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Serneels PJ, De Schutter JD, De Groef L, Moons L, Bergmans S. Oligodendroglial heterogeneity in health, disease, and recovery: deeper insights into myelin dynamics. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:3179-3192. [PMID: 39665821 PMCID: PMC11881716 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Decades of research asserted that the oligodendroglial lineage comprises two cell types: oligodendrocyte precursor cells and oligodendrocytes. However, recent studies employing single-cell RNA sequencing techniques have uncovered novel cell states, prompting a revision of the existing terminology. Going forward, the oligodendroglial lineage should be delineated into five distinct cell states: oligodendrocyte precursor cells, committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells, newly formed oligodendrocytes, myelin-forming oligodendrocytes, and mature oligodendrocytes. This new classification system enables a deeper understanding of the oligodendroglia in both physiological and pathological contexts. Adopting this uniform terminology will facilitate comparison and integration of data across studies. This, including the consolidation of findings from various demyelinating models, is essential to better understand the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases. Additionally, comparing injury models across species with varying regenerative capacities can provide insights that may lead to new therapeutic strategies to overcome remyelination failure. Thus, by standardizing terminology and synthesizing data from diverse studies across different animal models, we can enhance our understanding of myelin pathology in central nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, all of which involve oligodendroglial and myelin dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Jan Serneels
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Neural Circuit Development & Regeneration Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie D. De Schutter
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Neural Circuit Development & Regeneration Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Cellular Communication & Neurodegeneration Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Neural Circuit Development & Regeneration Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Bergmans
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Neural Circuit Development & Regeneration Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Sebastian R, Song Y, Pak C. Probing the molecular and cellular pathological mechanisms of schizophrenia using human induced pluripotent stem cell models. Schizophr Res 2024; 273:4-23. [PMID: 35835709 PMCID: PMC9832179 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With recent advancements in psychiatric genomics, as a field, "stem cell-based disease modelers" were given the exciting yet daunting task of translating the extensive list of disease-associated risks into biologically and clinically relevant information in order to deliver therapeutically meaningful leads and insights. Despite their limitations, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) based models have greatly aided our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the complex etiology of brain disorders including schizophrenia (SCZ). In this review, we summarize the major findings from studies in the past decade which utilized iPSC models to investigate cell type-specific phenotypes relevant to idiopathic SCZ and disease penetrant alleles. Across cell type differences, several biological themes emerged, serving as potential neurodevelopmental mechanisms of SCZ, including oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, depletion of progenitor pools and insufficient differentiation potential of these progenitors, and structural and functional deficits of neurons and other supporting cells. Here, we discuss both the recent progress as well as challenges and improvements needed for future studies utilizing iPSCs as a model for SCZ and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sebastian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yoonjae Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - ChangHui Pak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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3
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Al Jaf AIA, Peria S, Fabiano T, Ragnini-Wilson A. Remyelinating Drugs at a Crossroad: How to Improve Clinical Efficacy and Drug Screenings. Cells 2024; 13:1326. [PMID: 39195216 PMCID: PMC11352944 DOI: 10.3390/cells13161326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Axons wrapped around the myelin sheath enable fast transmission of neuronal signals in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Unfortunately, myelin can be damaged by injury, viral infection, and inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Remyelination is a spontaneous process that can restore nerve conductivity and thus movement and cognition after a demyelination event. Cumulative evidence indicates that remyelination can be pharmacologically stimulated, either by targeting natural inhibitors of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs) differentiation or by reactivating quiescent Neural Stem Cells (qNSCs) proliferation and differentiation in myelinating Oligodendrocytes (OLs). Although promising results were obtained in animal models for demyelination diseases, none of the compounds identified have passed all the clinical stages. The significant number of patients who could benefit from remyelination therapies reinforces the urgent need to reassess drug selection approaches and develop strategies that effectively promote remyelination. Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven technologies with patient-derived cell-based assays and organoid models is expected to lead to novel strategies and drug screening pipelines to achieve this goal. In this review, we explore the current literature on these technologies and their potential to enhance the identification of more effective drugs for clinical use in CNS remyelination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aland Ibrahim Ahmed Al Jaf
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Peria
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Fabiano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonella Ragnini-Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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4
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Zeldich E, Rajkumar S. Identity and Maturity of iPSC-Derived Oligodendrocytes in 2D and Organoid Systems. Cells 2024; 13:674. [PMID: 38667289 PMCID: PMC11049552 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes originating in the brain and spinal cord as well as in the ventral and dorsal domains of the neural tube are transcriptomically and functionally distinct. These distinctions are also reflected in the ultrastructure of the produced myelin, and the susceptibility to myelin-related disorders, which highlights the significance of the choice of patterning protocols in the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into oligodendrocytes. Thus, our first goal was to survey the different approaches applied to the generation of iPSC-derived oligodendrocytes in 2D culture and in organoids, as well as reflect on how these approaches pertain to the regional and spatial fate of the generated oligodendrocyte progenitors and myelinating oligodendrocytes. This knowledge is increasingly important to disease modeling and future therapeutic strategies. Our second goal was to recap the recent advances in the development of oligodendrocyte-enriched organoids, as we explore their relevance to a regional specification alongside their duration, complexity, and maturation stages of oligodendrocytes and myelin biology. Finally, we discuss the shortcomings of the existing protocols and potential future explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Zeldich
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sandeep Rajkumar
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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5
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Rogujski P, Lukomska B, Janowski M, Stanaszek L. Glial-restricted progenitor cells: a cure for diseased brain? Biol Res 2024; 57:8. [PMID: 38475854 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is home to neuronal and glial cells. Traditionally, glia was disregarded as just the structural support across the brain and spinal cord, in striking contrast to neurons, always considered critical players in CNS functioning. In modern times this outdated dogma is continuously repelled by new evidence unravelling the importance of glia in neuronal maintenance and function. Therefore, glia replacement has been considered a potentially powerful therapeutic strategy. Glial progenitors are at the center of this hope, as they are the source of new glial cells. Indeed, sophisticated experimental therapies and exciting clinical trials shed light on the utility of exogenous glia in disease treatment. Therefore, this review article will elaborate on glial-restricted progenitor cells (GRPs), their origin and characteristics, available sources, and adaptation to current therapeutic approaches aimed at various CNS diseases, with particular attention paid to myelin-related disorders with a focus on recent progress and emerging concepts. The landscape of GRP clinical applications is also comprehensively presented, and future perspectives on promising, GRP-based therapeutic strategies for brain and spinal cord diseases are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rogujski
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luiza Stanaszek
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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6
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Abstract
The inability of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) to undergo spontaneous regeneration has long been regarded as a central tenet of neurobiology. However, while this is largely true of the neuronal elements of the adult mammalian CNS, save for discrete populations of granule neurons, the same is not true of its glial elements. In particular, the loss of oligodendrocytes, which results in demyelination, triggers a spontaneous and often highly efficient regenerative response, remyelination, in which new oligodendrocytes are generated and myelin sheaths are restored to denuded axons. Yet remyelination in humans is not without limitation, and a variety of demyelinating conditions are associated with sustained and disabling myelin loss. In this work, we will (1) review the biology of remyelination, including the cells and signals involved; (2) describe when remyelination occurs and when and why it fails, including the consequences of its failure; and (3) discuss approaches for therapeutically enhancing remyelination in demyelinating diseases of both children and adults, both by stimulating endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and by transplanting these cells into demyelinated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J M Franklin
- Altos Labs Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Bodini
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, INSERM, Paris 75013, France
- Saint-Antoine Hospital, APHP, Paris 75012, France
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
- University of Copenhagen Faculty of Medicine, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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7
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Shim G, Romero-Morales AI, Sripathy SR, Maher BJ. Utilizing hiPSC-derived oligodendrocytes to study myelin pathophysiology in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1322813. [PMID: 38273973 PMCID: PMC10808804 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1322813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes play a crucial role in our central nervous system (CNS) by myelinating axons for faster action potential conduction, protecting axons from degeneration, structuring the position of ion channels, and providing nutrients to neurons. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction and/or dysmyelination can contribute to a range of neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Leukodystrophy (LD), Schizophrenia (SCZ), and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Common characteristics identified across these disorders were either an inability of oligodendrocytes to remyelinate after degeneration or defects in oligodendrocyte development and maturation. Unfortunately, the causal mechanisms of oligodendrocyte dysfunction are still uncertain, and therapeutic targets remain elusive. Many studies rely on the use of animal models to identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind these disorders, however, such studies face species-specific challenges and therefore lack translatability. The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to model neurological diseases is becoming a powerful new tool, improving our understanding of pathophysiology and capacity to explore therapeutic targets. Here, we focus on the application of hiPSC-derived oligodendrocyte model systems to model disorders caused by oligodendrocyte dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Shim
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alejandra I. Romero-Morales
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Srinidhi R. Sripathy
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brady J. Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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8
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Goldman SA, Franklin RJM, Osorio J. Stem and progenitor cell-based therapy of myelin disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2024; 205:283-295. [PMID: 39341659 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90120-8.00015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Much of clinical neurology is concerned with diseases of-or involving-the brain's subcortical white matter. Common to these disorders is the loss of myelin, reflecting the elimination or dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and fibrous astrocytes. As such, the introduction of glial progenitor cells, which can give rise to new oligodendrocytes and astrocytes alike, may be a feasible strategy for treating a broad variety of conditions in which white matter loss is causally involved. This review first covers the sourcing and production of human glial progenitor cells, and the preclinical evidence for their efficacy in achieving myelin restoration in vivo. It then discusses both pediatric and adult disease targets for which transplanted glial progenitors may prove of therapeutic value, those challenges that remain in the clinical application of a glial cell replacement strategy, and the clinical endpoints by which the efficacy of this approach may be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Goldman
- Sana Biotechnology, Cambridge, MA, United States; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States; University of Copenhagen Faculty of Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Joana Osorio
- Sana Biotechnology, Cambridge, MA, United States; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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9
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Christodoulou MV, Petkou E, Atzemoglou N, Gkorla E, Karamitrou A, Simos YV, Bellos S, Bekiari C, Kouklis P, Konitsiotis S, Vezyraki P, Peschos D, Tsamis KI. Cell replacement therapy with stem cells in multiple sclerosis, a systematic review. Hum Cell 2024; 37:9-53. [PMID: 37985645 PMCID: PMC10764451 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-01006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by demyelination and axonal loss. It is induced by attack of autoreactive lymphocytes on the myelin sheath and endogenous remyelination failure, eventually leading to accumulation of neurological disability. Disease-modifying agents can successfully address inflammatory relapses, but have low efficacy in progressive forms of MS, and cannot stop the progressive neurodegenerative process. Thus, the stem cell replacement therapy approach, which aims to overcome CNS cell loss and remyelination failure, is considered a promising alternative treatment. Although the mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of stem cell transplantation are not yet fully understood, neurotrophic support, immunomodulation, and cell replacement appear to play an important role, leading to a multifaceted fight against the pathology of the disease. The present systematic review is focusing on the efficacy of stem cells to migrate at the lesion sites of the CNS and develop functional oligodendrocytes remyelinating axons. While most studies confirm the improvement of neurological deficits after the administration of different stem cell types, many critical issues need to be clarified before they can be efficiently introduced into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Veatriki Christodoulou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ermioni Petkou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Natalia Atzemoglou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleni Gkorla
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Karamitrou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Yannis V Simos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stefanos Bellos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Chryssa Bekiari
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Histology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panos Kouklis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Patra Vezyraki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Peschos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I Tsamis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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10
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Dwivedi S, Choudhary P, Gupta A, Singh S. Therapeutical growth in oligodendroglial fate induction via transdifferentiation of stem cells for neuroregenerative therapy. Biochimie 2023; 211:35-56. [PMID: 36842627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The merits of stem cell therapy and research are undisputed due to their widespread usage in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and demyelinating disorders. Cell replacement therapy especially revolves around stem cells and their induction into different cell lineages both adult and progenitor - belonging to each germ layer, prior to transplantation or disease modeling studies. The nervous system is abundant in glial cells and among these are oligodendrocytes capable of myelinating new-born neurons and remyelination of axons with lost or damaged myelin sheath. But demyelinating diseases generate tremendous deficit between myelin loss and recovery. To compensate for this loss, analyze the defects in remyelination mechanisms as well as to trigger full recovery in such patients mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been induced to transdifferentiate into oligodendrocytes. But such experiments are riddled with problems like prolonged, tenuous and complicated protocols that stretch longer than the time taken for the spread of demyelination-associated after-effects. This review delves into such protocols and the combinations of different molecules and factors that have been recruited to derive bona fide oligodendrocytes from in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and MSCs with special focus on MSC-derived oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrey Dwivedi
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, U.P., India
| | - Princy Choudhary
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, U.P., India
| | - Ayushi Gupta
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, U.P., India
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, U.P., India.
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11
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Putka AF, Mato JP, McLoughlin HS. Myelinating Glia: Potential Therapeutic Targets in Polyglutamine Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Cells 2023; 12:601. [PMID: 36831268 PMCID: PMC9953858 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human studies, in combination with animal and cellular models, support glial cells as both major contributors to neurodegenerative diseases and promising therapeutic targets. Among glial cells, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are the myelinating glial cells of the central and peripheral nervous system, respectively. In this review, we discuss the contributions of these central and peripheral myelinating glia to the pathomechanisms of polyglutamine (polyQ) spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 17. First, we highlight the function of oligodendrocytes in healthy conditions and how they are disrupted in polyQ SCA patients and diseased model systems. We then cover the role of Schwann cells in peripheral nerve function and repair as well as their possible role in peripheral neuropathy in polyQ SCAs. Finally, we discuss potential polyQ SCA therapeutic interventions in myelinating glial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F. Putka
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Juan P. Mato
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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12
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McCaughey-Chapman A, Connor B. Cell reprogramming for oligodendrocytes: A review of protocols and their applications to disease modeling and cell-based remyelination therapies. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1000-1028. [PMID: 36749877 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are a type of glial cells that produce a lipid-rich membrane called myelin. Myelin assembles into a sheath and lines neuronal axons in the brain and spinal cord to insulate them. This not only increases the speed and efficiency of nerve signal transduction but also protects the axons from damage and degradation, which could trigger neuronal cell death. Demyelination, which is caused by a loss of myelin and oligodendrocytes, is a prominent feature of many neurological conditions, including Multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injuries (SCI), and leukodystrophies. Demyelination is followed by a time of remyelination mediated by the recruitment of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells, their migration to the injury site, and differentiation into myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. Unfortunately, endogenous remyelination is not sufficient to overcome demyelination, which explains why there are to date no regenerative-based treatments for MS, SCI, or leukodystrophies. To better understand the role of oligodendrocytes and develop cell-based remyelination therapies, human oligodendrocytes have been derived from somatic cells using cell reprogramming. This review will detail the different cell reprogramming methods that have been developed to generate human oligodendrocytes and their applications to disease modeling and cell-based remyelination therapies. Recent developments in the field have seen the derivation of brain organoids from pluripotent stem cells, and protocols have been devised to incorporate oligodendrocytes within the organoids, which will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy McCaughey-Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bronwen Connor
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Zayed MA, Sultan S, Alsaab HO, Yousof SM, Alrefaei GI, Alsubhi NH, Alkarim S, Al Ghamdi KS, Bagabir SA, Jana A, Alghamdi BS, Atta HM, Ashraf GM. Stem-Cell-Based Therapy: The Celestial Weapon against Neurological Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:3476. [PMID: 36359871 PMCID: PMC9655836 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are a versatile source for cell therapy. Their use is particularly significant for the treatment of neurological disorders for which no definitive conventional medical treatment is available. Neurological disorders are of diverse etiology and pathogenesis. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by abnormal protein deposits, leading to progressive dementia. Parkinson's disease (PD) is due to the specific degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons causing motor and sensory impairment. Huntington's disease (HD) includes a transmittable gene mutation, and any treatment should involve gene modulation of the transplanted cells. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder affecting multiple neurons sporadically but induces progressive neuronal dysfunction. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) impacts upper and lower motor neurons, leading to progressive muscle degeneration. This shows the need to try to tailor different types of cells to repair the specific defect characteristic of each disease. In recent years, several types of stem cells were used in different animal models, including transgenic animals of various neurologic disorders. Based on some of the successful animal studies, some clinical trials were designed and approved. Some studies were successful, others were terminated and, still, a few are ongoing. In this manuscript, we aim to review the current information on both the experimental and clinical trials of stem cell therapy in neurological disorders of various disease mechanisms. The different types of cells used, their mode of transplantation and the molecular and physiologic effects are discussed. Recommendations for future use and hopes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Zayed
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt
| | - Samar Sultan
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem O. Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa Mohammad Yousof
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ghadeer I. Alrefaei
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf H. Alsubhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alkarim
- Embryonic and Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Embryonic Stem Cells Research Unit, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholoud S. Al Ghamdi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sali Abubaker Bagabir
- Genetic Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ankit Jana
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem M. Atta
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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14
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Dermitzakis I, Manthou ME, Meditskou S, Miliaras D, Kesidou E, Boziki M, Petratos S, Grigoriadis N, Theotokis P. Developmental Cues and Molecular Drivers in Myelinogenesis: Revisiting Early Life to Re-Evaluate the Integrity of CNS Myelin. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3208-3237. [PMID: 35877446 PMCID: PMC9324160 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) coordinates its communication through saltatory conduction, facilitated by myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OLs). Despite the fact that neurogenesis from stem cell niches has caught the majority of attention in recent years, oligodendrogenesis and, more specifically, the molecular underpinnings behind OL-dependent myelinogenesis, remain largely unknown. In this comprehensive review, we determine the developmental cues and molecular drivers which regulate normal myelination both at the prenatal and postnatal periods. We have indexed the individual stages of myelinogenesis sequentially; from the initiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, including migration and proliferation, to first contact with the axon that enlists positive and negative regulators for myelination, until the ultimate maintenance of the axon ensheathment and myelin growth. Here, we highlight multiple developmental pathways that are key to successful myelin formation and define the molecular pathways that can potentially be targets for pharmacological interventions in a variety of neurological disorders that exhibit demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iasonas Dermitzakis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Maria Eleni Manthou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Soultana Meditskou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Dimosthenis Miliaras
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Evangelia Kesidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Marina Boziki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Vellosillo L, Pascual-Guerra J, Muñoz MP, Rodríguez-Navarro JA, González-Nieto D, Barrio LC, Lobo MDVT, Paíno CL. Oligodendroglia Generated From Adult Rat Adipose Tissue by Direct Cell Conversion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:741499. [PMID: 35223826 PMCID: PMC8873586 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.741499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining oligodendroglial cells from dispensable tissues would be of great interest for autologous or immunocompatible cell replacement therapy in demyelinating diseases, as well as for studying myelin-related pathologies or testing therapeutic approaches in culture. We evaluated the feasibility of generating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) from adult rat adipose tissue by expressing genes encoding transcription factors involved in oligodendroglial development. Adipose-derived mesenchymal cells were lentivirally transduced with tetracycline-inducible Sox10, Olig2, Zfp536, and/or Nkx6.1 transgenes. Immunostaining with the OPC-specific O4 monoclonal antibody was used to mark oligodendroglial induction. O4- and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)-positive cells emerged after 3 weeks when using the Sox10 + Olig2 + Zfp536 combination, followed in the ensuing weeks by GFAP-, O1 antigen-, p75NTR (low-affinity NGF receptor)-, and myelin proteins-positive cells. The O4+ cell population progressively expanded, eventually constituting more than 70% of cells in culture by 5 months. Sox10 transgene expression was essential for generating O4+ cells but was insufficient for inducing a full oligodendroglial phenotype. Converted cells required continuous transgene expression to maintain their glial phenotype. Some vestigial characteristics of mesenchymal cells were maintained after conversion. Growth factor withdrawal and triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation generated mature oligodendroglial phenotypes, while FBS supplementation produced GFAP+- and p75NTR+-rich cultures. Converted cells also showed functional characteristics of neural-derived OPCs, such as the expression of AMPA, NMDA, kainate, and dopaminergic receptors, as well as similar metabolic responses to differentiation-inducing drugs. When co-cultured with rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, the converted cells differentiated and ensheathed multiple axons. We propose that functional oligodendroglia can be efficiently generated from adult rat mesenchymal cells by direct phenotypic conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Vellosillo
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pascual-Guerra
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Paz Muñoz
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Rodríguez-Navarro
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luis Carlos Barrio
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria del Val Toledo Lobo
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Carlos Luis Paíno
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carlos Luis Paíno,
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16
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Barak M, Fedorova V, Pospisilova V, Raska J, Vochyanova S, Sedmik J, Hribkova H, Klimova H, Vanova T, Bohaciakova D. Human iPSC-Derived Neural Models for Studying Alzheimer's Disease: from Neural Stem Cells to Cerebral Organoids. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:792-820. [PMID: 35107767 PMCID: PMC8930932 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been widely used to study mechanisms of human neural development, disease modeling, and drug discovery in vitro. Especially in the field of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where this treatment is lacking, tremendous effort has been put into the investigation of molecular mechanisms behind this disease using induced pluripotent stem cell-based models. Numerous of these studies have found either novel regulatory mechanisms that could be exploited to develop relevant drugs for AD treatment or have already tested small molecules on in vitro cultures, directly demonstrating their effect on amelioration of AD-associated pathology. This review thus summarizes currently used differentiation strategies of induced pluripotent stem cells towards neuronal and glial cell types and cerebral organoids and their utilization in modeling AD and potential drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Barak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Fedorova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Raska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Vochyanova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sedmik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hribkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Klimova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vanova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
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17
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Mangiameli E, Freschi M, Luciani M, Gritti A. Generation of neuronal/glial mixed cultures from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Methods Cell Biol 2022; 171:229-245. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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18
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A human iPSC-astroglia neurodevelopmental model reveals divergent transcriptomic patterns in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:554. [PMID: 34716291 PMCID: PMC8556332 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While neurodevelopmental abnormalities have been associated with schizophrenia (SCZ), the role of astroglia in disease pathophysiology remains poorly understood. In the present study, we used a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocyte model to investigate the temporal patterns of astroglia differentiation during developmental stages critical for SCZ using RNA sequencing. The model generated astrocyte-specific gene expression patterns during differentiation that corresponded well to astroglia-specific expression signatures of in vivo cortical fetal development. Using this model we identified SCZ-specific expression dynamics, and found that SCZ-associated differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and temporal lobe, targeting VWA5A and ADAMTS19. In addition, SCZ astrocytes displayed alterations in calcium signaling, and significantly decreased glutamate uptake and metalloproteinase activity relative to controls. These results implicate novel transcriptional dynamics in astrocyte differentiation in SCZ together with functional changes that are potentially important biological components of SCZ pathology.
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19
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Chang CY, Ting HC, Liu CA, Su HL, Chiou TW, Harn HJ, Lin SZ, Ho TJ. Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Specific Neural Lineages. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211017829. [PMID: 34665040 PMCID: PMC8529300 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211017829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are sources of several somatic cell
types for human developmental studies, in vitro disease modeling, and
cell transplantation therapy. Improving strategies of derivation of
high-purity specific neural and glial lineages from hPSCs is critical
for application to the study and therapy of the nervous system. Here,
we will focus on the principles behind establishment of neuron and
glia differentiation methods according to developmental studies. We
will also highlight the limitations and challenges associated with the
differentiation of several “difficult” neural lineages and delay in
neuronal maturation and functional integration. To overcome these
challenges, we will introduce strategies and novel technologies aimed
at improving the differentiation of various neural lineages to expand
the application potential of hPSCs to the study of the nervous
system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chang
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chien Ting
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ann Liu
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.,Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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20
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Akkouh IA, Hughes T, Steen VM, Glover JC, Andreassen OA, Djurovic S, Szabo A. Transcriptome analysis reveals disparate expression of inflammation-related miRNAs and their gene targets in iPSC-astrocytes from people with schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:235-244. [PMID: 33571628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high heritability of schizophrenia (SCZ), details of its pathophysiology and etiology are still unknown. Recent findings suggest that aberrant inflammatory regulation and microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved. Here we performed a comparative analysis of the global miRNome of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-astrocytes, derived from SCZ patients and healthy controls (CTRLs), at baseline and following inflammatory modulation using IL-1β. We identified four differentially expressed miRNAs (miR-337-3p, miR-127-5p, miR-206, miR-1185-1-3p) in SCZ astrocytes that exhibited significantly lower baseline expression relative to CTRLs. Group-specific differential expression (DE) analyses exploring possible distinctions in the modulatory capacity of IL-1β on miRNA expression in SCZ versus CTRL astroglia revealed trends toward altered miRNA expressions. In addition, we analyzed peripheral blood samples from a large cohort of SCZ patients (n = 484) and CTRLs (n = 496) screening for the expression of specific gene targets of the four DE miRNAs that were identified in our baseline astrocyte setup. Three of these genes, LAMTOR4, IL23R, and ERBB3, had a significantly lower expression in the blood of SCZ patients compared to CTRLs after multiple testing correction. We also found nominally significant differences for ERBB2 and IRAK1, which similarly displayed lower expressions in SCZ versus CTRL. Furthermore, we found matching patterns between the expressions of identified miRNAs and their target genes when comparing our in vitro and in vivo results. The current results further our understanding of the pathobiological basis of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Akkouh
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Timothy Hughes
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vidar M Steen
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Joel C Glover
- Laboratory for Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Section for Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Attila Szabo
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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21
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Zhou H, He Y, Wang Z, Wang Q, Hu C, Wang X, Lu S, Li K, Yang Y, Luan Z. Identifying the functions of two biomarkers in human oligodendrocyte progenitor cell development. J Transl Med 2021; 19:188. [PMID: 33933125 PMCID: PMC8088696 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02857-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human oligodendrocyte precursor cells (hOPCs) are an important source of myelinating cells for cell transplantation to treat demyelinating diseases. Myelin oligodendrocytes develop from migratory and proliferative hOPCs. It is well known that NG2 and A2B5 are important biological markers of hOPCs. However, the functional differences between the cell populations represented by these two biomarkers have not been well studied in depth. OBJECTIVE To study the difference between NG2 and A2B5 cells in the development of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. METHODS Using cell sorting technology, we obtained NG2+/-, A2B5+/- cells. Further research was then conducted via in vitro cell proliferation and migration assays, single-cell sequencing, mRNA sequencing, and cell transplantation into shiverer mice. RESULTS The proportion of PDGFR-α + cells in the negative cell population was higher than that in the positive cell population. The migration ability of the NG2+/-, A2B5+/- cells was inversely proportional to their myelination ability. The migration, proliferation, and myelination capacities of the negative cell population were stronger than those of the positive cell population. The ability of cell migration and proliferation of the four groups of cells from high to low was: A2B5- > NG2- > NG2+ > A2B5+. The content of PDGFR-α+ cells and the ability of cell differentiation from high to low was: NG2- > A2B5- > A2B5+ > NG2+. CONCLUSION In summary, NG2+ and A2B5+ cells have poor myelination ability due to low levels of PDGFR-α+ cells. Therefore, hOPCs with a higher content of PDGFR-α+ cells may have a better effect in the cell transplantation treatment of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Zhou
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ying He
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhaoyan Wang
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qian Wang
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Caiyan Hu
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Siliang Lu
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ke Li
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yinxiang Yang
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Zuo Luan
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
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22
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Lanjewar SN, Sloan SA. Growing Glia: Cultivating Human Stem Cell Models of Gliogenesis in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649538. [PMID: 33842475 PMCID: PMC8027322 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia are present in all organisms with a central nervous system but considerably differ in their diversity, functions, and numbers. Coordinated efforts across many model systems have contributed to our understanding of glial-glial and neuron-glial interactions during nervous system development and disease, but human glia exhibit prominent species-specific attributes. Limited access to primary samples at critical developmental timepoints constrains our ability to assess glial contributions in human tissues. This challenge has been addressed throughout the past decade via advancements in human stem cell differentiation protocols that now offer the ability to model human astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Here, we review the use of novel 2D cell culture protocols, 3D organoid models, and bioengineered systems derived from human stem cells to study human glial development and the role of glia in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven A. Sloan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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23
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Perrier S, Michell-Robinson MA, Bernard G. POLR3-Related Leukodystrophy: Exploring Potential Therapeutic Approaches. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:631802. [PMID: 33633543 PMCID: PMC7902007 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.631802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukodystrophies are a class of rare inherited central nervous system (CNS) disorders that affect the white matter of the brain, typically leading to progressive neurodegeneration and early death. Hypomyelinating leukodystrophies are characterized by the abnormal formation of the myelin sheath during development. POLR3-related or 4H (hypomyelination, hypodontia, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) leukodystrophy is one of the most common types of hypomyelinating leukodystrophy for which no curative treatment or disease-modifying therapy is available. This review aims to describe potential therapies that could be further studied for effectiveness in pre-clinical studies, for an eventual translation to the clinic to treat the neurological manifestations associated with POLR3-related leukodystrophy. Here, we discuss the therapeutic approaches that have shown promise in other leukodystrophies, as well as other genetic diseases, and consider their use in treating POLR3-related leukodystrophy. More specifically, we explore the approaches of using stem cell transplantation, gene replacement therapy, and gene editing as potential treatment options, and discuss their possible benefits and limitations as future therapeutic directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Perrier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mackenzie A. Michell-Robinson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Montréal Children’s Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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24
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Goldman SA, Mariani JN, Madsen PM. Glial progenitor cell-based repair of the dysmyelinated brain: Progression to the clinic. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 116:62-70. [PMID: 33414060 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Demyelinating disorders of the central white matter are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions in neurology. Since myelin-producing oligodendrocytes comprise the principal cell type deficient or lost in these conditions, their replacement by new cells generated from transplanted bipotential oligodendrocyte-astrocyte progenitor cells has emerged as a therapeutic strategy for a variety of primary dysmyelinating diseases. In this review, we summarize the research and clinical considerations supporting current efforts to bring this treatment approach to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Denmark; Neuroscience Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - John N Mariani
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Pernille M Madsen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Denmark
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25
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Farzaneh M, Anbiyaiee A, Khoshnam SE. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:135-143. [PMID: 31656156 DOI: 10.2174/1574362414666191018121658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) as a serious public health issue and neurological insult is one of the most severe cause of long-term disability. To date, a variety of techniques have been widely developed to treat central nervous system injury. Currently, clinical treatments are limited to surgical decompression and pharmacotherapy. Because of their negative effects and inefficiency, novel therapeutic approaches are required in the management of SCI. Improvement and innovation of stem cell-based therapies have a huge potential for biological and future clinical applications. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are defined by their abilities to divide asymmetrically, self-renew and ultimately differentiate into various cell lineages. There are considerable research efforts to use various types of stem cells, such as ESCs, neural stem cells (NSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of patients with SCI. Moreover, the use of patient-specific iPSCs holds great potential as an unlimited cell source for generating in vivo models of SCI. In this review, we focused on the potential of hPSCs in treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farzaneh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Anbiyaiee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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26
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Ford E, Pearlman J, Ruan T, Manion J, Waller M, Neely GG, Caron L. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells-Based Therapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Status and Challenges. Cells 2020; 9:E2517. [PMID: 33233861 PMCID: PMC7699962 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by irreversible cell damage, loss of neuronal cells and limited regeneration potential of the adult nervous system. Pluripotent stem cells are capable of differentiating into the multitude of cell types that compose the central and peripheral nervous systems and so have become the major focus of cell replacement therapies for the treatment of neurological disorders. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cells have both been extensively studied as cell therapies in a wide range of neurodegenerative disease models in rodents and non-human primates, including Parkinson's disease, stroke, epilepsy, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and pain. In this review, we discuss the latest progress made with stem cell therapies targeting these pathologies. We also evaluate the challenges in clinical application of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based therapies including risk of oncogenesis and tumor formation, immune rejection and difficulty in regeneration of the heterogeneous cell types composing the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ford
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.F.); (J.P.); (T.R.); (J.M.); (M.W.); (G.G.N.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jodie Pearlman
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.F.); (J.P.); (T.R.); (J.M.); (M.W.); (G.G.N.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Travis Ruan
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.F.); (J.P.); (T.R.); (J.M.); (M.W.); (G.G.N.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - John Manion
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.F.); (J.P.); (T.R.); (J.M.); (M.W.); (G.G.N.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Waller
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.F.); (J.P.); (T.R.); (J.M.); (M.W.); (G.G.N.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Gregory G. Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.F.); (J.P.); (T.R.); (J.M.); (M.W.); (G.G.N.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Leslie Caron
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (E.F.); (J.P.); (T.R.); (J.M.); (M.W.); (G.G.N.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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27
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Assetta B, Tang C, Bian J, O'Rourke R, Connolly K, Brickler T, Chetty S, Huang YWA. Generation of Human Neurons and Oligodendrocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 33226027 DOI: 10.3791/61778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders, oligodendroglial failure is a common early pathological feature, but how it contributes to disease development and progression, particularly in the gray matter of the brain, remains largely unknown. The dysfunction of oligodendrocyte lineage cells is hallmarked by deficiencies in myelination and impaired self-renewal of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). These two defects are caused at least in part by the disruption of interactions between neuron and oligodendrocytes along the buildup of pathology. OPCs give rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes during CNS development. In the mature brain cortex, OPCs are the major proliferative cells (comprising ~5% of total brain cells) and control new myelin formation in a neural activity-dependent manner. Such neuron-to-oligodendrocyte communications are significantly understudied, especially in the context of neurodegenerative conditions such as AD, due to the lack of appropriate tools. In recent years, our group and others have made significant progress to improve currently available protocols to generate functional neurons and oligodendrocytes individually from human pluripotent stem cells. In this manuscript, we describe our optimized procedures, including the establishment of a co-culture system to model the neuron-oligodendrocyte connections. Our illustrative results suggest an unexpected contribution from OPCs/oligodendrocytes to the brain amyloidosis and synapse integrity and highlight the utility of this methodology for AD research. This reductionist approach is a powerful tool to dissect the specific hetero-cellular interactions out of the inherent complexity inside the brain. The protocols we describe here are expected to facilitate future studies on oligodendroglial defects in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Assetta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University
| | - Changyong Tang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University; Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Jing Bian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Ryan O'Rourke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University
| | - Kevin Connolly
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University
| | - Thomas Brickler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Sundari Chetty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Yu-Wen Alvin Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University; Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Center for Translational Neuroscience, Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science and Brown Institute for Translational Science, Brown University;
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García-León JA, García-Díaz B, Eggermont K, Cáceres-Palomo L, Neyrinck K, Madeiro da Costa R, Dávila JC, Baron-Van Evercooren A, Gutiérrez A, Verfaillie CM. Generation of oligodendrocytes and establishment of an all-human myelinating platform from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3716-3744. [PMID: 33097924 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are responsible for myelin production and metabolic support of neurons. Defects in OLs are crucial in several neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This protocol describes a method to generate oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in only ~20 d, which can subsequently myelinate neurons, both in vitro and in vivo. To date, OPCs have been derived from eight different hPSC lines including those derived from patients with spontaneous and familial forms of MS and ALS, respectively. hPSCs, fated for 8 d toward neural progenitors, are transduced with an inducible lentiviral vector encoding for SOX10. The addition of doxycycline for 10 d results in >60% of cells being O4-expressing OPCs, of which 20% co-express the mature OL marker myelin basic protein (MBP). The protocol also describes an alternative for viral transduction, by incorporating an inducible SOX10 in the safe harbor locus AAVS1, yielding ~100% pure OPCs. O4+ OPCs can be purified and either cryopreserved or used for functional studies. As an example of the type of functional study for which the derived cells could be used, O4+ cells can be co-cultured with maturing hPSC-derived neurons in 96/384-well-format plates, allowing the screening of pro-myelinating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio García-León
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain. .,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Beatriz García-Díaz
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127; CNRS, UMR 7225; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM-75, Paris, France.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Kristel Eggermont
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Cáceres-Palomo
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katrien Neyrinck
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rodrigo Madeiro da Costa
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - José Carlos Dávila
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127; CNRS, UMR 7225; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM-75, Paris, France
| | - Antonia Gutiérrez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Mozafari S, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Human stem cell-derived oligodendrocytes: From humanized animal models to cell therapy in myelin diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 116:53-61. [PMID: 33082116 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are main targets in demyelinating and dysmyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), but are also involved in accidental, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. The underlying pathology of these diseases is not fully understood and treatments are still lacking. The recent discovery of the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has open the possibility to address the biology of human oligodendroglial cells both in the dish and in vivo via engraftment in animal models, and paves the way for the development of treatment for myelin disorders. In this review, we make a short overview of the different sources human oligodendroglial cells, and animal models available for pre-clinical cell therapy. We discuss the anatomical and functional benefit of grafted iPSC-progenitors over their brain counterparts, their use in disease modeling and the missing gaps that still prevent to study their biology in the most integrated way, and to translate iPSC-stem cell based therapy to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Mozafari
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et MarieCurie Paris 06, UM-75, Paris, France
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et MarieCurie Paris 06, UM-75, Paris, France.
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30
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Muckom R, Bao X, Tran E, Chen E, Murugappan A, Dordick JS, Clark DS, Schaffer DV. High-throughput 3D screening for differentiation of hPSC-derived cell therapy candidates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1457. [PMID: 32821815 PMCID: PMC7413735 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of several cell therapy candidates in the clinic is an encouraging sign for human diseases/disorders that currently have no effective treatment; however, scalable production of these cell therapies has become a bottleneck. To overcome this barrier, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture strategies have been considered for enhanced cell production. Here, we demonstrate a high-throughput 3D culture platform used to systematically screen 1200 culture conditions with varying doses, durations, dynamics, and combinations of signaling cues to derive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and midbrain dopaminergic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Statistical models of the robust dataset reveal previously unidentified patterns about cell competence to Wnt, retinoic acid, and sonic hedgehog signals, and their interactions, which may offer insights into the combinatorial roles these signals play in human central nervous system development. These insights can be harnessed to optimize production of hPSC-derived cell replacement therapies for a range of neurological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Muckom
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eric Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Evelyn Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Abirami Murugappan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Douglas S. Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (D.S.C.); (D.V.S.)
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (D.S.C.); (D.V.S.)
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31
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Akkouh IA, Ueland T, Hansson L, Inderhaug E, Hughes T, Steen NE, Aukrust P, Andreassen OA, Szabo A, Djurovic S. Decreased IL-1β-induced CCL20 response in human iPSC-astrocytes in schizophrenia: Potential attenuating effects on recruitment of regulatory T cells. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:634-644. [PMID: 32109548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe mental disorder with a high heritability. Although its pathophysiology is mainly unknown, dysregulated immune activation and inflammation have recently emerged as possible candidates in the underlying mechanisms of SCZ. Previous studies suggest that aberrant inflammasome activation, glia dysregulation, and brain inflammation may be involved in the pathophysiology of the disorder. Here, we studied the effects of inflammatory modulation on human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes generated from SCZ patients and healthy controls (CTRL). Inflammasome activation was mimicked by short-term IL-1β exposure, and gene expression were measured with high-coverage RNA-Seq to ensure a global characterization of the transcriptional effects of the treatment. IL-1β exposure modulated several pathways involved in innate immune responses, cell cycle regulation, and metabolism in both SCZ and CTRL astrocytes. Significant differences were found in the expression of HILPDA and CCL20 genes, both of which had reduced up-regulation upon IL-1β treatment in SCZ astrocytes compared to CTRL astrocytes. CCL20 data were further validated and confirmed using qPCR, ELISA, and regulatory T lymphocyte (Treg) migration assays. Additionally, we found significantly decreased mRNA expression of the Treg-specific marker FOXP3 in the blood of a large cohort of SCZ patients (n = 484) compared to CTRL (n = 472). Since CCL20 is a specific chemoattractant for CD4+CD25+CCR6+ Tregs, which are crucially involved in anti-inflammatory responses during brain (auto)inflammation, our results imply a plausible role for an altered astroglia-CCL20-CCR6-Treg axis in SCZ pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Akkouh
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen-Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Hansson
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Inderhaug
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Timothy Hughes
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- K.G. Jebsen-Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Attila Szabo
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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32
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-Based Neurodegenerative Disease Models for Phenotype Recapitulation and Drug Screening. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25082000. [PMID: 32344649 PMCID: PMC7221979 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25082000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent a significant unmet medical need in our aging society. There are no effective treatments for most of these diseases, and we know comparatively little regarding pathogenic mechanisms. Among the challenges faced by those involved in developing therapeutic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases, the syndromes are often complex, and small animal models do not fully recapitulate the unique features of the human nervous system. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a novel technology that ideally would permit us to generate neuronal cells from individual patients, thereby eliminating the problem of species-specificity inherent when using animal models. Specific phenotypes of iPSC-derived cells may permit researchers to identify sub-types and to distinguish among unique clusters and groups. Recently, iPSCs were used for drug screening and testing for neurologic disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinocerebellar atrophy (SCA), and Zika virus infection. However, there remain many challenges still ahead, including how one might effectively recapitulate sporadic disease phenotypes and the selection of ideal phenotypes and for large-scale drug screening. Fortunately, quite a few novel strategies have been developed that might be combined with an iPSC-based model to solve these challenges, including organoid technology, single-cell RNA sequencing, genome editing, and deep learning artificial intelligence. Here, we will review current applications and potential future directions for iPSC-based neurodegenerative disease models for critical drug screening.
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33
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Chanoumidou K, Mozafari S, Baron-Van Evercooren A, Kuhlmann T. Stem cell derived oligodendrocytes to study myelin diseases. Glia 2019; 68:705-720. [PMID: 31633852 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendroglial pathology is central to de- and dysmyelinating, but also contributes to neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases as well as brain injury. The understanding of oligodendroglial biology in health and disease has been significantly increased during recent years by experimental in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies as well as histological analyses of human tissue samples. However, for many of these diseases the underlying pathology is still not fully understood and treatment options are frequently lacking. This is at least partly caused by the limited access to human oligodendrocytes from patients to perform functional studies and drug screens. The induced pluripotent stem cell technology (iPSC) represents a possibility to circumvent this obstacle and paves new ways to study human disease and to develop new treatment options for so far incurable central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In this review, we summarize the differences between human and rodent oligodendrocytes, provide an overview of the different techniques to generate oligodendrocytes from human progenitor or stem cells and describe the results from studies using iPSC derived oligodendroglial lineage cells. Furthermore, we discuss future perspectives and challenges of the iPSC technology with respect to disease modeling, drug screen, and cell transplantation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabah Mozafari
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127; CNRS, UMR 7225; Sorbonne Université UM-75, Paris, France
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127; CNRS, UMR 7225; Sorbonne Université UM-75, Paris, France
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Dooves S, Nadadhur AG, Gasparotto L, Heine VM. Co-culture of Human Stem Cell Derived Neurons and Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3350. [PMID: 33654852 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between neurons and oligodendrocytes is important for proper brain functioning. Multiple co-culture methods have been developed to study oligodendrocyte maturation, myelination or the effect of oligodendrocytes on neurons. However, most of these methods contain cells derived from animal models. In the current protocol, we co-culture human neurons with human oligodendrocytes. Neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) were differentiated separately from pluripotent stem cells according to previously published protocols. To study neuron-glia cross-talk, neurons and OPCs were plated in co-culture mode in optimized conditions for additional 28 days, and prepared for OPC maturation and neuronal morphology analysis. To our knowledge, this is one of the first neuron-OPC protocols containing all human cells. Specific neuronal abnormalities not observed in mono-cultures of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) neurons, became apparent when TSC neurons were co-cultured with TSC OPCs. These results show that this co-culture system can be used to study human neuron-OPC interactive mechanisms involved in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dooves
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aishwarya G Nadadhur
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Gasparotto
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Use of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cells for neurodegenerative disease modeling and drug screening platform. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1305-1322. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a complex and mostly still unresolved pathology. This fact, together with the lack of reliable disease models, has precluded the development of effective therapies counteracting the disease progression. The advent of human pluripotent stem cells has revolutionized the field allowing the generation of disease-relevant neural cell types that can be used for disease modeling, drug screening and, possibly, cell transplantation purposes. In this Review, we discuss the applications of human pluripotent stem cells, the development of efficient protocols for the derivation of the different neural cells and their applicability for robust in vitro disease modeling and drug screening platforms for most common neurodegenerative conditions.
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Cuascut FX, Hutton GJ. Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis: Current Perspectives. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7020026. [PMID: 30935074 PMCID: PMC6631931 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Disease-modifying therapies (DMT) targeting inflammation have been shown to reduce disease activity in patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS). The current therapeutic challenge is to find an effective treatment to halt disease progression and reverse established neural damage. Stem cell-based therapies have emerged to address this dilemma. Several types of stem cells have been considered for clinical use, such as autologous hematopoietic (aHSC), mesenchymal (MSC), neuronal (NSC), human embryonic (hESC), and induced pluripotent (iPSC) stem cells. There is convincing evidence that immunoablation followed by hematopoietic therapy (aHSCT) has a high efficacy for suppressing inflammatory MS activity and improving neurological disability in patients with RRMS. In addition, MSC therapy may be a safe and tolerable treatment, but its clinical value is still under evaluation. Various studies have shown early promising results with other cellular therapies for CNS repair and decreasing inflammation. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge and limitations of different stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando X Cuascut
- Baylor College of Medicine, Maxine Mesigner Multiple Sclerosis Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - George J Hutton
- Baylor College of Medicine, Maxine Mesigner Multiple Sclerosis Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Mariani JN, Zou L, Goldman SA. Human Glial Chimeric Mice to Define the Role of Glial Pathology in Human Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1936:311-331. [PMID: 30820907 PMCID: PMC6700730 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9072-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human glial progenitor cells (hGPCs) can engraft, expand, and differentiate into functional oligodendrocytes and astrocytes when transplanted neonatally into murine hosts, in which they outcompete the host glial pool to ultimately colonize and dominate the recipient brains. When congenitally hypomyelinated mutants are used as hosts, the donor hGPCs generate myelinogenic oligodendrocytes as well as astrocytes, so that the recipient mice develop a largely humanized white matter, with entirely human-derived myelin. In addition, by neonatally engrafting hGPCs derived from patient- and disease-specific pluripotent stem cells, glial chimeric mice may be produced in which large proportions of all macroglial cells are not only human but also patient and disease specific. Human glial chimeric mice thus provide intriguing preparations by which to investigate the species-specific contributions of human glia to both cognition and human-selective neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, as well as the potential for therapeutic glial cell replacement in these disorders. This review presents an overview of the uses, characteristics, and limitations of the human glial chimeric brain model, while providing a step-by-step protocol for the establishment of these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Mariani
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Zou
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- The Neuroscience Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Nadadhur AG, Alsaqati M, Gasparotto L, Cornelissen-Steijger P, van Hugte E, Dooves S, Harwood AJ, Heine VM. Neuron-Glia Interactions Increase Neuronal Phenotypes in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Patient iPSC-Derived Models. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 12:42-56. [PMID: 30581017 PMCID: PMC6335594 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from autosomal dominant mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, leading to a hyperactivated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and gray and white matter defects in the brain. To study the involvement of neuron-glia interactions in TSC phenotypes, we generated TSC patient induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cortical neuronal and oligodendrocyte (OL) cultures. TSC neuron mono-cultures showed increased network activity, as measured by calcium transients and action potential firing, and increased dendritic branching. However, in co-cultures with OLs, neuronal defects became more apparent, showing cellular hypertrophy and increased axonal density. In addition, TSC neuron-OL co-cultures showed increased OL cell proliferation and decreased OL maturation. Pharmacological intervention with the mTOR regulator rapamycin suppressed these defects. Our patient iPSC-based model, therefore, shows a complex cellular TSC phenotype arising from the interaction of neuronal and glial cells and provides a platform for TSC disease modeling and drug development. TSC neuron mono-cultures show an increase in network activity and dendritic branching TSC co-cultures show hypertrophy and an increase in axonal length and OL proliferation mTOR regulators normalize TSC neuronal and glial phenotypes
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya G Nadadhur
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Mouhamed Alsaqati
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Lisa Gasparotto
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Paulien Cornelissen-Steijger
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Eline van Hugte
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Dooves
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Adrian J Harwood
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands; Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands.
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Jung-Klawitter S, Opladen T. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as model to study inherited defects of neurotransmission in inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:1103-1116. [PMID: 29980968 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to reprogram somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized the way of modeling human disease. Especially for the modeling of rare human monogenetic diseases with limited numbers of patients available worldwide and limited access to the mostly affected tissues, iPSCs have become an invaluable tool. To study rare diseases affecting neurotransmitter biosynthesis and neurotransmission, stem cell models carrying patient-specific mutations have become highly important as most of the cell types present in the human brain and the central nervous system (CNS), including motoneurons, neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia, can be differentiated from iPSCs following distinct developmental programs. Differentiation can be performed using classical 2D differentiation protocols, thereby generating specific subtypes of neurons or glial cells in a dish. On the other side, 3D differentiation into "organoids" opened new ways to study misregulated developmental processes associated with rare neurological and neurometabolic diseases. For the analysis of defects in neurotransmission associated with rare neurometabolic diseases, different types of brain organoids have been made available during the last years including forebrain, midbrain and cerebral organoids. In this review, we illustrate reprogramming of somatic cells to iPSCs, differentiation in 2D and 3D, as well as already available disease-specific iPSC models, and discuss current and future applications of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Jung-Klawitter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Opladen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Nadadhur AG, Leferink PS, Holmes D, Hinz L, Cornelissen-Steijger P, Gasparotto L, Heine VM. Patterning factors during neural progenitor induction determine regional identity and differentiation potential in vitro. Stem Cell Res 2018; 32:25-34. [PMID: 30172094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural tube consists of neural progenitors (NPs) that acquire different characteristics during gestation due to patterning factors. However, the influence of such patterning factors on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) during in vitro neural differentiation is often unclear. This study compared neural induction protocols involving in vitro patterning with single SMAD inhibition (SSI), retinoic acid (RA) administration and dual SMAD inhibition (DSI). While the derived NP cells expressed known NP markers, they differed in their NP expression profile and differentiation potential. Cortical neuronal cells generated from 1) SSI NPs exhibited less mature neuronal phenotypes, 2) RA NPs exhibited an increased GABAergic phenotype, and 3) DSI NPs exhibited greater expression of glutamatergic lineage markers. Further, although all NPs generated astrocytes, astrocytes derived from the RA-induced NPs had the highest GFAP expression. Differences between NP populations included differential expression of regional identity markers HOXB4, LBX1, OTX1 and GSX2, which persisted into mature neural cell stages. This study suggests that patterning factors regulate how potential NPs may differentiate into specific neuronal and glial cell types in vitro. This challenges the utility of generic neural induction procedures, while highlighting the importance of carefully selecting specific NP protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya G Nadadhur
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Prisca S Leferink
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dwayne Holmes
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Hinz
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paulien Cornelissen-Steijger
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Gasparotto
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Major T, Powers A, Tabar V. Derivation of telencephalic oligodendrocyte progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 39:1H.10.1-1H.10.23. [PMID: 29081882 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the main myelinating cell of the adult CNS and are vulnerable to injury in diverse disorders such as spinal cord injury, stroke, trauma, pharmacological and radiation toxicity, as well as neuroinflammation. Human pluripotent stem cells are attractive sources of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and provide a promising treatment strategy for exogenous myelin repair through transplantation. This unit describes a protocol for the step-wise differentiation of forebrain late oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells in defined chemical in vitro culture conditions. It involves a stepwise progression of oligodendrocyte progenitors through their known developmental phases, starting with the expression of appropriate transcription factors (Olig2, Nkx2.2), the upregulation of PDGFRA, followed by the appearance of O4-expressing cells, then O1 expression and finally mature myelin-binding protein (MBP) expressing cells. Validation of cell fate is performed by extensive transcriptomal profiling, as well in vitro myelination essays with hESCs derived neuronal cells. Recapitulating forebrain oligodendrocyte development may generate cells more suitable for transplantation strategies for disorders primarily involving the telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Major
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann Powers
- Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Viviane Tabar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Abu-Rub M, Miller RH. Emerging Cellular and Molecular Strategies for Enhancing Central Nervous System (CNS) Remyelination. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8060111. [PMID: 29914096 PMCID: PMC6024921 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8060111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelination is critical for the normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) in vertebrates. Conditions in which the development of myelin is perturbed result in severely compromised individuals often with shorter lifespans, while loss of myelin in the adult results in a variety of functional deficits. Although some form of spontaneous remyelination often takes place, the repair process as a whole often fails. Several lines of evidence suggest it is feasible to develop strategies that enhance the capacity of the CNS to undergo remyelination and potentially reverse functional deficits. Such strategies include cellular therapies using either neural or mesenchymal stem cells as well as molecular regulators of oligodendrocyte development and differentiation. Given the prevalence of demyelinating diseases and their effects on the quality of life for affected individuals it is imperative that effective therapies are developed. Here we discuss some of the new approaches to CNS myelin repair that hold promise for reducing the burden of diseases characterized by myelin loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abu-Rub
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Robert H Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Izrael M, Slutsky SG, Admoni T, Cohen L, Granit A, Hasson A, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Krush Paker L, Kuperstein G, Lavon N, Yehezkel Ionescu S, Solmesky LJ, Zaguri R, Zhuravlev A, Volman E, Chebath J, Revel M. Safety and efficacy of human embryonic stem cell-derived astrocytes following intrathecal transplantation in SOD1 G93A and NSG animal models. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:152. [PMID: 29871694 PMCID: PMC5989413 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0890-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron (MN) disease characterized by the loss of MNs in the central nervous system. As MNs die, patients progressively lose their ability to control voluntary movements, become paralyzed and eventually die from respiratory/deglutition failure. Despite the selective MN death in ALS, there is growing evidence that malfunctional astrocytes play a crucial role in disease progression. Thus, transplantation of healthy astrocytes may compensate for the diseased astrocytes. METHODS We developed a good manufacturing practice-grade protocol for generation of astrocytes from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The first stage of our protocol is derivation of astrocyte progenitor cells (APCs) from hESCs. These APCs can be expanded in large quantities and stored frozen as cell banks. Further differentiation of the APCs yields an enriched population of astrocytes with more than 90% GFAP expression (hES-AS). hES-AS were injected intrathecally into hSOD1G93A transgenic mice and rats to evaluate their therapeutic potential. The safety and biodistribution of hES-AS were evaluated in a 9-month study conducted in immunodeficient NSG mice under good laboratory practice conditions. RESULTS In vitro, hES-AS possess the activities of functional healthy astrocytes, including glutamate uptake, promotion of axon outgrowth and protection of MNs from oxidative stress. A secretome analysis shows that these hES-AS also secrete several inhibitors of metalloproteases as well as a variety of neuroprotective factors (e.g. TIMP-1, TIMP-2, OPN, MIF and Midkine). Intrathecal injections of the hES-AS into transgenic hSOD1G93A mice and rats significantly delayed disease onset and improved motor performance compared to sham-injected animals. A safety study in immunodeficient mice showed that intrathecal transplantation of hES-AS is safe. Transplanted hES-AS attached to the meninges along the neuroaxis and survived for the entire duration of the study without formation of tumors or teratomas. Cell-injected mice gained similar body weight to the sham-injected group and did not exhibit clinical signs that could be related to the treatment. No differences from the vehicle control were observed in hematological parameters or blood chemistry. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the safety and potential therapeutic benefits of intrathecal injection of hES-AS for the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Izrael
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shalom Guy Slutsky
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Tamar Admoni
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Louisa Cohen
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Avital Granit
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Arik Hasson
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Joseph Itskovitz-Eldor
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Lena Krush Paker
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Graciela Kuperstein
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Neta Lavon
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shiran Yehezkel Ionescu
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Leonardo Javier Solmesky
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Rachel Zaguri
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Alina Zhuravlev
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ella Volman
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
| | - Judith Chebath
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michel Revel
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Department at Kadimastem Ltd, Pinchas Sapir 7, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona, Israel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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Leferink PS, Breeuwsma N, Bugiani M, van der Knaap MS, Heine VM. Affected astrocytes in the spinal cord of the leukodystrophy vanishing white matter. Glia 2018; 66:862-873. [PMID: 29285798 PMCID: PMC5838785 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leukodystrophies are often devastating diseases, presented with progressive clinical signs as spasticity, ataxia and cognitive decline, and lack proper treatment options. New therapy strategies for leukodystrophies mostly focus on oligodendrocyte replacement to rescue lack of myelin in the brain, even though disease pathology also often involves other glial cells and the spinal cord. In this study we investigated spinal cord pathology in a mouse model for Vanishing White Matter disease (VWM) and show that astrocytes in the white matter are severely affected. Astrocyte pathology starts postnatally in the sensory tracts, followed by changes in the astrocytic populations in the motor tracts. Studies in post-mortem tissue of two VWM patients, a 13-year-old boy and a 6-year-old girl, confirmed astrocyte abnormalities in the spinal cord. For proper development of new treatment options for VWM and, possibly, other leukodystrophies, future studies should investigate spinal cord involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca S. Leferink
- Department of Pediatrics/Child NeurologyAmsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nicole Breeuwsma
- Department of Pediatrics/Child NeurologyAmsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical Center, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marjo S. van der Knaap
- Department of Pediatrics/Child NeurologyAmsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Functional GenomicsCenter for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Vivi M. Heine
- Department of Pediatrics/Child NeurologyAmsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait GeneticsCenter for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Universiteit AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Marei HE, Shouman Z, Althani A, Afifi N, A AE, Lashen S, Hasan A, Caceci T, Rizzi R, Cenciarelli C, Casalbore P. Differentiation of human olfactory bulb-derived neural stem cells toward oligodendrocyte. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:1321-1329. [PMID: 28500734 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes are the glial element in charge of myelin formation. Obtaining an overall presence of oligodendrocyte precursor cells/oligodendrocytes (OPCs/OLs) in culture from different sources of NSCs is an important research area, because OPCs/OLs may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for diseases affecting myelination of axons. The present study was designed to differentiate human olfactory bulb NSCs (OBNSCs) into OPCs/OLs and using expression profiling (RT-qPCR) gene, immunocytochemistry, and specific protein expression to highlight molecular mechanism(s) underlying differentiation of human OBNSCs into OPCs/OLs. The differentiation of OBNSCs was characterized by a simultaneous appearance of neurons and glial cells. The differentiation medium, containing cAMP, PDGFA, T3, and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), promotes OBNSCs to generate mostly oligodendrocytes (OLs) displaying morphological changes, and appearance of long cytoplasmic processes. OBNSCs showed, after 5 days in OLs differentiation medium, a considerable decrease in the number of nestin positive cells, which was associated with a concomitant increase of NG2 immunoreactive cells and few O4(+)-OPCs. In addition, a significant up regulation in gene and protein expression profile of stage specific cell markers for OPCs/OLs (CNPase, Galc, NG2, MOG, OLIG1, OLIG2, MBP), neurons, and astrocytes (MAP2, β-TubulinIII, GFAP) and concomitant decrease of OBNSCs pluripotency markers (Oct4, Sox2, Nestin), was demonstrated following induction of OBNSCs differentiation. Taken together, the present study demonstrate the marked ability of a cocktail of factors containing PDGFA, T3, cAMP, and ATRA, to induce OBNSCs differentiation into OPCs/OLs and shed light on the key genes and pathological pathways involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany E Marei
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zeinab Shouman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Cytology and Histology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Asma Althani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Abd-Elmaksoud A
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Cytology and Histology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Samah Lashen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Cytology and Histology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Thomas Caceci
- Biomedical Sciences, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Roberto Rizzi
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Casalbore
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
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McMurran CE, Kodali S, Young A, Franklin RJ. Clinical implications of myelin regeneration in the central nervous system. Expert Rev Neurother 2018; 18:111-123. [PMID: 29285954 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2018.1421458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amongst strategies to repair the brain, myelin repair offers genuine cause for optimism. Myelin, which sheaths most axons in the central nervous system (CNS), is vital for normal neurological function, as demonstrated by the functional deficits that accrue when it is absent in a range of debilitating myelin diseases. Following demyelination, post-mortem and imaging studies have shown that extensive regeneration of myelin is possible in the human brain. Over recent decades preclinical research has given us a strong understanding of the biology of myelin regeneration, opening up several exciting therapeutic opportunities that are on the cusp of clinical translation. Areas covered: This review discusses diseases that compromise the function of myelin, the endogenous capacity of the CNS to regenerate myelin, and why this sometimes fails. We then outline the extensive progress that has been made towards therapies that promote the regeneration of myelin. Expert commentary: Finally, a commentary on the first examples of these therapies to reach human patients and the evidence base that supports them, giving our opinion on where attention should be focused going forward is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E McMurran
- a Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Srikirti Kodali
- a Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Adam Young
- a Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Robin Jm Franklin
- a Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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Modeling neurological diseases using iPSC-derived neural cells : iPSC modeling of neurological diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:143-151. [PMID: 29079884 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developing efficient models for neurological diseases enables us to uncover disease mechanisms and develop therapeutic strategies to treat them. Discovery of reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized the way of modeling human diseases, especially neurological diseases. Currently almost all types of neural cells, including but not limited to neural stem cells, neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia, can be derived from iPSCs following developmental principles. These iPSC-derived neural cells provide valuable tools for studying neurological disease mechanisms, developing potential therapies, and deepening our understanding of the nervous system.
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Tousley A, Kegel-Gleason KB. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Huntington's Disease Research: Progress and Opportunity. J Huntingtons Dis 2017; 5:99-131. [PMID: 27372054 PMCID: PMC4942721 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-160199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from controls and patients can act as a starting point for in vitro differentiation into human brain cells for discovery of novel targets and treatments for human disease without the same ethical limitations posed by embryonic stem cells. Numerous groups have successfully produced and characterized Huntington’s disease (HD) iPSCs with different CAG repeat lengths, including cells from patients with one or two HD alleles. HD iPSCs and the neural cell types derived from them recapitulate some disease phenotypes found in both human patients and animal models. Although these discoveries are encouraging, the use of iPSCs for cutting edge and reproducible research has been limited due to some of the inherent problems with cell lines and the technological differences in the way laboratories use them. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of the HD iPSC field, and to highlight some of the issues that need to be addressed to maximize their potential as research tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly B. Kegel-Gleason
- Correspondence to: Kimberly Kegel-Gleason, Assistant Professor in Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Room 2001, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Tel.: +1 617 724 8754; E-mail:
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Leferink PS, Heine VM. The Healthy and Diseased Microenvironments Regulate Oligodendrocyte Properties: Implications for Regenerative Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:39-52. [PMID: 29024633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
White matter disorders are characterized by deficient myelin or myelin loss, lead to a range of neurologic dysfunctions, and can result in early death. Oligodendrocytes, which are responsible for white matter formation, are the first targets for treatment. However, many studies indicate that failure of white matter repair goes beyond the intrinsic incapacity of oligodendrocytes to (re)generate myelin and that failed interactions with neighboring cells or factors in the diseased microenvironment can underlie white matter defects. Moreover, most of the white matter disorders show specific white matter pathology caused by different disease mechanisms. Herein, we review the factors within the cellular and the extracellular microenvironment regulating oligodendrocyte properties and discuss stem cell tools to identify microenvironmental factors of importance to the development of improved regenerative medicine for patients with white matter disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca S Leferink
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Liu YN, Lu SY, Yao J. Application of induced pluripotent stem cells to understand neurobiological basis of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:579-599. [PMID: 28393474 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, usually involves complex combinations of genetic defects/variations and environmental impacts, which hindered, for a long time, research efforts based on animal models and patients' non-neuronal cells or post-mortem tissues. However, the development of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology by the Yamanaka group was immediately applied to establish cell research models for neuronal disorders. Since then, techniques to achieve highly efficient differentiation of different types of neural cells following iPSC modeling have made much progress. The fast-growing iPSC and neural differentiation techniques have brought valuable insights into the pathology and neurobiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this article, we first review the application of iPSC technology in modeling neuronal disorders and discuss the progress in the accompanying neural differentiation. Then, we summarize the progress in iPSC-based research that has been accomplished so far regarding schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Yao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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