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Martínez-Ibarra JA, Grant-Guillén Y, Nogueda-Torres B, Meraz-Medina T, Martínez-Grant DM. Life history data of a Triatoma protracta nahuatlae, T. sinaloensis, and their laboratory hybrids (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:309-317. [PMID: 38339860 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Chagas disease is one of the most significant vector-borne diseases in Mexico. The presence of "sylvatic" triatomine vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas) inside human dwellings necessitates estimating their vectorial capacity. To estimate this capacity in Triatoma protracta nahuatlae (Ryckman), Triatoma sinaloensis (Ryckman), and their laboratory hybrids, 6 biological parameters were examined. Triatoma sinaloensis exhibited the shortest development time (155 days), with a median of 12 blood meals. Mortality rates varied from 35% to 45% in the 3 studied cohorts. All 3 cohorts were aggressive, initiating feeding within 0.5-1 min, and had similar feeding periods ranging from 10 to 18 min. A majority (75.3-97.9%) of the hybrids defecated when feeding, immediately after feeding, or in less than 1 min post-feeding. In contrast, only 7-42% of nymphs of T. sinaloensis defecated during the same period. Our results regarding the 6 parameters studied confirm the potential role of T. p. nahuatlae as an efficient vector of T. cruzi. Triatoma sinaloensis, on the other hand, exhibited limited vectorial capacity primarily due to its poor defecation behavior. Continued surveillance of these "sylvatic" triatomine populations is necessary to prevent an epidemiological problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alejandro Martínez-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva 883, Ciudad Guzmán 49000, Jalisco, México
| | - Yunuen Grant-Guillén
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva 883, Ciudad Guzmán 49000, Jalisco, México
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Becario de COFAA, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Tzintli Meraz-Medina
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva 883, Ciudad Guzmán 49000, Jalisco, México
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva 883, Ciudad Guzmán 49000, Jalisco, México
| | - Diana Monserrat Martínez-Grant
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva 883, Ciudad Guzmán 49000, Jalisco, México
- Carrera de Medicina, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva 883, Ciudad Guzmán 49000, Jalisco, México
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Dorn PL, Monroy MC, Stevens L. Sustainable, integrated control of native vectors: The case of Chagas disease in Central America. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.971000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite successes in reducing transmission, Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) remains the greatest economic burden of any parasitic disease in Latin America afflicting mostly the poor and further contributing to poverty. We review a long-term (2001-2022), integrated Ecohealth approach that addresses sustainable development goals to reduce risk of Chagas transmission by the main native vector in Central America, Triatoma dimidiata, s.l. The basis of the Ecohealth intervention was the identification of the risk factors for house infestation, an understanding of and collaboration with local communities, and genetic and proteomic studies that revealed the epidemiology and mechanisms of the rapid reinfestation seen following insecticide application. We review the development of this approach from a pilot project in two Guatemalan villages, to an expanded initiative across three countries with vastly different ecology, cultures, and municipal organization, and finally development of a multi-institutional, large-scale project to develop a strategy to tackle the remaining hot spots in Central America. This integrated Ecohealth approach resulted in reduced risk of transmission as measured by a sustained decrease in house infestation without further use of insecticides, a reduction in vectors with human blood meals and the Chagas parasite, as well as other health and economic benefits. We discuss lessons learned and how this approach could be applied to other vector-borne diseases.
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Jameson SB, Cloherty E, Londono-Renteria B, Wesson DM. Chagas Disease in the Southeastern USA. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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de Paiva VF, de Oliveira J, Galvão C, Justi SA, Landa JMA, da Rosa JA. Formal Assignation of the Kissing Bug Triatoma lecticularia (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) to the Genus Paratriatoma. INSECTS 2021; 12:538. [PMID: 34200543 PMCID: PMC8227924 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) comprises hematophagous insects that are vectors of Chagas disease; including species assigned to the genera Triatoma and Paratriatoma. Initial examination of Triatoma lecticularia revealed the hirsuteness covering the entire body-a characteristic and striking feature of members of the genus Paratriatoma-and a systematic study revealed several other morphological characters that are in diagnostic alignment with Paratriatoma. Based on the examination of several specimens (including the lectotype), and with the additional support of molecular and cytogenetic data, we propose the formal transferal of Triatoma lecticularia (Stål, 1859) into the genus Paratriatoma with the resulting new combination: Paratriatoma lecticularia (Stål, 1859) comb. nov. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Fernandes de Paiva
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil;
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil;
| | - Cleber Galvão
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvia Andrade Justi
- The Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746, USA;
- Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | | | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil;
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Moo-Llanes DA, Montes de Oca-Aguilar AC, Rodríguez-Rojas JJ. Pattern of climate connectivity and equivalent niche of Triatominae species of the Phyllosoma complex. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 34:440-451. [PMID: 32697402 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Phyllosoma complex is a Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) group of medical importance involved in Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) transmission. Most of the members of this group are endemic and sympatric species with distribution in Mexico and the southern U.S.A. We employed MaxEnt to construct ecological niche models of nine species of Triatominae to test three hypothesis: (a) whether species with a broad climatic niche breadth occupy a broader geographical range than species with a narrow climatic breadth, (b) whether species with broad distribution present high degree of climatic fragmentation/isolation, which was tested through landscape metrics; and (c) whether the species share the same climatic niche space (niche conservatism) considered through an equivalence test implemented in ENMtools. Overall, our results suggest that the geographical distribution of this complex is influenced mainly by temperature seasonality where all suitable areas are places of current and potential transmission of T. cruzi. Niche breadth in the Phyllosoma complex is associated with the geographical distribution range, and the geographical range affects the climatic connectivity. We found no strong evidence of niche climatic divergence in members of this complex. We discuss the epidemiological implications of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Moo-Llanes
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), 19 Poniente, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | | | - J J Rodríguez-Rojas
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud (CIDICS), Unidad de Patógenos Emergentes y Vectores, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
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Aguilera-Uribe M, Meza-Lázaro RN, Kieran TJ, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, Zaldívar-Riverón A. Phylogeny of the North-Central American clade of blood-sucking reduviid bugs of the tribe Triatomini (Hemiptera: Triatominae) based on the mitochondrial genome. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Rengifo‐Correa L, Abad‐Franch F, Martínez‐Hernández F, Salazar‐Schettino PM, Téllez‐Rendón JL, Villalobos G, Morrone JJ. A biogeographic–ecological approach to disentangle reticulate evolution in the
Triatoma phyllosoma
species group (Heteroptera: Triatominae), vectors of Chagas disease. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rengifo‐Correa
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias Museo de Zoología ‘Alfonso L. Herrera’Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City Mexico
| | - Fernando Abad‐Franch
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Medicina Tropical Núcleo de Medicina Tropical Facultade Medicina Universidade de Brasília Brasília Brazil
| | | | - Paz M. Salazar‐Schettino
- Laboratorio de Biología de Parásitos Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City Mexico
| | | | - Guiehdani Villalobos
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González Mexico City Mexico
| | - Juan J. Morrone
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias Museo de Zoología ‘Alfonso L. Herrera’Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City Mexico
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Monteiro FA, Weirauch C, Felix M, Lazoski C, Abad-Franch F. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography of the Triatominae, Vectors of Chagas Disease. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 29530308 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review and update current knowledge about the evolution, systematics, and biogeography of the Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)-true bugs that feed primarily on vertebrate blood. In the Americas, triatomines are the vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Despite declining incidence and prevalence, Chagas disease is still a major public health concern in Latin America. Triatomines occur also in the Old World, where vector-borne T. cruzi transmission has not been recorded. Triatomines evolved from predatory reduviid bugs, most likely in the New World, and diversified extensively across the Americas (including the Caribbean) and in parts of Asia and Oceania. Here, we first discuss our current understanding of how, how many times, and when the blood-feeding habit might have evolved among the Reduviidae. Then we present a summary of recent advances in the systematics of this diverse group of insects, with an emphasis on the contribution of molecular tools to the clarification of taxonomic controversies. Finally, and in the light of both up-to-date phylogenetic hypotheses and a thorough review of distribution records, we propose a global synthesis of the biogeography of the Triatominae. Over 130 triatomine species contribute to maintaining T. cruzi transmission among mammals (sometimes including humans) in almost every terrestrial ecoregion of the Americas. This means that Chagas disease will never be eradicated and underscores the fact that effective disease prevention will perforce require stronger, long-term vector control-surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Araujo Monteiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Márcio Felix
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Lazoski
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Justi SA, Cahan S, Stevens L, Monroy C, Lima-Cordón R, Dorn PL. Vectors of diversity: Genome wide diversity across the geographic range of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata sensu lato (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 120:144-150. [PMID: 29248626 PMCID: PMC5991476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To date, the phylogeny of Triatoma dimidiata sensu lato (s. l.) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), the epidemiologically most important Chagas disease vector in Central America and a secondary vector in Mexico and northern South America, has only been investigated by one multi-copy nuclear gene (Internal Transcribed Spacer - 2) and a few mitochondrial genes. We examined 450 specimens sampled across most of its native range from Mexico to Ecuador using reduced representation next-generation sequencing encompassing over 16,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using a combined phylogenetic and species delimitation approach we uncovered two distinct species, as well as a well-defined third group that may contain multiple species. The findings are discussed with respect to possible drivers of diversification and the epidemiological importance of the distinct species and groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Justi
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
| | - Sara Cahan
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Lori Stevens
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Carlota Monroy
- Biology School, University of San Carlos, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Raquel Lima-Cordón
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Patricia L Dorn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Carmona-Castro O, Moo-Llanes DA, Ramsey JM. Impact of climate change on vector transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) in North America. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 32:84-101. [PMID: 28887895 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can influence the geographical range of the ecological niche of pathogens by altering biotic interactions with vectors and reservoirs. The distributions of 20 epidemiologically important triatomine species in North America were modelled, comparing the genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction (GARP) and maximum entropy (MaxEnt), with or without topographical variables. Potential shifts in transmission niche for Trypanosoma cruzi (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) (Chagas, 1909) were analysed for 2050 and 2070 in Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5. There were no significant quantitative range differences between the GARP and MaxEnt models, but GARP models best represented known distributions for most species [partial-receiver operating characteristic (ROC) > 1]; elevation was an important variable contributing to the ecological niche model (ENM). There was little difference between niche breadth projections for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5; the majority of species shifted significantly in both periods. Those species with the greatest current distribution range are expected to have the greatest shifts. Positional changes in the centroid, although reduced for most species, were associated with latitude. A significant increase or decrease in mean niche elevation is expected principally for Neotropical 1 species. The impact of climate change will be specific to each species, its biogeographical region and its latitude. North American triatomines with the greatest current distribution ranges (Nearctic 2 and Nearctic/Neotropical) will have the greatest future distribution shifts. Significant shifts (increases or decreases) in mean elevation over time are projected principally for the Neotropical species with the broadest current distributions. Changes in the vector exposure threat to the human population were significant for both future periods, with a 1.48% increase for urban populations and a 1.76% increase for rural populations in 2050.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Carmona-Castro
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - D A Moo-Llanes
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, Mexico
| | - J M Ramsey
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Mexico
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Justi SA, Galvão C. The Evolutionary Origin of Diversity in Chagas Disease Vectors. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:42-52. [PMID: 27986547 PMCID: PMC5518462 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is amongst the ten most important neglected tropical diseases but knowledge on the diversification of its vectors, Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), is very scarce. Most Triatominae species occur in the Americas, and are all considered potential vectors. Despite its amazing ecological vignette, there are remarkably few evolutionary studies of the whole subfamily, and only one genome sequence has been published. The young age of the subfamily, coupled with the high number of independent lineages, are intriguing, yet the lack of genome-wide data makes it a challenge to infer the phylogenetic relationships within Triatominae. Here we synthesize what is known, and suggest the next steps towards a better understanding of how this important group of disease vectors came to be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Justi
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Cleber Galvão
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Hypothesis testing clarifies the systematics of the main Central American Chagas disease vector, Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811), across its geographic range. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:431-443. [PMID: 27496718 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The widespread and diverse Triatoma dimidiata is the kissing bug species most important for Chagas disease transmission in Central America and a secondary vector in Mexico and northern South America. Its diversity may contribute to different Chagas disease prevalence in different localities and has led to conflicting systematic hypotheses describing various populations as subspecies or cryptic species. To resolve these conflicting hypotheses, we sequenced a nuclear (internal transcribed spacer 2, ITS-2) and mitochondrial gene (cytochrome b) from an extensive sampling of T. dimidiata across its geographic range. We evaluated the congruence of ITS-2 and cyt b phylogenies and tested the support for the previously proposed subspecies (inferred from ITS-2) by: (1) overlaying the ITS-2 subspecies assignments on a cyt b tree and, (2) assessing the statistical support for a cyt b topology constrained by the subspecies hypothesis. Unconstrained phylogenies inferred from ITS-2 and cyt b are congruent and reveal three clades including two putative cryptic species in addition to T. dimidiata sensu stricto. Neither the cyt b phylogeny nor hypothesis testing support the proposed subspecies inferred from ITS-2. Additionally, the two cryptic species are supported by phylogenies inferred from mitochondrially-encoded genes cytochrome c oxidase I and NADH dehydrogenase 4. In summary, our results reveal two cryptic species. Phylogenetic relationships indicate T. dimidiata sensu stricto is not subdivided into monophyletic clades consistent with subspecies. Based on increased support by hypothesis testing, we propose an updated systematic hypothesis for T. dimidiata based on extensive taxon sampling and analysis of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes.
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Martínez-Ibarra JA, Nogueda-Torres B, Cárdenas-De la Cruz MÁ, Villagrán ME, de Diego-Cabrera JA, Bustos-Saldaña R. Biological parameters of interbreeding subspecies of Meccus phyllosomus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in western Mexico. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:763-770. [PMID: 26440301 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the biological parameters of some triatomine subspecies of Meccus phyllosomus (Burmeister) is a crucial first step in estimating the epidemiological importance of this group. Biological parameters related to egg eclosion, egg-to-adult development time, number of blood meals to moult, percentage of females at the end of the cycle, number of laid eggs, and the accumulative mortality for each instar of three M. phyllosomus subspecies [Meccus phyllosomus pallidipennis (Stål), Meccus phyllosomus longipennis (Usinger), and Meccus phyllosomus picturatus (Usinger)] as well as their laboratory hybrids were evaluated and compared. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were recorded among the experimental hybrids (M. p. longipennis × M. p. pallidipennis, M. p. longipennis × M. p. picturatus, M. p. pallidipennis × M. p. picturatus) and reciprocal cohorts. In five of the six studied parameters (egg eclosion, egg-to-adult development time, number of blood meals to moult, number of laid eggs and accumulative mortality), with the exception of the non-significant percentage of females obtained among all the studied cohorts, at least one of the parental cohorts in each set of crosses exhibited better fitness results than by those of their hybrid descendants. The lack of hybrid fitness in our study indicates the maintenance of reproductive isolation of parental genotypes. Moreover, the results lead us to propose that an incipient speciation process by distance is currently developing among the three studied subspecies, increasing the differences between them that modify the transmission efficiency of Trypanosoma cruzi to human beings in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Martínez-Ibarra
- Área de Entomología Médica,Av. Enrique Arreola Silva 883,49000,Ciudad Guzmán,Jalisco,México
| | - B Nogueda-Torres
- Becario de COFAA, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,D. F.,México
| | - M Á Cárdenas-De la Cruz
- Carrera de Veterinaria,Departamento de Salud y Bienestar,Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara,Av. Enrique Arreola Silva 883,49000,Ciudad Guzmán,Jalisco,México
| | - M E Villagrán
- Departamento de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina,Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro,Santiago de Querétaro,Querétaro,México
| | - J A de Diego-Cabrera
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,Madrid,España
| | - R Bustos-Saldaña
- Área de Entomología Médica,Av. Enrique Arreola Silva 883,49000,Ciudad Guzmán,Jalisco,México
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