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Pyka P, Haberek W, Więcek M, Szymanska E, Ali W, Cios A, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Satała G, Podlewska S, Di Giacomo S, Di Sotto A, Garbo S, Karcz T, Lambona C, Marocco F, Latacz G, Sudoł-Tałaj S, Mordyl B, Głuch-Lutwin M, Siwek A, Czarnota-Łydka K, Gogola D, Olejarz-Maciej A, Wilczyńska-Zawal N, Honkisz-Orzechowska E, Starek M, Dąbrowska M, Kucwaj-Brysz K, Fioravanti R, Nasim MJ, Hittinger M, Partyka A, Wesołowska A, Battistelli C, Zwergel C, Handzlik J. First-in-Class Selenium-Containing Potent Serotonin Receptor 5-HT 6 Agents with a Beneficial Neuroprotective Profile against Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1580-1610. [PMID: 38190615 PMCID: PMC10823479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a complex and not-fully-understood etiology. Recently, the serotonin receptor 5-HT6 emerged as a promising target for AD treatment; thus, here a new series of 5-HT6R ligands with a 1,3,5-triazine core and selenoether linkers was explored. Among them, the 2-naphthyl derivatives exhibited strong 5-HT6R affinity and selectivity over 5-HT1AR (13-15), 5-HT7R (14 and 15), and 5-HT2AR (13). Compound 15 displayed high selectivity for 5-HT6R over other central nervous system receptors and exhibited low risk of cardio-, hepato-, and nephrotoxicity and no mutagenicity, indicating its "drug-like" potential. Compound 15 also demonstrated neuroprotection against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity as well as antioxidant and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activity and regulated antioxidant and pro-inflammatory genes and NRF2 nuclear translocation. In rats, 15 showed satisfying pharmacokinetics, penetrated the blood-brain barrier, reversed MK-801-induced memory impairment, and exhibited anxiolytic-like properties. 15's neuroprotective and procognitive-like effects, stronger than those of the approved drug donepezil, may pave the way for the use of selenotriazines to inhibit both causes and symptoms in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Pyka
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Division
of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Doctoral
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, św. Łazarza 15, 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wawrzyniec Haberek
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Division
of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Doctoral
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, św. Łazarza 15, 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Więcek
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Szymanska
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wesam Ali
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Division
of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Cios
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jastrzębska-Więsek
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sabina Podlewska
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Italian
National Institute of Health (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Sotto
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Garbo
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Tadeusz Karcz
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Chiara Lambona
- Department
of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza
University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Marocco
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwia Sudoł-Tałaj
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, św. Łazarza 15, 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Mordyl
- Department
of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Department
of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department
of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Czarnota-Łydka
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, św. Łazarza 15, 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Gogola
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, św. Łazarza 15, 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Olejarz-Maciej
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Wilczyńska-Zawal
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Honkisz-Orzechowska
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Starek
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Dąbrowska
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kucwaj-Brysz
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Rossella Fioravanti
- Department
of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza
University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Muhammad Jawad Nasim
- Division
of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marius Hittinger
- Department
of Drug Discovery, Pharmbiotec gGmbH, Nußkopf 39, 66578 Schiffweiler, Germany
- Department
of Drug Delivery, Pharmbiotec gGmbH, Nußkopf 39, 66578 Schiffweiler, Germany
| | - Anna Partyka
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Wesołowska
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Cecilia Battistelli
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- Division
of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department
of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza
University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department
of Drug Discovery, Pharmbiotec gGmbH, Nußkopf 39, 66578 Schiffweiler, Germany
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Czarnota-Łydka K, Sudoł-Tałaj S, Kucwaj-Brysz K, Kurczab R, Satała G, de Candia M, Samarelli F, Altomare CD, Carocci A, Barbarossa A, Żesławska E, Głuch-Lutwin M, Mordyl B, Kubacka M, Wilczyńska-Zawal N, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Partyka A, Khan N, Więcek M, Nitek W, Honkisz-Orzechowska E, Latacz G, Wesołowska A, Carrieri A, Handzlik J. Synthesis, computational and experimental pharmacological studies for (thio)ether-triazine 5-HT 6R ligands with noticeable action on AChE/BChE and chalcogen-dependent intrinsic activity in search for new class of drugs against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115695. [PMID: 37567058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is becoming a growing problem increasing at a tremendous rate. Serotonin 5-HT6 receptors appear to be a particularly attractive target from a therapeutic perspective, due to their involvement not only in cognitive processes, but also in depression and psychosis. In this work, we present the synthesis and broad biological characterization of a new series of 18 compounds with a unique 1,3,5-triazine backbone, as potent 5-HT6 receptor ligands. The main aim of this research is to compare the biological activity of the newly synthesized sulfur derivatives with their oxygen analogues and their N-demethylated O- and S-metabolites obtained for the first time. Most of the new triazines displayed high affinity (Ki < 200 nM) and selectivity towards 5-HT6R, with respect to 5-HT2AR, 5-HT7R, and D2R, in the radioligand binding assays. For selected, active compounds crystallographic studies, functional bioassays, and ADME-Tox profile in vitro were performed. The exciting novelty is that the sulfur derivatives exhibit an agonistic mode of action contrary to all other compounds obtained to date in this chemical class herein and previously reported. Advanced computational studies indicated that this intriguing functional shift might be caused by presence of chalcogen bonds formed only by the sulfur atom. In addition, the N-demethylated derivatives have emerged highly potent antioxidants and, moreover, show a significant improvement in metabolic stability compared to the parent structures. The cholinesterase study present micromolar inhibitory AChE and BChE activity for both 5-HT6 agonist 19 and potent antagonist 5. Finally, the behavioral experiments of compound 19 demonstrated its antidepressant-like properties and slight ability to improve cognitive deficits, without inducing memory impairments by itself. Described pharmacological properties of both compounds (5 and 19) allow to give a design clue for the development of multitarget compounds with 5-HT6 (both agonist and antagonist)/AChE and/or BChE mechanism in the group of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Czarnota-Łydka
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, św. Łazarza 15, 31-530, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Sudoł-Tałaj
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, św. Łazarza 15, 31-530, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kucwaj-Brysz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Rafał Kurczab
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Smętna 12, PL 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Smętna 12, PL 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Modesto de Candia
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Francesco Samarelli
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Cosimo Damiano Altomare
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Alessia Carocci
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Alexia Barbarossa
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Ewa Żesławska
- Pedagogical University of Krakow, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Podchorążych 2, PL 30-084, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Barbara Mordyl
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Monika Kubacka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Natalia Wilczyńska-Zawal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Jastrzębska-Więsek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Anna Partyka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Nadia Khan
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, św. Łazarza 15, 31-530, Krakow, Poland; Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Czysta 18, PL 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Więcek
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Nitek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, PL 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Honkisz-Orzechowska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Wesołowska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Antonio Carrieri
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
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Załuski M, Łażewska D, Jaśko P, Honkisz-Orzechowska E, Kuder KJ, Brockmann A, Latacz G, Zygmunt M, Kaleta M, Greser BA, Olejarz-Maciej A, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Vielmuth C, Müller CE, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of 8-Benzylaminoxanthines Showing High Adenosine A 2A and Dual A 1/A 2A Receptor Affinity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13707. [PMID: 37762006 PMCID: PMC10531311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays an important role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, we synthesized 25 novel xanthine derivatives with variable substituents at the N1-, N3- and C8-position as adenosine receptor antagonists with potential anti-inflammatory activity. The compounds were investigated in radioligand binding studies at all four human adenosine receptor subtypes, A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Compounds showing nanomolar A2A and dual A1/A2A affinities were obtained. Three compounds, 19, 22 and 24, were selected for further studies. Docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies indicated binding poses and interactions within the orthosteric site of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. In vitro studies confirmed the high metabolic stability of the compounds, and the absence of toxicity at concentrations of up to 12.5 µM in various cell lines (SH-SY5Y, HepG2 and BV2). Compounds 19 and 22 showed anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. In vivo studies in mice investigating carrageenan- and formalin-induced inflammation identified compound 24 as the most potent anti-inflammatory derivative. Future studies are warranted to further optimize the compounds and to explore their therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Załuski
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Dorota Łażewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Piotr Jaśko
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharma Center Bonn & Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (P.J.); (A.B.); (C.V.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Ewelina Honkisz-Orzechowska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Kamil J. Kuder
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Andreas Brockmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharma Center Bonn & Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (P.J.); (A.B.); (C.V.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Małgorzata Zygmunt
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Maria Kaleta
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Beril Anita Greser
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Agnieszka Olejarz-Maciej
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Magdalena Jastrzębska-Więsek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Christin Vielmuth
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharma Center Bonn & Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (P.J.); (A.B.); (C.V.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharma Center Bonn & Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (P.J.); (A.B.); (C.V.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.Z.); (E.H.-O.); (K.J.K.); (G.L.); (B.A.G.); (A.O.-M.); (K.K.-K.)
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4
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Olejarz-Maciej A, Mogilski S, Karcz T, Werner T, Kamińska K, Kupczyk J, Honkisz-Orzechowska E, Latacz G, Stark H, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Łażewska D. Trisubstituted 1,3,5-Triazines as Histamine H 4 Receptor Antagonists with Promising Activity In Vivo. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104199. [PMID: 37241939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is a very unpleasant experience that makes life extremely uncomfortable. The histamine H4 receptor (H4R) is a promising target for the treatment of inflammatory and immune diseases, as well as pain. H4R ligands have demonstrated analgesic effects in a variety of pain models, including inflammatory pain. Continuing the search for active H4R ligands among the alkyl derivatives of 1,3,5-triazine, we obtained 19 new compounds in two series: acyclic (I) and aliphatic (II). In vitro pharmacological evaluation showed their variable affinity for H4R. The majority of compounds showed a moderate affinity for this receptor (Ki > 100 nM), while all compounds tested in ß-arrestin and cAMP assays showed antagonistic activity. The most promising, compound 6, (4-(cyclopentylmethyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine; Ki = 63 nM) was selected for further in vitro evaluation: blood-brain barrier permeability (PAMPA assay; Pe = 12.26 × 10-6 cm/s) and toxicity tests (HepG2 and SH-5YSY cells; no toxicity up to 50 µM). Next, compound 6 tested in vivo in a carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain model showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects (strongest at 50 mg/kg i.p.). Furthermore, in a histamine- and chloroquine-induced pruritus model, compound 6 at a dose of 25 mg/kg i.p. and 50 mg/kg i.p., respectively, reduced the number of scratch bouts. Thus, compound 6 is a promising ligand for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Olejarz-Maciej
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Szczepan Mogilski
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Karcz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tobias Werner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Kamińska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kupczyk
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Honkisz-Orzechowska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Łażewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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5
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Honkisz-Orzechowska E, Popiołek-Barczyk K, Linart Z, Filipek-Gorzała J, Rudnicka A, Siwek A, Werner T, Stark H, Chwastek J, Starowicz K, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Łażewska D. Anti-inflammatory effects of new human histamine H 3 receptor ligands with flavonoid structure on BV-2 neuroinflammation. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:181-194. [PMID: 36370200 PMCID: PMC9925557 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microglia play an important role in the neuroinflammation developed in response to various pathologies. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effect of the new human histamine H3 receptor (H3R) ligands with flavonoid structure in murine microglial BV-2 cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS The affinity of flavonoids (E243 -flavone and IIIa-IIIc-chalcones) for human H3R was evaluated in the radioligand binding assay. The cytotoxicity on BV-2 cell viability was investigated with the MTS assay. Preliminary evaluation of anti-inflammatory properties was screened by the Griess assay in an in vitro neuroinflammation model of LPS-treated BV-2 cells. The expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by real-time qPCR and ELISA, respectively. The expression of microglial cell markers were determined by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Chalcone derivatives showed high affinity at human H3R with Ki values < 25 nM. At the highest nontoxic concentration (6.25 μM) compound IIIc was the most active in reducing the level of nitrite in Griess assay. Additionally, IIIc treatment attenuated inflammatory process in murine microglia cells by down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) at both the level of mRNA and protein level. Our immunocytochemistry studies revealed expression of microglial markers (Iba1, CD68, CD206) in BV-2 cell line. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasize the importance of further research to accurately identify the anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of chalcones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Honkisz-Orzechowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Popiołek-Barczyk
- grid.418903.70000 0001 2227 8271Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Linart
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Filipek-Gorzała
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Rudnicka
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tobias Werner
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jakub Chwastek
- grid.418903.70000 0001 2227 8271Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Starowicz
- grid.418903.70000 0001 2227 8271Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Łażewska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
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6
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Garbo S, Di Giacomo S, Łażewska D, Honkisz-Orzechowska E, Di Sotto A, Fioravanti R, Zwergel C, Battistelli C. Selenium-Containing Agents Acting on Cancer-A New Hope? Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010104. [PMID: 36678733 PMCID: PMC9860877 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium-containing agents are more and more considered as an innovative potential treatment option for cancer. Light is shed not only on the considerable advancements made in understanding the complex biology and chemistry related to selenium-containing small molecules but also on Se-nanoparticles. Numerous Se-containing agents have been widely investigated in recent years in cancer therapy in relation to tumour development and dissemination, drug delivery, multidrug resistance (MDR) and immune system-related (anti)cancer effects. Despite numerous efforts, Se-agents apart from selenocysteine and selenomethionine have not yet reached clinical trials for cancer therapy. The purpose of this review is to provide a concise critical overview of the current state of the art in the development of highly potent target-specific Se-containing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Garbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Dorota Łażewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Honkisz-Orzechowska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Fioravanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Cecilia Battistelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (C.B.)
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7
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Wichur T, Pasieka A, Godyń J, Panek D, Góral I, Latacz G, Honkisz-Orzechowska E, Bucki A, Siwek A, Głuch-Lutwin M, Knez D, Brazzolotto X, Gobec S, Kołaczkowski M, Sabate R, Malawska B, Więckowska A. Discovery of 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indole-based multifunctional ligands targeting cholinesterases and 5-HT 6 receptor with anti-aggregation properties against amyloid-beta and tau. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113783. [PMID: 34461507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional ligands as an essential variant of polypharmacology are promising candidates for the treatment of multi-factorial diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Based on clinical evidence and following the paradigm of multifunctional ligands we have rationally designed and synthesized a series of compounds targeting processes involved in the development of the disease. The biological evaluation led to the discovery of two compounds with favorable pharmacological characteristics and ADMET profile. Compounds 17 and 35 are 5-HT6R antagonists (Ki = 13 nM and Ki = 15 nM respectively) and cholinesterase inhibitors with distinct mechanisms of enzyme inhibition. Compound 17, a tacrine derivative is a reversible inhibitor of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 8 nM and IC50 = 24 nM respectively), while compound 35 with rivastigmine-derived phenyl N-ethyl-N-methylcarbamate fragment is a selective, pseudo-irreversible inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 455 nM). Both compounds inhibit aggregation of amyloid β in vitro (75% for compound 17 and 68% for 35 at 10 μM) moreover, compound 35 is a potent tau aggregation inhibitor in cellulo (79%). In ADMET in vitro studies both compounds showed acceptable metabolic stability on mouse liver microsomes (28% and 60% for compound 17 and 35 respectively), no or little effect on CYP3A4 and 2D6 up to a concentration of 10 μM and lack of toxicity on HepG2 cell line (IC50 values of 80 and 21 μM, for 17 and 35 respectively). Based on the pharmacological characteristics and favorable pharmacokinetic properties, we propose compounds 17 and 35 as an excellent starting point for further optimization and in-depth biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wichur
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Pasieka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Godyń
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Panek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Izabella Góral
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Adam Bucki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Damijan Knez
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Xavier Brazzolotto
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Raimon Sabate
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Więckowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
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8
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Godyń J, Zaręba P, Łażewska D, Stary D, Reiner-Link D, Frank A, Latacz G, Mogilski S, Kaleta M, Doroz-Płonka A, Lubelska A, Honkisz-Orzechowska E, Olejarz-Maciej A, Handzlik J, Stark H, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Malawska B, Bajda M. Cyanobiphenyls: Novel H 3 receptor ligands with cholinesterase and MAO B inhibitory activity as multitarget compounds for potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105129. [PMID: 34217977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and incurable illness that requires the urgent approval of new effective drugs. However, since 2003, no new molecules have shown successful results in clinical trials, thereby making the common "one compound - one target" paradigm questionable. Recently, the multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) approach has gained popularity, as compounds targeting at least two biological targets may be potentially more effective in treating AD. On the basis of these findings, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated through biological assays a series of derivatives of alicyclic amines linked by an alkoxy bridge to an aromatic lipophilic moiety of [1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile. The research results revealed promising biological activity of the obtained compounds toward the chosen targets involved in AD pathophysiology; the compounds showed high affinity (mostly low nanomolar range of Ki values) for human histamine H3 receptors (hH3R) and good nonselective inhibitory potency (micromolar range of IC50 values) against acetylcholinesterase from electric eel (eeAChE) and equine serum butyrylcholinesterase (eqBuChE). Moreover, micromolar/submicromolar potency against human monoamine oxidase B (hMAO B) was detected for some compounds. The study identified compound 5 as a multiple hH3R/eeAChE/eqBuChE/hMAO B ligand (5: hH3R Ki = 9.2 nM; eeAChE IC50 = 2.63 µM; eqBuChE IC50 = 1.30 µM; hMAO B IC50 = 0.60 µM). Further in vitro studies revealed that compound 5 exhibits a mixed type of eeAChE and eqBuChE inhibition, good metabolic stability, and moderate hepatotoxicity effect on HepG2 cells. Finally, compound 5 showed a beneficial effect on scopolamine-induced memory impairments, as assessed by the passive avoidance test, thus revealing the potential of this compound as a promising agent for further optimization for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Godyń
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Paula Zaręba
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Dorota Łażewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Dorota Stary
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - David Reiner-Link
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Annika Frank
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Szczepan Mogilski
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Maria Kaleta
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Agata Doroz-Płonka
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Annamaria Lubelska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Ewelina Honkisz-Orzechowska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Olejarz-Maciej
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland.
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9
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Ali W, Spengler G, Kincses A, Nové M, Battistelli C, Latacz G, Starek M, Dąbrowska M, Honkisz-Orzechowska E, Romanelli A, Rasile MM, Szymańska E, Jacob C, Zwergel C, Handzlik J. Discovery of phenylselenoether-hydantoin hybrids as ABCB1 efflux pump modulating agents with cytotoxic and antiproliferative actions in resistant T-lymphoma. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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