therapeutic targets. The main objective of this study is to target and investigate microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with neurological disorders in patients suffering from hypertension. The genes involved in hypertension were identified from various databases including GeneCard, MalaCard, DisGeNet, OMIM & GEO2R. The key gene for hypertension was identified using a systems biology approach. Also, potent phytochemical for hypertension was determined by computer-aided drug-designing approach. Functional miRNAs were determined for the key target gene using miRNet analytics platform by hypergeometric tests. Further, the gene-miRNA interaction was determined and enrichment analysis was done. RPS27A was identified as a key target gene for hypertension. Naringenin showed effective molecular interaction with RPS27A with a binding energy score (-6.28). Further, a list of miRNAs which were targeting brain disorders was determined from miRNet. A gene-miRNA network was constructed using the PSRR tool for Parkinson's Disease, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Acute Cerebral Infarction, ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma, & Ependymoma. Further, miRNA 21 & miRNA 16 were found to be associated with four of the neurological disorders. The study identifies specific miRNAs that may serve as potential biomarkers for brain disorders in hypertensive patients. Targeting these miRNAs could open new avenues for therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating neurological damage in this patient population.

Molecularly imprinted polymer combined with multiple-component covalent organic frameworks for extraction of naringenin enantiomers

Naringenin is a plant flavonoid found in citrus fruits and is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, extracting high-purity naringenin from citrus fruits and separating its enantiomers remains challenging. This study synthesized a molecularly imprinted multiple-component covalent organic framework (MI COF) with abundant imprinted recognition sites for the first time. This MI COF combines the advantages of molecular imprinting and covalent organic frameworks into an innovative adsorbent capable of specifically recognizing and efficiently adsorbing naringenin. MI COF exhibited an excellent adsorption capacity of 121 mg/g and a superior selectivity with an imprinting factor of 2.8 for naringenin. As a result, remarkably selective extraction of naringenin from citrus fruit extracts was achieved, with recoveries and purities of 85.7 % and 87.5 %, respectively. In addition, the vitro immunological and anticancer activities of naringenin enantiomers from citrus fruit was preliminarily investigated. These findings demonstrate that MI COF is an effective sorbent for the selective adsorption and separation of naringenin and its enantiomers from plants and fruits, holding significant potential for practical applications in food and clinical fields.

Exploring the neuroprotective potential of naringin following spinal cord injury in rats: improving sensory and motor function through combating inflammation and oxidative stress

Introduction

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to widespread cascades of inflammatory and oxidative factors. This pathological condition damages nerves and causes neurological disorders. To address these complex conditions, it is important to identify therapeutic candidates that affect multiple dysregulated signaling mediators and targets. Some phytochemicals such as naringin (NAI) with neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects can be seen as a possible candidate for treating neurodegenerative diseases.

Purpose

Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the impact and mechanism of NAI on sensory and motor function in rats with SCI.

Materials and methods

In total, 35 rats were studied in five groups, including sham, SCI, and three groups treated with intrathecal administration of NAI (5, 10, and 15 mM). After the injury, sensorimotor behavioral tests and weight changes were performed for 4 weeks. On the 28th day, the serum of rats was checked to measure biochemical factors such as catalase, glutathione, and nitrite and the activity of metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. Also, histological changes in spinal cord tissue were evaluated weekly for 4 weeks.

Results and discussion

NAI treatment demonstrated significant benefits in rats with SCI, including reducing pain, improvement in motor performance, and attenuated animal weight gain. Besides, NAI decreased the lesion area of spinal tissue and enhanced neuronal survival at both ventral and dorsal horns of spinal tissue. Furthermore, serum analysis revealed that NAI increased MMP-2 activity and catalase and glutathione levels while decreasing nitrite and MMP-9 activity.

Conclusion

The intrathecal administration of NAI can be proposed as a proper alternative in the treatment of sensory-motor disorders caused by SCI through neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant mechanisms.

Harnessing flavonoids to control probiotic function: in situ application of a naringenin-responsive genetic circuit

Efforts to improve probiotics' capabilities through synthetic biology have recently increased. Using naturally occurring plant-based compounds, such as flavonoids, as inputs of genetic circuits introduced in probiotics is a promising strategy to enhance or introduce a beneficial phenotype to the host. However, flavonoid-responsive genetic circuits have not yet been applied in host-microbe conditions. In this work, we have characterized the FdeR-based naringenin-responsive genetic circuit in the probiotic (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917) (EcN), both in vitro and in situ, applying the FdeR system in EcN colonizing mice guts. In culture, the circuit demonstrated a 131-fold activation upon naringenin exposure. In mice, circuit activity was monitored via luminescence produced by Nanoluc in fecal samples following oral gavage of naringenin (100 mg/kg), resulting in a 34-fold luminescence increase. This activation decreased over 24 hours but was reinduced after a second gavage with naringenin. These findings demonstrate the potential of naringenin-responsive genetic circuits to program probiotic phenotypes in vivo through external compound administration. Future studies should evaluate lower naringenin dosages and naringenin-rich foods as alternative inputs.

IMPORTANCE

Engineering probiotics is a rapidly advancing field in synthetic biology. Genetic circuits, which enable precise and predictable control of microbial phenotypes, are central to this effort. Leveraging natural, plant-based compounds like flavonoids to control gene expression offers a promising strategy for developing next-generation probiotics with enhanced capabilities. This study demonstrates the activity of a flavonoid-responsive genetic circuit during host-microbe interactions. The findings provide a foundation for using beneficial compounds like naringenin as inputs to drive desired phenotypes in vivo. In addition, this work expands the range of genetic circuit inputs, facilitating the design of more sophisticated, multi-input systems for probiotic engineering.

Hormesis effect of cadmium on pakchoi growth: Unraveling the ROS-mediated IAA-sugar metabolism from multi-omics perspective

Previous research on cadmium (Cd) focused on toxicity, neglecting hormesis and its mechanisms. In this study, pakchoi seedlings exposed to varying soil Cd concentrations (CK, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg) showed an inverted U-shaped growth trend (hormesis characteristics): As Cd concentration increases, biomass exhibited hormesis character (Cd5) and then disappear (Cd40). ROS levels rose in both Cd treatments, with Cd5 being intermediate between CK and Cd40. But Cd5 preserved cellular structure, unlike damaged Cd40, hinting ROS in Cd5 acted as signaling regulators. To clarify ROS controlled subsequent metabolic processes, a multi-omics study was conducted. The results revealed 143 DEGs and 793 DEMs across all Cd treatment. KEGG indicated among all Cd treatments, the functional differences encompass: "plant hormone signal transduction" and "starch and sucrose metabolism". Through further analysis, we found that under the influence of ROS, the expression of IAA synthesis and signaling-related genes was significantly up-regulated, especially under Cd5 treatment. This further facilitated the accumulation of reducing sugars, which provided more energy for plant growth. Our research results demonstrated the signaling pathway involving ROS-IAA-Sugar metabolism, thereby providing a novel theoretical basis for cultivating more heavy metal hyperaccumulator crops and achieving phytoremediation of contaminated soils.

Naringenin cationic lipid-modified nanoparticles mitigate MASLD progression by modulating lipid homeostasis and gut microbiota

Naringenin (NAR) possesses various pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects. However, its therapeutic efficacy is limited by its hydrophobic and crystalline nature. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms of NAR efficiently loaded into cationic nanoparticles (NP-NAR) for treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in a mouse model. The results demonstrated that NP-NAR effectively ameliorated lipid metabolism dysbiosis, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and inflammation in MASLD mice. Transcriptomic analysis and molecular data revealed that NP-NAR promoted fatty acid oxidation via activation of the PPAR signaling pathway, reduced hepatic lipid uptake and lipogenesis by inhibiting the expressions of key genes including CD36, ACC, and FASN. Moreover, NP-NAR modulated cholesterol metabolism by inhibiting the classical bile acid synthesis pathway. 16 S rDNA gene sequencing revealed a disbalanced gut microbiota in MASLD mice, whereas NP-NAR treatment statistically reversed the abundance changes of several intestinal bacteria at the phylum and genus levels, which partly contributed to the balance in intestinal metabolite production, including short-chain fatty acids. In conclusion, these findings suggest that NP-NAR may be a promising candidate for the treatment of obesity-associated MASLD, offering new insight into the mechanisms underlying NAR's efficacy against MASLD.

The potential anti-inflammatory effect of hyaluronic acid gel alone or in combination with grapefruit seed extract on induced periodontitis in mandibular molars of Wistar rats

OBJECTIVES

Antimicrobial agents have been used in conjunction with conventional chemomechanical therapy to improve the treatment outcomes of periodontitis. This study aimed to evaluate the ameliorating effect of topical application of hyaluronic acid (HA) with or without grapefruit seed extract (GFSE) (5, 10, and 15 wt %) in induced periodontitis in rats.

METHODS

Surgical alveolar bone defects were created in 30 adult male Wistar rats, followed by the introduction of a ligature impregnated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide for four weeks to induce periodontitis. Rats were distributed into five groups (n = 6); an untreated periodontitis group and four treated groups in which gel (HA±GFSE) was injected into the sulcus once weekly for two weeks. All rats were euthanized six weeks after starting the experiment, and the mandibles were prepared for histopathological and histomorphometric analyses. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for measuring tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) enzyme.

RESULTS

HA enhanced new bone formation at defect margins, thereby diminishing defect width. This effect significantly increased as HA was combined with GFSE in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the HA and GFSE mixture suppressed the tissue levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1, thereby increasing PON-1.

CONCLUSION

The HA and GFSE mixtures exhibited synergistic therapeutic potential for the treatment of chronic periodontitis in a dose-dependent manner.

Efficacy of Naringenin against aging and degeneration of nucleus pulposus cells through IGFBP3 inhibition

Naringenin (NAR), a natural flavonoid, exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pharmacology. However, the pharmacological mechanisms through which NAR prevents and treats intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) remain unclear. We utilized bioinformatics, machine learning, and network pharmacology to identify shared targets among NAR, senescence, and IDD. Subsequently, molecular docking was conducted to evaluate NAR's binding affinity to common target. Additionally, we used IL-1β to induce senescence and degeneration in nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and conducted a series of cellular assays, including immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, β-galactosidase staining, cell proliferation, cell cycle analysis, and measurement of reactive oxygen species levels, to investigate NAR's impact on IL-1β-induced senescence and degeneration of NPCs. Our study revealed that Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) was the only common target. IGFBP3 exhibited significant differences between the IDD and healthy groups and proved to be an effective diagnostic marker for IDD. Molecular docking confirmed the binding between NAR and IGFBP3. In vitro experiments, we observed that Igfbp3 expression increased in the senescence and degeneration groups. Igfbp3 knockdown and NAR attenuated IL-1β-induced senescence and degenerative phenotypes in NPCs. In contrast, the effect of NAR was attenuated by recombinant IGFBP3 protein. In conclusion, our findings suggest that NAR plays a preventive and therapeutic role in IDD, likely achieved through the inhibition of Igfbp3 expression.

Protective effects of herbal compounds against cyclophosphamide-induced organ toxicity: a pathway-centered approach

Cyclophosphamide is a key component of numerous chemotherapeutic protocols, demonstrating broad-spectrum efficacy against various malignancies and non-cancerous conditions. This review examines CPM's metabolic pathways, therapeutic applications, and its resulting organ-specific toxicities. Despite its clinical benefits in treating nephrotic syndrome, encephalomyelitis, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and other diseases, CPM is associated with significant adverse effects on the kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, and intestines. The discussion delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying these toxicities, highlighting dysregulation in key signaling pathways, including Nrf2, NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, and AKT. In addressing these challenges, recent studies have identified various herbal drugs and phytochemicals capable of mitigating CPM-induced toxicity. Notable compounds such as cinnamaldehyde, baicalin, quercetin, and curcumin have demonstrated protective effects. Integrating these herbal formulations with CPM therapy is proposed to enhance patient safety and treatment efficacy. This review underscores the influence of CPM on apoptosis and inflammation pathways, which lead to alterations in organ-specific biomarkers. Phytochemicals may exert protective effects by restoring disrupted signaling pathways and normalizing altered biomarkers. The compilation of phytochemicals presented in this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers exploring other herbal products with potential protective effects against CPM toxicity. A significant gap in the current literature is the lack of clinical trials evaluating phytochemicals that mitigate CPM toxicity in vivo. Rigorous clinical studies are necessary to establish the efficacy and safety of herbal formulations in cancer treatment. Such research will clarify the role of natural remedies in complementing conventional therapies, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Naringenin: A Promising Immunomodulator for Anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective and Anti-cancer Applications

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory, immune, and neurodegenerative diseases constitute a category of persistent and debilitating conditions affecting millions worldwide, with intertwined pathophysiological pathways. Recent research has spotlighted naturally occurring compounds like naringenin for potential therapeutic applications across multiple ailments.

OBJECTIVES

This review offers an encompassing exploration of naringenin's anti-inflammatory, immune-protective, and neuroprotective mechanisms, elucidating its pharmacological targets, signal transduction pathways, safety profile, and insights from clinical investigations.

METHODS

Data for this review were amassed through the scrutiny of various published studies via search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Content from reputable publishers including Bentham Science, Taylor and Francis, Nature, PLOS ONE, among others, was referenced.

RESULTS

Naringenin exhibits substantial anti-inflammatory effects by restraining the NF-κB signaling pathway. It activates Nrf2, renowned for its anti-inflammatory properties, inducing the release of hemeoxynase-1 by macrophages. Furthermore, naringenin treatment downregulates the expression of Th1 cytokines and inflammatory mediators. It also impedes xanthine oxidase, counteracts reactive oxygen species (ROS), scavenges superoxide radicals, mitigates the accessibility of oxygen-induced K+ erythrocytes, and reduces lipid peroxidation. Naringenin's antioxidant prowess holds promise for addressing neurological conditions.

CONCLUSION

Extensive research has been undertaken to establish the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective attributes of naringenin across various medical domains, lending credence to its pharmacological utility. The principal obstacle to naringenin's adoption as a therapeutic agent remains the dearth of in vivo data. Efforts should focus on rendering naringenin delivery patient-friendly, economically viable, and technologically advanced.

Aloe vera gel relieves cadmium triggered hepatic injury via antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic routes

Aloe vera (AV) gel extracted from fresh AV leaves was chosen in this study to evaluate its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities against cadmium (Cd) -induced liver injury. Forty Wistar male adult rats were equally divided into four groups. Group I (standard control) ingested with 2.5 ml/kg b.w. of physiological saline. Group II (Cd-intoxicated) received 3 mg/kg b.w./day of CdCl2 dissolved in saline. Group III (AV) received 200 mg/kg b.w./day of AV gel dissolved in saline. Group IV (Cd+AV) ingested with 200 mg/kg b.w./day of AV gel solution along with 3 mg/kg b.w. CdCl2. All groups were ingested orally by gavage for 3 consecutive weeks. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and HSP70 were measured in serum. The deposited Cd level, nitric oxide content, lipid peroxidation, collagen-1 (COL-1), and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels were all determined in liver tissue homogenates. Gene expression of NF-κB and IL-6, Bax, and Bcl2, as well as immunohistochemistry analysis of activated caspase-3, was performed. Results showed that ingestion of AV gel greatly relieved all oxidative stress due to Cd exposure, modulated the NF-κB, IL-6, Bax, and Bcl2 expression levels, and improved the apoptotic state. In conclusion, AV gel confirmed its potential ameliorating effect against liver injury induced due to Cd exposure.

Recovery, Bioactivity, and Utilization of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds in Citrus Peel

Citrus peels are rich in bioactive phenolic compounds with various health effects including antioxidant, antiobesity, antiinflammatory, antihypertensive, antihypercholesterolemic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticarcinogenic activities. Both extractable and nonextractable phenolics are present in significant amounts in Citrus peel with diverse bioactivities. While extractable phenolics can be recovered from the fruit peels by conventional extraction methods, nonextractable phenolics remaining in the residues must be released from the cell matrix first by hydrolysis with acid, alkali, or enzymes. Novel processing technologies can help in improvement of extraction efficiency. Extreme process or medium conditions degrade phenolics and their bioactivity where encapsulation can be applied to improve their stability, solubility, and bioactivity. Citrus peel powder including ascorbic acid and dietary fiber besides phenolics or extracts therefrom can be used as functional food ingredients to extend shelf life and provide health benefits. In addition, phenolic extracts can be used as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents in active food packaging applications. Phenolic extracts have also a potential to be used as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. In this review, phenolic compounds in different forms in Citrus peels, their recovery, bioactivity and possible applications for upcycling in the industry are presented.

Naringenin Against Cadmium Toxicity in Fibroblast Cells: An Integrated Network Pharmacology and In Vitro Metabolomics Approach

Cadmium, a heavy metal, disrupts cellular homeostasis and is highly toxic, with no effective treatments currently available against its toxicity. According to studies, phytochemicals provide a promising strategy for mitigating cadmium toxicity. Naringenin (NG), a potent antioxidant found primarily in citrus fruits, showed protective properties against cadmium toxicity in rats. Nonetheless, the precise mechanism of cadmium cytotoxicity in fibroblasts remains unknown. This study evaluated NG against cadmium (CdCl2) toxicity utilizing network pharmacology and in silico molecular docking, and was further validated experimentally in rat fibroblast F111 cells. Using network pharmacology, 25 possible targets, including the top 10 targets of NG against cadmium, were identified. Molecular docking of interleukin 6 (IL6), the top potential target with NG, showed robust binding with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 58.76 μM, supporting its potential therapeutic potential. Pathway enrichment analysis suggested that "response to reactive oxygen species" and "negative regulation of small molecules metabolic process" were the topmost pathways targeted by NG against cadmium. In vitro analysis showed that NG (10 μM) attenuated CdCl2-induced oxidative stress by reducing altered intracellular ROS, mitochondrial mass, and membrane potential. Also, NG reversed CdCl2-mediated nuclear damage, G2/M phase arrest, and apoptosis. GC/MS-based metabolomics of F111 cells revealed CdCl2 reduced cholesterol levels, which led to alterations in primary bile acid, steroid and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways, whereas, NG restored these alterations. In summary, combined in silico and in vitro analysis suggested that NG protected cells from CdCl2 toxicity by mitigating oxidative stress and metabolic pathway alterations, providing a comprehensive understanding of its protective mechanisms against cadmium-induced toxicity.

Naringin and Naringenin: Potential Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of neurodegenerative dementia. The etiology of AD is multifactorial, and its complex pathophysiology involves tau and amyloid-β deposition, increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, metabolic disorders, and massive neuronal loss. Due to its complex pathology, no effective cure for AD has been found to date. Therefore, there is an unmet clinical need for the development of new drugs against AD. Natural products are known to be good sources of compounds with pharmacological activity and have potential for the development of new therapeutic agents. Naringin, a naturally occurring flavanone glycoside, is predominantly found in citrus fruits and Chinese medicinal herbs. Mounting evidence shows that naringin and its aglycone, naringenin, have direct neuroprotective effects on AD, such as anti-amyloidogenic, antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, and anti-neuroinflammatory effects, as well as metal chelation. Furthermore, they are known to improve disordered glucose/lipid metabolism, which is a high risk factor for AD. In this review, we summarize the latest data on the impact of naringin and naringenin on the molecular mechanisms involved in AD pathophysiology. Additionally, we provide an overview of the current clinical applications of naringin and naringenin. The novel delivery systems for naringin and naringenin, which can address their widespread pharmacokinetic limitations, are also discussed. The literature indicates that naringin and naringenin could be multilevel, multitargeted, and multifaceted for preventing and treating AD.

Flavonoids: Antioxidant Powerhouses and Their Role in Nanomedicine

This study emphasizes the critical role of antioxidants in protecting human health by counteracting the detrimental effects of oxidative stress induced by free radicals. Antioxidants-found in various forms such as vitamins, minerals, and the phytochemicals abundant in fruits and vegetables-neutralize free radicals by stabilizing them through electron donation. Specifically, flavonoid compounds are highlighted as robust defenders, addressing oxidative stress and inflammation to avert chronic illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. This research explores the bioactive potential of flavonoids, shedding light on their role not only in safeguarding health, but also in managing conditions such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights the novel integration of South African-origin flavonoids with nanotechnology, presenting a cutting-edge strategy to improve drug delivery and therapeutic outcomes. This interdisciplinary approach, blending traditional wisdom with contemporary techniques, propels the exploration of flavonoid-mediated nanoparticles toward groundbreaking pharmaceutical applications, promising revolutionary advancements in healthcare. This collaborative synergy between traditional knowledge and modern science not only contributes to human health, but also underscores a significant step toward sustainable and impactful biomedical innovations, aligning with principles of environmental conservation.

Natural products for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration

BACKGROUND

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic retinal disease that significantly influences the vision of the elderly.

PURPOSE

There is no effective treatment and prevention method. The pathogenic process behind AMD is complex, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and neovascularization. It has been demonstrated that several natural products can be used to manage AMD, but systematic summaries are lacking.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

PubMed, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched using the keywords "Biological Products" AND "Macular Degeneration" for studies published within the last decade until May 2023 to summarize the latest findings on the prevention and treatment of age-related macular degeneration through the herbal medicines and functional foods.

RESULTS

The eligible studies were screened, and the relevant information about the therapeutic action and mechanism of natural products used to treat AMD was extracted. Our findings demonstrate that natural substances, including retinol, phenols, and other natural products, prevent the development of new blood vessels and protect the retina from oxidative stress in cells and animal models. However, they have barely been examined in clinical studies.

CONCLUSION

Natural products could be highly prospective candidate drugs used to treat AMD, and further preclinical and clinical research is required to validate it to control the disease.

Naringenin as potent anticancer phytocompound in breast carcinoma: from mechanistic approach to nanoformulations based therapeutics

The bioactive compounds present in citrus fruits are gaining broader acceptance in oncology. Numerous studies have deciphered naringenin's antioxidant and anticancer potential in human and animal studies. Naringenin (NGE) potentially suppresses cancer progression, thereby improving the health of cancer patients. The pleiotropic anticancer properties of naringenin include inhibition of the synthesis of growth factors and cytokines, inhibition of the cell cycle, and modification of several cellular signaling pathways. As an herbal remedy, naringenin has significant pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-cancer activities. The inactivation of carcinogens following treatment with pure naringenin, naringenin-loaded nanoparticles, and naringenin combined with anti-cancer agents was demonstrated by data in vitro and in vivo studies. These studies included colon cancer, lung neoplasms, breast cancer, leukemia and lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate tumors, oral squamous cell carcinoma, liver cancer, brain tumors, skin cancer, cervical and ovarian cancers, bladder neoplasms, gastric cancer, and osteosarcoma. The effects of naringenin on processes related to inflammation, apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and invasion in breast cancer are covered in this narrative review, along with its potential to develop novel and secure anticancer medications.

Unveiling the multifaceted antiproliferative efficacy of Cichorium endivia root extract by dual modulation of apoptotic and inflammatory genes, inducing cell cycle arrest, and targeting COX-2

Chicory (Cichorium endivia L. divaricatum) is a renowned medicinal plant traditionally used for various ailments, yet the pharmacological potential of its roots, particularly in terms of antitumor activity, remains elusive. In the present study, we explore, for the first time, the metabolomic profile of ethanolic extract from Cichorium endivia roots (CIR) and further unveil its antiproliferative potential. The untargeted phytochemical analysis UPLC/T-TOF-MS/MS identified 131 metabolites in the CIR extract, covering acids, amino acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, nucleotides, and carbohydrates. The antiproliferative activity of the CIR extract was tested in 14 cancer cell lines, revealing significant cytotoxicity (IC50: 2.85-29.15 μg mL-1) and a high selectivity index. Among the cells examined, the CIR extract recorded the most potent antiproliferative activity and selectivity toward HepG2 and Panc-1 cells, with an IC50 of 2.85 μg mL-1 and 3.86 μg mL-1, respectively, and SI > 10. Insights into the mode of action of the antiproliferative activity revealed that CIR extract induces cell arrest in the S phase while diminishing cell distribution in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases in HepG-2 and Panc-1 cells. Flow cytometric and RT-PCR analysis revealed that the CIR extract significantly triggers apoptosis and modulates the expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes. Furthermore, the CIR extract exhibited a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity, as evidenced by down-regulating key cytokines in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and selectively inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme. Finally, the CIR extract showed a robust total antioxidant capacity, together with potent free radicals and metal scavenging properties, highlighting its role in alleviating oxidative stress. Taken together, this study highlights the multifaceted therapeutic potential of CIR extract as a natural-based antitumor supplement.

NF-κB-Signaling-Targeted Immunomodulatory Nanoparticle with Photothermal and Quorum-Sensing Inhibition Effects for Efficient Healing of Biofilm-Infected Wounds

The development of therapeutics with high antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory effects is urgently needed for the treatment of infected wounds due to the increasing danger posed by recalcitrant-infected wounds. In this study, we developed light-controlled antibacterial, photothermal, and immunomodulatory biomimetic N/hPDA@M nanoparticles (NPs). This nanoplatform was developed by loading flavonoid naringenin onto hollow mesoporous polydopamine NPs in a π-π-stacked configuration and encasing them with macrophage membranes. First, our N/hPDA@M NPs efficiently neutralized inflammatory factors present within the wound microenvironment by the integration of macrophage membranes. Afterward, the N/hPDA@M NPs effectively dismantled bacterial biofilms through a combination of the photothermal properties of PDA and the quorum sensing inhibitory effects of naringenin. It is worth noting that N/hPDA@M NPs near-infrared-enhanced release of naringenin exhibited specificity toward the NF-κB-signaling pathway, effectively mitigating the inflammatory response. This innovative design not only conferred remarkable antibacterial properties upon the N/hPDA@M NPs but also endowed them with the capacity to modulate inflammatory responses, curbing excessive inflammation and steering macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype. As a result, this multifaceted approach significantly contributes to expediting the healing process of infected skin wounds.

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors of Natural Origin

Abstract:

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) function to hydrolyze intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), regulating a variety of intracellular signal transduction and physiological activities. PDEs can be divided into 11 families (PDE1~11) and the diversity and complex expression of PDE family genes suggest that different subtypes may have different mechanisms. PDEs are involved in various disease pathologies such as inflammation, asthma, depression, and erectile dysfunction and are thus targets of interest for several drug discovery campaigns. Natural products have always been an important source of bioactive compounds for drug discovery, over the years several natural compounds have shown potential as inhibitors of PDEs. In this article, phosphodiesterase inhibitors of natural origin have been reviewed with emphasis on their chemistry and biological activities.

A narrative review on therapeutic potential of naringenin in colorectal cancer: Focusing on molecular and biochemical processes

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and highly metastatic cancer affecting people worldwide. Drug resistance and unwanted side effects are some of the limitations of current treatments for CRC. Naringenin (NAR) is a naturally occurring compound found in abundance in various citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruits, and tomatoes. It possesses a diverse range of pharmacological and biological properties that are beneficial for human health. Numerous studies have highlighted its antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities, making it a subject of interest in scientific research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the effects of NAR on CRC. The study's findings indicated that NAR: (1) interacts with estrogen receptors, (2) regulates the expression of genes related to the p53 signaling pathway, (3) promotes apoptosis by increasing the expression of proapoptotic genes (Bax, caspase9, and p53) and downregulation of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2, (4) inhibits the activity of enzymes involved in cell survival and proliferation, (5) decreases cyclin D1 levels, (6) reduces the expression of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk4, Cdk6, and Cdk7) and antiapoptotic genes (Bcl2, x-IAP, and c-IAP-2) in CRC cells. In vitro CDK2 binding assay was also performed, showing that the NAR derivatives had better inhibitory activities on CDK2 than NAR. Based on the findings of this study, NAR is a potential therapeutic agent for CRC. Additional pharmacology and pharmacokinetics studies are required to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action of NAR and establish the most suitable dose for subsequent clinical investigations.

The protective effects of naringenin, a citrus flavonoid, non-complexed or complexed with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin against multiorgan damage caused by neonatal endotoxemia

BACKGROUND

Endotoxemia is a severe and dangerous clinical syndrome that results in elevated morbidity, especially in intensive care units. Neonates are particularly susceptible to endotoxemia due to their immature immune systems. There are few effective treatments for neonatal endotoxemia. One group of compounds with potential in the treatment of neonatal inflammatory diseases such as endotoxemia is the flavonoids, mainly due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Among these, naringenin (NGN) is a citrus flavonoid which has already been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-nociceptive and anti-cancer effects. Unfortunately, its clinical application is limited by its low solubility and bioavailability. However, cyclodextrins (CDs) have been widely used to improve the solubility of nonpolar drugs and enhance the bioavailability of these natural products.

OBJECTIVE

We, therefore, aimed to investigate the effects of NGN non-complexed and complexed with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) on neonatal endotoxemia injuries in a rodent model and describe the probable molecular mechanisms involved in NGN activities.

METHOD

We used exposure to a bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce neonatal endotoxemia in the mice.

RESULTS

It was found that NGN (100 mg/kg i.p.) exposure during the neonatal period reduced leukocyte migration and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) levels in the lungs, heart, kidneys or cerebral cortex. In addition, NGN upregulated IL-10 production in the lungs and kidneys of neonate mice. The administration of NGN also enhanced antioxidant enzyme catalase and SOD activity, reduced lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation and increased the reduced sulfhydryl groups in an organ-dependent manner, attenuating the oxidative damage caused by LPS exposure. NGN decreased ERK1/2, p38MAPK and COX-2 activation in the lungs of neonate mice. Moreover, NGN complexed with HPβCD was able to increase the animal survival rate.

CONCLUSION

NGN attenuated inflammatory and oxidative damage in the lungs, heart and kidneys caused by neonatal endotoxemia through the MAPK signaling pathways regulation. Our results show that NGN has beneficial effects against neonatal endotoxemia and could be useful in the treatment of neonatal inflammatory injuries.

Flavonoids: A treasure house of prospective pharmacological potentials

Flavonoids are organic compounds characterized by a range of phenolic structures, which are abundantly present in various natural sources such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea, and wine. The health advantages of these natural substances are renowned, and initiatives are being taken to extract the flavonoids. Apigenin, galangin, hesperetin, kaempferol, myricetin, naringenin, and quercetin are the seven most common compounds belonging to this class. A thorough analysis of bibliographic records from reliable sources including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, and others was done to learn more about the biological activities of these flavonoids. These flavonoids appear to have promising anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, cytotoxic, and lipid-lowering activities, according to evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research. The review contains recent trends, therapeutical interventions, and futuristic aspects of flavonoids to treat several diseases like diabetes, inflammation, bacterial and viral infections, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. However, this manuscript should be handy in future drug discovery. Despite these encouraging findings, a notable gap exists in clinical research, hindering a comprehensive understanding of the effects of flavonoids at both high and low concentrations on human health. Future investigations should prioritize exploring bioavailability, given the potential for high inter-individual variation. As a starting point for further study on these flavonoids, this review paper may promote identifying and creating innovative therapeutic uses.

Bioactives from citrus food waste: types, extraction technologies and application

The Citrus fruits belong to the category where the groups of fruits are recognized to be an admirable repository of bioactive elements and phytochemical constituents, with strong biological potentials. The prominent use of Citrus fruits for nutrition as well as food processing has led to the release of a large amount of waste into the environment and surrounding, and it simultaneously burdens the nature and existence of many organisms including the human population. In order to rectify such consequences, the reuse of food waste from citrus for various advantageous effects. In this regard, the first part of the article primarily focussed on the various strategies available for the extraction of chemical elements from citrus waste and the remaining strand of the article focussed on the various bioactive compounds with special reference to their pharmacological as well as the medicinal benefits and future prospects.

Graphical abstract

Phytocompounds and Regulation of Flavonoids in In Vitro-Grown Safflower Plant Tissue by Abiotic Elicitor CdCl2

In this study, a Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) investigation of embryogenic callus and somatic embryo regenerated shoots of Carthamus tinctorius revealed the presence of a variety of sugars, sugar acids, sugar alcohols, fatty acids, organic acids, and amino acids of broad therapeutic value. The in vitro developed inflorescence contained a wide range of active compounds. In embryogenic calluses, important flavonoids like naringenin, myricetin, kaempferol, epicatechin gallate, rutin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and delphinidin were identified. To augment the synthesis of active compounds, the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) elicitation was tested for various treatments (T1-T4) along with a control (T0). Varying concentrations of CdCl2 [0.05 mM (T1), 0.10 mM (T2), 0.15 mM (T3), and 0.20 mM (T4)] were added to the MS medium, and flavonoid accumulation was quantified through ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-MS/MS). The flavonoids naringenin, kaempferol, epicatechin gallate, pelargonidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin increased by 6.7-, 1.9-, 3.3-, 2.1-, 1.9-, and 4.4-fold, respectively, at T3, whereas quercetin, myricetin, rutin, and peonidin showed a linear increase with the increase in CdCl2 levels. The impacts of stress markers, i.e., ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), on defense responses in triggering synthesis were also evaluated. The maximum APX and SOD activity was observed at T3, while CAT activity was at its maximum at T2. The impact of elicitor on biochemical attributes like protein, proline, sugar, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was investigated. The maximum protein, proline, and sugar accumulation was noted at high elicitor dose T4, while the maximum MDA content was noted at T3. These elevated levels of biochemical parameters indicated stress in culture, and the amendment of CdCl2 in media thus could be a realistic approach for enhancing secondary metabolite synthesis in safflower.

Naringenin Orchestrates and Regulates the Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Pathways and Proinflammatory Signaling: Targeting Hallmarks of Aging-Associated Disorders

The therapeutic application of flavonoids in the management of infectious diseases, cancers, chronic wounds, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders has been well documented in scientific literature. The citric flavonoid naringenin comes under the category of flavanone and exhibits a plethora of health benefits. Very few flavonoids such as curcumin, resveratrol, catechin, quercetin, and kaempferol have been studied to exert their anti-aging properties in humans. The effect of naringenin in the context of age-associated disorders in detail has not been elucidated yet. The databases used for the literature search were Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed. More emphasis has been put on the recent literature on "naringenin" and its effect on "age-associated disorders." Almost all chronic degenerative disorders are characterized by oxidative stress and inflammatory response. The study aims at highlighting the reactive oxygen species-mediated activity of naringenin and the underlying molecular mechanism leading to the prevention of various age-associated disorders. Altogether, the review presents a systematic comprehension of the pharmaceutical and clinicopathological benefits of naringenin in age-associated disorders.

Paradigms and Success Stories of Natural Products in Drug Discovery Against Neurodegenerative Disorders (NDDs)

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are multifaceted complex disorders that have put a great health and economic burden around the globe nowadays. The multi-factorial nature of NDDs has presented a great challenge in drug discovery and continuous efforts are in progress in search of suitable therapeutic candidates. Nature has a great wealth of active principles in its lap that has cured the human population since ancient times. Natural products have revealed several benefits over conventional synthetic medications and scientists have shifted their vision towards exploring the therapeutic potentials of natural products in the past few years. The structural mimicking of natural compounds to endogenous ligands has presented them as a potential therapeutic candidate to prevent the development of NDDs. In the presented review, authors have summarized demographical facts about various NDDs including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) and various types of sclerosis in the brain. The significant findings of new active principles of natural origin along with their therapeutic potentials on NDDs have been included. Also, a description of clinical trials and patents on natural products has been enlisted in this compilation. Although natural products have shown promising success in drug discovery against NDDs, still their use is associated with several ethical issues which need to be solved in the upcoming time.

Exploring the Pharmacological Potential of Naringenin and its Nanoparticles: A Review on Bioavailability and Solubility Enhancement Strategies

Citrus fruits are rich in differentflavonoid compounds. One of them is naringenin, which exhibits a huge variety of pharmacological benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and cardioprotective properties. Butpoor bioavailability and solubility are the main reason for its limited clinical application. To overcome these limitations, several strategies, including complexation, formulation, and nanotechnology-based approaches, have been developed to boost its solubility and bioavailability.Among these approaches, nanoparticle-based delivery systems have shown remarkable potential in improving the therapeutic efficacy of naringenin. This review is based on the recent advances in the development of naringenin nanoparticles and their incorporation into drug delivery systems. We discuss over the numerous methods used to make naringenin more soluble and bioavailable, such as complexing it with cyclodextrins, combining it with lipids and surfactants, and adding it to polymeric nanoparticles. We also highlight the In-vivo and In-vitro studies conducted to check the efficacy of naringenin nanoparticles in various disease models. Finally, we conclude that the development of naringenin nanoparticles and their incorporation into drug delivery systems can be a promising strategy for the efficient delivery of naringenin, ultimately leading to improved health outcomes.

Flavonoids as promising molecules in the cancer therapy: An insight

Cancer continues to increase global morbidity and mortality rates. Despite substantial progress in the development of various chemically synthesized anti-cancer drugs, the poor prognosis of the disease still remains a big challenge. The most common drawback of conventional cancer therapies is the emergence of drug resistance eventually leading to the discontinuation of chemotherapy. Moreover, advanced target-specific therapies including immunotherapy and stem cell therapy are expensive enough and are unaffordable for most patients in poorer nations. Therefore, alternative and cheaper therapeutic strategies are needed to complement the current cancer treatment approaches. Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds produced naturally by plants and have great potential in human health and disease. These compounds possess antiproliferative, anti-oxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. Among the phytochemicals, flavonoids are very effective in treating a wide range of diseases from cardiovascular diseases and immunological disorders to cancer. They scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibit cancer metastasis, modulate the immune system and induce apoptotic or autophagic cell death in cancers. This review will discuss the potential of various phytochemicals particularly flavonoids in attempts to target various cancers.

Eriocitrin Disrupts Erythrocyte Membrane Asymmetry through Oxidative Stress and Calcium Signaling and the Activation of Casein Kinase 1α and Rac1 GTPase

BACKGROUND

Hemolysis and eryptosis result in the premature elimination of circulating erythrocytes and thus contribute to chemotherapy-related anemia, which is extremely prevalent in cancer patients. Eriocitrin (ERN), a flavanone glycoside in citrus fruits, has shown great promise as an anticancer agent, but the potential toxicity of ERN to human erythrocytes remains unstudied.

METHODS

Erythrocytes were exposed to anticancer concentrations of ERN (10-100 μM) for 24 h at 37 °C, and hemolysis and associated markers were quantified using colorimetric assays. Eryptosis was assessed by flow cytometric analysis to detect phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure by annexin-V-FITC, intracellular Ca2+ using Fluo4/AM, and oxidative stress with 2-,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (H2DCFDA). ERN was also tested against specific signaling inhibitors and anti-hemolytic agents.

RESULTS

ERN caused significant, concentration-dependent hemolysis at 20-100 μM. ERN also significantly increased the percentage of eryptotic cells characterized by Ca2+ elevation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the hemolytic activity of ERN was significantly ameliorated in the presence of D4476, NSC23766, isosmotic urea and sucrose, and polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG). In whole blood, ERN significantly elevated MCV and ESR, with no appreciable effects on other peripheral blood cells.

CONCLUSIONS

ERN promotes premature erythrocyte death through hemolysis and eryptosis characterized by PS externalization, Ca2+ accumulation, membrane blebbing, loss of cellular volume, and oxidative stress. These toxic effects, mediated through casein kinase 1α and Rac1 GTPase, can be ameliorated by urea, sucrose, and PEG. Altogether, these novel findings are relevant to the further development of ERN as an anticancer therapeutic.

Protective potential of naringenin and its nanoformulations in redox mechanisms of injury and disease

Increasing evidence suggests that elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a significant role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Increased intracellular levels of ROS can lead to the oxidation of lipids, DNA, and proteins, contributing to cellular damage. Hence, the maintenance of redox hemostasis is essential. Naringenin (NAR) is a flavonoid included in the flavanones subcategory. Various pharmacological actions have been ascribable to this phytochemical composition, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, antiadipogenic, neuro-, and cardio-protective activities. This review focused on the underlying mechanism responsible for the antioxidative stress properties of NAR and its' nanoformulations. Several lines of in vitro and in vivo investigations suggest the effects of NAR and its nanoformulation on their target cells via modulating signaling pathways. These nanoformulations include nanoemulsion, nanocarriers, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), and nanomicelle. This review also highlights several beneficial health effects of NAR nanoformulations on human diseases including brain disorders, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and small intestine injuries. Employing nanoformulation can improve the pharmacokinetic properties of NAR and consequently efficiency by reducing its limitations, such as low bioavailability. The protective effects of NAR and its' nanoformulations against oxidative stress may be linked to the modulation of Nrf2-heme oxygenase-1, NO/cGMP/potassium channel, COX-2, NF-κB, AMPK/SIRT3, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, BDNF, NOX, and LOX-1 pathways. Understanding the mechanism behind the protective effects of NAR can facilitate drug development for the treatment of oxidative stress-related disorders.

Nutrikinetics and urinary excretion of phenolic compounds after a 16-week supplementation with a flavanone-rich ingredient

Background: Polyphenols are a broad group of compounds with a complex metabolic fate. Flavanones and their metabolites provide cardiovascular protection and assistance in long-term body composition management. Objective: This study evaluates the nutrikinetics and the bioavailability of phenolic compounds after both acute and chronic supplementation with a flavanone-rich product, namely Sinetrol® Xpur, in healthy overweight and obese volunteers. Design: An open-label study including 20 volunteers was conducted for 16 weeks. Participants received Sinetrol® Xpur, either a low dose (900 mg per day) or a high dose (1800 mg per day), in capsules during breakfast and lunch. They were advised to follow an individualized isocaloric diet and avoid a list of polyphenol-rich foods 48 hours before and during the pharmacokinetic measurements. Results: Over 20 phase II and colonic metabolites were measured in the plasma. Two peaks were observed at 1 h and 7h-10 h after the first capsule ingestion. No significant differences in the AUC were observed in circulating metabolites between both doses. In urine excretion, 53 metabolites were monitored, including human phase II and colonic metabolites, at weeks 1 and 16. Cumulative urine excretion was higher after the high dose than after the low dose in both acute and chronic studies. Total urinary metabolites were significantly lower in week 16 compared to week 1. Conclusion: Although the urinary excreted metabolites reduced significantly over 16 weeks, the circulating metabolites did not decrease significantly. This study suggests that chronic intake might not offer the same bioavailability as in the acute study, and this effect does not seem to be dose-dependent. The clinical trial registry number is NCT03823196.

Biological activities of naringenin: A narrative review based on in vitro and in vivo studies

Naringenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavonone) is a phytochemical mainly found in citrus fruits. It is a promising phytochemical for human health because of its beneficial effects. This review aims to present comprehensive information on naringenin biological activities along with its action mechanisms and explain the pharmacokinetic properties of naringenin. This study involves a comprehensive literature review of in vitro and in vivo studies examining the effects of naringenin. Naringenin has antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiobesity, gastroprotective, immunomodulator, cardioprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective properties. These properties are primarily attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The most important antioxidant activities of naringenin including free radical scavenging and preventing lipid peroxidation. Naringenin can increase the concentration of antioxidant enzymes and inhibit metal chelation and various pro-oxidant enzymes. Anti-inflammatory activities of naringenin are associated with decreased mitogen-activated protein kinase activities and nuclear factor kappa B by modulating the expression and release of proinflammatory cytokine and enzymes. In vitro and in vivo studies show that naringenin has promising biological activities for a variety of diseases. More research must be conducted on the bioactivities of naringenin, and to determine its optimum dose. In addition, the efficiency of naringenin must be examined with enhanced bioavailability methods to be able to increase its therapeutic effect.

Sinensetin ameliorates high glucose-induced diabetic nephropathy via enhancing autophagy in vitro and in vivo

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) affects around 40% of people with diabetes, the final outcome of which is end-stage renal disease. The deficiency of autophagy and excessive oxidative stress have been found to participate in the pathogenesis of DN. Sinensetin (SIN) has been proven to have strong antioxidant capability. However, the effect of SIN on DN has not been studied. We examined the effect of SIN on cell viability and autophagy in the podocyte cell line, MPC5 cells, treated with high glucose (HG). For in vivo studies, DN mice models were established by intraperitoneal injected with streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days and fed with a 60% high-fat diet, and SIN was given (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) for 8 weeks via intraperitoneal injection. The results showed that SIN could protect MPC5 cells against HG-induced damage and significantly improve the renal function of DN mice. Moreover, SIN remarkably restored the autophagy activity of MPC5 cells which was inhibited under HG conditions. Consistent with this, SIN efficiently improved autophagy in the kidney tissue of DN mice. In brief, our findings demonstrated the protective effect of SIN on DN via restoring the autophagic function, which might provide a basis for drug development.

Innovative Strategies for Drug Delivery to the Ocular Posterior Segment

Innovative and new drug delivery systems (DDSs) have recently been developed to vehicle treatments and drugs to the ocular posterior segment and the retina. New formulations and technological developments, such as nanotechnology, novel matrices, and non-traditional treatment strategies, open new perspectives in this field. The aim of this mini-review is to highlight promising strategies reported in the current literature based on innovative routes to overcome the anatomical and physiological barriers of the vitreoretinal structures. The paper also describes the challenges in finding appropriate and pertinent treatments that provide safety and efficacy and the problems related to patient compliance, acceptability, effectiveness, and sustained drug delivery. The clinical application of these experimental approaches can help pave the way for standardizing the use of DDSs in developing enhanced treatment strategies and personalized therapeutic options for ocular pathologies.

Network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis identifies potential therapeutic targets of Naringenin against COVID-19/LUSC

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory disease that has posed a serious threat to people's daily lives and caused an unprecedented challenge to public health and people's health worldwide. Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is a common type of lung malignancy with a highly aggressive nature and poor prognosis. Patients with LUSC could be at risk for COVID-19, We conducted this study to examine the potential for naringenin to develop into an ideal medicine and investigate the underlying action mechanisms of naringenin in COVID-19 and LUSC due to the anti-viral, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory activities of naringenin.

Methods

LUSC related genes were obtained from TCGA, PharmGKB, TTD,GeneCards and NCBI, and then the transcriptome data for COVID-19 was downloaded from GEO, DisGeNET, CTD, DrugBank, PubChem, TTD, NCBI Gene, OMIM. The drug targets of Naringenin were revealed through CTD, BATMAN, TCMIP, SymMap, Chemical Association Networks, SwissTargetPrediction, PharmMapper, ECTM, and DGIdb. The genes related to susceptibility to COVID-19 in LUSC patients were obtained through differential analysis. The interaction of COVID-19/LUSC related genes was evaluated and demonstrated using STRING to develop a a COX risk regression model to screen and evaluate the association of genes with clinical characteristics. To investigate the related functional and pathway analysis of the common targets of COVID-19/LUSC and Naringenin, KEGG and GO enrichment analysis were employed to perform the functional analysis of the target genes. Finally, The Hub Gene was screened and visualized using Cytoscape, and molecular docking between the drug and the target was performed using Autodock.

Results

We discovered numerous COVID-19/LUSC target genes and examined their prognostic value in LUSC patients utilizing a variety of bioinformatics and network pharmacology methods. Furthermore, a risk score model with strong predictive performance was developed based on these target genes to assess the prognosis of LUSC patients with COVID-19. We intersected the therapeutic target genes of naringenin with the LUSC, COVID-19-related targets, and identified 354 common targets, which could be used as potential target genes for naringenin to treat COVID-19/LUSC. The treatment of COVID-19/LUSC with naringenin may involve oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiviral, apoptosis, immunological, and multiple pathways containing PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, and VEGF, according to the results of the GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of these 354 common targets. By constructing a PPI network, we ascertained AKT1, TP53, SRC, MAPK1, MAPK3, and HSP90AA1 as possible hub targets of naringenin for the treatment of COVID-19/LUSC. Last but not least, molecular docking investigations showed that naringenin has strong binding activity in COVID-19/LUSC.

Conclusion

We revealed for the first time the pharmacological targets and potential molecular processes of naringenin for the treatment of COVID-19/LUSC. However, these results need to be confirmed by additional research and validation in real LUSC patients with COVID-19.

Naringenin ameliorates Cyclophosphamide-induced nephrotoxicity in experimental model

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is widely described in the management of several nonneoplastic and neoplastic disorders. Renal damage is the most reported toxic effect of CP in clinical practice. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of Naringenin (NG) in attenuating renal damage induced by CP in an experimental model. A total of 32 rats were divided into four groups (n = 8): negative control: rats fed on a basal diet, positive control: rats injected intraperitoneally with CP 50 mg/kg of body weight/day, NG 100: rats treated with NG 100 mg/kg/day body orally with concomitant administration of CP as described before, and NG 200: rats treated with NG 200 mg/kg/day body orally daily + CP. At the end of the experimental protocol (21 days), blood creatinine and urea levels were measured. The antioxidant activities and lipid peroxidation products were measured in the renal tissues as indicators of oxidative damage. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry staining were also performed on renal tissues. Coadministration of NG along with CP significantly (p < 0.001) improved the renal function and antioxidant capacities compared with positive control animals. Furthermore, histopathological, and immunological examination of renal tissue confirmed the protective effect of NG against CP-induced nephrotoxicity. The current study showed that NG has the potential to protect CP-induced renal damage, which may be beneficial for further studies and the design of NG analogs to be useful in clinical practice against CP-induced nephrotoxicity.

Extraction, HPTLC Analysis and Antiobesity Activity of Jatropha tanjorensis and Fraxinus micrantha on High-Fat Diet Model in Rats

The accumulation of body fat due to an imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure is called obesity. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Jatropha tanjorensis (J.T.) and Fraxinus micrantha (F.M.) leaf extracts on high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats. Normal control, high-fat diet (HFD) control, orlistat standard, and test groups were created using male Albino Wistar rats (n = 6 per group) weighing 190 ± 15 g. Except for the control group, all regimens were administered orally and continued for 6 weeks while on HFD. Evaluation criteria included body weight, food intake, blood glucose, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and liver histology. High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis was performed using a solvent system (7:3 hexane: ethyl acetate for sitosterol solution and Jatropha tanjorensis extracts and 6:4 hexane: ethyl acetate: 1 drop of acetic acid for esculetin and Fraxinus micrantha extracts). There were no deaths during the 14 days before the acute toxicity test, indicating that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of both J.T. and F.M. did not produce acute toxicity at any dose (5, 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg). The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of J.T. and F.M. leaves at 200 and 400 mg/kg/orally showed a reduction in weight gain, feed intake, and significant decreases in serum glucose and lipid profile. As compared to inducer HFD animals, co-treatment of aqueous and ethanolic extract of both J.T. and F.M. and orlistat increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes and decreased lipid peroxidation. The liver's histological findings showed that the sample had some degree of protection. These results indicate that ethanolic samples of J.T. have antidiabetic potential in diabetic rats fed an HFD. The strong antioxidant potential and restoration of serum lipid levels may be related to this. Co-treatment of samples JTE, JTAQ, FME, FMAQ and orlistat resulted in an increase in antioxidant enzymes and reduction in lipid peroxidation as compared to inducer HFD animals. We report, for the first time, on using these leaves to combat obesity.

Naringenin mitigates reserpine-induced anxiety-like behavior, neurodegeneration, and oxidative stress in male rats

Reserpine (Res) induces anxiety-like behaviors, orofacial dyskinesia, and neurodegeneration in animals, the pathophysiology of which has been related to oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether naringenin (NG) could prevent reserpine-induced anxiety-like behaviors, orofacial dyskinesia, and neurodegeneration in male rats. Twenty-eight male rats were distributed into different groups as follows: Control rats; vehicle rats, which received the vehicles (normal saline, orally; acetic acid, intraperitoneally); Res rats (1 mg/kg/day) every other day for 3 days; and Res + NG rats, which received NG (50 mg/kg, orally, pre-treatment for 7 days), followed by Res. Administration of Res significantly increased chewing frequency compared with the control group (P < 0.01) and NG reversed the effect of Res on this factor (P < 0.05). Res induced an anxiety-like behavior in rats in the plus maze, and pre-treatment with NG improved this behavior. In addition, Res significantly increased the level of oxidative stress markers and degenerated neurons in the striatum; NG was able to ameliorate these damages. The results of this study demonstrated that Res caused behavioral disorders and increased the levels of oxidative stress in male rats; the use of NG was effective in treating these disorders. Therefore, NG should be considered as a preventive agent for reserpine-induced brain damage in male rats.

Role of flavonoids in age-related macular degeneration

A common eye disorder known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eventually results in blindness and vision loss. AMD has a complicated and poorly understood aetiology. The main pathological processes associated with AMD include oxidative damage, inflammation, and neovascularization. Flavonoids are naturally occurring bioactive substances with extensive distribution and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neovascularization inhibitory properties. Several in vitro and in vivo AMD-related models pertinent to vision and this ocular ailment have been used to assess the mechanisms of action of various flavonoids. This article will discuss the research progress of flavonoids in AMD, especially the characteristics and mechanism of flavonoids in treating AMD.

Chondroprotective Effects of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad.) Juice in a Complete Freund's Adjuvant Rat Model of Knee Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disorder that can affect any joint in the human body. This study aimed to examine the anti-arthritic properties of high and low doses of grapefruit juice (GFJ), as grapefruit appears to contain anti-inflammatory biochemicals. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 170-180 g were divided into five groups. These groups comprised the untreated control group and osteoarthritic (Osteo) rats administered intra-articular injections of Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA; 0.5 mL; 1 mg/mL) as follows: OA rats administered low doses of GFJ (Osteo+GFJ (low); 5 mL/kg body weight (BW)); OA rats administered high doses of GFJ (Osteo+GFJ (high); 27 mL/kg BW); and OA rats administered diclofenac sodium (Osteo+Diclo) as a reference drug. Injections of CFA induced OA, as indicated by a significant increase in the serum levels of the inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and (prostaglandin (PGE2), as well as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1) and cathepsin K. The synovial levels of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) also increased, with a concomitant reduction in osteocalcin levels. The administration of either high or low doses of GFJ reduced CRP, IL-1β, PGE2, MMP-1, cathepsin K, and osteocalcin while increasing the synovial levels of GAGs, TNF-α, and IL-6, slowing cartilage degradation and boosting joint function. The results showed comparable histopathological and biochemical responses. A comparison of the treatments showed that high-dose GFJ had a greater chondroprotective effect than low-dose GFJ.

Naringin ameliorates motor dysfunction and exerts neuroprotective role against vanadium-induced neurotoxicity

Exposure to vanadium has been known to lead to a progressive neurodegenerative disorder like Parkinson's disease. Naringin is a known flavonoid glycoside that is mostly seen in the flesh of grapefruit and orange and is believed to have protective effects for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. This study sought to investigate the role of Naringin in the treatment of vanadium-induced neurotoxicity. Vanadium (10 mg/kg BW) was injected intraperitoneally to induce motor dysfunction, followed by treatment with Naringin (30 mg/kg BW) intraperitoneally for 14 days. Oxidative stress imbalance was monitored by checking Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) and Catalase levels. Histological and immunohistochemical alterations were observed using RBFOX3 polyclonal antibody to determine neuronal cell distribution and NLRP3 inflammasome antibody as a marker of inflammation. Exposure to vanadium induces neurotoxicity by significantly increasing the Catalase and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) levels. Vanadium administration also led to increased inflammatory cells and a significant reduction of the viable neuronal cells in the SNc and CPu. Treatment with Naringin showed a neuroprotective role by dependently restoring the Catalase and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) levels, inflammasome activation, and neuronal damage in the SNc and CPu. Naringin demonstrated anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory responses by inhibiting oxidative stress, and inflammation and exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting apoptosis following vanadium-induced neurotoxicity in adult Wistar rats.

Ameliorative Effect of Citrus Lemon Peel Extract and Resveratrol on Premature Ovarian Failure Rat Model: Role of iNOS/Caspase-3 Pathway

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is described as a loss of oocytes and the absence of folliculogenesis and is considered an adverse effect of chemotherapeutic drugs, which leads to infertility. Subsequently, the existing inquiry was achieved by exploring the potential suspicious influences of lemon peel extract (LPE), and resveratrol (RES) on cyclophosphamide (CPA) induced-POF. The results showed that CPA-induced POF significantly decreased serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone levels, along with a considerable rise in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Moreover, CPA administration to rats significantly increased the serum level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and significantly lowered the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD); in addition, it increased nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) with the spread expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA levels and caspase-3 (Casp3) levels in ovarian tissues versus the control rats. However, treatment with LPE and RES suppressed the triggering of NF- κB pathways, evidenced by a considerable reduction in Casp3 & iNOS mRNA expression level and significant ameliorative effects in all evaluated parameters, as confirmed by the histological and immunohistochemical investigation when comparing the model group. In overall findings, both lemon peel extract and resveratrol can mitigate the adverse effects of CPA-induced POF. Most crucially, its combination therapy is a promising pharmacological agent for this disease.

Dietary intervention in depression - a review

Depression is a mental illness that affects the normal lives of over 300 million people. Unfortunately, about 30% to 40% of patients do not adequately respond to pharmacotherapy and other therapies. This review focuses on exploring the relationship between dietary nutrition and depression, aiming to find safer and efficient ingredients to alleviate depression. Diet can affect depression in numerous ways. These pathways include the regulation of tryptophan metabolism, inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, microbe-gut-brain axis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and epigenetics. Furthermore, probiotics, micronutrients, and other active substances exhibit significant antidepressant effects by regulating the above pathways. These provide insights for developing antidepressant foods.

Evaluation of the hepatoprotective effect of naringenin loaded nanoparticles against acetaminophen overdose toxicity

Acute liver injury is a common clinical disease, which easily leads to liver failure and endangers life, seriously threatening human health. Naringenin is a natural flavonoid that holds therapeutic potential against various liver injuries; however it has poor water solubility and bioavailability. In this study, we aimed to develop naringenin-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (NGNPs) and to evaluate their hepatoprotective effect and underlying mechanisms against acetaminophen overdose toxicity. In vitro data indicated that NGNPs significantly increased the drug solubility and also more effectively protected the hepatocyte cells from oxidative damage during hydrogen peroxide exposure or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. In vivo results confirmed that NGNPs showed an enhanced accumulation in the liver tissue. In the murine model of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity, NGNPs could effectively alleviate the progression of acute liver injury by reducing drug overdose-induced levels of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in hepatocytes. In conclusion, NGNPs has strong hepatoprotective effects against acetaminophen induced acute liver injury.

Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the delaying effect of naringin on postharvest decay in citrus fruit

INTRODUCTION

Naringin exhibits antioxidant capacity and can partially inhibit pathogens in many horticultural products, such as citrus fruit; however, the effects of naringin on the storage quality and mechanisms that regulate senescence in citrus fruit have not been comprehensively analyzed.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In this study, exogenous naringin treatment was found to significantly delay citrus fruit disease, decreasing the H₂O₂ content, increasing the antioxidant capacity and maintaining the quality of the fruit. Metabolomic analysis of citrus peel indicated the vast majority (325) of metabolites belonging to flavonoids. Moreover, the auraptene, butin, naringenin, and luteolin derivative levels within the phenylpropanoid pathway were significantly higher in the naringin-treated fruit than in the control fruit. Transcriptomic analysis also revealed that twelve genes in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were significantly upregulated. Further analysis with a co-expression network revealed significant correlation between these differential genes and metabolites. Additionally, MYC and WRKY, screened from the MAPK signaling pathway, may contribute to naringin-induced disease resistance.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, naringin treatment can efficiently delay decay and maintain the quality of citrus fruit, mainly by promoting metabolites accumulation, and upregulating differentially expressed genes in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. This study provides a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms through which naringin delays citrus fruit decay and maintains fruit quality.

Extracts of Spiraea hypericifolia L. and Spiraea crenata L.: The Phenolic Profile and Biological Activities

The comparative phytochemical analysis in this study revealed differences in the type and levels of phenolic compounds between Spiraea hypericifolia L. and Spiraea crenata L. The compounds in water-ethanol extracts of aerial parts of both species were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography as chlorogenic, gentisic, and cinnamic acids; quercetin; kaempferol; hyperoside; isoquercetin; nicotiflorin; and apigenin. In the extract of S. hypericifolia, p-coumaric acid and luteolin were also found, which were absent in the extract of S. crenata. Such compounds as avicularin, astragalin, and isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside proved to be specific to S. crenata (and were not found in the S. hypericifolia extract). The viability of liver cancer HepG2 cells and breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells significantly decreased after cultivation with the S. crenata extract. In addition, the S. crenata extract showed higher antioxidant activity than the S. hypericifolia extract. It is most likely that these effects can be explained by the higher content of individual flavonoids in the extract of S. crenata. Thus, the extract of S. crenata holds promise for more extensive research on the mechanism of its action on tumor cells.