Role of STAT3 in the initiation, progression, proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer and strategies to deliver JAK and STAT3 inhibitors

Chalcone-9: a novel inhibitor of the JAK-STAT pathway with potent anti-cancer effects in triple-negative breast cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality among women worldwide, with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) posing significant treatment challenges. The dysregulation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway contributes to tumor progression, making it a potential therapeutic target. Chalcones, known for their diverse biological activities, including anti-cancer effects, hold promise for drug development. This study explores the anti-cancer activity of (E)-4-(3-(2-(benzyloxy)-6-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)benzoic acid (chalcone-9), a novel chalcone derivative.

METHODS

The cytotoxic effects of chalcone-9 were evaluated in breast cancer cell lines, including TNBC lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to analyze the impact on JAK1, JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3 activation and their downstream gene expression. In silico molecular docking analysis was conducted to determine whether chalcone-9 can interact with JAK1 and JAK2. A wound healing assay was used to observe the effect of chalcone-9 on tumor cell migration, and flow cytometry was employed to analyze whether chalcone-9 inhibits tumor cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis. The expression of apoptosis markers was also assessed.

RESULTS

Chalcone-9 exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity in breast cancer cell lines, with TNBC cells showing higher sensitivity. Chalcone-9 effectively inhibited the activation of JAK1, JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3, outperforming conventional JAK/STAT inhibitors. The structure of chalcone-9 was confirmed to stably interact with JAK1 and JAK2 proteins. It also suppressed STAT1 and STAT3 target gene expression, reduced tumor cell migration, and induced apoptosis, as evidenced by PARP and caspase cleavage and decreased survivin levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Chalcone-9 demonstrates significant anti-cancer activity, particularly against TNBC. By targeting the JAK/STAT pathway and promoting apoptosis, chalcone-9 emerges as a promising therapeutic candidate for aggressive breast cancers.

Sulforaphane Promotes the Skeletal Muscle Postinjury Regeneration by Up-Regulating the Transcription of Prl2c2 through JAK2/STAT3 Signaling

Sulforaphane (SFN), a lipophilic small-molecule compound, can be rapidly and completely absorbed upon entering the body. It has garnered extensive research attention for its potential as an antiaging, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antibacterial agent. However, its role and mechanisms of SFN on skeletal muscle postinjury regeneration have not been reported. This research demonstrated that SFN enhanced the regeneration after skeletal muscle injury and up-regulated the proliferation of mouse C2C12 myoblasts. RNA-transcriptome sequencing data revealed that SFN increased Prl2C2 transcription and JAK/STAT signaling pathway activity. CHIP and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays verified that STAT3 binds to the Prl2C2 promoter and regulates its transcription. Consequently, SFN influenced the JAK2/STAT3 signaling activity. Finally, the transcription of Prl2C2 and the proliferation of mouse C2C12 myoblasts were detected by adding JAK2 inhibitor and SFN. The results showed that the JAK2 inhibitor blocked the up-regulation of SFN on the transcription of Prl2C2 and the proliferation of mouse C2C12 myoblasts. The discovery of this phenomenon and its mechanism offer guidance for treating skeletal muscle injuries and supporting animal nutrition research. SFN shows great potential in muscle repair, and future clinical trials could confirm its safety and efficacy, paving the way for new SFN-based treatments and providing new options for patients.

Emerging therapeutic strategies and opportunities in targeting protein pathways for breast cancer treatment: a critical review

Understanding breast cancer at a molecular level is essential for developing effective treatments due to its significant impact on women's mortality rates globally. Targeted medicines focus on specific proteins crucial to breast cancer progression, offering a promising treatment avenue. These proteins, often overexpressed or mutated in cancer cells, are vital for cell proliferation, division, and survival. Targeted drugs aim to inhibit these proteins, halting disease progression and sparing non-cancerous cells, which reduces side effects and improves patient quality of life. Key proteins in breast cancer treatment include HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), ER (estrogen receptor), and PR (progesterone receptor). Drugs like Trastuzumab target HER2 to impede tumor growth in HER2-positive cancers, while hormone therapies targeting ER and PR improve outcomes for hormone receptor-positive cancers. Examining proteins such as EGFR, HER2/Neu, and ER reveals their roles in cancer pathways, with pathways like PI3K/Akt/mTOR (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) being crucial targets for therapies, potentially revolutionizing breast cancer treatment.

Eriodictyol 5-O-methyl ether inhibits prostate cancer progression through targeting STAT3 signaling and inducing apoptosis and paraptosis

Prostate cancer ranks as one of the most prevalent cancers among men and is a major cause of cancer-related mortality globally This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of eriodictyol 5-O-methyl ether (ERIO) on prostate cancer cells, focusing on its impact on STAT3 signaling, apoptosis, and paraptosis. ERIO exhibited significant cytotoxicity against DU145, PC-3, and LNCaP cells. It suppressed constitutive and IL-6-induced STAT3 activation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of JAK1, JAK2, and Src kinases. ERIO upregulated SHP-2 expression, leading to the dephosphorylation of STAT3. ERIO induced apoptosis, evidenced by increased caspase-3 and PARP cleavage, and paraptosis, characterized by increased ROS production, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and ER stress. The antioxidant NAC reversed the effects of ERIO, highlighting the importance of oxidative stress in its anti-cancer activity. ERIO effectively inhibited prostate cancer cell growth by targeting STAT3 signaling and inducing both apoptosis and paraptosis. These findings suggest that ERIO has significant therapeutic potential for prostate cancer treatment and warrant further investigation in in vivo and clinical studies.

Dual inhibition of TYK2 and PD-L1 boosts immune response in triple negative breast cancer

Recent studies have shown that Janus Kinase inhibitors can enhance the tumor therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, it remains to be studied whether TYK2 selective inhibitors can enhance the therapeutic effect of small molecule PD-L1 inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We verified the efficacy of the combination of the selective TYK2 inhibitor Deucravacitinib and the small molecule inhibitor of PD-L1, INCB086550, in two TNBC animal models: a syngeneic mouse model (4T1 with humanized PD-L1) and a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-humanized model (MDA-MB-231). Following that, we explored the regulation of immune cell activity in tumors by the combined treatment using flow cytometry. Finally, we validated the expression of genes related to the regulated immune cells through reverse transcription-PCR. Both animal models demonstrated that the addition of a TYK2 inhibitor to a PD-L1 inhibitor significantly enhanced the antitumor capabilities of mice with good safety profiles. The combined therapy significantly elevated the counts of T, B, and natural killer cells while concurrently diminishing myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the syngeneic model. Similarly, in the PBMC-humanized model, this therapy markedly augmented progenitor-like and proliferative precursor-like CD8 T cells, while effectively diminishing exhausted and terminally differentiated CD8 T cell populations. This enhanced antitumor effect is associated with the modulation of antitumor immune-related gene expression by the combined therapy. The combination of TYK2 inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors is a potentially effective strategy for treating TNBC.

Involvement of STAT3 activation in ameliorating all-trans-retinal-induced ferroptosis in photoreceptor-derived 661W cells in vitro

Ferroptosis, a form of iron-dependent programmed cell death, has emerged as a critical player in various diseases, including retinal degenerative disorders. Previous studies have highlighted that ferroptosis, triggered by all-trans-retinal (atRAL) accumulation in photoreceptor cells, contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and autosomal recessive Stargardt's disease (STGD1). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating this process remain poorly understood. In this study, we explore the involvement of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the regulation of atRAL-induced 661W photoreceptor cells (mouse-derived photoreceptor cells) ferroptosis. We found that atRAL treatment induces phosphorylation of STAT3 in 661W photoreceptor cells. Meanwhile, we also discovered that the accumulation of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by atRAL partly contributes to the activation of STAT3 in 661W photoreceptor cells. Importantly, our data suggest that inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation, resulting in increased lipid peroxidation through upregulation of the acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) gene, exacerbates ferroptosis in atRAL-loaded 661W photoreceptor cells. Additionally, our findings further confirm that STAT3 activator Colivelin may significantly reduce ferroptosis in 661W photoreceptor cells exposed to atRAL by regulating the ACSL4 and PTGS2 gene. Overall, these results revealed that activated STAT3 mitigates atRAL-induced ferroptosis in photoreceptor cells, possibly by reducing ACSL4 and PTGS2 gene expression. This pathway highlights the therapeutic potential of STAT3 as a novel target for treating dry AMD and STGD1.

Revealing the Role of Beesioside O from Actaea vaginata for the Treatment of Breast Cancer Using Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of malignancy-related mortality among women, with rising global incidence. While surgical intervention is effective for early-stage breast cancer, drug therapy is indispensable, particularly for triple-negative breast cancer, where treatment options are still limited. Actaea vaginata, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been historically applied for inflammatory conditions, including pharyngitis and stomatitis. However, its antitumor potential remains under-reported. In this study, a cycloartane triterpene saponin, beesioside O (BO), was isolated from this plant. Its antitumor activity was evaluated in vitro. Its potential therapeutic mechanisms were elucidated through network pharmacology. BO exhibited substantial potency in inhibiting breast cancer cells. Network pharmacology analysis uncovered 179 potential pharmacological targets of BO, which were predominantly concentrated in pathways, such as pathways in cancer, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and chemical carcinogenesis receptor activation. Molecular docking analysis indicated that STAT3 exhibited minimal binding energy with BO. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations verified the conformational stability of the BO-STAT3 complex. Western blot analysis demonstrated that STAT3 was downregulated following administration. These results imply that BO may exhibit a multi-target, synergistic therapeutic effect against breast cancer, with STAT3 recognized as a pivotal target. This study demonstrates the potential of BO for development as a chemotherapeutic agent for breast cancer treatment. It lays the groundwork for further exploration of BO's bioactivity and provides valuable insights into its molecular mechanisms in breast cancer therapy.

Unveiling the link between chronic inflammation and cancer

The highly nuanced transition from an inflammatory process to tumorigenesis is of great scientific interest. While it is well known that environmental stimuli can cause inflammation, less is known about the oncogenic modifications that chronic inflammation in the tissue microenvironment can bring about, as well as how these modifications can set off pro-tumorigenic processes. It is clear that no matter where the environmental factors come from, maintaining an inflammatory microenvironment encourages carcinogenesis. In addition to encouraging angiogenesis and metastatic processes, sustaining the survival and proliferation of malignant transformed cells, and possibly altering the efficacy of therapeutic agents, inflammation can negatively regulate the antitumoral adaptive and innate immune responses. Because chronic inflammation has multiple pathways involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis, it has gained recognition as a marker of cancer and a desirable target for cancer therapy. Recent advances in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that drive cancer's progression demonstrate that inflammation promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis while suppressing anti-tumor immunity. In many solid tumor types, including breast, lung, and liver cancer, inflammation stimulates the activation of oncogenes and impairs the body's defenses against the tumor. Additionally, it alters the microenvironment of the tumor. As a tactical approach to cancer treatment, these findings have underscored the importance of targeting inflammatory pathways. This review highlights the role of inflammation in cancer development and metastasis, focusing on its impact on tumor progression, immune suppression, and therapy resistance. It examines current anti-inflammatory strategies, including NSAIDs, cytokine modulators, and STAT3 inhibitors, while addressing their potential and limitations. The review emphasizes the need for further research to unravel the complex mechanisms linking inflammation to cancer progression and identify molecular targets for specific cancer subtypes.

Navigating the therapeutic landscape for breast cancer: targeting breast cancer stem cells

Breast cancer is a common and deadly malignancy that affects women globally, and breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) play an important role in tumorigenesis, development, metastasis, and recurrence. Traditional therapies often fail to eliminate BCSCs, leading to treatment resistance and relapse. This review explores the therapeutic strategies which are designed to target BCSCs, including inhibition of key signaling pathway and targeting receptor. This paper also explores the approaches to targeting BCSCs including chemotherapy, phytomedicines, and nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has gained a lot of importance in cancer therapy because of its ability to deliver therapeutic agents with more precision and minimal side effects. Various chemotherapeutic drugs, siRNAs, or gene editing tools are delivered efficiently with the use of nanocarriers which target pathways, receptors, and proteins associated with BCSCs. Over the past few years, stimuli-responsive and receptor-targeted nanocarriers have been explored for better therapeutic effects. In recent times, strategies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, ablation therapy, and cell-free therapies are explored for targeting these stem cells. This review provides a recent developmental overview of strategies to attack BCSCs from conventional chemotherapeutic agents to nanotechnological platforms such as polymeric, lipidic, and metal-based nanoparticles and advanced technologies like CAR T cell therapies.

Targeting STAT3 for Cancer Therapy: Focusing on Y705, S727, or Dual Inhibition?

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that is strongly implicated in various cancers. In its canonical signaling pathway, Janus kinases (JAKs) phosphorylate STAT3 at the Y705 residue in response to cytokines or growth factors, with pY705 serving as a key marker of STAT3 oncogenic activity. Elevated pY705 levels correlate with poor prognosis, and numerous small-molecule inhibitors have been developed to block this phosphorylation site. More recently, phosphorylation at the S727 residue (pS727) has emerged as a critical contributor to STAT3-mediated oncogenesis, particularly due to its role in mitochondrial translocation. Evidence suggests that pS727 may even surpass pY705 in driving oncogenic activity. These findings prompt an important question: Which residue should be prioritized for effective STAT3 inhibition in cancer therapy?

METHODS

This review compiles and critically analyzes the current literature on STAT3 inhibitors targeting pY705 and/or pS727, evaluating their therapeutic efficacy in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials. We assess the unique effects of targeting each residue on downstream signaling, toxicity, and clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

Our analysis indicates that inhibitors targeting both pY705 and pS727 achieve the greatest therapeutic effectiveness. However, pS727 targeting is associated with higher toxicity risks.

CONCLUSIONS

Comprehensive evaluation of STAT3 inhibitors underscores the importance of targeting pY705 for maximum therapeutic benefit. The analysis also shows that co-targeting pS727 may increase overall efficacy. However, pS727 inhibition should be approached with lower affinity to minimize toxicity and enhance the clinical feasibility of dual-targeting strategies.

Ailanthone inhibits bladder cancer tumor and cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway

Objective

Ailanthone (AIL), a medicinal component with antitumor properties, was distilled from Ailanthus altissima. The aim of this work was to probe the cancer-fighting effect of AIL on bladder cancer (BC) cells and the molecular basis of this effect.

Material and Methods

We developed a subcutaneous BC mouse model and then administered AIL treatment. The effects of AIL on tumor tissue integrity and apoptosis were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining methods. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of AIL on the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3) pathway and associated proteins through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Various concentrations of AIL were applied to BC cells, and its effects on cell survival, motility, and apoptosis were detected through cell counting kit-8 assay, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry. In addition, we examined the influence of AIL on apoptosis-related proteins and epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins in BC cells through Western blot analysis.

Results

AIL significantly suppressed the growth and migration of 5637 and T24 cells while promoting apoptosis (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001). In addition, AIL increased the levels of cell death-associated proteins (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001) and reversed EMT in BC cells. In vivo, AIL treatment reduced tumor growth and lowered the transcriptional levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-23, which are activation factors in the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. It also decreased the phosphorylation levels of JAK1, JAK2, and STAT3 in tumor tissues (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01).

Conclusion

AIL exhibits multiple anticancer effects, such as BC cell growth suppression, apoptosis enhancement, reversion of EMT reversion, tumor growth, and JAK/STAT3 pathway activation suppression.

A review of the current status of biological effects of plant-derived therapeutics in breast cancer

Phytochemicals are bioactive secondary plant metabolites found in high concentrations in fruits, grains, and vegetables. Recent studies provide evidence of usage of plant-based diets rich in phytochemicals and their corelation to reduction in cancer incidence. Several phytochemicals have demonstrated effectiveness as chemotherapeutic agents against various cancers, including breast cancer. Breast cancer (BC) is a major worldwide medical issue owing to its high incidence, especially in women. It is the most often detected malignancy and an important trigger of mortality in women. Various chemotherapeutics along with radiotherapy are being investigated as potential treatment options for breast cancer. However, multidrug resistance, toxicity to normal cells, and other adverse effects limit the usage of chemotherapeutics in breast cancer. Cancer treatment with dietary phytochemicals is a highly effective approach that is currently gaining widespread attention. This manuscript intends to describe the existing data on the anticancer effects of various phytochemicals, including their preclinical exploration against breast cancer. Phytochemicals are broadly categorized, with an explanation of their role in breast cancer prognosis through various signalling pathways, preclinical status, physicochemical property analysis using Data Warrior, and evidence on individual phototherapeutics.

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Progression and Drug Resistance in the Context of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most difficult subtypes of breast cancer to treat due to its distinct clinical and molecular characteristics. Patients with TNBC face a high recurrence rate, an increased risk of metastasis, and lower overall survival compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Despite advancements in targeted therapies, traditional chemotherapy (primarily using platinum compounds and taxanes) continues to be the standard treatment for TNBC, often with limited long-term efficacy. TNBC tumors are heterogeneous, displaying a diverse mutation profile and considerable chromosomal instability, which complicates therapeutic interventions. The development of chemoresistance in TNBC is frequently associated with the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), during which epithelial tumor cells acquire a mesenchymal-like phenotype. This shift enhances metastatic potential, while simultaneously reducing the effectiveness of standard chemotherapeutics. It has also been suggested that EMT plays a central role in the development of cancer stem cells. Hence, there is growing interest in exploring small-molecule inhibitors that target the EMT process as a future strategy for overcoming resistance and improving outcomes for patients with TNBC. This review focuses on the progression and drug resistance of TNBC with an emphasis on the role of EMT in these processes. We present TNBC-specific and EMT-related molecular features, key EMT protein markers, and various signaling pathways involved. We also discuss other important mechanisms and factors related to chemoresistance in TNBC within the context of EMT, highlighting treatment advancements to improve patients' outcomes.

PD-L1: From cancer immunotherapy to therapeutic implications in multiple disorders

The PD-L1/PD-1 signaling pathway is the gold standard for cancer immunotherapy. Therapeutic antibodies targeting PD-1, such as nivolumab (Opdivo) and pembrolizumab (Keytruda), and PD-L1, including atezolizumab (Tecentriq), durvalumab (Imfinzi), and avelumab (Bavencio) have received Food and Drug Administration approval and are currently being used to treat various cancers. Traditionally, PD-L1 is known as an immune checkpoint protein that binds to the PD-1 receptor on its surface to inhibit the activity of T cells, which are the primary effector cells in antitumor immunity. However, it also plays a role in cancer progression, which goes beyond traditional understanding. Here, we highlight the multifaceted mechanisms of action of PD-L1 in cancer cell proliferation, transcriptional regulation, and systemic immune suppression. Moreover, we consider the potential role of PD-L1 in the development and pathogenesis of diseases other than cancer, explore PD-L1-focused therapeutic approaches for these diseases, and assess their clinical relevance. Through this review, we hope to provide deeper insights into the PD-L1/PD-1 signaling pathway and present a broad perspective on potential therapeutic approaches for cancer and other diseases.

Therapeutic delivery of siRNA for the management of breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women globally. The difficulties with anticancer medications, such as ineffective targeting, larger doses, toxicity to healthy cells and side effects, have prompted attention to alternate approaches to address these difficulties. RNA interference by small interfering RNA (siRNA) is one such tactic. When compared with chemotherapy, siRNA has several advantages, including the ability to quickly modify and suppress the expression of the target gene and display superior efficacy and safety. However, there are known challenges and hurdles that limits their clinical translation. Decomposition by endonucleases, renal clearance, hydrophilicity, negative surface charge, short half-life and off-target effects of naked siRNA are obstacles that hinder the desired biological activity of naked siRNA. Nanoparticulate systems such as polymeric, lipid, lipid-polymeric, metallic, mesoporous silica nanoparticles and several other nanocarriers were used for effective delivery of siRNA and to knock down genes involved in breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer. The focus of this review is to provide a comprehensive picture of various strategies utilized for delivering siRNA, such as combinatorial delivery, development of modified nanoparticles, smart nanocarriers and nanocarriers that target angiogenesis, cancer stem cells and metastasis of breast cancer.

Long non-coding RNA TMEM147 antisense RNA 1/microRNA-124/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 axis in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer

OBJECTIVE

This research aimed to probe the expression of long noncoding RNA TMEM147 antisense RNA 1 (TMEM147-AS1)/micro-RNA (miR)-124/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) axis in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer (BC).

METHODS

Sixty ER-positive BC patients undergoing surgical treatment were gathered. TMEM147-AS1, miR-124, and STAT3 expression levels in BC cells and tissues were measured. The binding sites of TMEM147-AS1 and miR-124, miR-124, and STAT3 were analyzed and validated. The miR-124, STAT3 overexpression (oe) sequences, TMEM147-AS1 oe, and interference sequences and their control sequences were planned and cells were transfected to assess their functions in BC cells biological functions.

RESULTS

TMEM147-AS1, as well as STAT3 was extremely expressed and miR-124 was lowly expressed in BC cells and tissues. Interference with TMEM147-AS1 restrained ER-positive BC cell malignant activities. Mechanistically, TMEM147-AS1 could competitively bind miR-124 in refraining miR-124 expression, and STAT3 was a target gene of miR-124. Oe of miR-124 effectively reversed the enhancement of BC cell proliferation and invasion induced by TMEM147-AS1 upregulation. Oe of STAT3 could reverse the inhibitory effect of miR-124 on BC cell malignant behaviors.

CONCLUSION

TMEM147-AS1 has oncogenic activity in ER-positive BC, which may be a result of the altered miR-124/STAT3 axis. Therefore, targeting the TMEM147-AS1/miR-124/STAT3 axis may be a target for ER-positive BC therapy.

Vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 knockdown exerts anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-autophagic, and pro-ferroptotic effects on colorectal cancer cells by inhibition of the JAK/STAT3 pathway

Vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8), a soluble n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor receptor protein, acts as an oncogenic gene in the progression of several malignancies. Nevertheless, the roles and mechanisms of VAMP8 in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression remain unknown. The expression and prognostic significance of VAMP8 in CRC samples were analyzed through bioinformatics analyses. Cell proliferation was detected using CCK-8 and EdU incorporation assays and apoptosis was evaluated via flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was conducted to examine the protein expression. Ferroptosis was evaluated by measurement of iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione (GSH) content. VAMP8 was increased in CRC samples relative to normal samples on the basis of GEPIA and HPA databases. CRC patients with high level of VAMP8 had a worse overall survival. VAMP8 depletion led to a suppression of proliferation and promotion of apoptosis in CRC cells. Additionally, VAMP8 knockdown suppressed beclin1 expression and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, elevated p62 expression, increased Fe2+, labile iron pool, lipid reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde levels, and repressed GSH content and glutathione peroxidase activity. Moreover, VAMP8 knockdown inhibited the activation of janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway in CRC cells. Mechanistically, activation of the JAK/STAT3 pathway by JAK1 or JAK2 overexpression attenuated VAMP8 silencing-mediated anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-autophagic, and pro-ferroptotic effects on CRC cells. In conclusion, VAMP8 knockdown affects the proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis by the JAK/STAT3 pathway in CRC cells.

The anti-cancer properties of miR-340 plasmid-chitosan complexes (miR-340 CC) on murine model of breast cancer

MiRNA-340 (miR-340) has been found to have tumour-suppressing effects in breast cancer (BC). However, for clinical use, miRNAs need to be delivered safely and effectively to protect them from degradation. In our previous study, we used chitosan complexes as a safe carrier with anti-cancer properties to deliver miR-340 plasmid into 4T1 cells. This study explored further information concerning the anti-cancer impacts of both chitosan and miR-340 plasmid in a murine model of BC. Mice bearing 4T1 cells were intra-tumorally administered miR-340 plasmid-chitosan complexes (miR-340 CC). Afterwards, the potential of miR-340 CC in promoting anti-tumour immune responses was evaluated. MiR-340 CC significantly reduced tumour size, inhibited metastasis, and prolonged the survival of mice. MiR-340 CC up-regulates P-27 gene expression related to cancer cell apoptosis, and down-regulates gene expressions involved in angiogenesis and metastasis (breast regression protein-39 (BRP-39)) and CD163 as an anti-inflammatory macrophages (MQs) marker. Furthermore, CD47 expression as a MQs immune check-point was remarkably decreased after miR-340 CC treatment. The level of IL-12 in splenocytes of miR-340 CC treated mice increased, while the level of IL-10 decreased, indicating anti-cancer immune responses. Our findings display that miR-340 CC can be considered as a promising therapy in BC.

Mechanistic insights into cisplatin response in breast tumors: Molecular determinants and drug/nanotechnology-based therapeutic opportunities

Breast cancer continues to be a major global health challenge, driving the need for effective therapeutic strategies. Cisplatin, a powerful chemotherapeutic agent, is widely used in breast cancer treatment. However, its effectiveness is often limited by systemic toxicity and the development of drug resistance. This review examines the molecular factors that influence cisplatin response and resistance, offering crucial insights for the scientific community. It highlights the significance of understanding cisplatin resistance's genetic and epigenetic contributors, which could lead to more personalized treatment approaches. Additionally, the review explores innovative strategies to counteract cisplatin resistance, including combination therapies, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, and targeted therapies. These approaches are under intensive investigation and promise to enhance breast cancer treatment outcomes. This comprehensive discussion is a valuable resource to advance breast cancer therapeutics and address the challenge of cisplatin resistance.

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride plus sufentanil citrate inhibits glucose metabolism and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in human esophageal squamous carcinoma KYSE30 cells by modulating the JAK/STAT3/HIF‑1α axis

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (DEX-HCl) and sufentanil citrate (SFC) are commonly used anesthetic drugs for esophageal cancer (EC) surgery. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of DEX-HCl and SFC treatment on glucose metabolism and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in EC. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), clonogenic, wound healing and Transwell migration assays were performed to assess the effects of the DEX-HCl and SFC on KYSE30 cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Changes in lactate and glucose levels in KYSE30 cells were also detected. Western blot analysis was used to determine the protein expression levels of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and glucose metabolism-related proteins. The results of CCK8, clonogenic and wound healing assays demonstrated that DEX-HCl and SFC inhibited KYSE30 cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Similarly, the combined DEX-HCl and SFC treatment significantly reduced lactate production, ATP production and glucose levels in KYSE30 cells. Western blotting indicated that DEX-HCl and SFC could reduce JAK/STAT and metastasis-related protein expression. Demonstrating a reduction in Hexokinase 2, matrix metallopeptidase 2 and 9, N-cadherin and lactate dehydrogenase A protein expression levels. The effects of DEX-HCl and SFC combined treatment were counteracted by the addition of JAK/STAT pathway activator RO8191, which suggested that DEX-HCl and SFC could serve a role in mediating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in KYSE30 cells.

Potential therapeutic targets of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses a significant clinical challenge due to its propensity for metastasis and poor prognosis. TNBC evades the body's immune system recognition and attack through various mechanisms, including the Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. This pathway, characterized by heightened activity in numerous solid tumors, exhibits pronounced activation in specific TNBC subtypes. Consequently, targeting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway emerges as a promising and precise therapeutic strategy for TNBC. The signal transduction cascade of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway predominantly involves receptor tyrosine kinases, the tyrosine kinase JAK2, and the transcription factor STAT3. Ongoing preclinical studies and clinical research are actively investigating this pathway as a potential therapeutic target for TNBC treatment. This article comprehensively reviews preclinical and clinical investigations into TNBC treatment by targeting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway using small molecule compounds. The review explores the role of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in TNBC therapeutics, evaluating the benefits and limitations of active inhibitors and proteolysis-targeting chimeras in TNBC treatment. The aim is to facilitate the development of novel small-molecule compounds that target TNBC effectively. Ultimately, this work seeks to contribute to enhancing therapeutic efficacy for patients with TNBC.

Uncovering PROTAC Sensitivity and Efficacy by Multidimensional Proteome Profiling: A Case for STAT3

Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) is a powerful technology that can effectively trigger the degradation of target proteins. The intricate interplay among various factors leads to a heterogeneous drug response, bringing about significant challenges in comprehending drug mechanisms. Our study applied data-independent acquisition-based mass spectrometry to multidimensional proteome profiling of PROTAC (DIA-MPP) to uncover the efficacy and sensitivity of the PROTAC compound. We profiled the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) PROTAC degrader in six leukemia and lymphoma cell lines under multiple conditions, demonstrating the pharmacodynamic properties and downstream biological responses. Through comparison between sensitive and insensitive cell lines, we revealed that STAT1 can be regarded as a biomarker for STAT3 PROTAC degrader, which was validated in cells, patient-derived organoids, and mouse models. These results set an example for a comprehensive description of the multidimensional PROTAC pharmacodynamic response and PROTAC drug sensitivity biomarker exploration.

Ruxolitinib induces apoptosis and pyroptosis of anaplastic thyroid cancer via the transcriptional inhibition of DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) has a 100% disease-specific mortality rate. The JAK1/2-STAT3 pathway presents a promising target for treating hematologic and solid tumors. However, it is unknown whether the JAK1/2-STAT3 pathway is activated in ATC, and the anti-cancer effects and the mechanism of action of its inhibitor, ruxolitinib (Ruxo, a clinical JAK1/2 inhibitor), remain elusive. Our data indicated that the JAK1/2-STAT3 signaling pathway is significantly upregulated in ATC tumor tissues than in normal thyroid and papillary thyroid cancer tissues. Apoptosis and GSDME-pyroptosis were observed in ATC cells following the in vitro and in vivo administration of Ruxo. Mechanistically, Ruxo suppresses the phosphorylation of STAT3, resulting in the repression of DRP1 transactivation and causing mitochondrial fission deficiency. This deficiency is essential for activating caspase 9/3-dependent apoptosis and GSDME-mediated pyroptosis within ATC cells. In conclusion, our findings indicate DRP1 is directly regulated and transactivated by STAT3; this exhibits a novel and crucial aspect of JAK1/2-STAT3 on the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. In ATC, the transcriptional inhibition of DRP1 by Ruxo hampered mitochondrial division and triggered apoptosis and GSDME-pyroptosis through caspase 9/3-dependent mechanisms. These results provide compelling evidence for the potential therapeutic effectiveness of Ruxo in treating ATC.

Breast cancer and its therapeutic targets: A comprehensive review

Breast cancer is a common and deadly disease, so there is a constant need for research to find efficient targets and therapeutic approaches. Breast cancer can be classified on a molecular and histological base. Breast cancer can be divided into ER (estrogen receptor)-positive and ER-negative, HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor2)-positive and HER2-negative subtypes based on the presence of specific biomarkers. Targeting hormone receptors, such as the HER2, progesterone receptor (PR), and ER, is very significant and plays a vital role in the onset and progression of breast cancer. Endocrine treatments and HER2-targeted drugs are examples of targeted therapies now being used against these receptors. Emerging immune-based medicines with promising outcomes in the treatment of breast cancer include immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and adoptive T-cell therapy. It is also explored how immune cells and the tumor microenvironment affect breast cancer development and treatment response. The major biochemical pathways, signaling cascades, and DNA repair mechanisms that are involved in the development and progression of breast cancer, include the PI3K/AKT/mTOR system, the MAPK pathway, and others. These pathways are intended to be inhibited by a variety of targeted drugs, which are then delivered with the goal of restoring normal cellular function. This review aims to shed light on types of breast cancer with the summarization of different therapeutic approaches which can target different pathways for tailored medicines and better patient outcomes.

Recent Advances of Multifunctional PLGA Nanocarriers in the Management of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Even though chemotherapy stands as a standard option in the therapy of TNBC, problems associated with it such as anemia, bone marrow suppression, immune suppression, toxic effects on healthy cells, and multi-drug resistance (MDR) can compromise their effects. Nanoparticles gained paramount importance in overcoming the limitations of conventional chemotherapy. Among the various options, nanotechnology has appeared as a promising path in preclinical and clinical studies for early diagnosis of primary tumors and metastases and destroying tumor cells. PLGA has been extensively studied amongst various materials used for the preparation of nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery and adjuvant therapy because of their capability of higher encapsulation, easy surface functionalization, increased stability, protection of drugs from degradation versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Furthermore, this review also provides an overview of PLGA-based nanoparticles including hybrid nanoparticles such as the inorganic PLGA nanoparticles, lipid-coated PLGA nanoparticles, cell membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles, hydrogels, exosomes, and nanofibers. The effects of all these systems in various in vitro and in vivo models of TNBC were explained thus pointing PLGA-based NPs as a strategy for the management of TNBC.

Fisetin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Formulation and Evaluations against Advanced and Metastatic Melanoma

Fisetin (Fis), a natural flavonoid with anticancer effects, suffers from delivery constraints. Fisetin-nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were developed for better efficacy against metastatic melanoma, employing the design of experiment (DoE) approach. The optimized NLCs depict a particle diameter of 135.0 ± 5.5 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.176 ± 0.035, and an entrapment efficiency of 78.16 ± 1.58%. The formulation was stable over a period of 60 days and demonstrated sustained release of the drug (74.79 ± 3.75%) over 96 h. Fis-NLCs depicted at least ∼3.2 times lower IC50 value and ∼1.8 times higher drug uptake at 48 h in A-375 and B16F10 cells compared to that of Fis. It also inhibited the mobility of melanoma cells and induced cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot results show enhanced expression of Nrf2/NQO1 genes and an apoptotic effect by the upregulation of BAX mRNA expression. The protein levels of BAX and p53 were ∼2-fold higher compared with that of pure Fis. In-vivo studies demonstrated 5.9- and 10.7-fold higher inhibition in melanoma-associated metastasis in the lungs and liver, respectively. The outcomes from this study demonstrated Fis-NLCs as an effective tool against melanoma.

Sanguinarine induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma by attenuating the binding of STAT3 to the single-stranded DNA-binding protein 1 (SSBP1) promoter region

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Osteosarcoma, a primary malignant bone tumour prevalent among adolescents and young adults, remains a considerable challenge despite protracted progress made in enhancing patient survival rates over the last 40 years. Consequently, the development of novel therapeutic approaches for osteosarcoma is imperative. Sanguinarine (SNG), a compound with demonstrated potent anticancer properties against various malignancies, presents a promising avenue for exploration. Nevertheless, the intricate molecular mechanisms underpinning SNG's actions in osteosarcoma remain elusive, necessitating further elucidation.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Single-stranded DNA-binding protein 1 (SSBP1) was screened out by differential proteomic analysis. Apoptosis, cell cycle, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial changes were assessed via flow cytometry. Western blotting and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to determine protein and gene levels. The antitumour mechanism of SNG was explored at a molecular level using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual luciferase reporter plasmids.

KEY RESULTS

Our investigation revealed that SNG exerted an up-regulated effect on SSBP1, disrupting mitochondrial function and inducing apoptosis. In-depth analysis uncovered a mechanism whereby SNG hindered the JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signalling pathway, relieved the inhibitory effect of STAT3 on SSBP1 transcription, and inhibited the downstream PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling axis, ultimately activating apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

The study delved further into elucidating the anticancer mechanism of SNG in osteosarcoma. Notably, we unravelled the previously undisclosed apoptotic potential of SSBP1 in osteosarcoma cells. This finding holds substantial promise in advancing the development of novel anticancer drugs and identification of therapeutic targets.

A review of biological targets and therapeutic approaches in the management of triple-negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous, aggressive phenotype of breast cancer with associated chemoresistance. The development of chemo- or radioresistance could be attributed to diverse tumor microenvironments, overexpression of membrane proteins (transporters), epigenetic changes, and alteration of the cell signaling pathways/genes associated with the development of cancer stem cells (CSCs).

AIM OF REVIEW

Due to the diverse and heterogeneous nature of TNBC, therapeutic response to the existing modalities offers limited scope and thus results in reccurance after therapy. To establish landmark therapeutic efficacy, a number of novel therapeutic modalities have been proposed. In addition, reversal of the resistance that developed during treatment may be altered by employing appropriate therapeutic modalities. This review aims to discuss the plethora of investigations carried out, which will help readers understand and make an appropriate choice of therapy directed toward complete elimination of TNBC.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

This manuscript addresses the major contributory factors from the tumor microenvironment that are responsible for the development of chemoresistance and poor prognosis. The associated cellular events and molecular mechanism-based therapeutic interventions have been explained in detail. Inhibition of ABC transporters, cell signaling pathways associated with CSCs, and epigenetic modification offers promising results in this regard. TNBC progression, invasion, metastasis and recurrence can also be inhibited by blocking multiple cell signaling pathways, targeting specific receptors/epigenetic targets, disrupting bioenergetics and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Euphorbiasteroid Induces Apoptosis as Well as Autophagy through Modulating SHP-1/STAT3 Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

Euphorbiasteroid (EPBS) has gained attention for its activity against human lung cancer and sarcoma; however, its impact on hepatocellular carcinoma has not yet been elucidated. Here, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of EPBS on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. We found that EPBS induced both apoptosis and autophagy in HCC cells. Additionally, we observed that EPBS treatment suppressed the constitutive as well as the inducible activation of a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein expression. Moreover, EPBS promoted the expression of SHP-1 protein and the production of reactive oxidative stress (ROS). Furthermore, the knockdown of SHP-1 by siRNA transfection reversed the effects of EPBS, which have inductive effects related to apoptosis and autophagy. Therefore, EPBS can potentially function as an anti-cancer agent by inducing apoptosis and autophagy when targeting the SHP-1/STAT3 pathway.

F3 peptide functionalized liquid crystalline nanoparticles for delivering Salinomycin against breast cancer

Salinomycin (Sal) is a potent veterinary antibiotic known to offer significant toxicity to the variety of neoplastic cells. Its therapeutic utility is limited due to its higher lipophilicity (logP 7.5) and poor hydrophilicity. Liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs) known to offer a suitable delivery platform for these kinds of drugs. The overexpressed nucleolin receptor on the cell surface and cytoplasm, could be selected as a target in cancer therapy. The present study involves the development and characterization of the F3 peptide functionalized LCNPs for delivering Sal (F3-Sal-NPs) for selectively targeting to the nucleolin receptor. The optimized LCNPs were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, drug release kinetics and stability. The LCNPs have a structure similar to nematic phases. In vitro drug release studies revealed sustained drug release characteristics (89.5 ± 1.5% at 120 h) with F3-Sal-NPs. The cytotoxicity results demonstrated that F3-Sal-NPs were 4.8, 2.6 and 5.5 folds more effective than naïve drug in MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, respectively and the cell cycle was arrested in the S and G2/M phases. The expression of the gene responsible for the stemness (CD44 gene), apoptosis (BAX/Bcl-2 ration) and angiogenesis (LCN-2) was reduced by F3-Sal-NPs treatment. Ex vivo hemolytic toxicity was reduced (6.5 ± 1.5%) and the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Sal was improved with F3-Sal-NPs. The in vivo antitumor efficacy was tested in EAC bearing mice, where F3-Sal-NPs significantly reduced the tumor growth by 2.8-fold compared to pure Sal and induced necrosis of tumor cells. The results clearly demonstrate the outstanding performance of F3 peptide functionalized LCNPs for delivering Sal against breast cancer.

Evolving cognition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway: autoimmune disorders and cancer

The Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of transmembrane signal transduction that enables cells to communicate with the exterior environment. Various cytokines, interferons, growth factors, and other specific molecules activate JAK-STAT signaling to drive a series of physiological and pathological processes, including proliferation, metabolism, immune response, inflammation, and malignancy. Dysregulated JAK-STAT signaling and related genetic mutations are strongly associated with immune activation and cancer progression. Insights into the structures and functions of the JAK-STAT pathway have led to the development and approval of diverse drugs for the clinical treatment of diseases. Currently, drugs have been developed to mainly target the JAK-STAT pathway and are commonly divided into three subtypes: cytokine or receptor antibodies, JAK inhibitors, and STAT inhibitors. And novel agents also continue to be developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. The effectiveness and safety of each kind of drug also warrant further scientific trials before put into being clinical applications. Here, we review the current understanding of the fundamental composition and function of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. We also discuss advancements in the understanding of JAK-STAT-related pathogenic mechanisms; targeted JAK-STAT therapies for various diseases, especially immune disorders, and cancers; newly developed JAK inhibitors; and current challenges and directions in the field.

A Tumor Microenvironment-Driven Network Regulated by STAT3 and p65 Negatively Controls the Enrichment of Cancer Stem Cells in Human HR+/HER2- Breast Cancer

Hormone receptor-positive and HER2-negative (HR+/HER2-; luminal A) tumors are prevalent in breast cancer. Our past studies demonstrated that "TME Stimulation" (estrogen + TNFα + EGF, representing three arms of the tumor microenvironment, TME) has enriched metastasis-forming cancer stem cells (CSCs) in HR+/HER2- human breast cancer cells. Here, following information obtained by RNAseq analyses of TME-stimulated CSCs and Non-CSCs, we found that TME Stimulation has induced the activation of S727-STAT3, Y705-STAT3, STAT1 and p65. Upon TME Stimulation, stattic (STAT3 inhibitor) usage demonstrated that Y705-STAT3 activation negatively controlled CSC enrichment and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) traits, while inducing CXCL8 (IL-8) and PD-L1 expression. However, STAT3 knock-down (siSTAT3) had no effect on these functions; in terms of CSC enrichment, p65 had down-regulatory roles that compensated for the loss of an entire STAT3 protein. Y705-STAT3 and p65 acted additively in reducing CSC enrichment, and Y705A-STAT3 variant + sip65 has enriched chemo-resistant CSCs. Clinical data analyses revealed an inverse correlation between Y705-STAT3 + p65 phosphorylation and CSC signature in luminal A patients, and connection to improved disease course. Overall, we find regulatory roles for Y705-STAT3 and p65 in TME-stimulated HR+/HER2- tumors, with the ability to limit CSC enrichment. These findings raise concerns about using inhibitors of STAT3 and p65 as therapeutic strategies in the clinic.

Deciphering the modulatory role of apigenin targeting oncogenic pathways in human cancers

Cancer is a complicated malignancy controlled by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. There has been a significant increase in interest in recent years in the elucidation of cancer treatments based on natural extracts that have fewer side effects. Numerous natural product-derived chemicals have been investigated for their anticancer effects in the search for an efficient chemotherapeutic method. Therefore, the rationale behind this review is to provide a detailed insights about the anticancerous potential of apigenin via modulating numerous cell signaling pathways. An ingestible plant-derived flavonoid called apigenin has been linked to numerous anticancerous potential in numerous experimental and biological studies. Apigenin has been reported to induce cell growth arrest and apoptotic induction by modulating multiple cell signaling pathways in a wider range of human tumors including those of the breast, lung, liver, skin, blood, colon, prostate, pancreatic, cervical, oral, and stomach. Oncogenic protein networks, abnormal cell signaling, and modulation of the apoptotic machinery are only a few examples of diverse molecular interactions and processes that have not yet been thoroughly addressed by scientific research. Thus, keeping this fact in mind, we tried to focus our review towards summarizing the apigenin-mediated modulation of oncogenic pathways in various malignancies that can be further utilized to develop a potent therapeutic alternative for the treatment of various cancers.

Fisetin in Cancer: Attributes, Developmental Aspects, and Nanotherapeutics

Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality, globally. Cancerous cells invade normal cells and metastasize to distant sites with the help of the lymphatic system. There are several mechanisms involved in the development and progression of cancer. Several treatment strategies including the use of phytoconstituents have evolved and been practiced for better therapeutic outcomes against cancer. Fisetin is one such naturally derived flavone that offers numerous pharmacological benefits, i.e., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer properties. It inhibits the rapid growth, invasiveness, and metastasis of tumors by hindering the multiplication of cancer cells, and prompts apoptosis by avoiding cell division related to actuation of caspase-9 and caspase-8. However, its poor bioavailability associated with its extreme hydrophobicity hampers its clinical utility. The issues related to fisetin delivery can be addressed by adapting to the developmental aspects of nanomedicines, such as formulating it into lipid or polymer-based systems, including nanocochleates and liposomes. This review aims to provide in-depth information regarding fisetin as a potential candidate for anticancer therapy, its properties and various formulation strategies.

Selenium-Containing Agents Acting on Cancer-A New Hope?

Selenium-containing agents are more and more considered as an innovative potential treatment option for cancer. Light is shed not only on the considerable advancements made in understanding the complex biology and chemistry related to selenium-containing small molecules but also on Se-nanoparticles. Numerous Se-containing agents have been widely investigated in recent years in cancer therapy in relation to tumour development and dissemination, drug delivery, multidrug resistance (MDR) and immune system-related (anti)cancer effects. Despite numerous efforts, Se-agents apart from selenocysteine and selenomethionine have not yet reached clinical trials for cancer therapy. The purpose of this review is to provide a concise critical overview of the current state of the art in the development of highly potent target-specific Se-containing agents.