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Dumitriu-Stan RI, Burcea IF, Nastase VN, Ceaușu RA, Dumitrascu A, Cocosila LC, Bastian A, Zurac S, Raica M, Poiana C. The Value of ER∝ in the Prognosis of GH- and PRL-Secreting PitNETs: Clinicopathological Correlations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16162. [PMID: 38003353 PMCID: PMC10671753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are divided into multiple histological subtypes, which determine their clinical and biological variable behavior. Despite their benign evolution, in some cases, prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH)-secreting PitNETs may have aggressive behavior. In this study, we investigated the potential predictive role of ER∝, alongside the clinicopathological classification of PitNETs (tumor diameter, tumor type, and tumor grade). A retrospective study was conducted with 32 consecutive cases of PRL- and mixed GH- and PRL-secreting PitNETs (5 patients with prolactinomas and 27 with acromegaly, among them, 7 patients with GH- and PRL- co-secretion) who underwent transsphenoidal intervention. Tumor specimens were histologically and immunohistochemical examined: anterior pituitary hormones, ki-67 labeling index, CAM 5.2, and ER∝; ER∝ expression was correlated with basal PRL levels at diagnosis (rho = 0.60, p < 0.01) and postoperative PRL levels (rho = 0.58, p < 0.001). In our study, the ER∝ intensity score was lower in female patients. Postoperative maximal tumor diameter correlated with Knosp grade (p = 0.02); CAM 5.2 pattern (densely/sparsely granulated/mixed densely and sparsely granulated) was correlated with postoperative PRL level (p = 0.002), and with ki-67 (p < 0.001). The IGF1 level at diagnosis was correlated with the postoperative GH nadir value in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (rho = 0.52, p < 0.05). Also, basal PRL level at diagnosis was correlated with postoperative tumor diameter (p = 0.63, p < 0.001). At univariate logistic regression, GH nadir in OGTT test at diagnostic, IGF1, gender, and invasion were independent predictors of remission for mixed GH- and PRL-secreting Pit-NETs; ER∝ can be used as a prognostic marker and loss of ER∝ expression should be considered a sign of lower differentiation and a likely indicator of poor prognosis. A sex-related difference can be considered in the evolution and prognosis of these tumors, but further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana-Ioana Dumitriu-Stan
- Department of Endocrinology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulia-Florentina Burcea
- Department of Endocrinology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- ‘C. I. Parhon’ National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valeria Nicoleta Nastase
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Angiogenesis Research Centre, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Raluca Amalia Ceaușu
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Angiogenesis Research Centre, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Anda Dumitrascu
- ‘C. I. Parhon’ National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Alexandra Bastian
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Zurac
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marius Raica
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Angiogenesis Research Centre, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Catalina Poiana
- Department of Endocrinology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- ‘C. I. Parhon’ National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
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Serioli S, Agostini L, Pietrantoni A, Valeri F, Costanza F, Chiloiro S, Buffoli B, Piazza A, Poliani PL, Peris-Celda M, Iavarone F, Gaudino S, Gessi M, Schinzari G, Mattogno PP, Giampietro A, De Marinis L, Pontecorvi A, Fontanella MM, Lauretti L, Rindi G, Olivi A, Bianchi A, Doglietto F. Aggressive PitNETs and Potential Target Therapies: A Systematic Review of Molecular and Genetic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15719. [PMID: 37958702 PMCID: PMC10650665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics have allowed a more thorough understanding of tumorigenesis in aggressive PitNETs (pituitary neuroendocrine tumors) through the identification of specific essential genes, crucial molecular pathways, regulators, and effects of the tumoral microenvironment. Target therapies have been developed to cure oncology patients refractory to traditional treatments, introducing the concept of precision medicine. Preliminary data on PitNETs are derived from preclinical studies conducted on cell cultures, animal models, and a few case reports or small case series. This study comprehensively reviews the principal pathways involved in aggressive PitNETs, describing the potential target therapies. A search was conducted on Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science for English papers published between 1 January 2004, and 15 June 2023. 254 were selected, and the topics related to aggressive PitNETs were recorded and discussed in detail: epigenetic aspects, membrane proteins and receptors, metalloprotease, molecular pathways, PPRK, and the immune microenvironment. A comprehensive comprehension of the molecular mechanisms linked to PitNETs' aggressiveness and invasiveness is crucial. Despite promising preliminary findings, additional research and clinical trials are necessary to confirm the indications and effectiveness of target therapies for PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Serioli
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Ludovico Agostini
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Federico Valeri
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Flavia Costanza
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Chiloiro
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Barbara Buffoli
- Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Amedeo Piazza
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Division, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Pathology Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Maria Peris-Celda
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario IRCCS “A. Gemelli”, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Gaudino
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Institute of Radiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Gessi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Schinzari
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Mattogno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonella Giampietro
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laura De Marinis
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Maria Fontanella
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Liverana Lauretti
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Guido Rindi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Olivi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Doglietto
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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Estrogen depletion alters osteogenic differentiation and matrix production by osteoblasts in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2021; 408:112814. [PMID: 34492267 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that the effects of estrogen deficiency are not restricted to osteoclasts and bone resorption, but that bone matrix composition is altered and osteoblasts exhibit an impaired response to mechanical stimulation. In this study, we test the hypothesis that estrogen depletion alters osteogenic differentiation and matrix production by mechanically stimulated osteoblasts in vitro. MC3T3-E1 cells were pre-treated with estrogen for 14 days, after which estrogen was withdrawn or inhibited with Fulvestrant up to 14 days. Fluid shear stress (FSS) was applied using an orbital shaker. Under estrogen depletion in static culture, osteogenic marker (ALP) and gene expression (Runx2) were decreased at 2 and after 7 days of estrogen depletion, respectively. In addition, up to 7 day the inhibition of the estrogen receptor significantly decreased fibronectin expression (FN1) under static conditions. Under estrogen depletion and daily mechanical stimulation, changes in expression of Runx2 occurred earlier (4 days) and by 14 days, changes in matrix production (Col1a1) were reported. We propose that changes in osteoblast differentiation and impaired matrix production during estrogen depletion may contribute to the altered quality of the bone and act as a contributing factor to increased bone fragility in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Bima C, Chiloiro S, Giampietro A, Gessi M, Mattogno PP, Lauretti L, Anile C, Rindi G, Pontecorvi A, De Marinis L, Bianchi A. Galectin-3 and Estrogen Receptor Alpha as Prognostic Markers in Prolactinoma: Preliminary Results From a Pilot Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:684055. [PMID: 34322092 PMCID: PMC8312245 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.684055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors (PRL-omas) are generally benign neoplasia. However, a percentage of cases show aggressive behavior. Prognostic markers may allow for the identification of aggressive cases. In this study, we investigated the prognostic role of galectin-3 and the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), as predictive biomarkers of aggressiveness and poor prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS A mono-centric and retrospective study was conducted on consecutive cases of PRL-omas that underwent first line treatment with surgery and were followed-up for at least five years. The immunohistochemical expression of ERα and galectin-3 was investigated in each case. RESULTS 36 patients were enrolled. Galectin-3 resulted positive in 11 patients (30.6%). The median expression of ERα was 85% (IQR: 37). Among the group of 21 patients who underwent radical surgery (58.3%), recurrence occurred in 12 cases (33.3%). 27 patients were treated post-surgery with a dopamine agonist (DA) (12 for recurrence and 22 for a history of partial surgery). 13 patients (48.1%) were responsive to DA. Six of 11 cases positive for galactin-3 underwent partial surgery (54.5%, p<0.001). Recurrence occurred in all five cases that underwent radical surgery, which were also positive for galectin-3 (p=0.03). Galectin-3 resulted positive in 9 patients resistant to DA treatment (81.1%, p=0.01). ERα expression was lower in tumors positive for galectin-3 (p<0.001), with mitotic activity (p=0.012), with higher Ki67 Li (p<0.001), and in males with post-surgical recurrence (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Galectin-3 and ERα play as markers of aggressiveness and prognosis in PRL-omas and may be tested to identify the aggressive forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bima
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical Science, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, A.O.U. “Città della Salute e della Scienza”, Turin, Italy
| | - Sabrina Chiloiro
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Giampietro
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Gessi
- Institute of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Mattogno
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Liverana Lauretti
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmelo Anile
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Rindi
- Institute of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Marinis
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Laura De Marinis,
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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González-Rodríguez A, Labad J, Seeman MV. Antipsychotic-induced Hyperprolactinemia in aging populations: Prevalence, implications, prevention and management. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 101:109941. [PMID: 32243999 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the prevalence, implications, prevention and management of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia in aging populations. Antipsychotics are indicated mainly for the treatment of psychotic illness but are also used in other conditions. Complications induced by antipsychotics increase with age, due to age-related changes in drug metabolism and excretion. Almost all antipsychotics lead to hyperprolactinemia by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the anterior pituitary gland, which counteracts dopamine's inhibitory action on prolactin secretion. The main findings of this narrative review are that, though many of the known side effects of high prolactin levels lose their salience with age, the risk of exacerbating osteoporosis remains critical. Methods of preventing antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia in older individuals include using antipsychotic medication (AP) as sparingly as possible and monitoring AP serum levels, regularly measuring prolactin levels, closely monitoring bone density, treating substance abuse, and teaching patients stress management techniques. When hyperprolactinemia symptoms cannot be otherwise managed, adjunctive drugs are available. Potential helpful adjuncts are: dopamine agonists, antipsychotics with partial agonist properties (e.g. aripiprazole), selective estrogen receptor modulators, and metformin. Because a gold standard for prevention/treatment has not been established, clinical decisions need to be made based on safety and individual circumstance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre González-Rodríguez
- Department of Mental Health. Parc Tauli University Hospital. I3PT. Sabadell (Barcelona, Spain) Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB)..
| | - Javier Labad
- Department of Mental Health. Parc Tauli University Hospital. I3PT. Sabadell (Barcelona, Spain) Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). CIBERSAM
| | - Mary V Seeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5P 3L6
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Mahboobifard F, Bidari-Zerehpoosh F, Davoudi Z, Panahi M, Dargahi L, Pourgholami MH, Sharifi G, Izadi N, Jorjani M. Expression patterns of ERα66 and its novel variant isoform ERα36 in lactotroph pituitary adenomas and associations with clinicopathological characteristics. Pituitary 2020; 23:232-245. [PMID: 32026205 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The regulatory effects of estradiol on pituitary homeostasis have been well documented. However, the expression patterns of ERα66 and ERα36 and their correlations with the clinical course of postoperative prolactinoma tumors remain unclear. METHODS The expression of ERα36, ERα66, Ki67, p53, and CD31 were determined by immunohistochemistry in 62 prolactinoma patients. Snap-frozen tumors and normal pituitaries were also examined by western blotting for estrogen receptor detection. RESULTS A broad expression of ERα36 was identified in normal pituitaries. The median scores of ERα36 and ERα66 expression were 8 and 6 in normal pituitaries and 4 and 0 in tumors, respectively. Four phenotypes of ERα36 and ERα66 expression were explored in tumors with regard to sex, invasiveness, dopamine resistance, and recurrence. Low ERα36 expression was associated with tumor invasion and increased Ki67. Low ERα66 expression was associated with tumor invasion, dopamine-agonist resistance, and enhanced tumor size. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that low ERα36 expression is an independent risk factor for invasiveness. The significant inverse association of ERα66 with invasiveness, dopamine resistance, and tumor size remained significant after adjustment for sex as a potential confounder. After controlling for sex, the low ERα66/low ERα36 phenotype was 6.24 times more prevalent in invasive tumors than in noninvasive tumors. Although the decreasing trend of CD31 expression from surrounding nontumoral lactotroph adenomas to tumors was similar to that of the estrogen receptors, a significant correlation was not observed here. CONCLUSION The decreasing trends of ERα36 and ERα66 expression from normal pituitaries to tumors are associated with aggressive clinical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mahboobifard
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Bidari-Zerehpoosh
- Department of Pathology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Davoudi
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Panahi
- Department of Pathology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Pourgholami
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gieve Sharifi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Izadi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran.
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Olarescu NC, Perez-Rivas LG, Gatto F, Cuny T, Tichomirowa MA, Tamagno G, Gahete MD. Aggressive and Malignant Prolactinomas. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 109:57-69. [PMID: 30677777 DOI: 10.1159/000497205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin-secreting tumors (prolactinomas) represent the most common pituitary tumor type, accounting for 47-66% of functional pituitary tumors. Prolactinomas are usually benign and controllable tumors as they express abundant levels of dopamine type 2 receptor (D2), and can be treated with dopaminergic drugs, effectively reducing prolactin levels and tumor volume. However, a proportion of prolactinomas exhibit aggressive features (including invasiveness, relevant growth despite adequate dopamine agonist treatment, and recurrence potential) and few may exhibit metastasizing potential (carcinomas). In this context, the clinical, pathological, and molecular definitions of malignant and aggressive prolactinomas remain to be clearly defined, as primary prolactin-secreting carcinomas are similar to aggressive adenomas until the presence of metastases is detected. Indeed, standard molecular and histological analyses do not reflect differences between carcinomas and adenomas at a first glance and have limitations in prediction of the aggressive progression of prolactinomas, wherein the causes underlying the aggressive behavior remain unknown. Herein we present a comprehensive, multidisciplinary review of the most relevant epidemiological, clinical, pathological, genetic, biochemical, and molecular aspects of aggressive and malignant prolactinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Cristina Olarescu
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Luis G Perez-Rivas
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Federico Gatto
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Thomas Cuny
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Hôpital de la Conception, Inserm U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Maria A Tichomirowa
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier du Nord, Ettelbruck, Luxembourg
| | - Gianluca Tamagno
- Department of Endocrinology/Diabetes Mellitus, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, Wexford General Hospital, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain,
- Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain,
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain,
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain,
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8
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Wang C, Bai M, Wang X, Tan C, Zhang D, Chang L, Li G, Xie L, Su J, Wen Y. Estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of prolactinoma cells by regulating the IRE1/XBP1 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4037-4041. [PMID: 30106152 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an estrogen receptor antagonist, fulvestrant, on proliferation and apoptosis of prolactinoma cells, and to reveal potential regulatory mechanisms. Prolactinoma GH3 cells were treated with 10‑6 mol/l fulvestrant for 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h. GH3 cell growth was observed under a microscope and cell viability was detected by MTT assay. Morphological changes of the nuclei in GH3 cells were observed by Hoechst 33258 staining and apoptotic rates were detected by flow cytometry. Preprolactin (PPL) and prolactin (PRL) secretion levels from GH3 cells were measured using ELISA. In addition, the protein expression levels of inositol‑requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), X‑box binding protein (XBP)‑1 and glucose‑regulated protein, 78 kDa (GRP78) in GH3 cells were detected by western blot analysis. Cell density and cell viability of GH3 cells were significantly reduced in a time‑dependent manner following treatment with fulvestrant (P<0.05). GH3 cells treated with fulvestrant also acquired an apoptotic morphology and the apoptotic rate of GH3 cells was significantly increased by fulvestrant in a time‑dependent manner (P<0.05). PPL and PRL secretion levels were significantly reduced by fulvestrant treatment in a time‑dependent manner (P<0.05). The protein expression levels of IRE1, XBP1 and GRP78 were also significantly reduced in a time‑dependent manner following treatment with fulvestrant (P<0.05). Therefore, fulvestrant may inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of GH3 cells by downregulating the IRE1/XBP1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Minghan Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Chunlei Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Guofu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Lingyu Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jun Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
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9
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Johansson Seechurn CCC, Gazić Smilović I, Colacot T, Zanotti-Gerosa A, Časar Z. Development of concise two-step catalytic approach towards lasofoxifene precursor nafoxidine. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2691-2697. [PMID: 29678534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We have elaborated a two-step catalytic approach to nafoxidine, a key precursor to lasofoxifene. Firstly, an efficient α-arylation of 6-methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one with chlorobenzene was developed, which operates at low 0.1 mol% Pd-132 catalyst loading in the presence of 1.9 equivalents of sodium tert-butoxide at 60 °C in 1,4-dioxane and provides 6-methoxy-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one in 90% yield. Secondly, we have demonstrated that 6-methoxy-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one can be converted to nafoxidine in 61% yield via CeCl3 promoted reaction with (4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)lithium, which is formed in-situ from the corresponding arylbromide precursor and n-butyllithium. Altogether, the shortest two-step approach to nafoxidine from simple tetralone commodity starting material has been developed with overall 55% yield. The developed synthetic approach to nafoxidine has several beneficial aspects over the one used in the synthetic route primarily developed for the preparation of lasofoxifene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana Gazić Smilović
- Lek Pharmaceuticals, d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Verovškova ulica 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Colacot
- Johnson Matthey Catalysis and Chiral Technologies, Nolte Drive, West Deptford, USA
| | - Antonio Zanotti-Gerosa
- Johnson Matthey Catalysis and Chiral Technologies, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zdenko Časar
- Lek Pharmaceuticals, d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Verovškova ulica 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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10
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Anticancer effect of acid ceramidase inhibitor ceranib-2 in human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA MB-231 by the activation of SAPK/JNK, p38 MAPK apoptotic pathways, inhibition of the Akt pathway, downregulation of ERα. Anticancer Drugs 2018; 29:50-60. [PMID: 29023248 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Acid ceramidase is the key enzyme of the ceramide metabolic pathway, which plays a vital role in regulating ceramide - sphingosine-1-phosphate rheostat. Ceramide acts as a proapoptotic molecule, but its metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate, in contrast, signals for cell proliferation, cell survival, and angiogenesis. Acid ceramidase is highly upregulated in breast tumors and treatment with an acid ceramidase inhibitor, ceranib-2, significantly induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines. However, the mechanisms underlying the induction of apoptosis remain ambiguous to date. Hence, in the present study, we have explored ceranib-2-mediated apoptotic signaling pathways in human breast cancer cell lines. MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells were treated with IC50 doses of ceranib-2 and tamoxifen. Nuclear changes showed the apoptotic effect of ceranib-2 in both the cell lines. Loss in the mitochondrial membrane potential was observed only in ceranib-2-treated MCF-7 cells. Ceranib-2 activated intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in MCF-7 cells, but only the extrinsic apoptotic pathway was activated in MDA MB-231 cells. Further, ceranib-2 induced apoptosis by activating SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase), p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) apoptotic pathways and by inhibiting the Akt (antiapoptotic) pathway in both the cell lines. Most importantly, ERα (estrogen receptor-α) expression was highly downregulated after ceranib-2 treatment and a docking study predicted the highest binding affinity of ceranib-2 than tamoxifen with ERα in MCF-7 cells. Hence, ceranib-2 may have potential as a chemotherapeutic drug of breast cancer.
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11
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Relation among Aromatase P450 and Tumoral Growth in Human Prolactinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112299. [PMID: 29104246 PMCID: PMC5713269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pituitary gland is part of hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal axis, which controls development, reproduction, and aging in humans and animals. In addition, the pituitary gland is regulated mainly by hormones and neurotransmitters released from the hypothalamus and by systemic hormones secreted by target glands. Aromatase P450, the enzyme responsible for the catabolization of aromatizable androgens to estrogens, is expressed in different parts of body, including the pituitary gland. Moreover, aromatase P450 is involved in sexual dimorphism where alteration in the level of aromatase can initiate a number of diseases in both genders. On the other hand, the direct actions of estrogens, mainly estradiol, are well known for stimulating prolactin release. Numerous studies have shown that changes in the levels of estrogens, among other factors, have been implicated in the genesis and development of prolactinoma. The pituitary gland can produce estradiol locally in several types of endocrine cells, and it is possible that aromatase could be responsible for the maintenance of the population of lactotroph cells and the modulation of the action of central or peripheral regulators. Aromatase overexpression due to inappropriate gene regulation has clinical effects such as the pathogenesis of prolactinomas. The present study reports on the synthesis of pituitary aromatase, its regulation by gonadal steroids, and the physiological roles of aromatase on pituitary endocrine cells. The involvement of aromatase in the pathogenesis of pituitary tumors, mainly prolactinomas, through the auto-paracrine production of estradiol is reviewed.
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12
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Enhancement of the bioavailability of a novel anticancer compound (acetyltanshinone IIA) by encapsulation within mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles: a study of formulation optimization, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12013-12030. [PMID: 28061455 PMCID: PMC5355322 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether-block-poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (mPEG-PLGA) nanoparticles carrying acetyltanshinone IIA (ATA), a novel anti-breast cancer agent, were prepared by ultrasonic emulsion method to enhance the bioavailability and reduce the toxicity. Systematic optimization of encapsulation process was achieved using an orthogonal design. Drug efficacy analysis showed that ATA nanoparticles were as effective as free ATA against estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells, but much less toxic towards human endothelial cells. Furthermore, in zebrafish, ATA nanoparticles displayed much lower toxicity than free ATA. More importantly, the blood concentration of ATA nanoparticles indicated by 24 hour-area under the curve (AUC0-24h) was 10 times higher than free ATA. These results indicated the potential of ATA-loaded mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles for the delivery of ATA in a clinical formulation, and their potential for use in tumor therapy in the future.
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13
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Wu Z, Lu W, Wu D, Luo A, Bian H, Li J, Li W, Liu G, Huang J, Cheng F, Tang Y. In silico prediction of chemical mechanism of action via an improved network-based inference method. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3372-3385. [PMID: 27646592 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Deciphering chemical mechanism of action (MoA) enables the development of novel therapeutics (e.g. drug repositioning) and evaluation of drug side effects. Development of novel computational methods for chemical MoA assessment under a systems pharmacology framework would accelerate drug discovery and development with greater efficiency and low cost. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, we proposed an improved network-based inference method, balanced substructure-drug-target network-based inference (bSDTNBI), to predict MoA for old drugs, clinically failed drugs and new chemical entities. Specifically, three parameters were introduced into network-based resource diffusion processes to adjust the initial resource allocation of different node types, the weighted values of different edge types and the influence of hub nodes. The performance of the method was systematically validated by benchmark datasets and bioassays. KEY RESULTS High performance was yielded for bSDTNBI in both 10-fold and leave-one-out cross validations. A global drug-target network was built to explore MoA of anticancer drugs and repurpose old drugs for 15 cancer types/subtypes. In a case study, 27 predicted candidates among 56 commercially available compounds were experimentally validated to have binding affinities on oestrogen receptor α with IC50 or EC50 values ≤10 μM. Furthermore, two dual ligands with both agonistic and antagonistic activities ≤1 μM would provide potential lead compounds for the development of novel targeted therapy in breast cancer or osteoporosis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In summary, bSDTNBI would provide a powerful tool for the MoA assessment on both old drugs and novel compounds in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengrui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Anqi Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanping Bian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Complex Networks Research, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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14
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Du C, Xu Y, Yang K, Chen S, Wang X, Wang S, Wang C, Shen M, Chen F, Chen M, Zeng D, Li F, Wang T, Wang F, Zhao J, Ai G, Cheng T, Su Y, Wang J. Estrogen promotes megakaryocyte polyploidization via estrogen receptor beta-mediated transcription of GATA1. Leukemia 2016; 31:945-956. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Liu S, Meng X, Chen H, Liu W, Miller T, Murph M, Lu Y, Zhang F, Gagea M, Arteaga CL, Mills GB, Meric-Bernstam F, González-Angulo AM. Targeting tyrosine-kinases and estrogen receptor abrogates resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9049-64. [PMID: 24979294 PMCID: PMC4253418 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous therapies that effectively inhibit estrogen signaling in breast cancer, a significant proportion of patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive malignancy will succumb to their disease. Herein we demonstrate that long-term estrogen deprivation (LTED) therapy among ER-positive breast cancer cells results in the adaptive increase in ER expression and subsequent activation of multiple tyrosine kinases. Combination therapy with the ER down-regulator fulvestrant and dasatinib, a broad kinase inhibitor, exhibits synergistic activity against LTED cells, by reduction of cell proliferation, cell survival, cell invasion and mammary acinar formation. Screening kinase phosphorylation using protein arrays and functional proteomic analysis demonstrates that the combination of fulvestrant and dasatinib inhibits multiple tyrosine kinases and cancer-related pathways that are constitutively activated in LTED cells. Because LTED cells display increased insulin receptor (InsR)/insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling, we added an ant-IGF-1 antibody to the combination with fulvestrant and dasatinib in an effort to further increase the inhibition. However, adding MK0646 only modestly increased the inhibition of cell growth in monolayer culture, but neither suppressed acinar formation nor inhibited cell migration in vitro and invasion in vivo. Therefore, combinations of fulvestrant and dasatinib, but not MK0646, may benefit patients with tyrosine-kinase-activated, endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Liu
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xiaolong Meng
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Todd Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH. Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Mandi Murph
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA
| | - Yiling Lu
- Systems Biology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Fan Zhang
- Systems Biology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Carlos L Arteaga
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Systems Biology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ana M González-Angulo
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. Systems Biology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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16
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Abstract
The hypothalamic control of prolactin secretion is different from other anterior pituitary hormones, in that it is predominantly inhibitory, by means of dopamine from the tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons. In addition, prolactin does not have an endocrine target tissue, and therefore lacks the classical feedback pathway to regulate its secretion. Instead, it is regulated by short loop feedback, whereby prolactin itself acts in the brain to stimulate production of dopamine and thereby inhibit its own secretion. Finally, despite its relatively simple name, prolactin has a broad range of functions in the body, in addition to its defining role in promoting lactation. As such, the hypothalamo-prolactin axis has many characteristics that are quite distinct from other hypothalamo-pituitary systems. This review will provide a brief overview of our current understanding of the neuroendocrine control of prolactin secretion, in particular focusing on the plasticity evident in this system, which keeps prolactin secretion at low levels most of the time, but enables extended periods of hyperprolactinemia when necessary for lactation. Key prolactin functions beyond milk production will be discussed, particularly focusing on the role of prolactin in inducing adaptive responses in multiple different systems to facilitate lactation, and the consequences if prolactin action is impaired. A feature of this pleiotropic activity is that functions that may be adaptive in the lactating state might be maladaptive if prolactin levels are elevated inappropriately. Overall, my goal is to give a flavour of both the history and current state of the field of prolactin neuroendocrinology, and identify some exciting new areas of research development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of AnatomyUniversity of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandMaurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryAuckland, New Zealand Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of AnatomyUniversity of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandMaurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryAuckland, New Zealand
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17
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Delgrange E, Vasiljevic A, Wierinckx A, François P, Jouanneau E, Raverot G, Trouillas J. Expression of estrogen receptor alpha is associated with prolactin pituitary tumor prognosis and supports the sex-related difference in tumor growth. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 172:791-801. [PMID: 25792376 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A sex difference in the progression of prolactin (PRL) tumors has been disputed for years. OBJECTIVE To compare tumor characteristics and postoperative clinical course between men and women, and correlate data with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα (ESR1)) expression status. DESIGN, PATIENTS, AND METHODS Eighty-nine patients (59 women and 30 men) operated on for a prolactinoma and followed for at least 5 years were selected. Tumors were classified into five grades according to their size, invasion, and proliferation characteristics. The ERα expression was detected by immunohistochemistry and a score (0-12) calculated as the product of the percentage of positive nuclei and the staining intensity. RESULTS We found a significant preponderance of high-grade tumors among men and a lower surgical cure rate in men (23%) than in women (71%). Patients resistant to medical treatment were mainly men (7/8), six of whom showed tumor progression despite postoperative medical treatment, which led to multiple therapies and eventually death in three. The median score for ERα expression was 1 in men (range, 0-8) and 8 in women (range, 0-12) (P<0.0001). The expression of ERα was inversely correlated with tumor size (r=-0.59; P<0.0001) and proliferative activity. All dopamine agonist-resistant tumors and all grade 2b (invasive and proliferative) tumors (from ten men and four women) were characterized by low ERα expression. CONCLUSIONS PRL tumors in men are characterized by lower ERα expression, which is related to higher tumor grades, resistance to treatment, and an overall worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Delgrange
- Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Vasiljevic
- Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Wierinckx
- Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick François
- Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Jouanneau
- Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gérald Raverot
- Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Trouillas
- Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon 169372 Lyon, FranceService d'EndocrinologieCHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Mont-sur-Meuse, Namur, BelgiumCentre de Neurosciences de LyonINSERM S1028/CNRS UMR 5292, 69372 Lyon, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286, 69008 Lyon, FranceService de NeurochirurgieCHU de Tours, et Université François Rabelais, Tours, FranceCentre de Pathologie EstService de NeurochirurgieFédération d'EndocrinologieGroupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Wang Y, Liu W, Du J, Yu Y, Liang N, Liang M, Yao G, Cui S, Huang H, Sun F. NGF promotes mouse granulosa cell proliferation by inhibiting ESR2 mediated down-regulation of CDKN1A. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 406:68-77. [PMID: 25737208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is known to play key roles in ovarian follicular development, such as the assembly of early follicles and follicular ovulation through its high-affinity receptor, tyrosine kinase receptor A (trkA). Herein, the molecular mechanism controlling NGF-induced granulosa cell (GC) proliferation was not clear. In this study, we found that NGF is abundant in preantral GCs and knockdown of trkA in GCs attenuated NGF-induced GC proliferation and further decreased the levels of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2). Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A), also named p21, a factor which could be either a negative or a positive regulator via transformation related protein 53 (TRP53, also named p53)-dependent or independent pathways in cell proliferation, was up-regulated during the process of NGF-induced GC proliferation. Blockade of trkA (K252α) and ERK1/2 (U0126) in GCs decreased NGF-induced expression of CDKN1A and did not alter the expression of TRP53, indicating that NGF stimulates CDKN1A expression via the trkA-ERK1/2 pathway in a TRP53-independent manner. Meanwhile, ESR2, a tumor suppressor which is exclusively expressed in GCs, was suppressed in NGF-induced GC proliferation, and this effect was abrogated by U0126. Blockade of ESR2 (ICI182,780) caused the promotion of GC proliferation and CDKN1A expression, indicating that ESR2 may be downstream of the ERK1/2 pathway in mediating the effect of CDKN1A on NGF-induced GC proliferation. Therefore, ESR2 may be involved in the integration of intracellular signal cascades and cell cycle proteins in affecting GC proliferation. Here, we provide mechanistic insights into the roles of CDKN1A in NGF-induced GC proliferation. Understanding potential cross-points between CDKN1A and ESR2 affecting GC proliferation will help in the discovery of new therapeutic targets in some female infertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Juan Du
- Xinxiang Medical College, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Jinzhou Medical College, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - Ning Liang
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Meng Liang
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guidong Yao
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Hefeng Huang
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fei Sun
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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19
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Omoto Y, Takeshita T, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto-Ibusuki M, Hayashi M, Sueta A, Fujiwara S, Taguchi T, Iwase H. Immunohistochemical analysis in ethinylestradiol-treated breast cancers after prior long-term estrogen-deprivation therapy. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:108. [PMID: 25774336 PMCID: PMC4353819 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer can often be treated by hormone therapy; however a certain population of ER-positive patients become resistant to hormone therapy after long-term hormone treatment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a derivative of estrogen, which has shown promising effects in these patients. METHODS We successfully obtained tissue samples from 6 patients undergoing EE2 treatment and examined 13 well-known breast cancer-related factors by immunohistochemistry. Of the 6 patients, 5 responded but one patient did not. RESULTS Before EE2 treatment, staining for both ER and androgen receptor (AR) was strong in the nucleus, and the progesterone receptor (PgR) was almost no staining. EE2 treatment significantly down-regulated ER and up-regulated PgR while nuclear and cytosolic AR were oppositely down- and up-regulated, respectively. Cytosolic staining of BRCA1 was significantly up-regulated by EE2 whereas nuclear staining tended to decrease. Individual comparisons suggested less induction of PgR and decreasing AKT but increasing pAKT in the non-responder following EE2 treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our observations revealed that EE2 activated ER downstream genes; however it did not stimulate cell growth. This suggests that hormone resistant cells might receive growth signals from a non-genomic pathway and this may be reflected in their sensitivity to EE2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Omoto
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan ; Department of Endocrinological and Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji Agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841 Japan ; Department of Breast Surgery, Tanabe Central Hospital, 6-1-6, Tanabe-Chuo, Kyotanabe-city, Kyoto 610-0334 Japan
| | - Takashi Takeshita
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamamoto
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Mutsuko Yamamoto-Ibusuki
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Aiko Sueta
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Saori Fujiwara
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taguchi
- Department of Endocrinological and Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji Agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iwase
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
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20
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Ribeiro AB, Leite CM, Kalil B, Franci CR, Anselmo-Franci JA, Szawka RE. Kisspeptin regulates tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurones and prolactin secretion in an oestradiol-dependent manner in male and female rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:88-99. [PMID: 25453900 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) secretion is inhibited by hypothalamic dopamine. Kisspeptin controls luteinising hormone (LH) secretion and is also involved in PRL regulation. We further investigated the effect of kisspeptin-10 (Kp-10) on the activity of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurones and the role of oestradiol (E2 ) in this mechanism. Female and male rats were injected with i.c.v. Kp-10 and evaluated for PRL release and the activity of dopamine terminals in the median eminence (ME) and neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary (NIL). Kp-10 at the doses of 0.6 and 3 nmol increased plasma PRL and decreased 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in the ME and NIL of ovariectomised (OVX), E2 -treated rats but had no effect in OVX. In gonad-intact males, 3 nmol Kp-10 increased PRL secretion and decreased DOPAC levels in the ME but not in the NIL. Castrated males treated with either testosterone or E2 also displayed increased PRL secretion and reduced ME DOPAC in response to Kp-10, whereas castrated rats receiving oil or dihydrotestosterone were unresponsive. By contrast, the LH response to Kp-10 was not E2 -dependent in either females or males. Additionally, immunohistochemical double-labelling demonstrated that TIDA neurones of male rats contain oestrogen receptor (ER)-α, with a higher proportion of neurones expressing ERα than in dioestrous females. The dopaminergic neurones of periventricular hypothalamic nucleus displayed much lower ERα expression. Thus, TIDA neurones express ERα in male and female rats, and kisspeptin increases PRL secretion through inhibition of TIDA neurones in an E2 -dependent manner in both sexes. These findings provide new evidence about the role of kisspeptin in the regulation of dopamine and PRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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21
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Oner G, Ulug P, Demirci E, Kumtepe Y, Gündogdu C. Evaluation of the effects of fulvestrant and micronized progesterone on the post-operative adhesion formation and ovarian reserve in rat model with immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:667-72. [PMID: 26291806 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1054800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of fulvestrant and micronized progesterone on post-operative adhesion formation and ovarian reserve in a rat uterine horn adhesion. METHODS In this prospective randomized controlled trial, 32 female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups including control group (Group 1), the control adhesion group (Group 2), 1 mg/kg daily intramuscular fulvestrant received group (Group 3) and 1 mg/kg daily oral micronized progesterone received group (Group 4). The extent and severity of adhesions were scored and samples were taken from adhesion areas to investigate the grades of adhesions according to the immunohistochemical scoring system. Ovarian reserves were measured with anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and histological ovarian follicles count. RESULTS The extent, severity and total adhesion scores were reduced in all treatment groups compared to control adhesion group (Group 2). Similarly, immunohistochemical adhesion scores were lower in the treatment groups. AMH and follicle count were significantly found lower in adhesion groups compared with control group. However, treatment groups were found to have higher ovarian reserve compared to control adhesion group (Group 2). CONCLUSIONS Fulvestrant and micronized progesterone were found to reduce post-operative adhesion formations and have decreased detrimental effects of adhesion formation on ovarian reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokalp Oner
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Mugla Sitki Kocman University, School of Medicine , Mugla , Turkey
| | - Pasa Ulug
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Erzincan University, School of Medicine , Erzincan , Turkey
| | | | - Yakup Kumtepe
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Erzurum University, School of Medicine , Erzurum , Turkey
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22
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Marques M, Laflamme L, Benassou I, Cissokho C, Guillemette B, Gaudreau L. Low levels of 3,3'-diindolylmethane activate estrogen receptor α and induce proliferation of breast cancer cells in the absence of estradiol. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:524. [PMID: 25048790 PMCID: PMC4223525 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) is an acid-catalyzed dimer of idole-3-carbinol (I3C), a phytochemical found in cruciferous vegetables that include broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cabbage. DIM is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand and a potential anticancer agent, namely for the treatment of breast cancer. It is also advertised as a compound that regulates sex hormone homeostasis. METHODS Here we make use of RNA expression assays coupled to Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in breast cancer cell lines to study the effect of DIM on estrogen signaling. We further make use of growth assays, as well as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) assays, to monitor cell growth. RESULTS In this study, we report that 'physiologically obtainable' concentrations of DIM (10 μM) activate the estrogen receptor α (ERα) signaling pathway in the human breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and T47D, in a 17β-estradiol (E2)-independent manner. Accordingly, we observe induction of ERα target genes such as GREB1 and TFF1, and an increase in cellular proliferation after treatment with 10 μM DIM in the absence of E2. By using an ERα specific inhibitor (ICI 182 780), we confirm that the transcriptional and proliferative effects of DIM treatment are mediated by ERα. We further show that the protein kinase A signaling pathway participates in DIM-mediated activation of ERα. In contrast, higher concentrations of DIM (e.g. 50 μM) have an opposite and expected effect on cells, which is to inhibit proliferation. CONCLUSIONS We document an unexpected effect of DIM on cell proliferation, which is to stimulate growth by inducing the ERα signaling pathway. Importantly, this proliferative effect of DIM happens with potentially physiological concentrations that can be provided by the diet or by taking caplet supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luc Gaudreau
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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23
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Chao W, Xuexin Z, Jun S, Ming C, Hua J, Li G, Tan C, Xu W. Effects of resveratrol on cell growth and prolactin synthesis in GH3 cells. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:923-928. [PMID: 24669252 PMCID: PMC3965128 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RE), a phytoestrogen, has antiestrogenic properties. Estrogen plays a key role in the development and progression of pituitary prolactinoma. Moreover, RE is a potent cancer chemopreventive agent that inhibits the initiation, promotion and progression of carcinogenesis. The present study investigated the antitumor effects of RE on GH3 pituitary tumor cells. A concentration- and treatment duration-dependent biphasic effect of RE on the proliferation of the GH3 cells was demonstrated. After three days of treatment, RE stimulated proliferation at low concentrations and inhibited proliferation at high concentrations. However, when the treatment duration was reduced to 6 h, RE inhibited proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, RE induced apoptosis with the activation of caspase-3 and -8, and decreased the percentage of prolactin (PRL)-immunopositive GH3 cells. Furthermore, RE suppressed expression of the PRL gene and inhibited the cell proliferation and PRL synthesis induced by 17β-estradiol (E2). In GH3 cells, the proliferation response exhibited higher sensitivity to E2 compared with the PRL response; by contrast, the PRL response was more sensitive to RE than the proliferation response was. These results indicate that RE, an antiestrogenic compound, exerts its antitumor effect on GH3 cells through the suppression of GH3 cell growth and through the inhibition of PRL synthesis. The RE-induced cell apoptosis was shown to be caspase-dependent. Therefore, the present study provides support for the use of RE in the chemoprevention and chemotherapy of pituitary prolactinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Zhang Xuexin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Su Jun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Chu Ming
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jin Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Guofu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Chunlei Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Wanhai Xu
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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Abstract
Prolactinomas are a common cause of reproductive/sexual dysfunction. Once other causes of hyperprolactinemia have been excluded with a careful history and physical examination, routine chemistries, a pregnancy test and a thyroid-stimulating hormone, imaging with magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography will delineate the size and extent of the tumor. Medical therapy with cabergoline or bromocriptine is the initial treatment of choice. When infertility is the primary indication for treatment, bromocriptine use has an extensive safety experience and is preferred by some clinicians. However, for other indications, cabergoline appears to be more efficacious and better tolerated. Transsphenoidal surgery remains an option, especially for patients with microadenomas, when medical therapy is ineffective or not tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Molitch
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA.
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25
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Cao L, Gao H, Gui S, Bai G, Lu R, Wang F, Zhang Y. Effects of the estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant on F344 rat prolactinoma models. J Neurooncol 2014; 116:523-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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A novel anti-cancer agent, acetyltanshinone IIA, inhibits oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer cell growth by down-regulating the oestrogen receptor. Cancer Lett 2013; 346:94-103. [PMID: 24374015 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we show that acetyltanshinone IIA (ATA), a novel anti-cancer agent, preferentially inhibits cell growth of oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cells and that it is more potent than the commonly used anti-breast cancer agent, tamoxifen. The metabolic product of ATA, hydroquinone tanshinone IIA (HTA) binds to the ERα and causes its degradation mainly in the nucleus via an ubiquitin-mediated proteasome-dependent pathway. In addition, ATA also reduced the mRNA levels of the ERα encoding gene, ESR1, distinguishing ATA from another anti-breast cancer drug, fulvestrant. Finally, ATA reduced the transcription of an ER-responsive gene, GREB1.
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27
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Ji M, Liu Y, Yang S, Zhai D, Zhang D, Bai L, Wang Z, Yu J, Yu C, Cai Z. Puerarin suppresses proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells in part via differential recruitment of nuclear receptor coregulators to estrogen receptor-α. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:421-6. [PMID: 23907019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Puerarin, a phytoestrogen with a weak estrogenic effect, binds to estrogen receptors, thereby competing with 17β-estradiol and producing an anti-estrogenic effect. In our early clinical practice to treat endometriosis, a better therapeutic effect was achieved if the formula of traditional Chinese medicine included Radix puerariae. This study was to investigate whether puerarin could suppress the proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells (ESCs) and to further elucidate the potential mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS The ESCs were successfully established. The effects of puerarin on the proliferation of ESCs, cell cycle and apoptosis were determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein levels of cyclin D1 and cdc25A were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. Coimmunoprecipitation was applied to examine the recruitment of nuclear receptor coregulators to the estrogen receptor-α. We found that puerarin can suppress estrogen-stimulated proliferation partly through down-regulating the transcription of cyclin D1 and cdc25A by promoting the recruitment of corepressors to estrogen receptor-α as well as limiting that of coactivators in ESCs. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that puerarin could suppress the proliferation of ESCs and could be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ji
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Borah A, Paul R, Choudhury S, Choudhury A, Bhuyan B, Das Talukdar A, Dutta Choudhury M, Mohanakumar KP. Neuroprotective potential of silymarin against CNS disorders: insight into the pathways and molecular mechanisms of action. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:847-53. [PMID: 24118806 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin, a C25 containing flavonoid from the plant Silybum marianum, has been the gold standard drug to treat liver disorders associated with alcohol consumption, acute and chronic viral hepatitis, and toxin-induced hepatic failures since its discovery in 1960. Apart from the hepatoprotective nature, which is mainly due to its antioxidant and tissue regenerative properties, Silymarin has recently been reported to be a putative neuroprotective agent against many neurologic diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and cerebral ischemia. Although the underlying neuroprotective mechanism of Silymarin is believed to be due to its capacity to inhibit oxidative stress in the brain, it also confers additional advantages by influencing pathways such as β-amyloid aggregation, inflammatory mechanisms, cellular apoptotic machinery, and estrogenic receptor mediation. In this review, we have elucidated the possible neuroprotective effects of Silymarin and the underlying molecular events, and suggested future courses of action for its acceptance as a CNS drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
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Tan WW, Dueck AC, Flynn P, Steen P, Anderson D, Rowland K, Northfelt D, Perez EA. N0539 phase II trial of fulvestrant and bevacizumab in patients with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with an aromatase inhibitor: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group (now Alliance) trial. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:2548-2554. [PMID: 23798616 PMCID: PMC3784332 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on preclinical studies, the vascular endothelial pathway is an important mechanism for estrogen receptor resistance. We conducted a phase II study of fulvestrant and bevacizumab in patients with aromatase inhibitor pretreated metastatic breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS A single-stage phase II study was conducted with these objectives: 6-month progression-free survival (PFS), tumor response, toxic effect, and overall survival. Regimen: 250 mg fulvestrant days 1 and 15 (cycle 1) then day 1 (cycle 2 and beyond) and 10 mg/kg bevacizumab days 1 and 15 of each 4-week cycle. RESULTS At interim analysis, 20 eligible patients initiated treatment, 11 were progression free and on treatment at 3 months, not meeting the protocol-specified efficacy requirements (at least 12 of 20). Accrual remained open during interim analysis with 36 patients enrolling before final study closure. Among the 33 eligible patients, the median PFS was 6.2 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.6-10.1 months]. Of the 18 with measurable disease, 4 (22%) patients (95% CI 6% to 48%) had a confirmed tumor response (1 complete, 3 partial). The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were hypertension 3 (9%) and headache 3 (9%). CONCLUSIONS The fulvestrant/bevacizumab combination is safe and tolerable; however, it did not meet its statistical end point.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Tan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville
| | - A C Dueck
- Section of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale
| | - P Flynn
- Metro Minnesota CCOP, St Louis Park
| | - P Steen
- Sanford Medical Center, Fargo
| | | | | | - D Northfelt
- Divison of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, USA
| | - E A Perez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville.
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Oda K, Nishimura T, Higuchi K, Ishido N, Ochi K, Iizasa H, Sai Y, Tomi M, Nakashima E. Estrogen Receptor α Induction by Mitoxantrone Increases Abcg2 Expression in Placental Trophoblast Cells. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3364-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets in chemoresistance. Drug Resist Updat 2013; 16:47-59. [PMID: 23757365 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial progress in understanding the cancer signaling network, effective therapies remain scarce due to insufficient disruption of oncogenic pathways, drug resistance and drug-induced toxicity. New and more creative approaches are therefore required for the treatment of cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by sequence-selective targeting of mRNAs, leading to a translational repression or mRNA degradation. Experimental evidence demonstrates that dysregulation of specific miRNAs leads to drug resistance in different cancers and correction of these miRNAs using miRNA mimics or antagomiRs can normalize the gene regulatory network and signaling pathways and sensitize cancerous cells to chemotherapy. Therefore, miRNA-based gene therapy provides an attractive anti-tumor approach for integrated cancer therapy. Here, we will discuss the involvement of microRNAs in chemotherapy resistance and focus on recent advancements in the development and delivery of miRNA-based cancer therapeutics.
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Ahmad E, Rabbani G, Zaidi N, Khan MA, Qadeer A, Ishtikhar M, Singh S, Khan RH. Revisiting ligand-induced conformational changes in proteins: essence, advancements, implications and future challenges. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 31:630-48. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.706081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a group of naturally occurring, small, noncoding, and single-strand RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional and translational levels. By controlling the expression of oncogenic and tumor suppressor proteins, miRNAs are believed to play an important role in pathologic processes associated with malignant progression including tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. However, relatively few studies have investigated the influence of chemopreventive agents on miRNA expression and their regulation of target genes. Given the significance of miRNAs in modulating gene expression, such research can provide insight into the pleiotropic biologic effects that chemopreventive agents often display and a deeper understanding of their mechanism of action to inhibit carcinogenesis. In addition, miRNAs can provide useful biomarkers for assessing antineoplastic activity of these agents in preclinical and clinical observations. In this review, we summarize recent publications that highlight a potentially important role of miRNAs in cancer chemoprevention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yi
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Ave., Mobile, AL 36604, USA
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Hwang KA, Kang NH, Yi BR, Lee HR, Park MA, Choi KC. Genistein, a soy phytoestrogen, prevents the growth of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells induced by 17β-estradiol or bisphenol A via the inhibition of cell cycle progression. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:733-40. [PMID: 23229410 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) is a global health concern. In this study, we examined the effects of genistein (GEN) on bisphenol A (BPA) or 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced cell growth and gene alterations of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells expressing estrogen receptors (ERs). In an in vitro cell viability assay, E2 or BPA significantly increased the growth of BG-1 cells. This increased proliferative activity was reversed by treatment with ICI 182,780, a well-known ER antagonist, while cell proliferation was further promoted in the presence of propyl pyrazole triol (PPT), an ERα agonist. These results imply that cell proliferation increased by E2 or BPA was mediated by ERs, particularly ERα. BPA clearly acted as a xenoestrogen in BG-1 ovarian cancer cells by mimicking E2 action. In contrast, GEN effectively suppressed BG-1 cell proliferation promoted by E2 or BPA by inhibiting cell cycle progression. E2 and BPA increased the expression of cyclin D1, a factor responsible for the G1/S cell cycle transition. They also decreased the expression of p21, a potent cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor that arrests the cell cycle in G1 phase, and promoted the proliferation of BG-1 cells. As shown by its repressive effect on cell growth, GEN decreased the expression of cyclin D1 augmented by E2 or BPA. On the other hand, GEN increased the p21 expression downregulated by E2 or BPA. Collectively, our findings suggest that GEN, a dietary phytoestrogen, has an inhibitory effect on the growth of estrogen-dependent cancers promoted by E2 or BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-A Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Guo S, Li Y, Tong Q, Gu F, Zhu T, Fu L, Yang S. δEF1 down-regulates ER-α expression and confers tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52380. [PMID: 23285017 PMCID: PMC3528679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to tamoxifen therapy represents a major barrier to the successful treatment of breast cancer, where a loss of or reduced ER-α level is considered a primary mechanism. Understanding how ER-α expression is regulated would provide insights into new intervention points to overcome tamoxifen resistance. In this study, we report that the expression of δEF1 is up-regulated by 17β-estradiol (E2) in MCF-7 cells in an ER-α-dependent manner, through either PI3K or NF-κB pathway. Ectopic expression of δEF1 in turn repressed ER-α transcription by binding to the E(2)-box on the ER-α promoter. At the tissue level of breast cancer, there is a strong and inverse correlation between the expression levels of δEF1 and ER-α. In MCF-7 cells, an elevated expression of δEF1 made the cells less sensitive to tamoxifen treatment, whereas overexpression of ER-α compromised the effects of δEF1 and restored the sensitivity. Also, depletion of δEF1 by RNA interference in MDA-MB-231 cells restored the expression of ER-α and tamoxifen sensitivity. In conclusion, we have identified an important role of δEF1 in the development of tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Inhibiting δEF1 to restore ER-α expression might represent a potential therapeutic strategy for overcoming endocrine resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaocong Guo
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaqing Li
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianhui Zhu
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Fu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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Estrogen receptor prevents p53-dependent apoptosis in breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18060-5. [PMID: 23077249 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018858109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
More than two-thirds of breast cancers express the estrogen receptor (ER) and depend on estrogen for growth and survival. Therapies targeting ER function, including aromatase inhibitors that block the production of estrogens and ER antagonists that alter ER transcriptional activity, play a central role in the treatment of ER+ breast cancers of all stages. In contrast to ER- breast cancers, which frequently harbor mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor, ER+ breast cancers are predominantly wild type for p53. Despite harboring wild-type p53, ER+ breast cancer cells are resistant to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in the presence of estrogen. Using genome-wide approaches, we have addressed the mechanism by which ER antagonizes the proapoptotic function of p53. Interestingly, both ER agonists such as estradiol and the selective ER modulator (SERM) tamoxifen promote p53 antagonism. In contrast, the full ER antagonist fulvestrant blocks the ability of ER to inhibit p53-mediated cell death. This inhibition works through a mechanism involving the modulation of a subset of p53 and ER target genes that can predict the relapse-free survival of patients with ER+ breast cancer. These findings suggest an improved strategy for the treatment of ER+ breast cancer using antagonists that completely block ER action together with drugs that activate p53-mediated cell death.
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Mercado-Feliciano M, Cora MC, Witt KL, Granville CA, Hejtmancik MR, Fomby L, Knostman KA, Ryan MJ, Newbold R, Smith C, Foster PM, Vallant MK, Stout MD. An ethanolic extract of black cohosh causes hematological changes but not estrogenic effects in female rodents. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 263:138-47. [PMID: 22687605 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Black cohosh rhizome (Actaea racemosa) is used as a remedy for pain and gynecological ailments; modern preparations are commonly sold as ethanolic extracts available as dietary supplements. Black cohosh was nominated to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) for toxicity testing due to its widespread use and lack of safety data. Several commercially available black cohosh extracts (BCE) were characterized by the NTP, and one with chemical composition closest to formulations available to consumers was used for all studies. Female B6C3F1/N mice and Wistar Han rats were given 0, 15 (rats only), 62.5 (mice only), 125, 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg/day BCE by gavage for 90 days starting at weaning. BCE induced dose-dependent hematological changes consistent with a non-regenerative macrocytic anemia and increased frequencies of peripheral micronucleated red blood cells (RBC) in both species. Effects were more severe in mice, which had decreased RBC counts in all treatment groups and increased micronucleated RBC at doses above 125 mg/kg. Dose-dependent thymus and liver toxicity was observed in rats but not mice. No biologically significant effects were observed in other organs. Puberty was delayed 2.9 days at the highest treatment dose in rats; a similar magnitude delay in mice occurred in the 125 and 250 mg/kg groups but not at the higher doses. An additional uterotrophic assay conducted in mice exposed for 3 days to 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 500 mg/kg found no estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity. These are the first studies to observe adverse effects of BCE in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Mercado-Feliciano
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Simvastatin Maintains Osteoblastic Viability While Promoting Differentiation by Partially Regulating the Expressions of Estrogen Receptors α. J Surg Res 2012; 174:278-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wang C, Hu ZQ, Chu M, Wang Z, Zhang WG, Wang LZ, Li CG, Wang JS. Resveratrol inhibited GH3 cell growth and decreased prolactin level via estrogen receptors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2012; 114:241-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Tabata H, Kobayashi M, Ikeda JH, Nakao N, Saito TR, Tanaka M. Characterization of multiple first exons in murine prolactin receptor gene and the effect of prolactin on their expression in the choroid plexus. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 48:169-76. [PMID: 22294444 DOI: 10.1530/jme-11-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (Prl) receptor (Prlr) gene is expressed in various brain regions, with the highest level present in the choroid plexus, a site for receptor-mediated PRL transport from the blood to cerebrospinal fluid. We investigated the regulatory mechanism of Prlr gene expression by PRL in the murine choroid plexus. We first examined the organization of the alternative first exons in murine Prlr gene. In addition to the three known first exons, mE1(1), mE1(2), and mE1(3), two first exons, mE1(4) and mE1(5), were newly identified by cDNA cloning. Each first exon variant of Prlr mRNA exhibited tissue-specific or generic expression. In the choroid plexus of mice, the expression levels of mE1(3)-, mE1(4)-, and mE1(5)-Prlr mRNAs were increased in the lactating mice compared with those in the diestrus mice. Furthermore, the expression level of mE1(4)-Prlr mRNA was decreased in the PRL-deficient (Prl(-/-)) mice compared with the PRL-normal (Prl(+/+) and Prl(+/-)) mice. In the ovariectomized Prl(-/-) mice, the expression level of mE1(4)-Prlr mRNA was significantly increased by PRL administration but not by 17β-estradiol administration. The expression levels of the two last exon variants of Prlr mRNAs, encoding the long and short cytoplasmic regions of PRLR, were also increased in the lactating mice and decreased in the Prl(-/-) mice. These findings suggest that PRL stimulates the Prlr gene expression through the transcriptional activation of mE1(4) first exon, leading to increases in the long- and short-form variants of Prlr mRNA in the murine choroid plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Tabata
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Lv H, Li C, Gui S, Zhang Y. Expression of estrogen receptor α and growth factors in human prolactinoma and its correlation with clinical features and gender. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:174-80. [PMID: 21422801 DOI: 10.3275/7607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies demonstrate that growth factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of prolactinoma induced by estrogen. The effects of estrogen are mainly mediated through its nuclear receptor (ERα); however, expression of ERα and growth factors in prolactinoma and healthy pituitary and their relationship remain obscure. AIM To obtain new insights regarding the expression differences of these factors and their relationship and to investigate the correlation between gender and clinical features in patients with prolactinoma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 21 human prolactinomas and 6 healthy human pituitaries were examined for mRNA expression of ERα, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor α (TGFα), TGFβ1, TGFβ3, and TGFβ receptor type II (TGFβRII) by means of real-time PCR. Patient clinical data was also analyzed. RESULTS Both PRL level and tumor volume of the male patient group were higher than that of the female patient group. There was a significant correlation between PRL level and tumor volume in the total patient group. Expression of ERα, bFGF, TGFα, and TGFβ3 mRNA levels of the patient group were significantly different from that of the control group. A significant correlation between ERα mRNA levels and PRL levels, tumor volume, TGFβ1 mRNA levels in the total patient group were found. CONCLUSIONS PRL level and tumor volume have a significant difference between genders in prolactinoma patients. ERα and some growth factors may be involved in the tumorigenesis of prolactinoma. ERα could potentially be an effective therapy target for treating prolactinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lv
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Chongwen District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Andrieu T, Bertolini R, Nichols SE, Setoud R, Frey FJ, Baker ME, Frey BM. A novel steroidal antiandrogen targeting wild type and mutant androgen receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1651-62. [PMID: 21907706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) progression is enhanced by androgen and treatment with antiandrogens represents an alternative to castration. While patients initially respond favorably to androgen ablation therapy, most experience a relapse of the disease within 1-2 years by expressing androgen receptor (AR) mutants. Such mutations, indeed, promote unfavorable agonistic behavior from classical antagonists. Here, we have synthesized and screened 37 novel compounds derived from dihydrotestosterone (DHT), cyanolutamide and hydroxyflutamide. These derivatives were tested for their potential antagonistic activity using a luciferase reporter gene assay and binding properties were determined for wild type (WT) and mutant ARs (T877A, W741C, W741L, H874Y). In the absence and presence of antiandrogens, androgen dependent cellular proliferation and prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression were assayed in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP by crystal violet, real time PCR and by Western blots. Also, cellular proliferation and PSA expression were assayed in 22Rv1. A novel compound RB346, derived from DHT, was found to be an antagonist for all tested AR forms, preventing DHT induced proliferation and PSA expression in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. RB346 displayed no agonistic activity, in contrast to the non-steroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide (Casodex) with unfavorable agonistic activity for W741L-AR. Additionally, RB346 has a slightly higher binding affinity for WT-AR, T877A-AR and H874Y-AR than bicalutamide. Thus, RB346 is the first potent steroidal antiandrogen with efficacy for WT and various AR mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andrieu
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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Nayak MK, Singh SK, Roy A, Prakash V, Kumar A, Dash D. Anti-thrombotic effects of selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106:624-35. [PMID: 21866300 DOI: 10.1160/th11-03-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is a known anti-cancer drug and established estrogen receptor modulator. Few clinical studies have earlier implicated the drug in thrombotic complications attributable to lower anti-thrombin and protein S levels in plasma. However, action of tamoxifen on platelet signalling machinery has not been elucidated in detail. In the present report we show that tamoxifen is endowed with significant inhibitory property against human platelet aggregation. From a series of in vivo and in vitro studies tamoxifen was found to inhibit almost all platelet functions, prolong tail bleeding time in mouse and profoundly prevent thrombus formation at injured arterial wall in mice, as well as on collagen matrix perfused with platelet-rich plasma under arterial shear against the vehicle dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). These findings strongly suggest that tamoxifen significantly downregulates platelet responses and holds potential as a promising anti-platelet/anti-thrombotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa K Nayak
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Bareford MD, Park MA, Yacoub A, Hamed HA, Tang Y, Cruickshanks N, Eulitt P, Hubbard N, Tye G, Burow ME, Fisher PB, Moran RG, Nephew KP, Grant S, Dent P. Sorafenib enhances pemetrexed cytotoxicity through an autophagy-dependent mechanism in cancer cells. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4955-67. [PMID: 21622715 PMCID: PMC3139015 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pemetrexed (ALIMTA, Lilly) is a folate antimetabolite that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and has been shown to stimulate autophagy. In the present study, we sought to further understand the role of autophagy in response to pemetrexed and to test if combination therapy could enhance the level of toxicity through altered autophagy in tumor cells. The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib (Nexavar, Bayer), used in the treatment of renal and hepatocellular carcinoma, suppresses tumor angiogenesis and promotes autophagy in tumor cells. We found that sorafenib interacted in a greater than additive fashion with pemetrexed to increase autophagy and to kill a diverse array of tumor cell types. Tumor cell types that displayed high levels of cell killing after combination treatment showed elevated levels of AKT, p70 S6K, and/or phosphorylated mTOR, in addition to class III receptor tyrosine kinases such as platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta and VEGF receptors, known in vivo targets of sorafenib. In xenograft and in syngeneic animal models of mammary carcinoma and glioblastoma, the combination of sorafenib and pemetrexed suppressed tumor growth without deleterious effects on normal tissues or animal body mass. Taken together, the data suggest that premexetred and sorafenib act synergistically to enhance tumor killing via the promotion of a toxic form of autophagy that leads to activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, and predict that combination treatment represents a future therapeutic option in the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Danielle Bareford
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Margaret A. Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Adly Yacoub
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Hossein A. Hamed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Nichola Cruickshanks
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Patrick Eulitt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Nisan Hubbard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Gary Tye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Matthew E. Burow
- Section of Hematology & Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans LA 70112
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
- Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Richard G. Moran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Kenneth P. Nephew
- Department of Medical Sciences, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Steven Grant
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
- Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
- Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
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Godinho M, Meijer D, Setyono-Han B, Dorssers LCJ, van Agthoven T. Characterization of BCAR4, a novel oncogene causing endocrine resistance in human breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1741-9. [PMID: 21506106 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to the antiestrogen tamoxifen remains a major problem in the management of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Knowledge on the resistance mechanisms is needed to develop more effective therapies. Breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 4 (BCAR4) was identified in a functional screen for genes involved in tamoxifen resistance. BCAR4 is expressed in 27% of primary breast tumors. In patients treated with tamoxifen for metastized disease high BCAR4 mRNA levels are associated with reduced clinical benefit and progression-free survival. Regarding tumor aggressiveness high BCAR4 mRNA levels are associated with a shorter metastasis free survival and overall survival. In the present study, we investigated the role of BCAR4 in endocrine resistance. Forced expression of BCAR4 in human ZR-75-1 and MCF7 breast cancer cells resulted in cell proliferation in the absence of estrogen and in the presence of various antiestrogens. Inhibition of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) expression with small interfering RNA (siRNA), implied that the BCAR4-induced mechanism of resistance is independent of ESR1. Highly conserved BCAR4 homologues of rhesus monkey, green monkey, and the less conserved common marmoset gene induced tamoxifen-resistant cell proliferation, in contrast to the distant BCAR4 homologues of bovine and rabbit. Injection of BCAR4-expressing ZR-75-1 cells into nude mice resulted in rapidly growing tumors. In silico analysis showed that BCAR4 mRNA is highly expressed in human placenta and oocyte, and absent in other normal tissues. In conclusion, BCAR4 is a strong transforming gene causing estrogen-independent growth and antiestrogen resistance, and induces tumor formation in vivo. Due to its restricted expression, BCAR4 may be a good target for treating antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Godinho
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Vo TTB, Jung EM, Choi KC, Yu FH, Jeung EB. Estrogen receptor α is involved in the induction of Calbindin-D(9k) and progesterone receptor by parabens in GH3 cells: a biomarker gene for screening xenoestrogens. Steroids 2011; 76:675-81. [PMID: 21473877 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The effects of paraben, a xenoestrogen with known endocrine disrupting bioactivity were evaluated. We used the induction of an estrogenic biomarker gene - Calbindin-D(9k) (CaBP-9k) to investigate the xenoestrogenic activity of a panel of parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, isopropyl-, butyl-, and isobutylparabens) in GH3 rat pituitary cancer cell line. Following 24-h treatment, a significant increase in CaBP-9k expression of transcript and protein was dependent on the concentration-treated as well as the linear length of the alkyl chain from methyl- to isobutylparabens. Interestingly, co-treatment with fulvestrant, a pure antiestrogen largely reversed the paraben-dependent induction of CaBP-9k mRNA and protein in GH3 cell line. To better understand the mechanism of CaBP-9k induction by these endocrine disrupting compounds, we measured the levels of estrogen receptor (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression following parabens exposure. Also, we monitored the transiently transfected with plasmids containing of estrogen response element (ERE) sequence into GH3. In the GH3 cells, a large increase in PR mRNA and protein was observed in a concentration-dependent manner after parabens treatment that was effectively blocked in the presence of antagonist of 17β-estradiol (fulvestrant). And, luciferase activity was expressed from the putative ERE and expression was stimulated by parabens. To confirm that ERα signaling is involved in parabens induction of CaBP-9k and PR mRNA and protein, we treated GH3 cells with an antiestrogen, fulvestrant, which blocked the paraben-induced upregulation of CaBP-9k and PR. Taken together, these results indicate that CaBP-9k and PR is induced by parabens via the ER pathway in GH3 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T B Vo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Hwang JY, Huang W, Arnold LA, Huang R, Attia RR, Connelly M, Wichterman J, Zhu F, Augustinaite I, Austin CP, Inglese J, Johnson RL, Guy RK. Methylsulfonylnitrobenzoates, a new class of irreversible inhibitors of the interaction of the thyroid hormone receptor and its obligate coactivators that functionally antagonizes thyroid hormone. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:11895-908. [PMID: 21321127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.200436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor (NR) superfamily and regulate development, growth, and metabolism. Upon binding thyroid hormone, TR undergoes a conformational change that allows the release of corepressors and the recruitment of coactivators, which in turn regulate target gene transcription. Although a number of TR antagonists have been developed, most are analogs of the endogenous hormone that inhibit ligand binding. In a screen for inhibitors that block the association of TRβ with steroid receptor coactivator 2 (SRC2), we identified a novel methylsulfonylnitrobenzoate (MSNB)-containing series that blocks this interaction at micromolar concentrations. Here we have studied a series of MSNB analogs and characterized their structure activity relationships. MSNB members do not displace thyroid hormone T3 but instead act by direct displacement of SRC2. MSNB series members are selective for the TR over the androgen, vitamin D, and PPARγ NR members, and they antagonize thyroid hormone-activated transcription action in cells. The methylsulfonylnitro group is essential for TRβ antagonism. Side-chain alkylamine substituents showed better inhibitory activity than arylamine substituents. Mass spectrum analysis suggested that MSNB inhibitors bind irreversibly to Cys-298 within the AF-2 cleft of TRβ to disrupt SRC2 association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yeon Hwang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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Giles A, Madec F, Friedrichsen S, Featherstone K, Chambers T, Harper CV, Resch J, Brabant G, Davis JRE. Wnt signaling in estrogen-induced lactotroph proliferation. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:540-7. [PMID: 21245194 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.078642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactinomas are the most common type of functioning pituitary adenoma in humans, but the control of lactotroph proliferation remains unclear. Here, using microarray analysis, we show that estrogen treatment increased expression of Wnt4 mRNA in adult Fischer rat pituitary tissue. Dual immunofluorescence analysis revealed that Wnt4 expression was not confined to lactotrophs, but that it was expressed in all anterior pituitary cell types. Estradiol induced proliferation in the somatolactotroph GH3 cell line, in parallel with Wnt4 mRNA and protein induction. A reporter gene assay for TCF- and LEF-dependent transcription revealed that there was no activation of the canonical Wnt pathway in GH3 cells upon stimulation with Wnt-conditioned culture medium or coexpression of constitutively active mutant β-catenin. Expression of β-catenin in both GH3 cells and normal rat anterior pituitary cells was restricted to the cell membrane and was unaltered by treatment with estradiol, with no nuclear β-catenin being detected under any of the conditions tested. We show for the first time that Wnt4 affects non-canonical signaling in the pituitary by inhibiting Ca(2+) oscillations in GH3 cells, although the downstream effects are as yet unknown. In summary, Wnt4 is expressed in the adult pituitary gland, and its expression is increased by estrogen exposure, suggesting that its involvement in adult tissue plasticity is likely to involve β-catenin-independent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Giles
- Endocrinology & Diabetes Group, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Recrystallization of erlotinib hydrochloride and fulvestrant using supercritical antisolvent process. J Supercrit Fluids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gutiérrez S, Petiti JP, Sosa LDV, Fozzatti L, De Paul AL, Masini-Repiso AM, Torres AI. 17β-oestradiol acts as a negative modulator of insulin-induced lactotroph cell proliferation through oestrogen receptor α, via nitric oxide/guanylyl cyclase/cGMP. Cell Prolif 2010; 43:505-14. [PMID: 20887556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 17β-oestradiol interacts with growth factors to modulate lactotroph cell population. However, contribution of isoforms of the oestrogen receptor in these activities is not fully understood. In the present study, we have established participation of α and β oestrogen receptors in effects of 17β-oestradiol on lactotroph proliferation induced by insulin and shown involvement of the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell cultures were prepared from anterior pituitaries of female rats to evaluate lactotroph cell proliferation using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) detection, protein expression by western blotting and cGMP by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS In serum-free conditions, 17β-oestradiol and α and β oestrogen receptor agonists (PPT and DPN) failed to increase numbers of lactotroph cells undergoing mitosis. Co-incubation of 17β-oestradiol/insulin and PPT/insulin significantly decreased lactotroph mitogenic activity promoted by insulin alone. Both ICI 182780 and NOS inhibitors (L-NMMA and L-NAME) induced reversal of the anti-proliferative effect promoted by 17β-oestradiol/insulin and PPT/insulin. Moreover, 17β-oestradiol, PPT and insulin increased sGC α1 protein expression and inhibited β1, whereas co-incubation of 17β-oestradiol/insulin or PPT/insulin induced increases of the two isoforms α1 and β1. 17β-oestradiol and insulin reduced cGMP production, while 17β-oestradiol/insulin co-incubation increased this cyclic nucleotide. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that 17β-oestradiol is capable of arresting lactotroph proliferation induced by insulin through ER α with participation of the signalling NO/sGC/cGMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gutiérrez
- Center of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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