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Symon TE, Murillo-Cisneros DA, Hernández-Camacho CJ, O'Hara TM, Taylor RJ, Rosado-Berrios CA, Vázquez-Medina JP, Zenteno-Savín T. Mercury and selenium concentrations in lanugo of free-ranging California sea lions in the southern Gulf of California, Mexico. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 197:115712. [PMID: 37922756 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Total mercury ([THg]) and selenium ([TSe]) concentrations were determined in California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) lanugo from the Gulf of California in 2021 and 2022. Relationships with sex, morphometrics, and year were evaluated. Following toxicological thresholds of concern for piscivorous mammals, most pups had a [THg] < 10 ppm, one pup (2021) had a [THg] > 20 ppm, no pups had a [THg] > 30 ppm. Females had significantly higher [TSe] than males; sex did not influence [THg]. [THg] and [TSe] in 2022 were significantly higher in the general population and male cohorts compared to 2021. Significant negative correlations were observed between [THg], [TSe], and morphometrics (2021). These results indicate that, compared to other pinniped species, regional California sea lions may have a decreased likelihood of experiencing Hg-related adverse health effects. Year-related changes in element concentrations suggest continued monitoring of this population to assess pinniped, environmental, and potentially, human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Symon
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S. C (CIBNOR), 23096 La Paz, Mexico.
| | - D A Murillo-Cisneros
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S. C (CIBNOR), 23096 La Paz, Mexico.
| | - C J Hernández-Camacho
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 23096 La Paz, Mexico.
| | - T M O'Hara
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, United States of America.
| | - R J Taylor
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, United States of America.
| | - C A Rosado-Berrios
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, United States of America.
| | - J P Vázquez-Medina
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 Berkeley, United States of America.
| | - T Zenteno-Savín
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S. C (CIBNOR), 23096 La Paz, Mexico.
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2
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Valladolid-Garnica DE, Jara-Marini ME, Torres-Rojas YE, Soto-Jiménez MF. Distribution, bioaccumulation, and trace element transfer among trophic levels in the southeastern Gulf of California. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115290. [PMID: 37480802 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the trophic transfer of pollutants in marine subtropical ecosystems remains limited due to the complexity of their food webs. Thus, we aimed to evaluate Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn sources, incorporation, and trophodynamics throughout the food web of the southeastern Gulf of California by stomach content analysis, stable isotope analysis, isotope mixing models, and trace element analysis in biological and environmental matrices. The food web comprised three main trophic guilds (TG1, TG2, and TG3). The bioaccumulation of Cd and Zn from seawater was efficient (> 1000) in TG2 and TG3. Bioaccumulation factor from sediment (BSAF >1) evidenced of Cd in all trophic guilds. In addition, non-trophic Cd relationships were identified in the food web. Based on the trophic magnification factor (TMF), Mn and Pb showed biodilution (TMFMn = 0.38; TMFPb = 0.16), while Cu and Zn exhibited biomagnification (TMFCu = 2.08; TMFZn = 3.31).
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Valladolid-Garnica
- Posgrado en Ciencias de Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - M E Jara-Marini
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Unidad Hermosillo, Carretera Gustavo Astiazarán Rosas 46, Colonia La Victoria, Hermosillo, 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Y E Torres-Rojas
- Instituto de Ecología, Pesquerías y Oceanografía del Golfo de México, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (EPOMEX-UAC), Campeche, Mexico.
| | - M F Soto-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Joel Montes Camarena, 82040 Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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3
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Delgado-Suarez I, Lozano-Bilbao E, Hardisson A, Paz S, Gutiérrez ÁJ. Metal and trace element concentrations in cetaceans worldwide: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115010. [PMID: 37167666 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This bibliographical review is a compilation of different scientific publications that reported data on metal concentrations in the muscle tissue of different species of cetaceans from seas and oceans around the world. Forty-nine scientific articles were selected, published over a fifteen-year period (2006-2021) with data on heavy metals and trace elements. The different groups of cetaceans considered in this study generally presented low concentrations of Cd and Pb. The same cannot be said of Hg. The highest concentrations of Hg were found in the groups of false killer whales. Similarly, the use of these groups of cetaceans as bioindicators of metal contamination shows that the Mediterranean Sea is one of the most metallically contaminated areas in the world. This may be due to the closed nature of the Mediterranean Sea and to the fact that it is also a highly populated and industrialized area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Delgado-Suarez
- Toxicology Area, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine and Parasitology, University of La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Enrique Lozano-Bilbao
- Toxicology Area, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine and Parasitology, University of La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Toxicology Area, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine and Parasitology, University of La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Soraya Paz
- Toxicology Area, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine and Parasitology, University of La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Toxicology Area, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine and Parasitology, University of La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
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4
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Rode KD, Taras BD, Stricker CA, Atwood TC, Boucher NP, Durner GM, Derocher AE, Richardson ES, Cherry SG, Quakenbush L, Horstmann L, Bromaghin JF. Diet energy density estimated from isotopes in predator hair associated with survival, habitat, and population dynamics. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2751. [PMID: 36151883 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sea ice loss is fundamentally altering the Arctic marine environment. Yet there is a paucity of data on the adaptability of food webs to ecosystem change, including predator-prey interactions. Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are an important subsistence resource for Indigenous people and an apex predator that relies entirely on the under-ice food web to meet its energy needs. In this study, we assessed whether polar bears maintained dietary energy density by prey switching in response to spatiotemporal variation in prey availability. We compared the macronutrient composition of diets inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in polar bear guard hair (primarily representing summer/fall diet) during periods when bears had low and high survival (2004-2016), between bears that summered on land versus pack ice, and between bears occupying different regions of the Alaskan and Canadian Beaufort Sea. Polar bears consumed diets with lower energy density during periods of low survival, suggesting that concurrent increased dietary proportions of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) did not offset reduced proportions of ringed seals (Pusa hispida). Diets with the lowest energy density and proportions from ringed seal blubber were consumed by bears in the western Beaufort Sea (Alaska) during a period when polar bear abundance declined. Intake required to meet energy requirements of an average free-ranging adult female polar bear was 2.1 kg/day on diets consumed during years with high survival but rose to 3.0 kg/day when survival was low. Although bears that summered onshore in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea had higher-fat diets than bears that summered on the pack ice, access to the remains of subsistence-harvested bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) contributed little to improving diet energy density. Because most bears in this region remain with the sea ice year round, prey switching and consumption of whale carcasses onshore appear insufficient to augment diets when availability of their primary prey, ringed seals, is reduced. Our results show that a strong predator-prey relationship between polar bears and ringed seals continues in the Beaufort Sea. The method of estimating dietary blubber using predator hair, demonstrated here, provides a new metric to monitor predator-prey relationships that affect individual health and population demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn D Rode
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Brian D Taras
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Craig A Stricker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Todd C Atwood
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Nicole P Boucher
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - George M Durner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | | | - Evan S Richardson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Seth G Cherry
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Parks Canada, East Kootenay, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Lara Horstmann
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
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Sedak M, Bilandžić N, Đokić M, Đuras M, Gomerčić T, Benić M. Body burdens and distribution of mercury and selenium in bottlenose, striped and Risso's dolphins along the Adriatic coast: A 20-year retrospective. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114298. [PMID: 36356340 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Top marine predators present high mercury concentrations in their tissues due to biomagnification in the marine food chain. This study reports mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) status, and the Hg:Se molar ratio assessment in bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus), striped (Stenella coeruleoalba) and Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus). Total Hg and Se concentrations were determined in muscle, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, adipose tissue and skin collected from 186 specimens stranded in the Croatian part of Adriatic Sea from 1995 to 2014. Total Hg concentrations in tissue samples ranged from 0.001 in the spleen to 2238 mg/kg wet weight in liver. Se concentrations in dolphin samples ranged from 0.010 to 2916 mg/kg ww. Minimum Se concentration was found in muscle and maximum Se concentration were found in liver of bottlenose dolphin. Hg and Se levels in Risso's dolphins showed higher concentrations in all tissues in comparison to bottlenose and striped dolphins. Significant and positive correlations were observed between age and Hg concentrations (P < 0.05). In 66.6 % of Risso's, 15.3 % of bottlenose dolphins and one stranded striped dolphin in this study, the hepatic concentration of Hg exceeded the higher toxic thresholds (400 mg/kg w.w.) previously defined as evidence of liver damage in marine mammals. The Hg:Se molar ratio in the liver of Risso's dolphin was 0.670. The liver of adult bottlenose dolphins showed expected values (0.870), while the liver of young dolphins had a high ratio (0.750), non-specific for the age group. The Hg:Se molar ratio in the liver of striped dolphins was 0.390, which is lower than the literature values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Sedak
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Laboratory for Residue Control, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nina Bilandžić
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Laboratory for Residue Control, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Đokić
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Laboratory for Residue Control, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Đuras
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Gomerčić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Miroslav Benić
- Laboratory for Mastitis and Raw Milk Quality, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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6
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Tian J, Lu Z, Sanganyado E, Gan Z, Wang Z, Kong Z, Wu J, Liu W. Tissue distribution and trophic magnification of trace elements in typical marine mammals in Bohai and north Yellow Seas. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114135. [PMID: 36152498 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A total of 20 stranded spotted seals (Phoca largha) and 9 stranded minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) were collected from Liaodong Bay and the northern part of the Yellow Sea to investigate the tissue distribution (liver, kidney, heart, lung, and muscle), risk, and trophic magnification of 13 trace elements (TEs, Hg, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, V, Zn). The 13 TEs were all detected in all spotted seal and minke whale tissue samples, with mean concentrations ranging from 0.041 to 136.3 mg kg-1 dry weight (dw) and 0.022 to 152.6 mg kg-1 dw, respectively. Zn was the dominant contaminant in all tissues for both spotted seals and minke whales. There was tissue-specific distribution of TEs in both marine mammals, and the TEs tended to accumulate in internal organs. Significant positive correlations were found in the body length of the spotted seals and minke whales among some of the TEs, especially for Cd in the internal organs. Gender-dependent distribution of the TEs was not obtained for the spotted seal. Ecological risk evaluation for spotted seals and minke whales suggested that greater concern should be given to Hg, As, and Se. Based on the TE concentrations detected in this study and trophic levels determined by stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes, trophic level-associated biodilution was obtained for As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, Se, Sn, and V in the spotted seal, while Zn displayed a significant biomagnification trend with increasing trophic levels. In the case of the minke whale, As, Cd, Co, Mn, Pb, Se, and V displayed significant biomagnification trends with increasing trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashen Tian
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine Mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China; Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhichuang Lu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine Mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine Mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Zhongren Kong
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine Mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Jinhao Wu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Marine Mammals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
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7
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Smith MEK, Horstmann L, Stimmelmayr R. Stable isotope differences of polar bears in the Southern Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea. J Wildl Manage 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malia E. K. Smith
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks 2120 Koyukuk Drive Fairbanks AK 99775 USA
| | - Lara Horstmann
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks 2120 Koyukuk Drive Fairbanks AK 99775 USA
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Biton-Porsmoguer S, Bănaru D, Harmelin-Vivien M, Béarez P, Bouchoucha M, Marco-Miralles F, Marquès M, Lloret J. A study of trophic structure, physiological condition and mercury biomagnification in swordfish (Xiphias gladius): Evidence of unfavourable conditions for the swordfish population in the Western Mediterranean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 176:113411. [PMID: 35217416 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies integrating trophic ecology, physiological condition and accumulation of heavy metals in top predators, such as swordfish, are needed to better understand the links between them and the risk to humans associated with consumption of these fish. This research focuses on the swordfish of the Catalan Sea and follows a multi method approach that considers their diet, their liver lipid content, and mercury accumulation in their bodies as well as in their prey. The aim is to highlight the links between trophic ecology, physiology (fish condition), and eco-toxicology. Results indicate that poor condition of swordfish based on size and the levels of lipid in the liver, and the high Hg levels accumulated to the trophic web (particularly from cephalopods) may indicate potential unfavourable feeding and reproduction conditions for swordfish in the NW Mediterranean and this warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Biton-Porsmoguer
- French Biodiversity Agency (OFB), Channel and North Sea Delegation, 4 rue du Colonel Fabien, BP 34, 76083 Le Havre, France; University of Girona, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, E-17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Daniela Bănaru
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS/INSU, Toulon University, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Mireille Harmelin-Vivien
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS/INSU, Toulon University, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Béarez
- Archéozoologie, archéobotanique: sociétés, pratiques et environnements (AASPE, UMR 7209), CNRS/MNHN, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Bouchoucha
- Ifremer, Lab Environm Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, F-83507 La Seyne Sur Mer, France
| | - Françoise Marco-Miralles
- Ifremer, Lab Environm Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, F-83507 La Seyne Sur Mer, France
| | - Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Lloret
- University of Girona, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, E-17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Clark CT, Horstmann L, Misarti N. Walrus teeth as biomonitors of trace elements in Arctic marine ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145500. [PMID: 33571762 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Effective biomonitoring requires an understanding of the factors driving concentrations of the substances or compounds of interest in the tissues of studied organisms. Biomonitoring of trace elements, and heavy metals in particular, has been the focus of much research; however, the complex roles many trace elements play in animal and plant tissues can make it difficult to disentangle environmental signals from physiology. This study examined the concentrations of 15 trace elements in the teeth of 122 Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) to investigate the potential for walrus teeth as biomonitors of trace elements in Arctic ecosystems. Elemental concentrations were measured across cementum growth layer groups (GLGs), thereby reconstructing a lifetime history of element concentrations for each walrus. The locations of GLGs were used to divide trace element time series into individual years, allowing each GLG to be associated with an animal age and a calendar year. The elements studied exhibited a great deal of complexity, reflecting the numerous factors responsible for generating tooth trace element concentrations. Generalized linear mixed models were used to investigate the importance of age and sex in explaining observed variation in trace element concentrations. Some elements exhibited clear physiological signals (particularly zinc, strontium, barium, and lead), and all elements except arsenic varied by age and/or sex. Pearson's correlations revealed that elements were more strongly correlated among calendar years than among individual walruses, and correlations of trace elements within individual walruses were generally inconsistent or weak. Plots of average elemental concentrations through time from 1945 to 2014 further supported the correlation analyses, with many elements exhibiting similar patterns across the ~70-year period. Together, these results indicate the importance of physiology in modulating tooth trace element concentrations in walrus tooth cementum, but suggest that many trace elements reflect a record of environmental exposure and dietary intake/uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey T Clark
- Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, 3737 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Lara Horstmann
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2150 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA.
| | - Nicole Misarti
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1764 Tanana Loop, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
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10
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Damseaux F, Siebert U, Pomeroy P, Lepoint G, Das K. Habitat and resource segregation of two sympatric seals in the North Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142842. [PMID: 33342563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of ecological niche segregation in sympatric species is essential to understand ecosystem functioning and its response to potential changes. In the North Sea, sympatric grey and harbour seals may present competition for food resources sustained by intense fishing activities and recent increase of seal populations. In order to coexist and reduce inter-specific competition, sympatric species must segregate at least one aspect of their ecological niches: temporal, spatial or resource segregation. We aim to study the foraging resources and foraging distributions of grey seals and harbour seals and the potential competition between these species in the North Sea. Therefore, we analysed stable isotopic composition of C, N and S (δ13C, δ15N and δ34S values), and the concentrations of Hg and Se in blood of harbour and grey seals from the North Sea. Blood samples were collected on 45 grey seals and 37 harbour seals sampled along German and Scottish coasts. Stable isotope ratios were performed with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer coupled to an N-C-S elemental analyser for automated analyses. Total mercury concentrations (T-Hg) were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and Se concentrations by ICP-MS. The multi-tracer approach shown spatial and resource partitioning within grey and harbour seal living along German and Scottish coasts. Data indicate 1) the offshore foraging distribution of grey seals as reflected by the lower δ15N values and T-Hg concentrations and higher Se concentrations and 2) the inshore foraging distribution of harbour seals because of higher δ15N values and T-Hg concentrations and lower Se concentrations. The SIAR mixing model revealed 3) a more selective diet of grey seals compared to harbour seals and 4) the importance of sandeels in grey seal diet reflected by their high δ34S values. Lastly, diet ellipse overlaps between grey seals and harbour seals sampled along the German coasts suggested 5) a potential sharing of food resources, possibly due to the increase number of grey seals number in this area during the foraging season - all year except breeding and moulting periods. The multi-tracer approach of this study provides a more robust discrimination among diet resources and spatial foraging distributions of grey seals and harbour seals in the North Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Damseaux
- Freshwater and Oceanic sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Laboratory of Oceanology, University of Liège B6c, 11 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Patrick Pomeroy
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, East Sands, University of St Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Gilles Lepoint
- Freshwater and Oceanic sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Laboratory of Oceanology, University of Liège B6c, 11 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Krishna Das
- Freshwater and Oceanic sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Laboratory of Oceanology, University of Liège B6c, 11 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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11
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De María M, Szteren D, García-Alonso J, de Rezende CE, Araújo Gonçalves R, Godoy JM, Barboza FR. Historic variation of trace elements in pinnipeds with spatially segregated trophic habits reveals differences in exposure to pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141296. [PMID: 33182202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine mammals and the ecological functions they provide to coastal and pelagic ecosystems are increasingly threatened by the intensification of anthropogenic impacts. The Uruguayan coastline throughout the 20th century, like other coastal environments worldwide, has been the sink of a variety of trace metals derived from the rapid urbanization and industrialization of related land areas. This coastline is inhabited by two species of pinnipeds trophically and spatially segregated. Otaria byronia feeds in coastal environments while Arctocephalus australis preys mainly offshore. The present study aimed to analyze historic changes in concentrations of trace elements in teeth of both species from 1941 to the present day. We analyzed the dentin of 94 canine teeth using stable isotope analysis (δ13C) and ICP-MS to determine their feeding areas and the concentration of 10 trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) respectively. The concentration of Cr was significantly higher during '70-'80s, in both species coinciding with tannery industry development. Both species of pinnipeds have been differentially exposed to trace elements depending on their feeding area. A pelagic diet, possibly based on squid, increased the concentration of Cd in A. australis, while O. byronia has been more exposed to anthropogenic Pb and Cu associated to a costal and more benthic diet. Our results highlight dentin as a reliable matrix for historic studies on the exposure to trace elements. In light of our results, the O. byronia's declining population could be the result of the synergistic effects of trace elements together with other ecological pressures faced in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite De María
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Diana Szteren
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | | | - Carlos E de Rezende
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Araújo Gonçalves
- Chemistry Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - José Marcus Godoy
- Chemistry Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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McCormack MA, Jackson BP, Dutton J. Relationship between mercury and selenium concentrations in tissues from stranded odontocetes in the northern Gulf of Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141350. [PMID: 33370896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Odontocetes are apex predators that, despite accumulating mercury (Hg) to high concentrations in their tissues, show few signs of Hg toxicity. One method of Hg detoxification in odontocetes includes the sequestering of Hg in toxicologically inert mercury selenide (HgSe) compounds. To explore the tissue-specific accumulation of Hg and Se and the potential protective role of Se against Hg toxicity, we measured the concentrations of total mercury (THg) and selenium (Se) in multiple tissues from 11 species of odontocetes that stranded along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast [Florida (FL) and Louisiana (LA)]. Tissues were collected primarily from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus; n = 93); however, individuals from species in the following 8 genera were also sampled: Feresa (n = 1), Globicephala (n = 1), Grampus (n = 2), Kogia (n = 5), Mesoplodon (n = 1), Peponocephala (n = 4), Stenella (n = 9), and Steno (n = 1). In all species, mean THg concentrations were greatest in the liver and lowest in the blubber, lung, or skin. In contrast, in most species, mean Se concentrations were greatest in the liver, lung, or skin, and lowest in the blubber. For all species combined, Se:Hg molar ratios decreased with increasing THg concentration in the blubber, kidney, liver, lung, and skin following an exponential decay relationship. In bottlenose dolphins, THg concentrations in the kidney, liver, and lung were significantly greater in FL dolphins compared to LA dolphins. On average, in bottlenose dolphins, Se:Hg molar ratios were approximately 1:1 in the liver and >1:1 in blubber, kidney, lung, and skin, suggesting that Se likely protects against Hg toxicity. However, more research is necessary to understand the variation in Hg accumulation within and among species and to assess how Hg, in combination with other environmental stressors, influences odontocete population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan A McCormack
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, Aquatic Station, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Jessica Dutton
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, Aquatic Station, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
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McCormack MA, Fielding R, Kiszka JJ, Paz V, Jackson BP, Bergfelt DR, Dutton J. Mercury and selenium concentrations, and selenium:mercury molar ratios in small cetaceans taken off St. Vincent, West Indies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 181:108908. [PMID: 31759648 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study measured the concentration of total mercury (THg) and selenium (Se), and calculated the Se:Hg molar ratios in the muscle, blubber, liver, and kidney of small cetaceans (false killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens; killer whale, Orcinus orca; Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus; short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus; and dolphins of the genus Stenella) taken for human consumption off St. Vincent, West Indies. Overall, 122 samples were analyzed; mean THg concentrations (μg/g dry weight) were highest in the liver (730), followed by the kidney (274), muscle (76.4), and blubber (4.57). To explain variability in muscle THg concentrations, carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope ratios were analyzed to explore differences in dietary carbon source and relative trophic position, respectively, among species. There was no relationship between δ15N and THg concentration, but there was a positive relationship between δ13C and THg concentration. On average for each species, the Se:Hg molar ratios were >1 in blubber and <1 in muscle. All liver samples and the majority of kidney, muscle, and blubber samples exceeded the FAO/WHO human consumption advisory level of 1 μg/g wet weight. Based on our estimations, consuming only 6.6 g of muscle a week would exceed the MeHg provisional tolerable weekly intake of 1.6 μg MeHg/kg body weight/week for a 60 kg person. Given the high THg concentration in these cetaceans and the frequency at which these tissues are consumed, this is a potential human health issue that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan A McCormack
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, Aquatic Station, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
| | - Russell Fielding
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, University of the South, Sewanee, TN, 37383, USA.
| | - Jeremy J Kiszka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Coastal Oceans Research, Institute of Water and the Environment, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, 33181, USA.
| | - Valeria Paz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Coastal Oceans Research, Institute of Water and the Environment, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, 33181, USA.
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Don R Bergfelt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.
| | - Jessica Dutton
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, Aquatic Station, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
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Monteiro SS, Bozzetti M, Torres J, Tavares AS, Ferreira M, Pereira AT, Sá S, Araújo H, Bastos-Santos J, Oliveira I, Vingada JV, Eira C. Striped dolphins as trace element biomonitoring tools in oceanic waters: Accounting for health-related variables. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134410. [PMID: 31678876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, monitoring contaminant concentrations and their effects in the marine environment is required under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC). The striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) is the most abundant small cetacean species in Portuguese oceanic waters, representing a potential biomonitoring tool of contaminant levels in offshore waters. Concentrations of nine trace elements were evaluated by ICP-MS in kidney, liver and muscle samples of 31 striped dolphins stranded in the Portuguese continental coast. The mean renal Cd concentration was high (19.3 μg.g-1 wet weight, range 0.1-69.3 μg.g-1 wet weight) comparing to striped dolphins from other locations. Therefore, the present study reports a possibly concerning level of Cd in the oceanic food chain in Portuguese offshore areas. This study also aimed at evaluating potential relationships between trace element concentrations and striped dolphins' biological and health-related variables. Individual length was related with some of the trace element concentrations detected in striped dolphins. Indeed, Cd, Hg and Se bioaccumulated in larger animals, whereas the reverse was observed for Mn and Zn. Striped dolphins with high parasite burdens showed higher levels of Hg, while animals showing gross pathologies presented higher concentrations of Cd and Se. This study reported relationships between trace element concentrations and health-related variables for the first time in striped dolphins and it also provided information on the relative contamination status of Portuguese oceanic waters in comparison to other regions in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia S Monteiro
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem, Universidade de Minho, Departamento de Biologia, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-047 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Márcia Bozzetti
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jordi Torres
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana S Tavares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem, Universidade de Minho, Departamento de Biologia, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-047 Braga, Portugal
| | - Marisa Ferreira
- Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem, Universidade de Minho, Departamento de Biologia, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-047 Braga, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia & CBMA, Universidade de Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-047 Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia T Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem, Universidade de Minho, Departamento de Biologia, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-047 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara Sá
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem, Universidade de Minho, Departamento de Biologia, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-047 Braga, Portugal
| | - Hélder Araújo
- Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem, Universidade de Minho, Departamento de Biologia, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-047 Braga, Portugal; Campus do Mar, International Campus of Excellence, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Jorge Bastos-Santos
- Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem, Universidade de Minho, Departamento de Biologia, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-047 Braga, Portugal; Campus do Mar, International Campus of Excellence, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Isabel Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem, Universidade de Minho, Departamento de Biologia, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-047 Braga, Portugal
| | - José V Vingada
- Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem, Universidade de Minho, Departamento de Biologia, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-047 Braga, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia & CBMA, Universidade de Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-047 Braga, Portugal
| | - Catarina Eira
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem, Universidade de Minho, Departamento de Biologia, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-047 Braga, Portugal
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Space use patterns affect stable isotopes of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Beaufort Sea. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Alfonso-Durruty M, Troncoso A, Larach P, Becker C, Misarti N. Maize (Zea mays) consumption in the southern andes (30°-31° S. Lat): Stable isotope evidence (2000 BCE-1540 CE). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28621827 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The timing and dietary role of maize agriculture is central to archaeological discussions in the Andean region. In the semi-arid region of northern Chile (SARNC), archaeological models propose that maize was adopted during the Early Ceramic period in tandem with pottery and sedentism. Through stable isotope (SI) analyses, of bone collagen and apatite, this study assesses the timing of maize introduction, diachronic changes (2,000 BCE to 1,540 CE.), and synchronic dietary variability in the prehistoric SARNC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-two prehistoric individuals from SARNC were analyzed for δ13 Cap , δ13 Ccol, and δ15 N. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the results by period and location (inland and coast). Between-periods (ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests), and synchronic comparisons (inland vs. coast; Student's t-tests), were conducted. A SIAR model was run to further evaluate dietary changes. Dietary interpretations are based on food web data. RESULTS Coastal groups show significant changes in the diet during the Middle (900-1,000CE; enrichment in δ13 C), and Late Intermediate periods (100-1450CE; when the Δ13 Cap-col is above 5.2‰). In the inland, significant changes in SI occurred in the Late Intermediate period (δ13 C enrichment). In the Late period, the inland diet became enriched for δ15 N. Synchronic comparisons showed coastal individuals to have higher δ15 N. DISCUSSION The popularization of maize in the SARNC was not associated with the appearance of pottery and/or sedentism, and its role as a dietary staple was a late phenomenon (c.a. 1,000CE). The results obtained in this study show that the adoption and consumption of maize varied dramatically in the Southern Andes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alfonso-Durruty
- Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Departamento de Antropología, Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Troncoso
- Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Cristian Becker
- Área de Antropología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile
| | - Nicole Misarti
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska
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Ball HC, Londraville RL, Prokop JW, George JC, Suydam RS, Vinyard C, Thewissen JGM, Duff RJ. Beyond thermoregulation: metabolic function of cetacean blubber in migrating bowhead and beluga whales. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:235-252. [PMID: 27573204 PMCID: PMC5535305 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The processes of lipid deposition and utilization, via the gene leptin (Lep), are poorly understood in taxa with varying degrees of adipose storage. This study examines how these systems may have adapted in marine aquatic environments inhabited by cetaceans. Bowhead (Balaena mysticetus) and beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) are ideal study animals-they possess large subcutaneous adipose stores (blubber) and undergo bi-annual migrations concurrent with variations in food availability. To answer long-standing questions regarding how (or if) energy and lipid utilization adapted to aquatic stressors, we quantified variations in gene transcripts critical to lipid metabolism related to season, age, and blubber depth. We predicted leptin tertiary structure conservation and assessed inter-specific variations in Lep transcript numbers between bowheads and other mammals. Our study is the first to identify seasonal and age-related variations in Lep and lipolysis in these cetaceans. While Lep transcripts and protein oscillate with season in adult bowheads reminiscent of hibernating mammals, transcript levels reach up to 10 times higher in bowheads than any other mammal. Data from immature bowheads are consistent with the hypothesis that short baleen inhibits efficient feeding. Lipolysis transcripts also indicate young Fall bowheads and those sampled during Spring months limit energy utilization. These novel data from rarely examined species expand the existing knowledge and offer unique insight into how the regulation of Lep and lipolysis has adapted to permit seasonal deposition and maintain vital blubber stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Ball
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, 305 Buchtel Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.
| | - R L Londraville
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, 305 Buchtel Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - J W Prokop
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, 305 Buchtel Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - John C George
- North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management, P.O. Box 69, Barrow, AK, 99723, USA
| | - R S Suydam
- North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management, P.O. Box 69, Barrow, AK, 99723, USA
| | - C Vinyard
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - J G M Thewissen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - R J Duff
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, 305 Buchtel Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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Elemental concentrations in skin and internal tissues of Commerson’s dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) from subantarctic waters. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Gajdosechova Z, Brownlow A, Cottin NT, Fernandes M, Read FL, Urgast DS, Raab A, Feldmann J, Krupp EM. Possible link between Hg and Cd accumulation in the brain of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:407-413. [PMID: 26748005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation of metals was investigated by analysis of liver, kidney, muscle and brain tissue of a pod of 21 long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) of all ages stranded in Scotland, UK. The results are the first to report cadmium (Cd) passage through the blood-brain barrier of pilot whales and provide a comprehensive study of the long-term (up to 35 years) mammalian exposure to the environmental pollutants. Additionally, linear accumulation of mercury (Hg) was observed in all studied tissues, whereas for Cd this was only observed in the liver. Total Hg concentration above the upper neurochemical threshold was found in the sub-adult and adult brains and methylmercury (MeHg) of 2.2mg/kg was found in the brain of one individual. Inter-elemental analysis showed significant positive correlations of Hg with selenium (Se) and Cd with Se in all studied tissues. Furthermore, differences in the elemental concentrations in the liver and brain tissues were found between juvenile, sub-adult and adult groups. The highest concentrations of manganese, iron, zinc, Se, Hg and MeHg were noted in the livers, whereas Cd predominantly accumulated in the kidneys. High concentrations of Hg and Cd in the tissues of pilot whales presented in this study reflect ever increasing toxic stress on marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Gajdosechova
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Meston Walk, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | | | - Nicolas T Cottin
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Meston Walk, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Mariana Fernandes
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Meston Walk, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Fiona L Read
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Main Street, Newburgh AB41 6AA, UK
| | - Dagmar S Urgast
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Meston Walk, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Andrea Raab
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Meston Walk, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Meston Walk, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Eva M Krupp
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Meston Walk, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
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Spring conditions and habitat use of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) during arrival to the Mackenzie River Estuary. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Cáceres-Saez I, Goodall RNP, Dellabianca NA, Cappozzo HL, Ribeiro Guevara S. The skin of Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) as a biomonitor of mercury and selenium in Subantarctic waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:735-743. [PMID: 26267259 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The skin of bycaught Commerson's dolphins was tested for mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) biomonitoring in Subantarctic environments. The correlation of levels detected in the skin with those found in internal tissues - lung, liver, kidney and muscle - was assessed to evaluate how skin represents internal Hg and Se distribution for monitoring purposes. Mercury in skin had a concentration range of 0.68-3.11 μg g(-1) dry weight (DW), while Se had a higher concentration range of 74.3-124.5 μg g(-1) DW. There was no significant correlation between selenium levels in any of the analyzed tissues. Thus, the skin selenium concentration did not reflect the tissular Se levels and did not provide information for biomonitoring. The lack of correlation is explained by the biological role of Se, provided that each tissue regulates Se levels according to physiological needs. However, the skin Hg level had significant positive correlation with the levels in internal tissues (ANOVA p<0.05), particularly with that of muscle (R(2)=0.79; ANOVA p=0.0008). Thus, this correlation permits the estimation of Hg content in muscle based on the multiplication of skin biopsy levels by a factor of 1.85. Mercury bioindication using skin biopsies is a non-lethal approach that allows screening of a large number of specimens with little disturbance and makes possible an adequate sampling strategy that produces statistically valid results in populations and study areas. The correlation between Hg levels in the skin and internal tissues supports the use of the epidermis of Commerson's dolphins for Hg biomonitoring in the waters of the Subantarctic, which is a poorly studied region regarding Hg levels, sources and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Cáceres-Saez
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Comportamiento y Mamíferos Marinos (LECyMM), División Mastozoología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina; Museo Acatushún de Aves y Mamíferos Marinos Australes, Sarmiento 44, 9410 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - R Natalie P Goodall
- Museo Acatushún de Aves y Mamíferos Marinos Australes, Sarmiento 44, 9410 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina; Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Houssay 200, V9410BFD Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Natalia A Dellabianca
- Museo Acatushún de Aves y Mamíferos Marinos Australes, Sarmiento 44, 9410 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina; Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Houssay 200, V9410BFD Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - H Luis Cappozzo
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Comportamiento y Mamíferos Marinos (LECyMM), División Mastozoología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Antropología, Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, C1405BCK Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Ribeiro Guevara
- Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica, Centro Atómico Bariloche-Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CAB-CNEA), Av. E. Bustillo 9500, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina.
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Bond AL, Robertson GJ, Lavers JL, Hobson KA, Ryan PC. Trace element concentrations in harvested auks from Newfoundland: Toxicological risk of a traditional hunt. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 115:1-6. [PMID: 25666730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Common (Uria aalge) and Thick-billed Murres (Uria lomvia) are apex predators in the North Atlantic Ocean, and are also subject to a traditional hunt in Newfoundland and Labrador during the winter months, along with small numbers of illegally harvested Razorbills (Alca torda). Because of their high trophic position, auks are at risk from high contaminant burdens that bioaccumulate and biomagnify, and could therefore pose a toxicological risk to human consumers. We analysed trace element concentrations from breast muscle of 51 auks collected off Newfoundland in the 2011-2012 hunting season. There were few differences in contaminant concentrations among species. In total, 14 (27%) exceeded Health Canada or international guidelines for arsenic, lead, or cadmium; none exceeded guidelines for mercury. Cadmium concentrations >0.05μg/g have persisted in Newfoundland murres for the last 25 years. We urge the integration of this consumptive harvest for high-trophic marine predators into periodic human health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Bond
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2; Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 3H5.
| | - Gregory J Robertson
- Environment Canada, 6 Bruce Street, Mount Pearl, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1N 4T3
| | - Jennifer L Lavers
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia
| | - Keith A Hobson
- Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 3H5
| | - Pierre C Ryan
- Canadian Wildlife Service, 6 Bruce Street, Mount Pearl, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1N 4T3
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Ball HC, Stavarz M, Oldaker J, Usip S, Londraville RL, George JC, Thewissen JG, Duff RJ. Seasonal and Ontogenetic Variation in Subcutaneous Adipose Of the Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1416-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hope C. Ball
- Department of Biology; The University of Akron; Akron Ohio
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Northeast Ohio Medical University; Rootstown Ohio
| | | | | | - Sharon Usip
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Northeast Ohio Medical University; Rootstown Ohio
| | | | - John C. George
- North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management; Barrow Alaska
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Braune B, Chételat J, Amyot M, Brown T, Clayden M, Evans M, Fisk A, Gaden A, Girard C, Hare A, Kirk J, Lehnherr I, Letcher R, Loseto L, Macdonald R, Mann E, McMeans B, Muir D, O'Driscoll N, Poulain A, Reimer K, Stern G. Mercury in the marine environment of the Canadian Arctic: review of recent findings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 509-510:67-90. [PMID: 24953756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes data and information which have been generated on mercury (Hg) in the marine environment of the Canadian Arctic since the previous Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report (CACAR) was released in 2003. Much new information has been collected on Hg concentrations in marine water, snow and ice in the Canadian Arctic. The first measurements of methylation rates in Arctic seawater indicate that the water column is an important site for Hg methylation. Arctic marine waters were also found to be a substantial source of gaseous Hg to the atmosphere during the ice-free season. High Hg concentrations have been found in marine snow as a result of deposition following atmospheric mercury depletion events, although much of this Hg is photoreduced and re-emitted back to the atmosphere. The most extensive sampling of marine sediments in the Canadian Arctic was carried out in Hudson Bay where sediment total Hg (THg) concentrations were low compared with other marine regions in the circumpolar Arctic. Mass balance models have been developed to provide quantitative estimates of THg fluxes into and out of the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay. Several recent studies on Hg biomagnification have improved our understanding of trophic transfer of Hg through marine food webs. Over the past several decades, Hg concentrations have increased in some marine biota, while other populations showed no temporal change. Marine biota also exhibited considerable geographic variation in Hg concentrations with ringed seals, beluga and polar bears from the Beaufort Sea region having higher Hg concentrations compared with other parts of the Canadian Arctic. The drivers of these variable patterns of Hg bioaccumulation, both regionally and temporally, within the Canadian Arctic remain unclear. Further research is needed to identify the underlying processes including the interplay between biogeochemical and food web processes and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Braune
- Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Raven Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3.
| | - John Chételat
- Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Raven Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3
| | - Marc Amyot
- Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville Pavillon Marie-Victorin, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3 J7
| | - Tanya Brown
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, PO Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada V8L 4B2; Royal Military College of Canada, PO Box 17000, Station Forces, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7K 7B4
| | - Meredith Clayden
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada E2L 4L5
| | - Marlene Evans
- Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 3H5
| | - Aaron Fisk
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Ashley Gaden
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, 497 Wallace Bldg., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Catherine Girard
- Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville Pavillon Marie-Victorin, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3 J7
| | - Alex Hare
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, 497 Wallace Bldg., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Jane Kirk
- Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - Igor Lehnherr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Robert Letcher
- Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Raven Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3
| | - Lisa Loseto
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N6
| | - Robie Macdonald
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, PO Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada V8L 4B2
| | - Erin Mann
- Department of Environmental Science, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada B4P 2R6
| | - Bailey McMeans
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Derek Muir
- Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - Nelson O'Driscoll
- Department of Environmental Science, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada B4P 2R6
| | - Alexandre Poulain
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Ken Reimer
- Royal Military College of Canada, PO Box 17000, Station Forces, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7K 7B4
| | - Gary Stern
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, 497 Wallace Bldg., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N6
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25
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Cáceres-Saez I, Dellabianca NA, Goodall RNP, Cappozzo HL, Guevara SR. Mercury and selenium in subantarctic Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus c. commersonii). Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 151:195-208. [PMID: 23225076 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Total mercury (THg) and selenium (Se) concentrations were determined in hepatic, renal, and muscle tissues of seven specimens of Commerson's dolphins incidentally captured in artisanal fisheries of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Liver yielded the mean highest concentration of THg 9.40 (9.92) μg g(-1) dry weight (DW) (standard deviation of the average in parenthesis); kidney and muscle showed similar values, ranging from 2.34 to 3.63 μg g(-1) DW. Selenium concentrations were similar in hepatic and renal tissues, with values from 13.62 to 14.56 μg g(-1) DW; the lowest concentration was observed in muscle, 4.13 (2.05) μg g(-1) DW. Among the specimens analyzed, the maximum concentrations of THg and Se were observed in the single adult female studied. An increasing age trend is observed for THg concentrations in tissues analyzed. The molar ratio of Se/Hg in the hepatic, renal, and muscle tissues were 8.7 (9.6), 13.2 (9.5), and 9.0 (11.4), respectively, suggesting Se protection against Hg toxicity. Silver concentrations in the three tissues were included, and the Se/(Hg + 0.5×Ag) molar ratio showed values closer to 1. Both Hg and Se concentrations in liver and kidney were comparable to those found in other small odontocetes from Argentine and Brazilian waters. This study constitutes the first joint description reported of Hg and Se concentrations in liver, kidney, and muscle of the Commerson's dolphin species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Cáceres-Saez
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Comportamiento y Mamíferos Marinos (LECyMM), Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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26
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Dietz R, Sonne C, Basu N, Braune B, O'Hara T, Letcher RJ, Scheuhammer T, Andersen M, Andreasen C, Andriashek D, Asmund G, Aubail A, Baagøe H, Born EW, Chan HM, Derocher AE, Grandjean P, Knott K, Kirkegaard M, Krey A, Lunn N, Messier F, Obbard M, Olsen MT, Ostertag S, Peacock E, Renzoni A, Rigét FF, Skaare JU, Stern G, Stirling I, Taylor M, Wiig Ø, Wilson S, Aars J. What are the toxicological effects of mercury in Arctic biota? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:775-90. [PMID: 23231888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review critically evaluates the available mercury (Hg) data in Arctic marine biota and the Inuit population against toxicity threshold values. In particular marine top predators exhibit concentrations of mercury in their tissues and organs that are believed to exceed thresholds for biological effects. Species whose concentrations exceed threshold values include the polar bears (Ursus maritimus), beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), pilot whale (Globicephala melas), hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), a few seabird species, and landlocked Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). Toothed whales appear to be one of the most vulnerable groups, with high concentrations of mercury recorded in brain tissue with associated signs of neurochemical effects. Evidence of increasing concentrations in mercury in some biota in Arctic Canada and Greenland is therefore a concern with respect to ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Department for Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, P.O. Box 358, Roskilde, DK-4000, Denmark.
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27
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Barrera-García A, O'Hara T, Galván-Magaña F, Méndez-Rodríguez LC, Castellini JM, Zenteno-Savín T. Oxidative stress indicators and trace elements in the blue shark (Prionace glauca) off the east coast of the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 156:59-66. [PMID: 22560986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trace element concentrations and oxidative stress indicators (including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative damage) were measured in muscle of blue sharks collected along the west coast of Baja California Sur to determine potential differences by sex and maturity cohorts. Mercury (Hg) concentration in muscle samples from larger sharks (>200 cm LT) exceeded the permissible limit (>1 ppm wet weight) for human consumption set by numerous international agencies. Significant differences were found in Hg concentrations (mature>immature; males>females), and in protein carbonyl concentrations (male>female); however, except for carbonyl protein levels, no significant differences by sex or maturity stage were found in the oxidative stress indicators. Differences between sexes and maturity stages in trace element concentration and carbonyl protein levels in blue shark muscle may be related to variations in diet within different cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Barrera-García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Playa Palo Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
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28
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Revenga JE, Campbell LM, Arribére MA, Ribeiro Guevara S. Arsenic, cobalt and chromium food web biodilution in a Patagonia mountain lake. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 81:1-10. [PMID: 22551685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mussels, Diplon chilensis, from Lake Moreno, a double-basined mountain lake in southern Argentina, is known to have elevated concentrations of chromium (Cr, > 25 μg g⁻¹ dry weight DW) and arsenic (As, 35 μg g⁻¹ DW), attributed to untreated sewage. To further understand the trophodynamics of Cr, As and cobalt (Co), we investigated concentrations and transfer throughout the food web in each basin of Lake Moreno. Each basin differs in morphology in that the gently-sloping Lake Moreno West has more littoral habitat than deeper Lake Moreno East with its higher proportion of pelagic habitat. Despite the morphological differences, both basins share similar water quality parameters and species assemblages. As a result, Lake Moreno provides an exceptional opportunity to compare trophodynamics of elements that enable us to hypothesize pelagic-littoral habitat coupling in response to lake morphology as the underlying factor influencing both Cr pathway and Co and As trophodynamic modeling. Using stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) and carbon (δ¹³C) to characterize metals trophodynamics in each basin, biodilution of As, Cr and Co were indicated by negative regressions. This is confirmed by elevated As, Co and Cr concentrations in phytoplankton (11.3±5.7, 7.4±4.9, 44.5±40.7 μg g⁻¹ DW respectively), while zooplankton and biofilm had the next elevated concentrations. Those elevated concentrations are in contrast with lower concentrations in sport fish such as rainbow trout (0.5±0.5, 0.2±0.3, 1.8±1.2 μg g⁻¹ DW). Higher concentrations of Cr in fish were associated with higher proportion of benthic/littoral prey items in western basin, and were confirmed by significant correlation with δ¹³C values. Arsenic, Co and Cr concentrations in fish, while elevated, do not post health risks to human or wildlife consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Revenga
- Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche-CRUB, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina.
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29
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Hong YS, Hunter S, Clayton LA, Rifkin E, Bouwer EJ. Assessment of mercury and selenium concentrations in captive bottlenose dolphin's (Tursiops truncatus) diet fish, blood, and tissue. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 414:220-226. [PMID: 22137650 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of total mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) were determined in diet fish and whole blood and tissue samples from seven bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) housed at the National Aquarium Baltimore (NAB). In addition, concentrations of monomethylmercury (CH(3)Hg(+)) were determined in diet fish and dolphins' tissue samples. The data were compared with the values found in wild populations to better understand how the dietary Hg and Se uptake rates affect the Hg and Se levels in dolphins. The diet fish total Hg concentrations ranged between 14 and 47 ng g(-1) and were markedly lower than for similar fish found in Florida, South Carolina, and other aquaria. CH(3)Hg(+) accounted for 85 to 91% of the total Hg found in diet fish. The diet fish Se concentrations ranged between 270 and 800 ng g(-1), indicating excess molar concentrations of Se over Hg. The Hg concentration range in the blood of NAB dolphins was 27-117 ng g(-1) and the concentrations were about one order of magnitude and several factors lower than the concentrations found in the blood of wild bottlenose dolphins in Florida and in South Carolina, respectively. The total Hg and CH(3)Hg(+) in tissue samples were also significantly lower than the reported values obtained from wild populations of bottlenose dolphins. The differences in the Hg concentrations in the dolphins' blood may be due to the different levels of Hg atmospheric deposition in the area where the dolphins' diet fish were found. The Se concentration range in the blood of NAB dolphins was 221-297 ng g(-1) which was two factors lower than the values found in wild populations. The lower Hg levels, as well as higher Se:Hg molar ratios in the blood of NAB dolphins, suggest that NAB dolphins may be less susceptible to the potential neurotoxicity from the CH(3)Hg(+) in their blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Seok Hong
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Ames Hall 313, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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30
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Revenga JE, Campbell LM, Kyser K, Klassen K, Arribére MA, Ribeiro Guevara S. Trophodynamics and distribution of silver in a Patagonia mountain lake. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:265-270. [PMID: 21216430 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Silver (Ag) ions are among the most toxic metallic ions to aquatic biota. In southern Argentina, fish from Patagonian lakes have liver Ag concentrations [Ag] among the highest ever reported globally. Silver concentration in phytoplankton from Lake Moreno (1.82±3.00μgg(-1) dry weight, DW) was found to be significantly higher than [Ag] in zooplankton (0.25±0.13μgg(-1)). Values in snails and decapods (0.60±0.28μgg(-1) and 0.47±0.03μgg(-1) respectively), were higher than in insect larvae (0.28±0.39μgg(-1) for Trichoptera). We examined trophic transfer of Ag in the biota using stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes ratios (δ(15)N and δ(13)C respectively). Silver concentrations in the biota of Lake Moreno were not associated with any particular C source, as assessed by δ(13)C. Hepatic [Ag] significantly increased with trophic position, as measured by δ(15)N, within the brook trout sample set. Biodilution of Ag was observed between primary producers and small forage fish when whole body [Ag] was analyzed. Nevertheless, when considering whole food web biomagnification and hepatic [Ag] of top predator fish, a significant positive regression was found between [Ag] and trophic position, as measured by δ(15)N. The importance of species-specific and tissue-specific considerations to obtain more information on Ag trophodynamics than that usually presented in the literature is shown. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in assessing Ag trophodynamics and tissue-specific biomagnification in a whole freshwater food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Revenga
- Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche (CRUB), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina.
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31
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Saggese MD, Riggs G, Tizard I, Bratton G, Taylor R, Phalen DN. Gross and microscopic findings and investigation of the aetiopathogenesis of mycobacteriosis in a captive population of white-winged ducks (Cairinascutulata). Avian Pathol 2010; 36:415-22. [PMID: 17899467 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701595909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The white-winged duck (Cairina scutulata) is critically endangered. Breeding collections of this duck are established in the United Kingdom and the USA. Infection with Mycobacterium avium avium serotype 1 is a major cause of mortality in the UK collection. In this study, the aetiopathogenesis of deaths occurring in the US collection was studied. All ducks (n=21) that died over a 21-month period were examined. Mycobacteriosis was diagnosed in 20 ducks, killing 19 of them. Multifocal to diffuse granulomatous lesions, often with abundant intralesional organisms, were seen in all 20 ducks. Unusual manifestations of this disease were the extensive involvement of the respiratory system and the absence of multinucleated giant cells. Sequence analysis showed that the ducks were infected with a sequevar of M. a. avium that contains serotypes 2, 3, 4, and 9. Given that the long-term ingestion of metals affects immune function, we measured an array of such elements in the liver of six ducks. Concentrations were undetectable or low. The disseminated nature of the disease, high concentration of mycobacteria and absence of multinucleated giant cells within lesions suggest that these ducks were unable to effectively kill the mycobacteria and point to a possible defect or inhibition in cell mediated immunity. Taken together with previously reported UK data, these results suggest that captive white-winged ducks are highly susceptible to at least two sequevars of M. a. avium and that mycobacteriosis is a major threat to ex situ breeding. We hypothesize that the minimal heterozygosis previously shown in these ducks could be contributing to an apparently ineffective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel D Saggese
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, The Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Akron, OH, USA.
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32
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Moses SK, Whiting AV, Muir DCG, Wang X, O'Hara TM. Organic nutrients and contaminants in subsistence species of Alaska: concentrations and relationship to food preparation method. Int J Circumpolar Health 2010; 68:354-71. [PMID: 19917188 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v68i4.17368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine nutrient and contaminant concentrations, document concentration changes related to common preparation methods and provide a basic risk-benefit analysis for select subsistence foods consumed by residents of Kotzebue, Alaska. STUDY DESIGN Eleven organic nutrients and 156 persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were measured in foods derived from spotted seals and sheefish. METHODS Nutrients in foodstuffs were compared to Daily Recommended Intake criteria. POPs were compared to Tolerable Daily Intake Limits (TDIL). RESULTS Cooking, as well as absence/presence of skin during sheefish processing, altered nutrient and contaminant concentrations in seals and fish. Sheefish muscle and seal blubber were particularly rich in omega-3 fatty acids and seal liver in vitamin A. Seal liver exceeded the recommended upper limit for vitamin A. POP contribution to TDIL was >25% in all tissues except blubber, in which 4 POPS were present at >25% TDIL. No POPs exceeded TDIL in a serving of any tissue studied. The most prominent concerns identified were levels of vitamin A in spotted seal liver and certain POPs in blubber, warranting consideration when determining how much and how often these foods should be consumed. CONCLUSIONS Preparation methods altering tissues from their raw state significantly affect nutrient and contaminant concentrations, thus direct evaluation of actual food items is highly recommended to determine risk-benefits ratios of traditional diets. Traditional foods provide essential nutrients with very limited risk from contaminants. We encourage the consumption of traditional foods and urge public health agencies to develop applicable models to assess overall food safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Moses
- Department of Biology and Wildlife and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA.
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Metal accumulation and metallothionein induction in the spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 155:503-8. [PMID: 20044020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that elasmobranch fish respond differently to metal exposure than marine teleosts. Accumulation rates can be high, which despite the fact that normal background levels for metals in the marine environment are low, is worrying due to the long life span and late fecundity of most shark. The goals of the present study were to examine differences in accumulation rates and toxicity of a range of metals at equimolar concentrations (10microM) in the Mediterranean or spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. For this purpose, we exposed the dogfish to Ni (587microg/L), Cd (1124microg/L), Pb (2072microg/L), Cu (635microg/L), and Ag (1079microg/L and two additional exposures at 10microg/L and 1microg/L) for one week and measured total metal accumulation, metallothionein induction, and parameters related to osmoregulation. Our study confirms the high toxicity and accumulation rates of Ag for elasmobranch fish, even at levels 100 to 1000 times lower than exposure levels of other metals. Also Pb accumulated readily in all organs, but did not cause any osmoregulatory disturbance at the exposure levels used. Ni and Cd seem to accumulate primarily in the kidney while Cu mainly accumulated in liver. In contrast to Ni and Cd, the three other metals Ag, Cu and Pb accumulated in the rectal gland, an important organ for osmoregulation and possible target organ for metal toxicity. Only Cu succeeded in initiating a protective response by inducing MT synthesis in liver and gills.
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Moses SK, Whiting AV, Bratton GR, Taylor RJ, O'Hara TM. Inorganic nutrients and contaminants in subsistence species of Alaska: linking wildlife and human health. Int J Circumpolar Health 2009; 68:53-74. [PMID: 19331242 PMCID: PMC2713769 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v68i1.18294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine inorganic nutrient and contaminant concentrations in subsistence foods consumed by Alaska Natives, concentration changes related to common preparation methods and provide a basic risk-benefit analysis for these foods. STUDY DESIGN Eleven essential and six non-essential elements were measured in foods derived from spotted seals and sheefish. METHODS Essential nutrients in foodstuffs were compared to Daily Recommended Intake (DRI) criteria. Non-essential elements were compared to Tolerable Daily Intake Limits (TDIL). These comparisons serve as a risk-benefit analysis, not as consumption advice. RESULTS Cooking altered nutrient and contaminant concentrations. Spotted seal muscle and kidney are rich in Fe and Se; liver in Cu, Fe, Mo and Se; and sheefish muscle in Se. TDIL was exceeded in a 100 g serving of seal for THg in raw and fried liver and boiled kidney; MeHg in dried muscle and raw and fried liver; Cd in raw and boiled kidney; and As in raw and rendered blubber. Arsenic exceeded TDIL in sheefish muscle. However, toxicity potential is likely reduced by the element form (i.e., organic As, inorganic Hg) and the presence of protective nutrients such as Se. CONCLUSIONS Preparation methods alter wildlife tissues from their raw state, significantly affecting element concentrations. Direct evaluation of actual food items is warranted to determine risk-benefit ratios of traditional diets. Traditional foods provide many essential nutrients with a very limited risk from contaminants. We encourage continued consumption of traditional foods, and urge public health agencies to develop applicable models for providing consumption advice, incorporating food processing considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Moses
- Department of Biology and Wildlife and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks 99775-7000, USA.
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Woshner V, Knott K, Wells R, Willetto C, Swor R, O'Hara T. Mercury and selenium in blood and epidermis of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Sarasota Bay, FL: interaction and relevance to life history and hematologic parameters. ECOHEALTH 2008; 5:360-370. [PMID: 19165553 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-008-0164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Blood and epidermal biopsies from free-ranging Tursiops truncatus captured and released during either summer or winter health assessments in Sarasota Bay, FL, were evaluated for concentrations of mercury, selenium, stable isotopes (d(13)C and d(15)N), and blood glutathione peroxidase activity in conjunction with routine hematology and serum chemistry panels. Major objectives were to: 1) quantify and describe relationships among mercury, selenium, glutathione peroxidase, and stable isotopes of C and N in blood and epidermis; 2) elucidate major parameters that influence blood mercury and glutathione peroxidase activity; 3) relate measures of tissue mercury, selenium, and glutathione peroxidase to specific ecological, hematological, morphological, or life history parameters, including season, sex, age, and trophic level. Mercury in both tissues examined is almost exclusively methylmercury. Epidermal concentrations of mercury and selenium reflect their respective amounts in blood, albeit at several times blood concentrations of mercury. The strong association between blood mercury and serum selenium, in conjunction with a lack of significant correlation between blood mercury and glutathione peroxidase, implies that a substantial proportion of blood mercury is affiliated with another selenium-containing moiety or is related to recent dietary intakes (e.g., trophic level, intensive fish consumption). Circulating blood mercury may be described in terms of serum selenium concentration, along with interaction terms among serum selenium, blood d(15)N, and age. Current selenium concentrations in Sarasota Bay dolphins appear adequate for maintenance of blood glutathione peroxidase activity. However, dolphins evidently are subject to seasonal exacerbation of oxidative stress, which might render them more vulnerable to toxic effects of mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Woshner
- Wildlife Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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Rosa C, Blake JE, Bratton GR, Dehn LA, Gray MJ, O'Hara TM. Heavy metal and mineral concentrations and their relationship to histopathological findings in the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 399:165-178. [PMID: 18466957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) is a species endangered over much of its range that is of great cultural significance and subsistence value to the Inuit of Northern Alaska. This species occupies subarctic and arctic regions presently undergoing significant ecological change and hydrocarbon development. Thus, understanding the health status of the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Sea (BCBS) stock of bowhead whales is of importance. In this study, we evaluated the concentrations of six essential and non-essential elements (Zn, tHg, Ag, Se, Cu and Cd) in liver and kidney of bowhead whales (n=64). These tissues were collected from the Inuit subsistence hunt in Barrow, Wainwright and Kaktovik, Alaska between 1983 and 2001. Reference ranges of these elements (including previously reported data from 1983-1997) were developed for this species as part of a health assessment effort, and interpreted using improved aging techniques (aspartic acid racemization and baleen isotopic (13)C methods) to evaluate trends over time with increased statistical power. Interactions between element concentrations and age, sex and harvest season were assessed. Age was found to be of highest significance. Sex and harvest season did not effect the concentrations of these elements, with the exception of renal Se levels, which were significantly higher in fall seasons. In addition, histological evaluation of tissues from whales collected between 1998-2001 was performed. Associations between concentrations of Cd in kidney and liver and scored histopathological changes were evaluated. Liver Cd concentration was strongly associated with the degree of lung fibromuscular hyperplasia (P=0.001) and moderately associated with the degree of renal fibrosis (P=0.03). Renal Cd concentration influenced the degree of lung fibromuscular hyperplasia and renal fibrosis (P=0.01). A significant age effect was found for both pulmonary fibromuscular hyperplasia and renal fibrosis, indicating age may be a causative factor. Improvements in aging techniques and the addition of histological indices help clarify the relationships between elements and the influence of life history parameters on concentrations of these elements and potential impacts on health. These data provide essential baseline input useful for monitoring the effects of arctic ecosystem change as it relates to global climate change and industrial development, as well as help inform epidemiological studies examining the public health implications of heavy metals in subsistence foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Rosa
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 311 Irving I Building, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA.
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Bentzen TW, Follmann EH, Amstrup SC, York GS, Wooller MJ, Muir DC, O’Hara TM. Dietary biomagnification of organochlorine contaminants in Alaskan polar bears. CAN J ZOOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/z07-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of organochlorine contaminants in the adipose tissue of polar bears ( Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) vary throughout the Arctic. The range in concentrations has not been explained fully by bear age, sex, condition, location, or reproductive status. Dietary pathways expose polar bears to a variety of contaminant profiles and concentrations. Prey range from lower trophic level bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus L., 1758), one of the least contaminated marine mammals, to highly contaminated upper trophic level ringed seals ( Phoca hispida (Schreber, 1775)). We used δ15N and δ13C signatures to estimate the trophic status of 42 polar bears sampled along Alaska’s Beaufort Sea coast to determine the relationship between organochlorine concentration and trophic level. The δ15N values in the cellular portions of blood ranged from 18.2‰ to 20.7‰. We found strong positive relationships between concentrations of the most recalcitrant polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and δ15N values in models incorporating age, lipid content, and δ13C value. Specifically these models accounted for 67% and 76% of the variation in PCB153 and oxychlordane concentration in male polar bears and 85% and 93% in females, respectively. These results are strong indicators of variation in diet and biomagnification of organochlorines among polar bears related to their sex, age, and trophic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. W. Bentzen
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Environment Canada, National Laboratory of Environmental Testing, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - E. H. Follmann
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Environment Canada, National Laboratory of Environmental Testing, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - S. C. Amstrup
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Environment Canada, National Laboratory of Environmental Testing, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - G. S. York
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Environment Canada, National Laboratory of Environmental Testing, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - M. J. Wooller
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Environment Canada, National Laboratory of Environmental Testing, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - D. C.G. Muir
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Environment Canada, National Laboratory of Environmental Testing, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - T. M. O’Hara
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Environment Canada, National Laboratory of Environmental Testing, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
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Stavros HCW, Bossart GD, Hulsey TC, Fair PA. Trace element concentrations in blood of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): influence of age, sex and location. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 56:371-379. [PMID: 18062997 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen W Stavros
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, SC 29412-9110, USA.
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Brookens TJ, O'Hara TM, Taylor RJ, Bratton GR, Harvey JT. Total mercury body burden in Pacific harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardii, pups from central California. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 56:27-41. [PMID: 18061626 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 08/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To determine body and tissue compartment-specific burdens (mg) of total mercury (THg), tissues were weighed and analyzed for THg concentration (microg/g fw) in Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii) pups from central California in 2006. THg concentrations were related as follows: hair >> liver = kidney = pelt > muscle > other = heart > brain > blubber > bone. THg burden, however, was related as: pelt = muscle > liver = other > kidney = blubber > brain = heart > bone. THg concentration and burden in muscle were strongly associated with delta(15)N. delta(13)C and delta(15)N values were significantly greater in muscle than liver, and delta(13)C was significantly lesser the longer animals were in rehabilitation. Because THg concentration and burden in muscle correlated most significantly with other tissue compartments, we recommend that muscle from the specific sites we sampled be used instead of liver or hair for biomonitoring THg in harbor seals. Assessment of proportional THg burdens within each tissue compartment for harbor seals pups included use of a conceptual model, allowing for more complete visual characterization of THg body burden.
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Bentzen T, Follmann E, Amstrup S, York G, Wooller M, O’Hara T. Variation in winter diet of southern Beaufort Sea polar bears inferred from stable isotope analysis. CAN J ZOOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/z07-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ringed seals ( Phoca hispida Schreber, 1775 = Pusa hispida (Schreber, 1775)) and bearded seals ( Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben, 1777)) represent the majority of the polar bear ( Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) annual diet. However, remains of lower trophic level bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus L., 1758) are available in the southern Beaufort Sea and their dietary contribution to polar bears has been unknown. We used stable isotope (13C/12C, δ13C, 15N/14N, and δ15N) analysis to determine the diet composition of polar bears sampled along Alaska’s Beaufort Sea coast in March and April 2003 and 2004. The mean δ15N values of polar bear blood cells were 19.5‰ (SD = 0.7‰) in 2003 and 19.9‰ (SD = 0.7‰) in 2004. Mixing models indicated bowhead whales composed 11%–26% (95% CI) of the diets of sampled polar bears in 2003, and 0%–14% (95% CI) in 2004. This suggests significant variability in the proportion of lower trophic level prey in polar bear diets among individuals and between years. Polar bears depend on sea ice for hunting seals, and the temporal and spatial availabilities of sea ice are projected to decline. Consumption of low trophic level foods documented here suggests bears may increasingly scavenge such foods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.W. Bentzen
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - E.H. Follmann
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - S.C. Amstrup
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - G.S. York
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - M.J. Wooller
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - T.M. O’Hara
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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Burger J. A framework and methods for incorporating gender-related issues in wildlife risk assessment: gender-related differences in metal levels and other contaminants as a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 104:153-62. [PMID: 17045984 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gender plays a role in the genetics, physiology, morphology, and behavior of organisms, and thus influences the uptake, fate, and effects of contaminants in organisms. There are a number of chemical analysis tools, as well as biological approaches to understanding the influence of gender on contaminant levels and effects in wildlife. Biological approaches occur at all levels, from mutagenesis, gene expression and biochemistry, to physiology, morphology and development, to pathology and behavior. Information on the effects of gender at all these levels is essential for model building, risk assessment, and developing biomonitoring plans. Gender influences both internal and external fate and effects. However, bioaccumulation and effects cannot occur without exposure, which is mediated by behavior, bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and absorption. Gender influences a number of individual features (size, nutrition, genetics, hormones), that in turn affect niche differentiation, leading back to differences in exposure and susceptibility. Both sexes have a variety of methods of ridding the body of contaminants, through the bile, urine, exhaled air, and sloughing of epidermal structures (skin, hair, feathers). Females can also rid their body of contaminants through egg contents and egg shells, or mammals by transfer to the developing fetus and through breast milk. The availability of contaminant data in wildlife depends partly on the ease of identification of the sexes by either external or internal examination. Thus, there are more data on contaminant levels in birds and mammals than in fish. Surprisingly, metal levels are not uniformly low in females, even when they are morphologically smaller than males. For 43 studies of metals in vertebrates, females had higher levels in 30 cases where there were significant differences (and males were higher in only 14 cases). Females usually had higher levels of mercury than males. Review of the literature suggests that authors should clearly describe the gender differences in their abstracts (not just say they exist), and if they found no differences, state whether they had sufficient power to identify such differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Burger
- Division of Life Sciences, Rutgers University, Nelson Biological Laboratory, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, USA.
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Gerlach SC, Duffy LK, Murray MS, Bowers PM, Adams R, Verbrugge DA. An exploratory study of total mercury levels in archaeological caribou hair from northwest Alaska. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:1909-14. [PMID: 16876850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past ten years, total mercury (THg) levels have been surveyed in Alaskan wildlife and fish as part of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment (AMAP). Beyond these studies there is little historical data on THg levels in important subsistence species for people in Alaska. A survey of THg in caribou hair from archaeological deposits would provide data to develop temporal trends for this region of the Arctic. Caribou hair from a Western Thule settlement beneath the Alaska native village of Deering (ca. AD 1150) show variability in hair THg values, with a mean level (86 ng/g) which is in the range that is observed in modern Rangifer sp. (caribou and reindeer). Hair from House 1 had a THg mean level of 99.6 ng/g and hair from House 2 had a THg mean of 64.2 ng/g. This is the earliest reported record of mercury in caribou associated with human subsistence activities in the western North American Arctic, and is a first step toward compilation of a needed database through which to measure and evaluate exposure to mercury by people who rely heavily on caribou as a food source. We hypothesize that similarity in mercury values in archaeological samples of caribou and in contemporary samples would give an additional perspective on human exposure to mercury through caribou harvest and consumption today. Since this hypothesis will be more useful if evaluated at a regional rather than global scale, further studies will be needed at different archaeological sites across Alaska to determine the generality of this observation in relation to geographic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Craig Gerlach
- Department of Anthropology, 310 Eielson, P.O. Box 757720, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7720, USA
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Feeding ecology of phocid seals and some walrus in the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic as determined by stomach contents and stable isotope analysis. Polar Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-006-0171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dehn LA, Follmann EH, Thomas DL, Sheffield GG, Rosa C, Duffy LK, O'Hara TM. Trophic relationships in an Arctic food web and implications for trace metal transfer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 362:103-23. [PMID: 16387350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissues of subsistence-harvested Arctic mammals were analyzed for silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), and total mercury (THg). Muscle (or total body homogenates of potential fish and invertebrate prey) was analyzed for stable carbon (delta13C) and nitrogen (delta15N) isotopes to establish trophic interactions within the Arctic food chain. Food web magnification factors (FWMFs) and biomagnification factors for selected predator-prey scenarios (BMFs) were calculated to describe pathways of heavy metals in the Alaskan Arctic. FWMFs in this study indicate that magnification of selected heavy metals in the Arctic food web is not significant. Biomagnification of Cd occurs mainly in kidneys; calculated BMFs are higher for hepatic THg than renal THg for all predator-prey scenarios with the exception of polar bears (Ursus maritimus). In bears, the accumulation of renal THg is approximately 6 times higher than in liver. Magnification of hepatic Ag is minimal for all selected predator-prey scenarios. Though polar bears occupy a higher trophic level than belugas (Delphinapterus leucas), based on delta15N, the metal concentrations are either not statistically different between the two species or lower for bears. Similarly, concentrations of renal and hepatic Cd are significantly lower or not statistically different in polar bears compared to ringed (Phoca hispida) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus), their primary prey. THg, on the other hand, increased significantly from seal to polar bear tissues. Mean delta15N was lowest in muscle of Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) and foxes also show the lowest levels of Hg, Cd and Ag in liver and kidney compared to the other species analyzed. These values are in good agreement with a diet dominated by terrestrial prey. Metal deposition in animal tissues is strongly dependent on biological factors such as diet, age, sex, body condition and health, and caution should be taken when interpreting magnification of dynamic and actively regulated trace metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa-A Dehn
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7000, USA.
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