1
|
Lee K, Jung Y, Vyas Y, Skelton I, Abraham WC, Hsueh YP, Montgomery JM. Dietary zinc supplementation rescues fear-based learning and synaptic function in the Tbr1 +/- mouse model of autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism 2022; 13:13. [PMID: 35303947 PMCID: PMC8932001 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-022-00494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by a dyad of behavioural symptoms—social and communication deficits and repetitive behaviours. Multiple aetiological genetic and environmental factors have been identified as causing or increasing the likelihood of ASD, including serum zinc deficiency. Our previous studies revealed that dietary zinc supplementation can normalise impaired social behaviours, excessive grooming, and heightened anxiety in a Shank3 mouse model of ASD, as well as the amelioration of synapse dysfunction. Here, we have examined the efficacy and breadth of dietary zinc supplementation as an effective therapeutic strategy utilising a non-Shank-related mouse model of ASD—mice with Tbr1 haploinsufficiency. Methods We performed behavioural assays, amygdalar slice whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, and immunohistochemistry to characterise the synaptic mechanisms underlying the ASD-associated behavioural deficits observed in Tbr1+/− mice and the therapeutic potential of dietary zinc supplementation. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Šídák's post hoc test and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparisons were performed for statistical analysis. Results Our data show that dietary zinc supplementation prevents impairments in auditory fear memory and social interaction, but not social novelty, in the Tbr1+/− mice. Tbr1 haploinsufficiency did not induce excessive grooming nor elevate anxiety in mice. At the synaptic level, dietary zinc supplementation reversed α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction and normalised presynaptic function at thalamic-lateral amygdala (LA) synapses that are crucial for auditory fear memory. In addition, the zinc supplemented diet significantly restored the synaptic puncta density of the GluN1 subunit essential for functional NMDARs as well as SHANK3 expression in both the basal and lateral amygdala (BLA) of Tbr1+/− mice. Limitations The therapeutic effect of dietary zinc supplementation observed in rodent models may not reproduce the same effects in human patients. The effect of dietary zinc supplementation on synaptic function in other brain structures affected by Tbr1 haploinsufficiency including olfactory bulb and anterior commissure will also need to be examined. Conclusions Our data further the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of dietary zinc supplementation and verify the efficacy and breadth of its application as a potential treatment strategy for ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lee
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Yewon Jung
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Yukti Vyas
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Imogen Skelton
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Rd., Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Johanna M Montgomery
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang J, Menges S, Gu P, Tongbai R, Samuel M, Prather RS, Klassen H. Porcine Neural Progenitor Cells Derived from Tissue at Different Gestational Ages Can Be Distinguished by Global Transcriptome. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:1582-1595. [PMID: 29113465 PMCID: PMC5524599 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717723015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of gestational age on mammalian neural progenitor cells is potentially important for both an understanding of neural development and the selection of donor cells for novel cell-based treatment strategies. In terms of the latter, it can be problematic to rely entirely on rodent models in which the gestational period is significantly shorter and the brain much smaller than is the case in humans. Here, we analyzed pig brain progenitor cells (pBPCs) harvested at 2 different gestational ages (E45 and E60) using gene expression profiles, obtained by microarray analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), across time in culture. Comparison of the global transcriptome of pBPCs from age-matched transgenic green flourescent protein (GFP)-expressing fetuses versus non-GFP-expressing fetuses did not reveal significant differences between the 2 cell types, whereas comparison between E45 and E60 pBPCs did show separation between the data sets by principle component analysis. Further examination by qPCR showed evidence of relative downregulation of proliferation markers and upregulation of glial markers in the gestationally older (E60) cells. Additional comparisons were made. This study provides evidence of age-related changes in the gene expression of cultured fetal porcine neural progenitors that are potentially relevant to the role of these cells during development and as donor cells for transplantation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,2 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Steven Menges
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,2 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ping Gu
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,2 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,3 Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronald Tongbai
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,4 Present Address: Huntington Beach Eye Consultants, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Samuel
- 5 National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- 5 National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Henry Klassen
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,2 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Genetic and Molecular Approaches to Study Neuronal Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7050053. [PMID: 28475113 PMCID: PMC5447935 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7050053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of neuronal cells in the developing cerebral cortex is essential for proper development of the brain and brain networks. Disturbances in this process, due to genetic abnormalities or exogenous factors, leads to aberrant brain formation, brain network formation, and brain function. In the last decade, there has been extensive research in the field of neuronal migration. In this review, we describe different methods and approaches to assess and study neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex. First, we discuss several genetic methods, techniques and genetic models that have been used to study neuronal migration in the developing cortex. Second, we describe several molecular approaches to study aberrant neuronal migration in the cortex which can be used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of neuronal migration. Finally, we describe model systems to investigate and assess the potential toxicity effect of prenatal exposure to environmental chemicals on proper brain formation and neuronal migration.
Collapse
|
4
|
de Campo DM, Cameron JL, Miano JM, Lewis DA, Mirnics K, Fudge JL. Maternal deprivation alters expression of neural maturation gene tbr1 in the amygdala paralaminar nucleus in infant female macaques. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 59:235-249. [PMID: 27917473 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early parental loss is associated with social-emotional dysregulation and amygdala physiologic changes. Previously, we examined whole amygdala gene expression in infant monkeys exposed to early maternal deprivation. Here, we focus on an amygdala region with immature neurons at birth: the paralaminar nucleus (PL). We hypothesized that 1) the normal infant PL is enriched in a subset of neural maturation (NM) genes compared to a nearby amygdala subregion; and 2) maternal deprivation would downregulate expression of NM transcripts (mRNA). mRNAs for bcl2, doublecortin, neuroD1, and tbr1-genes expressed in post-mitotic neurons-were enriched in the normal PL. Maternal deprivation at either 1 week or 1 month of age resulted in PL-specific downregulation of tbr1-a transcription factor necessary for directing neuroblasts to a glutamatergic phenotype. tbr1 expression also correlated with typical social behaviors. We conclude that maternal deprivation influences glutamatergic neuronal development in the PL, possibly influencing circuits mediating social learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M de Campo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Judy L Cameron
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph M Miano
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - David A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Julie L Fudge
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mühlebner A, Iyer AM, van Scheppingen J, Anink JJ, Jansen FE, Veersema TJ, Braun KP, Spliet WGM, van Hecke W, Söylemezoğlu F, Feucht M, Krsek P, Zamecnik J, Bien CG, Polster T, Coras R, Blümcke I, Aronica E. Specific pattern of maturation and differentiation in the formation of cortical tubers in tuberous sclerosis omplex (TSC): evidence from layer-specific marker expression. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:9. [PMID: 27042238 PMCID: PMC4818922 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multisystem disorder that results from mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, leading to constitutive activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Cortical tubers represent typical lesions of the central nervous system (CNS) in TSC. The pattern of cortical layering disruption observed in brain tissue of TSC patients is not yet fully understood, and little is known about the origin and phenotype of individual abnormal cell types recognized in tubers. METHODS In the present study, we aimed to characterize dysmorphic neurons (DNs) and giant cells (GCs) of cortical tubers using neocortical layer-specific markers (NeuN, SMI32, Tbr1, Satb2, Cux2, ER81, and RORβ) and to compare the features with the histo-morphologically similar focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type IIb. We studied a cohort of nine surgically resected cortical tubers, five FCD type IIb, and four control samples using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. RESULTS Cortical tuber displayed a prominent cell loss in all cortical layers. Moreover, we observed altered proportions of layer-specific markers within the dysplastic region. DNs, in both tubers and FCD type IIb, were found positive for different cortical layer markers, regardless of their laminar location, and their immunophenotype resembles that of cortical projection neurons. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that, similar to FCD type IIb, cortical layering is markedly disturbed in cortical tubers of TSC patients. Distribution of these disturbances is comparable in all tubers and suggests a dysmaturation affecting early and late migratory patterns, with a more severe impairment of the late stage of maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anand M Iyer
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jasper J Anink
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floor E Jansen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim J Veersema
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kees P Braun
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim G M Spliet
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van Hecke
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Figen Söylemezoğlu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martha Feucht
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Krsek
- Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zamecnik
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tilman Polster
- Epilepsy Centre Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Roland Coras
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reiner O, Karzbrun E, Kshirsagar A, Kaibuchi K. Regulation of neuronal migration, an emerging topic in autism spectrum disorders. J Neurochem 2015; 136:440-56. [PMID: 26485324 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) encompass a group of neurodevelopmental diseases that demonstrate strong heritability, however, the inheritance is not simple and many genes have been associated with these disorders. ASD is regarded as a neurodevelopmental disorder, and abnormalities at different developmental stages are part of the disease etiology. This review provides a general background on neuronal migration during brain development and discusses recent advancements in the field connecting ASD and aberrant neuronal migration. We propose that neuronal migration impairment may be an important common pathophysiology in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This review provides a general background on neuronal migration during brain development and discusses recent advancements in the field connecting ASD and aberrant neuronal migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Karzbrun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aditya Kshirsagar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Orchestration of Neuronal Differentiation and Progenitor Pool Expansion in the Developing Cortex by SoxC Genes. J Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26203155 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1663-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As the cerebral cortex forms, specialized molecular cascades direct the expansion of progenitor pools, the differentiation of neurons, or the maturation of discrete neuronal subtypes, together ensuring that the correct amounts and classes of neurons are generated. In several neural systems, the SoxC transcriptional regulators, particularly Sox11 and Sox4, have been characterized as functioning exclusively and redundantly in promoting neuronal differentiation. Using the mouse cerebral cortex as a model, Sox11 and Sox4 were examined in the formation of the most complex part of the mammalian brain. Anticipated prodifferentiation roles were observed. Distinct expression patterns and mutant phenotypes, however, reveal that Sox11 and Sox4 are not redundant in the cortex, but rather act in overlapping and discrete populations of neurons. In particular, Sox11 acts in early-born neurons; binding to its partner protein, Neurogenin1, leads to selective targeting and transactivation of a downstream gene, NeuroD1. In addition to neuronal expression, Sox4 was unexpectedly expressed in intermediate progenitor cells, the transit amplifying cell of the cerebral cortex. Sox4 mutant analyses reveal a requirement for Sox4 in IPC specification and maintenance. In intermediate progenitors, Sox4 partners with the proneural gene Neurogenin2 to activate Tbrain2 and then with Tbrain2 to maintain this cell fate. This work reveals an intricately structured molecular architecture for SoxC molecules, with Sox11 acting in a select set of cortical neurons and Sox4 playing an unanticipated role in designating secondary progenitors.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gerstmann K, Pensold D, Symmank J, Khundadze M, Hübner CA, Bolz J, Zimmer G. Thalamic afferents influence cortical progenitors via ephrin A5-EphA4 interactions. Development 2014; 142:140-50. [PMID: 25480914 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype of excitatory cerebral cortex neurons is specified at the progenitor level, orchestrated by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here, we provide evidence for a subcortical contribution to cortical progenitor regulation by thalamic axons via ephrin A5-EphA4 interactions. Ephrin A5 is expressed by thalamic axons and represents a high-affinity ligand for EphA4 receptors detected in cortical precursors. Recombinant ephrin A5-Fc protein, as well as ephrin A ligand-expressing, thalamic axons affect the output of cortical progenitor division in vitro. Ephrin A5-deficient mice show an altered division mode of radial glial cells (RGCs) accompanied by increased numbers of intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) and an elevated neuronal production for the deep cortical layers at E13.5. In turn, at E16.5 the pool of IPCs is diminished, accompanied by reduced rates of generated neurons destined for the upper cortical layers. This correlates with extended infragranular layers at the expense of superficial cortical layers in adult ephrin A5-deficient and EphA4-deficient mice. We suggest that ephrin A5 ligands imported by invading thalamic axons interact with EphA4-expressing RGCs, thereby contributing to the fine-tuning of IPC generation and thus the proper neuronal output for cortical layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Gerstmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany Institute for General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Pensold
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Judit Symmank
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Mukhran Khundadze
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bolz
- Institute for General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany Institute for General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Judaš M, Sedmak G, Pletikos M. Early history of subplate and interstitial neurons: from Theodor Meynert (1867) to the discovery of the subplate zone (1974). J Anat 2010; 217:344-67. [PMID: 20979585 PMCID: PMC2992413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this historical review, we trace the early history of research on the fetal subplate zone, subplate neurons and interstitial neurons in the white matter of the adult nervous system. We arrive at several general conclusions. First, a century of research clearly testifies that interstitial neurons, subplate neurons and the subplate zone were first observed and variously described in the human brain - or, in more general terms, in large brains of gyrencephalic mammals, characterized by an abundant white matter and slow and protracted prenatal and postnatal development. Secondly, the subplate zone cannot be meaningfully defined using a single criterion - be it a specific population of cells, fibres or a specific molecular or genetic marker. The subplate zone is a highly dynamic architectonic compartment and its size and cellular composition do not remain constant during development. Thirdly, it is important to make a clear distinction between the subplate zone and the subplate (and interstitial) neurons. The transient existence of the subplate zone (as a specific architectonic compartment of the fetal telencephalic wall) should not be equated with the putative transient existence of subplate neurons. It is clear that in rodents, and to an even greater extent in humans and monkeys, a significant number of subplate cells survive and remain functional throughout life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Judaš
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Salata 12, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Suárez-Solá ML, González-Delgado FJ, Pueyo-Morlans M, Medina-Bolívar OC, Hernández-Acosta NC, González-Gómez M, Meyer G. Neurons in the white matter of the adult human neocortex. Front Neuroanat 2009; 3:7. [PMID: 19543540 PMCID: PMC2697018 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.05.007.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The white matter (WM) of the adult human neocortex contains the so-called “interstitial neurons”. They are most numerous in the superficial WM underlying the cortical gyri, and decrease in density toward the deep WM. They are morphologically heterogeneous. A subgroup of interstitial neurons display pyramidal-cell like morphologies, characterized by a polarized dendritic tree with a dominant apical dendrite, and covered with a variable number of dendritic spines. In addition, a large contingent of interstitial neurons can be classified as interneurons based on their neurochemical profile as well as on morphological criteria. WM- interneurons have multipolar or bipolar shapes and express GABA and a variety of other neuronal markers, such as calbindin and calretinin, the extracellular matrix protein reelin, or neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and nitric oxide synthase. The heterogeneity of interstitial neurons may be relevant for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease and schizophrenia. Interstitial neurons are most prominent in human brain, and only rudimentary in the brain of non-primate mammals. These evolutionary differences have precluded adequate experimental work on this cell population, which is usually considered as a relict of the subplate, a transient compartment proper of development and without a known function in the adult brain. The primate-specific prominence of the subplate in late fetal stages points to an important role in the establishment of interstitial neurons. Neurons in the adult WM may be actively involved in coordinating inter-areal connectivity and regulation of blood flow. Further studies in primates will be needed to elucidate the developmental history, adult components and activities of this large neuronal system.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cundiff P, Liu L, Wang Y, Zou J, Pan YW, Abel G, Duan X, Ming GL, Englund C, Hevner R, Xia Z. ERK5 MAP kinase regulates neurogenin1 during cortical neurogenesis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5204. [PMID: 19365559 PMCID: PMC2664926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The commitment of multi-potent cortical progenitors to a neuronal fate depends on the transient induction of the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors including Neurogenin 1 (Neurog1). Previous studies have focused on mechanisms that control the expression of these proteins while little is known about whether their pro-neural activities can be regulated by kinase signaling pathways. Using primary cultures and ex vivo slice cultures, here we report that both the transcriptional and pro-neural activities of Neurog1 are regulated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 5 signaling in cortical progenitors. Activation of ERK5 potentiated, while blocking ERK5 inhibited Neurog1-induced neurogenesis. Furthermore, endogenous ERK5 activity was required for Neurog1-initiated transcription. Interestingly, ERK5 activation was sufficient to induce Neurog1 phosphorylation and ERK5 directly phosphorylated Neurog1 in vitro. We identified S179/S208 as putative ERK5 phosphorylation sites in Neurog1. Mutations of S179/S208 to alanines inhibited the transcriptional and pro-neural activities of Neurog1. Our data identify ERK5 phosphorylation of Neurog1 as a novel mechanism regulating neuronal fate commitment of cortical progenitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige Cundiff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lidong Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Junhui Zou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yung-Wei Pan
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Glen Abel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xin Duan
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guo-li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chris Englund
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert Hevner
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zembrzycki A, Griesel G, Stoykova A, Mansouri A. Genetic interplay between the transcription factors Sp8 and Emx2 in the patterning of the forebrain. Neural Dev 2007; 2:8. [PMID: 17470284 PMCID: PMC1868949 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The forebrain consists of multiple structures necessary to achieve elaborate functions. Proper patterning is, therefore, a prerequisite for the generation of optimal functional areas. Only a few factors have been shown to control the genetic networks that establish early forebrain patterning. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Using conditional inactivation, we show that the transcription factor Sp8 has an essential role in the molecular and functional patterning of the developing telencephalon along the anteroposterior axis by modulating the expression gradients of Emx2 and Pax6. Moreover, Sp8 is essential for the maintenance of ventral cell identity in the septum and medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). This is probably mediated through a positive regulatory interaction with Fgf8 in the medial wall, and Nkx2.1 in the rostral MGE anlage, and independent of SHH and WNT signaling. Furthermore, Sp8 is required during corticogenesis to sustain a normal progenitor pool, and to control preplate splitting, as well as the specification of cellular diversity within distinct cortical layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zembrzycki
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Am Fassberg, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- DFG Center for the Molecular Physiology of the Brain, CMPB, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gundula Griesel
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Am Fassberg, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anastasia Stoykova
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Am Fassberg, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- DFG Center for the Molecular Physiology of the Brain, CMPB, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mansouri
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Am Fassberg, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- DFG Center for the Molecular Physiology of the Brain, CMPB, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str., 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jacobs EC, Campagnoni C, Kampf K, Reyes SD, Kalra V, Handley V, Xie YY, Hong-Hu Y, Spreur V, Fisher RS, Campagnoni AT. Visualization of corticofugal projections during early cortical development in a tau-GFP-transgenic mouse. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:17-30. [PMID: 17241263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first postmitotic neurons in the developing neocortex establish the preplate layer. These early-born neurons have a significant influence on the circuitry of the developing cortex. However, the exact timing and trajectory of their projections, between cortical hemispheres and intra- and extra-cortical regions, remain unresolved. Here, we describe the creation of a transgenic mouse using a 1.3 kb golli promoter element of the myelin basic protein gene to target expression of a tau-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein in the cell bodies and processes of pioneer cortical neurons. During embryonic and early neonatal development, the timing and patterning of process extension from these neurons was examined. Analysis of tau-GFP fluorescent fibers revealed that progression of early labeled projections was interrupted unexpectedly by transient pauses at the corticostriatal and telencephalic-diencephalic boundaries before invading the thalamus just prior to birth. After birth the pioneering projections differentially invaded the thalamus, excluding some nuclei, e.g. medial and lateral geniculate, until postnatal days 10-14. Early labeled projections were also found to cross to the contralateral hemisphere as well as to the superior colliculus. These results indicate that early corticothalamic projections appear to pause before invading specific subcortical regions during development, that there is developmental regulation of innervation of individual thalamic nuclei, and that these early-generated neurons also establish early projections to commissural and subcortical targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Jacobs
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, 635 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7332, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|