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Bhaskaran S, Kumar G, Thadathil N, Piekarz KM, Mohammed S, Lopez SD, Qaisar R, Walton D, Brown JL, Murphy A, Smith N, Saunders D, Beckstead MJ, Plafker S, Lewis TL, Towner R, Deepa SS, Richardson A, Axtell RC, Van Remmen H. Neuronal deletion of MnSOD in mice leads to demyelination, inflammation and progressive paralysis that mimics phenotypes associated with progressive multiple sclerosis. Redox Biol 2023; 59:102550. [PMID: 36470129 PMCID: PMC9720104 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal oxidative stress has been implicated in aging and neurodegenerative disease. Here we investigated the impact of elevated oxidative stress induced in mouse spinal cord by deletion of Mn-Superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) using a neuron specific Cre recombinase in Sod2 floxed mice (i-mn-Sod2 KO). Sod2 deletion in spinal cord neurons was associated with mitochondrial alterations and peroxide generation. Phenotypically, i-mn-Sod2 KO mice experienced hindlimb paralysis and clasping behavior associated with extensive demyelination and reduced nerve conduction velocity, axonal degeneration, enhanced blood brain barrier permeability, elevated inflammatory cytokines, microglia activation, infiltration of neutrophils and necroptosis in spinal cord. In contrast, spinal cord motor neuron number, innervation of neuromuscular junctions, muscle mass, and contractile function were not altered. Overall, our findings show that loss of MnSOD in spinal cord promotes a phenotype of demyelination, inflammation and progressive paralysis that mimics phenotypes associated with progressive multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shylesh Bhaskaran
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Nidheesh Thadathil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA
| | - Katarzyna M Piekarz
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Sabira Mohammed
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Rizwan Qaisar
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Dorothy Walton
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Jacob L Brown
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA; Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ashley Murphy
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Michael J Beckstead
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA; Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Scott Plafker
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Tommy L Lewis
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Rheal Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA
| | - Sathyaseelan S Deepa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Robert C Axtell
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA.
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK, USA; Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of Nrf2-Dependent Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061146. [PMID: 35740042 PMCID: PMC9219619 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) encompasses a chronic, irreversible, and predominantly immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that leads to axonal degeneration, neuronal death, and several neurological symptoms. Although various immune therapies have reduced relapse rates and the severity of symptoms in relapsing-remitting MS, there is still no cure for this devastating disease. In this brief review, we discuss the role of mitochondria dysfunction in the progression of MS, focused on the possible role of Nrf2 signaling in orchestrating the impairment of critical cellular and molecular aspects such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) management, under neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. In this scenario, we propose a new potential downstream signaling of Nrf2 pathway, namely the opening of hemichannels and pannexons. These large-pore channels are known to modulate glial/neuronal function and ROS production as they are permeable to extracellular Ca2+ and release potentially harmful transmitters to the synaptic cleft. In this way, the Nrf2 dysfunction impairs not only the bioenergetics and metabolic properties of glial cells but also the proper antioxidant defense and energy supply that they provide to neurons.
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Tobin WO, Kalinowska-Lyszczarz A, Weigand SD, Guo Y, Tosakulwong N, Parisi JE, Metz I, Frischer JM, Lassmann H, Brück W, Linbo L, Lucchinetti CF. Clinical Correlation of Multiple Sclerosis Immunopathologic Subtypes. Neurology 2021; 97:e1906-e1913. [PMID: 34504026 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The goal of this work was to compare clinical characteristics across immunopathologic subtypes of patients with multiple sclerosis. METHODS Immunopathologic subtyping was performed on specimens from 547 patients with biopsy- or autopsy-confirmed CNS demyelination. RESULTS The frequency of immunopathologic subtypes was 23% for pattern I, 56% for pattern II, and 22% for pattern III. Immunopatterns were similar in terms of age at autopsy/biopsy (median age 41 years, range 4-83 years, p = 0.16) and proportion female (54%, p = 0.71). Median follow-up after symptom onset was 2.3 years (range 0-38 years). In addition to being overrepresented among autopsy cases (45% vs 19% in biopsy cohort, p < 0.001), index attack-related disability was higher in pattern III vs II (median Expanded Disability Status Scale score 4 vs 3, p = 0.02). Monophasic clinical course was more common in patients with pattern III than pattern I or II (59% vs 33% vs 32%, p < 0.001). Similarly, patients with pattern III pathology were likely to have progressive disease compared to patients with patterns I or II when followed up for ≥5 years (24% overall, p = 0.49), with no differences in long-term survival, despite a more fulminant attack presentation. CONCLUSION All 3 immunopatterns can be detected in active lesions, although they are found less frequently later into the disease due to the lower number of active lesions. Pattern III is associated with a more fulminant initial attack than either pattern I or II. Biopsied patients appear to have similar long-term outcomes regardless of their immunopatterns. Progressive disease is less associated with the initial immunopattern and suggests convergence into a final common pathway related to the chronically denuded axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Oliver Tobin
- From the Department of Neurology (W.O.T., Y.G., L.L.), Health Sciences Research (S.D.W., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (J.E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.K.-L.), Poland; University of Göttingen (I.M., W.B.), Germany; Medical University of Vienna (J.M.F., H.L.), Austria; and Departments of Neurosciences (C.F.L.), Neurology (C.F.L.), and Clinical and Translational Science (C.F.L.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Alicja Kalinowska-Lyszczarz
- From the Department of Neurology (W.O.T., Y.G., L.L.), Health Sciences Research (S.D.W., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (J.E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.K.-L.), Poland; University of Göttingen (I.M., W.B.), Germany; Medical University of Vienna (J.M.F., H.L.), Austria; and Departments of Neurosciences (C.F.L.), Neurology (C.F.L.), and Clinical and Translational Science (C.F.L.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Stephen D Weigand
- From the Department of Neurology (W.O.T., Y.G., L.L.), Health Sciences Research (S.D.W., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (J.E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.K.-L.), Poland; University of Göttingen (I.M., W.B.), Germany; Medical University of Vienna (J.M.F., H.L.), Austria; and Departments of Neurosciences (C.F.L.), Neurology (C.F.L.), and Clinical and Translational Science (C.F.L.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Yong Guo
- From the Department of Neurology (W.O.T., Y.G., L.L.), Health Sciences Research (S.D.W., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (J.E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.K.-L.), Poland; University of Göttingen (I.M., W.B.), Germany; Medical University of Vienna (J.M.F., H.L.), Austria; and Departments of Neurosciences (C.F.L.), Neurology (C.F.L.), and Clinical and Translational Science (C.F.L.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Nirubol Tosakulwong
- From the Department of Neurology (W.O.T., Y.G., L.L.), Health Sciences Research (S.D.W., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (J.E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.K.-L.), Poland; University of Göttingen (I.M., W.B.), Germany; Medical University of Vienna (J.M.F., H.L.), Austria; and Departments of Neurosciences (C.F.L.), Neurology (C.F.L.), and Clinical and Translational Science (C.F.L.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Joseph E Parisi
- From the Department of Neurology (W.O.T., Y.G., L.L.), Health Sciences Research (S.D.W., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (J.E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.K.-L.), Poland; University of Göttingen (I.M., W.B.), Germany; Medical University of Vienna (J.M.F., H.L.), Austria; and Departments of Neurosciences (C.F.L.), Neurology (C.F.L.), and Clinical and Translational Science (C.F.L.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Imke Metz
- From the Department of Neurology (W.O.T., Y.G., L.L.), Health Sciences Research (S.D.W., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (J.E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.K.-L.), Poland; University of Göttingen (I.M., W.B.), Germany; Medical University of Vienna (J.M.F., H.L.), Austria; and Departments of Neurosciences (C.F.L.), Neurology (C.F.L.), and Clinical and Translational Science (C.F.L.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Josa M Frischer
- From the Department of Neurology (W.O.T., Y.G., L.L.), Health Sciences Research (S.D.W., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (J.E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.K.-L.), Poland; University of Göttingen (I.M., W.B.), Germany; Medical University of Vienna (J.M.F., H.L.), Austria; and Departments of Neurosciences (C.F.L.), Neurology (C.F.L.), and Clinical and Translational Science (C.F.L.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Hans Lassmann
- From the Department of Neurology (W.O.T., Y.G., L.L.), Health Sciences Research (S.D.W., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (J.E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.K.-L.), Poland; University of Göttingen (I.M., W.B.), Germany; Medical University of Vienna (J.M.F., H.L.), Austria; and Departments of Neurosciences (C.F.L.), Neurology (C.F.L.), and Clinical and Translational Science (C.F.L.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- From the Department of Neurology (W.O.T., Y.G., L.L.), Health Sciences Research (S.D.W., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (J.E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.K.-L.), Poland; University of Göttingen (I.M., W.B.), Germany; Medical University of Vienna (J.M.F., H.L.), Austria; and Departments of Neurosciences (C.F.L.), Neurology (C.F.L.), and Clinical and Translational Science (C.F.L.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Linda Linbo
- From the Department of Neurology (W.O.T., Y.G., L.L.), Health Sciences Research (S.D.W., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (J.E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.K.-L.), Poland; University of Göttingen (I.M., W.B.), Germany; Medical University of Vienna (J.M.F., H.L.), Austria; and Departments of Neurosciences (C.F.L.), Neurology (C.F.L.), and Clinical and Translational Science (C.F.L.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Claudia F Lucchinetti
- From the Department of Neurology (W.O.T., Y.G., L.L.), Health Sciences Research (S.D.W., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (J.E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.K.-L.), Poland; University of Göttingen (I.M., W.B.), Germany; Medical University of Vienna (J.M.F., H.L.), Austria; and Departments of Neurosciences (C.F.L.), Neurology (C.F.L.), and Clinical and Translational Science (C.F.L.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
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Diffusely appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis: Insights from sodium ( 23Na) MRI. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 49:102752. [PMID: 33486402 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In multiple sclerosis (MS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) frequently shows ill-defined areas with intermediate signal intensity between the normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and focal T2-hyperintense lesions, termed "diffusely appearing white matter" (DAWM). Even though several advanced MRI techniques have shown the potential to detect and quantify subtle commonly not visible microscopic tissue changes, to date only a few advanced MRI studies investigated DAWM changes in a quantitative manner. The aim of this study was to detect and quantify tissue abnormalities in the DAWM in comparison to focal lesions and the NAWM in MS patients by sodium (23Na) MRI. METHODS 23Na and conventional MRI were performed in 25 MS patients with DAWM (DAWM+) and in 25 sex- and age matched MS patients without DAWM (DAWM-), as well as in ten healthy controls (HC). Mean total sodium concentrations (TSC) were quantified in the DAWM, NAWM, normal appearing grey matter (NAGM) and in focal MS lesions. RESULTS In MS DAWM+and DAWM-, TSC values were increased in the NAGM (DAWM+: 44.61 ± 4.09 mM; DAWM-: 45.37 ± 3.8 mM) and in the NAWM (DAWM+: 39.85 ± 3.89 mM; DAWM-: 39.82 ± 4.25 mM) compared to normal grey and white matter in HC (GM 40.87 ± 3.25 mM, WM 35.9 ± 1.81 mM; p < 0.05 for all comparisons). Interestingly, the DAWM showed similar sodium concentrations (39.32 ± 4.59 mM) to the NAWM (39.85 ± 3.89 mM), whereas TSC values in T1 hypointense (46.53 ± 7.87 mM) and T1 isointense (41.99 ± 6.10 mM) lesions were significantly higher than in the DAWM (p < 0.001 and 0.017 respectively). CONCLUSION 23Na MRI is confirmed as a sensitive marker of even subtle tissue abnormalities. DAWM sodium levels are increased and comparable to the abnormalities in NAWM, suggesting pathological changes less severe than in focal lesions comparable to what is expected in the NAWM.
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Morales Pantoja IE, Smith MD, Rajbhandari L, Cheng L, Gao Y, Mahairaki V, Venkatesan A, Calabresi PA, Fitzgerald KC, Whartenby KA. iPSCs from people with MS can differentiate into oligodendrocytes in a homeostatic but not an inflammatory milieu. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233980. [PMID: 32511247 PMCID: PMC7279569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that results in variable severities of neurodegeneration. The understanding of MS has been limited by the inaccessibility of the affected cells and the lengthy timeframe of disease development. However, recent advances in stem cell technology have facilitated the bypassing of some of these challenges. Towards gaining a greater understanding of the innate potential of stem cells from people with varying degrees of disability, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from stable and progressive MS patients, and then further differentiated them into oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells. We analyzed differentiation under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions via sustained exposure to low-dose interferon gamma (IFNγ), a prominent cytokine in MS. We found that all iPSC lines differentiated into mature myelinating OLs, but chronic exposure to IFNγ dramatically inhibited differentiation in both MS groups, particularly if exposure was initiated during the pre-progenitor stage. Low-dose IFNγ was not toxic but led to an early upregulation of interferon response genes in OPCs followed by an apparent redirection in lineage commitment from OL to a neuron-like phenotype in a significant portion of the treated cells. Our results reveal that a chronic low-grade inflammatory environment may have profound effects on the efficacy of regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzy E. Morales Pantoja
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Labchan Rajbhandari
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Linzhao Cheng
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongxing Gao
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vasiliki Mahairaki
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arun Venkatesan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathryn C. Fitzgerald
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katharine A. Whartenby
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Berger S, Stattmann M, Cicvaric A, Monje FJ, Coiro P, Hotka M, Ricken G, Hainfellner J, Greber-Platzer S, Yasuda M, Desnick RJ, Pollak DD. Severe hydroxymethylbilane synthase deficiency causes depression-like behavior and mitochondrial dysfunction in a mouse model of homozygous dominant acute intermittent porphyria. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:38. [PMID: 32197664 PMCID: PMC7082933 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant inborn error of heme biosynthesis due to a pathogenic mutation in the Hmbs gene, resulting in half-normal activity of hydroxymethylbilane synthase. Factors that induce hepatic heme biosynthesis induce episodic attacks in heterozygous patients. The clinical presentation of acute attacks involves the signature neurovisceral pain and may include psychiatric symptoms. Here we used a knock-in mouse line that is biallelic for the Hmbs c.500G > A (p.R167Q) mutation with ~ 5% of normal hydroxymethylbilane synthase activity to unravel the consequences of severe HMBS deficiency on affective behavior and brain physiology. Hmbs knock-in mice (KI mice) model the rare homozygous dominant form of AIP and were used as tool to elucidate the hitherto unknown pathophysiology of the behavioral manifestations of the disease and its neural underpinnings. Extensive behavioral analyses revealed a selective depression-like phenotype in Hmbs KI mice; transcriptomic and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated aberrant myelination. The uncovered compromised mitochondrial function in the hippocampus of knock-in mice and its ensuing neurogenic and neuroplastic deficits lead us to propose a mechanistic role for disrupted mitochondrial energy production in the pathogenesis of the behavioral consequences of severe HMBS deficiency and its neuropathological sequelae in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Berger
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse, 17, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miranda Stattmann
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse, 17, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Cicvaric
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse, 17, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francisco J Monje
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse, 17, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pierluca Coiro
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse, 17, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matej Hotka
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse, 17, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerda Ricken
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Hainfellner
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Greber-Platzer
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Makiko Yasuda
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Daniela D Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse, 17, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Cardamone G, Paraboschi EM, Soldà G, Cantoni C, Supino D, Piccio L, Duga S, Asselta R. Not only cancer: the long non-coding RNA MALAT1 affects the repertoire of alternatively spliced transcripts and circular RNAs in multiple sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1414-1428. [PMID: 30566690 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulators, whose implication in neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases remains poorly understood. We analyzed publicly available microarray data sets to identify dysregulated lncRNAs in multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease. We found a consistent upregulation in MS of the lncRNA MALAT1 (2.7-fold increase; meta-analysis, P = 1.3 × 10-8; 190 cases, 182 controls), known to regulate alternative splicing (AS). We confirmed MALAT1 upregulation in two independent MS cohorts (1.5-fold increase; P < 0.01; 59 cases, 50 controls). We hence performed MALAT1 overexpression/knockdown in cell lines, demonstrating that its modulation impacts on endogenous expression of splicing factors (HNRNPF and HNRNPH1) and on AS of MS-associated genes (IL7R and SP140). Minigene-based splicing assays upon MALAT1 modulation recapitulated IL7R and SP140 isoform unbalances observed in patients. RNA-sequencing of MALAT1-knockdown Jurkat cells further highlighted MALAT1 role in splicing (approximately 1100 significantly-modulated AS events) and revealed its contribution to backsplicing (approximately 50 differentially expressed circular RNAs). Our study proposes a possible novel role for MALAT1 dysregulation and the consequent AS alteration in MS pathogenesis, based on anomalous splicing/backsplicing profiles of MS-relevant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cardamone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele Milan, Italy
| | - Elvezia M Paraboschi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Soldà
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Domenico Supino
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano Milan, Italy
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8
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Tobore TO. Towards a comprehensive etiopathogenetic and pathophysiological theory of multiple sclerosis. Int J Neurosci 2019; 130:279-300. [PMID: 31588832 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1677648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by dysfunction of the immune system that affects the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by demyelination, chronic inflammation, neuronal and oligodendrocyte loss and reactive astrogliosis. It can result in physical disability and acute neurological and cognitive problems. Despite the gains in knowledge of immunology, cell biology, and genetics in the last five decades, the ultimate etiology or specific elements that trigger MS remain unknown. The objective of this review is to propose a theoretical basis for MS etiopathogenesis.Methods: Search was done by accessing PubMed/Medline, EBSCO, and PsycINFO databases. The search string used was "(multiple sclerosis* OR EAE) AND (pathophysiology* OR etiopathogenesis)". The electronic databases were searched for titles or abstracts containing these terms in all published articles between January 1, 1960, and June 30, 2019. The search was filtered down to 362 articles which were included in this review.Results: A framework to better understand the etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of MS can be derived from four essential factors; mitochondria dysfunction (MtD) & oxidative stress (OS), vitamin D (VD), sex hormones and thyroid hormones. These factors play a direct role in MS etiopathogenesis and have a modulatory effect on many other factors involved in the disease.Conclusions: For better MS prevention and treatment outcomes, efforts should be geared towards treating thyroid problems, sex hormone alterations, VD deficiency, sleep problems and melatonin alterations. MS patients should be encouraged to engage in activities that boost total antioxidant capacity (TAC) including diet and regular exercise and discouraged from activities that promote OS including smoking and alcohol consumption.
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Tobore TO. On elucidation of the role of mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ncn3.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Rahim T, Becquart P, Baeva ME, Quandt J. Expression of the neuroprotective protein aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 correlates with neuronal stress and disability in models of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:270. [PMID: 30231889 PMCID: PMC6145183 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Axonal degeneration and neuronal loss have been described as the major causes of irreversible clinical disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) protein has been associated with neuroprotection in models of ischemia and neuronal responses to stressors. Methods To characterize its potential to influence inflammatory neurodegeneration, we examined ARNT2 expression in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS and characterized mediators that influence ARNT2 expression as well as plausible partners and targets. Results Arnt2 message and protein levels dropped significantly in EAE spinal cords as disease developed and were lowest at peak disability. ARNT2 expression is prominent in neuronal cell bodies within the gray matter with some staining in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes in healthy animals. At peak disease, ARNT2 expression is reduced by 20–50% in gray matter neurons compared to healthy controls. ARNT2 intensity in neurons throughout the EAE spinal cord correlated inversely with the degree of immune cell infiltration (r = − 0.5085, p < 0.01) and axonal damage identified with SMI32 staining (r = − 0.376, p = 0.032). To understand the relationship between ARNT2 expression and neuronal health, we exposed enriched cortical cultures of neurons to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to mimic oxidative stress. H2O2 at lower doses rapidly increased ARNT2 protein levels which returned to baseline within 3–4 h. Exposure to higher doses of H2O2) dropped ARNT2 levels below baseline, preceding cytotoxicity measured by morphological changes and lactate dehydrogenase release from cells. Decreases in ARNT2 secondary to staurosporine and H2O2 preceded increases in cleaved caspase 3 and associated apoptosis. We also examined expression of neuronal pas 4 (Npas4), whose heterodimerization with ARNT2 drives expression of the neurotrophic factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf). Like ARNT2, Npas4 levels also decline at the onset of EAE and are linked to decreases in Bdnf. In vitro, H2O2 exposure drives Npas4 expression that is tied to increases in Bdnf. Conclusion Our data support ARNT2 as a neuronal transcription factor whose sustained expression is linked to neuronal and axonal health, protection that may primarily be driven through its partnering with Npas4 to influence BDNF expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1290-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tissa Rahim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Pierre Becquart
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Maria-Elizabeth Baeva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Quandt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
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Petrova N, Carassiti D, Altmann DR, Baker D, Schmierer K. Axonal loss in the multiple sclerosis spinal cord revisited. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:334-348. [PMID: 28401686 PMCID: PMC8028682 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventing chronic disease deterioration is an unmet need in people with multiple sclerosis, where axonal loss is considered a key substrate of disability. Clinically, chronic multiple sclerosis often presents as progressive myelopathy. Spinal cord cross-sectional area (CSA) assessed using MRI predicts increasing disability and has, by inference, been proposed as an indirect index of axonal degeneration. However, the association between CSA and axonal loss, and their correlation with demyelination, have never been systematically investigated using human post mortem tissue. We extensively sampled spinal cords of seven women and six men with multiple sclerosis (mean disease duration= 29 years) and five healthy controls to quantify axonal density and its association with demyelination and CSA. 396 tissue blocks were embedded in paraffin and immuno-stained for myelin basic protein and phosphorylated neurofilaments. Measurements included total CSA, areas of (i) lateral cortico-spinal tracts, (ii) gray matter, (iii) white matter, (iv) demyelination, and the number of axons within the lateral cortico-spinal tracts. Linear mixed models were used to analyze relationships. In multiple sclerosis CSA reduction at cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels ranged between 19 and 24% with white (19-24%) and gray (17-21%) matter atrophy contributing equally across levels. Axonal density in multiple sclerosis was lower by 57-62% across all levels and affected all fibers regardless of diameter. Demyelination affected 24-48% of the gray matter, most extensively at the thoracic level, and 11-13% of the white matter, with no significant differences across levels. Disease duration was associated with reduced axonal density, however not with any area index. Significant association was detected between focal demyelination and decreased axonal density. In conclusion, over nearly 30 years multiple sclerosis reduces axonal density by 60% throughout the spinal cord. Spinal cord cross sectional area, reduced by about 20%, appears to be a poor predictor of axonal density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Petrova
- Blizard Institute (Neuroscience), Barts and the London School of Medicine & DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniele Carassiti
- Blizard Institute (Neuroscience), Barts and the London School of Medicine & DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - David Baker
- Blizard Institute (Neuroscience), Barts and the London School of Medicine & DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Klaus Schmierer
- Blizard Institute (Neuroscience), Barts and the London School of Medicine & DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Neurosciences Clinical Academic Groupthe Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
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12
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Arzani M, Rezaei H, Moghadasi AN. Association of Limb-Girdle muscular dystrophy with multiple sclerosis: A case report. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018; 9:96-99. [PMID: 29387327 PMCID: PMC5771368 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.9.1.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background: The association of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) with other neurological disorders is uncommon. Case presentation: We report a 25-year-old female with LGMD who suffered from slowly progressive proximal muscular weakness and atrophy since she was 12 years of age. The patient recently presented with acute loss of left side visual acuity. After evaluation, findings were suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Conclusions: This is the first report of LGMD in association with MS. The simultaneous occurrence of MS with myopathies may be incidental but there may be a genetic susceptibility for both diseases. This comorbidity may influence the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Arzani
- Department of Neurology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Rezaei
- Department of Urology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Department of Neurology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Sina MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Adiele RC, Adiele CA. Metabolic defects in multiple sclerosis. Mitochondrion 2017; 44:7-14. [PMID: 29246870 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain injuries in multiple sclerosis (MS) involve immunopathological, structural and metabolic defects on myelin sheath, oligodendrocytes (OLs), axons and neurons suggesting that different cellular mechanisms ultimately result in the formation of MS plaques, demyelination, inflammation and brain damage. Bioenergetics, oxygen and ion metabolism dominate the metabolic and biochemical pathways that maintain neuronal viability and impulse transmission which directly or indirectly point to mitochondrial integrity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) availability indicating the involvement of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of MS. Loss of myelin proteins including myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoproetin (MOG), 2, 3,-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiestarase (CNPase); microglia and microphage activation, oligodendrocyte apoptosis as well as expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS) and myeloperoxidase activities have been implicated in a subset of Balo's type and relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) lesions indicating the involvement of metabolic defects and oxidative stress in MS. Here, we provide an insighting review of defects in cellular metabolism including energy, oxygen and metal metabolism in MS as well as the relevance of animal models of MS in understanding the molecular, biochemical and cellular mechanisms of MS pathogenesis. Additionally, we also discussed the potential for mitochondrial targets and antioxidant protection for therapeutic benefits in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald C Adiele
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, Saskatoon City Hospital, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Public Health, Concordia University of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Chiedukam A Adiele
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Honorat JA, Nakatsuji Y, Shimizu M, Kinoshita M, Sumi-Akamaru H, Sasaki T, Takata K, Koda T, Namba A, Yamashita K, Sanda E, Sakaguchi M, Kumanogoh A, Shirakura T, Tamura M, Sakoda S, Mochizuki H, Okuno T. Febuxostat ameliorates secondary progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by restoring mitochondrial energy production in a GOT2-dependent manner. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187215. [PMID: 29107957 PMCID: PMC5673182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are important determinants of neurodegeneration in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). We previously showed that febuxostat, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, ameliorated both relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by preventing neurodegeneration in mice. In this study, we investigated how febuxostat protects neuron in secondary progressive EAE. A DNA microarray analysis revealed that febuxostat treatment increased the CNS expression of several mitochondria-related genes in EAE mice, most notably including GOT2, which encodes glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 2 (GOT2). GOT2 is a mitochondrial enzyme that oxidizes glutamate to produce α-ketoglutarate for the Krebs cycle, eventually leading to the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Whereas GOT2 expression was decreased in the spinal cord during the chronic progressive phase of EAE, febuxostat-treated EAE mice showed increased GOT2 expression. Moreover, febuxostat treatment of Neuro2a cells in vitro ameliorated ATP exhaustion induced by rotenone application. The ability of febuxostat to preserve ATP production in the presence of rotenone was significantly reduced by GOT2 siRNA. GOT2-mediated ATP synthesis may be a pivotal mechanism underlying the protective effect of febuxostat against neurodegeneration in EAE. Accordingly, febuxostat may also have clinical utility as a disease-modifying drug in SPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephe A. Honorat
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakatsuji
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TO); (YN)
| | - Mikito Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Department of Neurology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisae Sumi-Akamaru
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazushiro Takata
- Department of Neurology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Koda
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiko Namba
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eri Sanda
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manabu Sakaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Shirakura
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuho Tamura
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saburo Sakoda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Toneyama National Hospital, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsusada Okuno
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TO); (YN)
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15
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Minchenberg SB, Massa PT. The control of oligodendrocyte bioenergetics by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1). J Neuroimmunol 2017; 331:46-57. [PMID: 29113698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration are essential for oligodendrocyte metabolism in both the developing and adult CNS. Based on recent reports on the effects of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ on metabolism and on oligodendrocytes, we addressed whether IFN-γ may affect oligodendrocyte bioenergetics in ways relevant to CNS disease. Oligodendrocytes of mice treated with IFN-γ showed significant reductions in aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. As expected, IFN-γ treatment led to the induction of STAT1 in oligodendrocytes indicating active signaling into these cells. To determine the direct effects of IFN-γ on oligodendrocyte metabolism, cultured oligodendrocytes were treated with IFN-γ in vitro, which resulted in suppression of glycolysis similar to oligodendrocytes of animals treated with IFN-γ in vivo. Mice lacking SHP-1, a key regulator of IFN-γ and STAT1 signaling in CNS glia, had high constitutive levels of STAT1 and decreased aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration rates relative to wild type mouse oligodendrocytes. Together, these data show that IFN-γ and SHP-1 control oligodendrocyte bioenergetics in ways that may relate to the role of this cytokine in CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Minchenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Paul T Massa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, United States; Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, United States.
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16
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The cause of multiple sclerosis is autoimmune attack of adenosyltransferase thereby limiting adenosylcobalamin production. Med Hypotheses 2017; 109:29-37. [PMID: 29150289 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) begins with an infection by a bacterium from the class of bacteria that produce and utilize adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and possess an adenosyl transferase enzyme (ATR); these bacteria are the exogenous antigens that cause MS. Human ATR is homologous to bacterial ATR and B cells produce anti-ATR antibodies as an autoimmune response thereby reducing the concentration of ATR and thus limiting production of AdoCbl, one of the two bioactive forms of vitamin B12. The next step in MS pathogenesis is a period of subclinical AdoCbl deficiency over a period of many years resulting in production of odd-carbon-number fatty acids that are incorporated into myelin rendering it antigenic. The next step in MS pathogenesis is breach of the blood brain barrier thereby introducing leukocytes into the brain's blood supply resulting in T cell attack of antigenic myelin. All epidemiological clusters are regions wherein the major agricultural products are legumes that produce a high percentage of odd-carbon-number fatty acids and contain symbiotic rhizobia type bacteria in root nodules and in the soil. This novel etiological hypothesis is called "multiple sclerosis due to adenosylcobalamin deficiency" (MS-AdoCbl). Creation of realistic animal models based on the MS-AdoCbl hypothesis is presented. Methods for testing predictions made by the MS-AdoCbl hypothesis are described.
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17
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Yong H, Chartier G, Quandt J. Modulating inflammation and neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:927-950. [PMID: 28580582 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder of the central nervous system with a presentation and disease course that is largely unpredictable. MS can cause loss of balance, impaired vision or speech, weakness and paralysis, fatigue, depression, and cognitive impairment. Immunomodulation is a major target given the appearance of focal demyelinating lesions in myelin-rich white matter, yet progression and an increasing appreciation for gray matter involvement, even during the earliest phases of the disease, highlights the need to afford neuroprotection and limit neurodegenerative processes that correlate with disability. This review summarizes key aspects of MS pathophysiology and histopathology with a focus on neuroimmune interactions in MS, which may facilitate neurodegeneration through both direct and indirect mechanisms. There is a focus on processes thought to influence disease progression and the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in MS. The goals and efficacy of current disease-modifying therapies and those in the pipeline are discussed, highlighting recent advances in our understanding of pathways mediating disease progression to identify and translate both immunomodulatory and neuroprotective therapeutics from the bench to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Yong
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Chartier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Quandt
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Carassiti D, Altmann DR, Petrova N, Pakkenberg B, Scaravilli F, Schmierer K. Neuronal loss, demyelination and volume change in the multiple sclerosis neocortex. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2017; 44:377-390. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Carassiti
- Blizard Institute (Neuroscience); Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - D. R. Altmann
- Department of Medical Statistics; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; London UK
| | - N. Petrova
- Blizard Institute (Neuroscience); Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - B. Pakkenberg
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience; Bispebjerg University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. Scaravilli
- Blizard Institute (Neuroscience); Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - K. Schmierer
- Blizard Institute (Neuroscience); Queen Mary University of London; London UK
- Neurosciences Clinical Academic Group; The Royal London Hospital; Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
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19
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Neil S, Huh J, Baronas V, Li X, McFarland HF, Cherukuri M, Mitchell JB, Quandt JA. Oral administration of the nitroxide radical TEMPOL exhibits immunomodulatory and therapeutic properties in multiple sclerosis models. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 62:332-343. [PMID: 28238951 PMCID: PMC5496657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapies with both immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties are thought to have the greatest promise in reducing the severity and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). Several reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are implicated in inflammatory-mediated damage to the central nervous system (CNS) in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). TEMPOL (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) is a stable nitroxide radical with potent antioxidant activity. The goal of our studies was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects and therapeutic potential of orally-delivered TEMPOL in the mouse EAE model. Mice receiving TEMPOL chow ad libitum for 2weeks prior to induction of active EAE showed delayed onset and reduced incidence of disease compared to control-fed animals. Reduced disease severity was associated with limited microglial activation and fewer inflammatory infiltrates. TEMPOL's effects were immunomodulatory, not immunosuppressive: T cells produced less interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α, and TEMPOL-fed mice exhibited a shift towards TH2-type antibody responses. Both myeloid and myeloid-dendritic cells of TEMPOL-fed EAE animals had significantly lower levels of MHC class II expression than controls; CD40 was also significantly reduced. TEMPOL administration was associated with an enrichment of CD8+ T cell populations and CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory populations. TEMPOL reduced the severity of clinical disease when administered after the induction of disease, and also after the onset of clinical symptoms. To exclude effects on T cell priming in vivo, TEMPOL was tested with the passive transfer of encephalitogenic T cells and was found to reduce the incidence and peak severity of disease. Protection was associated with reduced infiltrates and a relative sparing of neurofilaments and axons. The ability of oral TEMPOL to reduce inflammation and axonal damage and loss demonstrate both anti-inflammatory and protective properties, with significant promise for the treatment of MS and related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Neil
- University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jaebong Huh
- Neuroimmunology Branch, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Victoria Baronas
- University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xinhui Li
- Neuroimmunology Branch, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline A. Quandt
- University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, Canada,To whom correspondence should be addressed: University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 2B5, Canada,
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20
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Effect of nitric oxide to axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis via downregulating monocarboxylate transporter 1 in oligodendrocytes. Nitric Oxide 2017; 67:75-80. [PMID: 28392448 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Axonal degeneration, one of the main pathological characteristics of MS, is affected by nitric oxide (NO). In turn, NO induces mitochondrial dysfunction of neurons and glial cells. Inadequate glucose causes monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) to transfer lactate from oligodendrocytes (OLs) to neurons, which decreases MCT1 and results in energy substrate deficit (mainly lactate) in axons. The condition gradually leads to axonal degeneration. This study proposes that NO-induced MCT1 down-regulation in OLs may be involved in the pathological process of axonal degeneration, which eventually leads to MS.
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21
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Andalib S, Talebi M, Sakhinia E, Farhoudi M, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Emamhadi M, Masoodian N, Balaghi-Inalou M, Vafaee M, Gjedde A. Mitochondrial DNA G13708A variation and multiple sclerosis: Is there an association? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 173:164-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Shi G, McQuibban GA. The Mitochondrial Rhomboid Protease PARL Is Regulated by PDK2 to Integrate Mitochondrial Quality Control and Metabolism. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1458-1472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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23
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Smorodchenko A, Schneider S, Rupprecht A, Hilse K, Sasgary S, Zeitz U, Erben RG, Pohl EE. UCP2 up-regulation within the course of autoimmune encephalomyelitis correlates with T-lymphocyte activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1002-1012. [PMID: 28130201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with severe neurological disability. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Several members of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein subfamily (UCP2-UCP5) were suggested to regulate ROS by diminishing the mitochondrial membrane potential and constitute therefore a promising pharmacological target for MS. To evaluate the role of different uncoupling proteins in neuroinflammation, we have investigated their expression patterns in murine brain and spinal cord (SC) during different stages of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS. At mRNA and protein levels we found that only UCP2 is up-regulated in the SC, but not in brain. The increase in UCP2 expression was antigen-independent, reached its maximum between 14 and 21days in both OVA and MOG immunized animals and correlated with an augmented number of CD3+ T-lymphocytes in SC parenchyma. The decrease in abundance of UCP4 was due to neuronal injury and was only detected in CNS of MOG-induced EAE animals. The results provide evidence that the involvement of mitochondrial UCP2 in CNS inflammation during EAE may be mainly explained by the invasion of activated T-lymphocytes. This conclusion coincides with our previous observation that UCP2 is up-regulated in activated and rapidly proliferating T-cells and participates in fast metabolic re-programming of cells during proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Smorodchenko
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Vegetative Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Schneider
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Rupprecht
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline Hilse
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Soleman Sasgary
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ute Zeitz
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhold G Erben
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena E Pohl
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Fung J, Berger A. Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance: Scope of the Problem. JOURNAL OF INSULIN RESISTANCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4102/jir.v1i1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
No abstract available.
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Levytskyy RM, Germany EM, Khalimonchuk O. Mitochondrial Quality Control Proteases in Neuronal Welfare. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:629-644. [PMID: 27137937 PMCID: PMC5093085 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The functional integrity of mitochondria is a critical determinant of neuronal health and compromised mitochondrial function is a commonly recognized factor that underlies a plethora of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Metabolic demands of neural cells require high bioenergetic outputs that are often associated with enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Unopposed accumulation of these respiratory byproducts over time leads to oxidative damage and imbalanced protein homeostasis within mitochondrial subcompartments, which in turn may result in cellular demise. The post-mitotic nature of neurons and their vulnerability to these stress factors necessitate strict protein homeostatic control to prevent such scenarios. A series of evolutionarily conserved proteases is one of the central elements of mitochondrial quality control. These versatile proteolytic enzymes conduct a multitude of activities to preserve normal mitochondrial function during organelle biogenesis, metabolic remodeling and stress. In this review we discuss neuroprotective aspects of mitochondrial quality control proteases and neuropathological manifestations arising from defective proteolysis within the mitochondrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Levytskyy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Edward M Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
- Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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Banzrai C, Nodera H, Kawarai T, Higashi S, Okada R, Mori A, Shimatani Y, Osaki Y, Kaji R. Impaired Axonal Na(+) Current by Hindlimb Unloading: Implication for Disuse Neuromuscular Atrophy. Front Physiol 2016; 7:36. [PMID: 26909041 PMCID: PMC4754663 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the excitability changes in peripheral motor axons caused by hindlimb unloading (HLU), which is a model of disuse neuromuscular atrophy. HLU was performed in normal 8-week-old male mice by fixing the proximal tail by a clip connected to the top of the animal's cage for 3 weeks. Axonal excitability studies were performed by stimulating the sciatic nerve at the ankle and recording the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) from the foot. The amplitudes of the motor responses of the unloading group were 51% of the control amplitudes [2.2 ± 1.3 mV (HLU) vs. 4.3 ± 1.2 mV (Control), P = 0.03]. Multiple axonal excitability analysis showed that the unloading group had a smaller strength-duration time constant (SDTC) and late subexcitability (recovery cycle) than the controls [0.075 ± 0.01 (HLU) vs. 0.12 ± 0.01 (Control), P < 0.01; 5.4 ± 1.0 (HLU) vs. 10.0 ± 1.3 % (Control), P = 0.01, respectively]. Three weeks after releasing from HLU, the SDTC became comparable to the control range. Using a modeling study, the observed differences in the waveforms could be explained by reduced persistent Na+ currents along with parameters related to current leakage. Quantification of RNA of a SCA1A gene coding a voltage-gated Na+ channel tended to be decreased in the sciatic nerve in HLU. The present study suggested that axonal ion currents are altered in vivo by HLU. It is still undetermined whether the dysfunctional axonal ion currents have any pathogenicity on neuromuscular atrophy or are the results of neural plasticity by atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Nodera
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Saki Higashi
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryo Okada
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
| | - Atsuko Mori
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Yusuke Osaki
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kaji
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan
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Al-Shamsi M, Shahin A, Ibrahim MF, Tareq S, Souid AK, Mensah-Brown EPK. Bioenergetics of the spinal cord in experimental autoimmune encephalitis of rats. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:37. [PMID: 26092157 PMCID: PMC4474435 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial dysregulation is important in axonal damage and demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). There is however, no evidence in the literature of any study that has examined cellular bioenergetics of the central nervous system (CNS) during the early development and clinical course of EAE. EAE, a rodent model of relapsing/remitting MS, is a CD4+ T cell-mediated disease of the CNS. We hypothesize that CNS bioenergetics might predict prognosis, and that preserved bioenergetics might underlie the remission from disease. The study aims therefore, to determine whether the clinical history of EAE is influenced by cellular respiration of the CNS in susceptible Dark Agouti (DA) and resistant Albino Oxford (AO) rats. Methods Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced by myelin basic protein in complete Freud Adjuvant in the footpads of DA and AO rats. A phosphorescence analyzer that determines cellular respiration was used to monitor oxygen consumption and ATP concentration was measured using the Enliten ATP assay system. Disease pathology was demonstrated by H&E and Luxol fast blue staining of sections of the lumbar regions of the spinal cord. Mitochondrial size in relation to axonal size was determined by electron microscopy. Apoptosis was studied by HPLC measurement of intracellular caspase-3 activity and caspase immunohistochemistry. Role and source of caspase 1 was studied by double immunofluorescence with antibodies for caspase-1, microglia (anti-Iba1) and astrocytes (anti-GFAP). Results The cellular respiration of the CNS did not vary between diseased and normal rats. We also demonstrate here, that at the peak of disease, inflammation as shown by caspase-1, produced by activated microglia and infiltrating cells, was significant in susceptible DA rats. The mitochondrial:axonal size ratio did not vary in the different groups although mitochondria were smaller in spinal cords of diseased DA rats. Demyelination, observed only in areas of mononuclear infiltration of the spinal cord of diseased DA rats, was demonstrated by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Conclusion We conclude that EAE at this early stage does not significantly affect CNS cellular respiration and this might underlie the reason for the recovery of diseased rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Al-Shamsi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Allen Shahin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Marwa F Ibrahim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Saeed Tareq
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Abdul-Kader Souid
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Eric P K Mensah-Brown
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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Mena NP, Urrutia PJ, Lourido F, Carrasco CM, Núñez MT. Mitochondrial iron homeostasis and its dysfunctions in neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondrion 2015; 21:92-105. [PMID: 25667951 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of the iron-containing prosthetic groups-heme and iron-sulfur clusters-occurs in mitochondria. The mitochondrion is also an important producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are derived from electrons leaking from the electron transport chain. The coexistence of both ROS and iron in the secluded space of the mitochondrion makes this organelle particularly prone to oxidative damage. Here, we review the elements that configure mitochondrial iron homeostasis and discuss the principles of iron-mediated ROS generation in mitochondria. We also review the evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction and iron accumulation in Alzheimer's disease, Huntington Disease, Friedreich's ataxia, and in particular Parkinson's disease. We postulate that a positive feedback loop of mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and ROS production accounts for the process of cell death in various neurodegenerative diseases in which these features are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Mena
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela J Urrutia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Lourido
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos M Carrasco
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco T Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Poursadegh Zonouzi A, Ghorbian S, Abkar M, Poursadegh Zonouzi AA, Azadi A. Mitochondrial complex I gene variations; as a potential genetic risk factor in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2014; 345:220-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Amorini AM, Nociti V, Petzold A, Gasperini C, Quartuccio E, Lazzarino G, Di Pietro V, Belli A, Signoretti S, Vagnozzi R, Lazzarino G, Tavazzi B. Serum lactate as a novel potential biomarker in multiple sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1137-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lin TH, Kim JH, Perez-Torres C, Chiang CW, Trinkaus K, Cross AH, Song SK. Axonal transport rate decreased at the onset of optic neuritis in EAE mice. Neuroimage 2014; 100:244-53. [PMID: 24936685 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis is frequently the first symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating neurodegenerative disease. Impaired axonal transport has been considered as an early event of neurodegenerative diseases. However, few studies have assessed the integrity of axonal transport in MS or its animal models. We hypothesize that axonal transport impairment occurs at the onset of optic neuritis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. In this study, we employed manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) to assess axonal transport in optic nerves in EAE mice at the onset of optic neuritis. Axonal transport was assessed as (a) optic nerve Mn(2+) accumulation rate (in % signal change/h) by measuring the rate of increased total optic nerve signal enhancement, and (b) Mn(2+) transport rate (in mm/h) by measuring the rate of change in optic nerve length enhanced by Mn(2+). Compared to sham-treated healthy mice, Mn(2+) accumulation rate was significantly decreased by 19% and 38% for EAE mice with moderate and severe optic neuritis, respectively. The axonal transport rate of Mn(2+) was significantly decreased by 43% and 65% for EAE mice with moderate and severe optic neuritis, respectively. The degree of axonal transport deficit correlated with the extent of impaired visual function and diminished microtubule-associated tubulins, as well as the severity of inflammation, demyelination, and axonal injury at the onset of optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsen-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Joong Hee Kim
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Perez-Torres
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chia-Wen Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Kathryn Trinkaus
- Divison of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anne H Cross
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sheng-Kwei Song
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Maarouf A, Audoin B, Konstandin S, Rico A, Soulier E, Reuter F, Le Troter A, Confort-Gouny S, Cozzone PJ, Guye M, Schad LR, Pelletier J, Ranjeva JP, Zaaraoui W. Topography of brain sodium accumulation in progressive multiple sclerosis. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 27:53-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-013-0396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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de Lago E, Gómez-Ruiz M, Moreno-Martet M, Fernández-Ruiz J. Cannabinoids, multiple sclerosis and neuroprotection. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 2:645-60. [PMID: 22112258 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid signaling system participates in the control of cell homeostasis in the CNS, which explains why, in different neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), alterations in this system have been found to serve both as a pathogenic factor (malfunctioning of this system has been found at early phases of these diseases) and as a therapeutic target (the management of this system has beneficial effects). MS is an autoimmune disease that affects the CNS and it is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, remyelination, gliosis and axonal damage. Although it has been considered mainly as an inflammatory disorder, recent studies have recognized the importance of axonal loss both in the progression of the disorder and in the appearance of neurological disability, even in early stages of the disease. In recent years, several laboratories have addressed the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in MS, given the experience reported by some MS patients who self-medicated with marijuana. Most of these studies focused on the alleviation of symptoms (spasticity, tremor, anxiety and pain) or on the inflammatory component of the disease. However, recent data also revealed the important neuroprotective action that could be exerted by cannabinoids in this disorder. The present review will be precisely centered on this neuroprotective potential, which is based mainly on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-excitotoxic properties, exerted through the activation of CB1 or CB2 receptors or other unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva de Lago
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Einheber S, Bhat MA, Salzer JL. Disrupted axo-glial junctions result in accumulation of abnormal mitochondria at nodes of ranvier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2:165-74. [PMID: 17460780 PMCID: PMC1855224 DOI: 10.1017/s1740925x06000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria and other membranous organelles are frequently enriched in the nodes and paranodes of peripheral myelinated axons, particularly those of large caliber. The physiologic role(s) of this organelle enrichment and the rheologic factors that regulate it are not well understood. Previous studies suggest that axonal transport of organelles across the nodal/paranodal region is locally regulated. In this study, we have examined the ultrastructure of myelinated axons in the sciatic nerves of mice deficient in the contactin-associated protein (Caspr), an integral junctional component. These mice, which lack the normal septate-like junctions that promote attachment of the glial (paranodal) loops to the axon, contain aberrant mitochondria in their nodal/paranodal regions. These mitochondria are typically large and swollen and occupy prominent varicosities of the nodal axolemma. In contrast, mitochondria located outside the nodal/paranodal regions of the myelinated axons appear normal. These findings suggest that paranodal junctions regulate mitochondrial transport and function in the axoplasm of the nodal/paranodal region of myelinated axons of peripheral nerves. They further implicate the paranodal junctions in playing a role, either directly or indirectly, in the local regulation of energy metabolism in the nodal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Einheber
- Hunter College School of Health Sciences, 425 E 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Lax NZ, Turnbull DM, Reeve AK. Mitochondrial mutations: newly discovered players in neuronal degeneration. Neuroscientist 2012; 17:645-58. [PMID: 22130639 PMCID: PMC3757997 DOI: 10.1177/1073858411385469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA cause a number of neurological diseases with defined neuropathology; however, mutations in this genome have also been found to be important in a number of more common neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the authors discuss the importance of mitochondrial DNA mutations in a number of different diseases and speculate how such mutations could lead to cell loss. Increasing our understanding of how mitochondrial DNA mutations affect mitochondrial metabolism and subsequently result in neurodegenerative disease will prove vital to the development of targeted therapies and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola Z Lax
- Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Muili KA, Gopalakrishnan S, Meyer SL, Eells JT, Lyons JA. Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice by photobiomodulation induced by 670 nm light. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30655. [PMID: 22292010 PMCID: PMC3265499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The approved immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) are only partially effective. It is thought that the combination of immunomodulatory and neuroprotective strategies is necessary to prevent or reverse disease progression. Irradiation with far red/near infrared light, termed photobiomodulation, is a therapeutic approach for inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Data suggests that near-infrared light functions through neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. We sought to investigate the clinical effect of photobiomodulation in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The clinical effect of photobiomodulation induced by 670 nm light was investigated in the C57BL/6 mouse model of EAE. Disease was induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) according to standard laboratory protocol. Mice received 670 nm light or no light treatment (sham) administered as suppression and treatment protocols. 670 nm light reduced disease severity with both protocols compared to sham treated mice. Disease amelioration was associated with down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α) and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These studies document the therapeutic potential of photobiomodulation with 670 nm light in the EAE model, in part through modulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaldeen A. Muili
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Stacy L. Meyer
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Janis T. Eells
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeri-Anne Lyons
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Greaves LC, Reeve AK, Taylor RW, Turnbull DM. Mitochondrial DNA and disease. J Pathol 2011; 226:274-86. [PMID: 21989606 DOI: 10.1002/path.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) defects are a relatively common cause of inherited disease and have been implicated in both ageing and cancer. MtDNA encodes essential subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and defects result in impaired oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Similar OXPHOS defects have been shown to be present in a number of neurodegenerative conditions, including Parkinson's disease, as well as in normal ageing human tissues. Additionally, a number of tumours have been shown to contain mtDNA mutations and an altered metabolic phenotype. In this review we outline the unique characteristics of mitochondrial genetics before detailing important pathological features of mtDNA diseases, focusing on adult neurological disease as well as the role of mtDNA mutations in neurodegenerative diseases, ageing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Greaves
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, UK.
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Zambonin JL, Zhao C, Ohno N, Campbell GR, Engeham S, Ziabreva I, Schwarz N, Lee SE, Frischer JM, Turnbull DM, Trapp BD, Lassmann H, Franklin RJM, Mahad DJ. Increased mitochondrial content in remyelinated axons: implications for multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 134:1901-13. [PMID: 21705418 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial content within axons increases following demyelination in the central nervous system, presumably as a response to the changes in energy needs of axons imposed by redistribution of sodium channels. Myelin sheaths can be restored in demyelinated axons and remyelination in some multiple sclerosis lesions is extensive, while in others it is incomplete or absent. The effects of remyelination on axonal mitochondrial content in multiple sclerosis, particularly whether remyelination completely reverses the mitochondrial changes that follow demyelination, are currently unknown. In this study, we analysed axonal mitochondria within demyelinated, remyelinated and myelinated axons in post-mortem tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis and controls, as well as in experimental models of demyelination and remyelination, in vivo and in vitro. Immunofluorescent labelling of mitochondria (porin, a voltage-dependent anion channel expressed on all mitochondria) and axons (neurofilament), and ultrastructural imaging showed that in both multiple sclerosis and experimental demyelination, mitochondrial content within remyelinated axons was significantly less than in acutely and chronically demyelinated axons but more numerous than in myelinated axons. The greater mitochondrial content within remyelinated, compared with myelinated, axons was due to an increase in density of porin elements whereas increase in size accounted for the change observed in demyelinated axons. The increase in mitochondrial content in remyelinated axons was associated with an increase in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV activity. In vitro studies showed a significant increase in the number of stationary mitochondria in remyelinated compared with myelinated and demyelinated axons. The number of mobile mitochondria in remyelinated axons did not significantly differ from myelinated axons, although significantly greater than in demyelinated axons. Our neuropathological data and findings in experimental demyelination and remyelination in vivo and in vitro are consistent with a partial amelioration of the supposed increase in energy demand of demyelinated axons by remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Zambonin
- The Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE24HH, UK
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Smith KJ. Newly lesioned tissue in multiple sclerosis--a role for oxidative damage? Brain 2011; 134:1877-81. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA cause a number of neurological diseases with defined neuropathology; however, mutations in this genome have also been found to be important in a number of more common neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the authors discuss the importance of mitochondrial DNA mutations in a number of different diseases and speculate how such mutations could lead to cell loss. Increasing our understanding of how mitochondrial DNA mutations affect mitochondrial metabolism and subsequently result in neurodegenerative disease will prove vital to the development of targeted therapies and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola Z. Lax
- Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Doug M. Turnbull
- Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Amy K. Reeve
- Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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van Horssen J, Witte ME, Schreibelt G, de Vries HE. Radical changes in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:141-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kuramoto T, Kuwamura M, Tokuda S, Izawa T, Nakane Y, Kitada K, Akao M, Guénet JL, Serikawa T. A mutation in the gene encoding mitochondrial Mg²+ channel MRS2 results in demyelination in the rat. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001262. [PMID: 21253565 PMCID: PMC3017111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat demyelination (dmy) mutation serves as a unique model system to investigate the maintenance of myelin, because it provokes severe myelin breakdown in the central nervous system (CNS) after normal postnatal completion of myelination. Here, we report the molecular characterization of this mutation and discuss the possible pathomechanisms underlying demyelination. By positional cloning, we found that a G-to-A transition, 177 bp downstream of exon 3 of the Mrs2 (MRS2 magnesium homeostasis factor (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)) gene, generated a novel splice acceptor site which resulted in functional inactivation of the mutant allele. Transgenic rescue with wild-type Mrs2-cDNA validated our findings. Mrs2 encodes an essential component of the major Mg2+ influx system in mitochondria of yeast as well as human cells. We showed that the dmy/dmy rats have major mitochondrial deficits with a markedly elevated lactic acid concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid, a 60% reduction in ATP, and increased numbers of mitochondria in the swollen cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes. MRS2-GFP recombinant BAC transgenic rats showed that MRS2 was dominantly expressed in neurons rather than oligodendrocytes and was ultrastructurally observed in the inner membrane of mitochondria. Our observations led to the conclusion that dmy/dmy rats suffer from a mitochondrial disease and that the maintenance of myelin has a different mechanism from its initial production. They also established that Mg2+ homeostasis in CNS mitochondria is essential for the maintenance of myelin. The myelin sheath that surrounds the axon of a neuron acts as a biological insulator. Its major function is to increase the speed at which impulses propagate along myelinated fibers in the central nervous system, as well as the peripheral nervous system. Alterations or damage affecting this structure (demyelination) result in the disruption of signals between the brain and other parts of the body. In the rat, mutations producing demyelination have been frequently identified and characterized and have contributed to a better understanding of the genetics of myelin development, physiology, and pathology. This paper reports the molecular characterization of a recessive allele responsible for the progressive disruption of myelin that was initially observed in mutant rats, previously named demyelination (dmy). This mutation generates an additional splicing acceptor site in an intron of the mitochondrial Mg2+ transporter gene (Mrs2), resulting in the insertion of a 83-bp genomic DNA segment into the Mrs2 transcript and complete functional inactivation of the mutant allele. We firstly defined the biological function of MRS2 in mammals and demonstrated the crucial and unexpected role of MRS2 in myelin physiology. Our findings might be helpful in the development of new therapeutic strategies for demyelinating syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kuramoto
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Xie M, Yang S, Win HL, Xiong L, Huang J, Zhou J. Rabbit annulus fibrosus cell apoptosis induced by mechanical overload via a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:379-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-010-0361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Werner SR, Saha JK, Broderick CL, Zhen EY, Higgs RE, Duffin KL, Smith RC. Proteomic analysis of demyelinated and remyelinating brain tissue following dietary cuprizone administration. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 42:210-25. [PMID: 20401640 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cuprizone intoxication is a commonly used model of demyelination that allows the temporal separation of demyelination and remyelination. The underlying biochemical alterations leading to demyelination, using this model, remain unclear and may be multifold. Analysis of proteomic changes within the brains of cuprizone-exposed animals may help elucidate key cellular processes. In the current study, we report the results of the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of total protein from the brain hemispheres of control and toxin-exposed mice at 6 weeks of exposure and after 3 and 6 weeks of recovery to identify protein changes during the remyelination phase. We found that at 6 weeks of cuprizone exposure, myelin proteins were reduced compared to controls and increased throughout the course of recovery, as expected. In contrast, other protein groups, such as proteins related to mitochondrial function, were increased at 6 weeks of treatment compared to untreated controls and returned toward control levels following withdrawal of toxin. These results suggest that a global proteomic analysis of the brain tissue of cuprizone-treated mice can identify changes related to the demyelination/remyelination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Werner
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Activity-dependent regulation of mitochondrial motility by calcium and Na/K-ATPase at nodes of Ranvier of myelinated nerves. J Neurosci 2010; 30:3555-66. [PMID: 20219989 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4551-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The node of Ranvier is a tiny segment of a myelinated fiber with various types of specializations adapted for generation of high-speed nerve impulses. It is ionically specialized with respect to ion channel segregation and ionic fluxes, and metabolically specialized in ionic pump expression and mitochondrial density augmentation. This report examines the interplay of three important parameters (calcium fluxes, Na pumps, mitochondrial motility) at nodes of Ranvier in frog during normal nerve activity. First, we used calcium dyes to resolve a highly localized elevation in axonal calcium at a node of Ranvier during action potentials, and showed that this calcium elevation retards mitochondrial motility during nerve impulses. Second, we found, surprisingly, that physiologic activation of the Na pumps retards mitochondrial motility. Blocking Na pumps alone greatly prevents action potentials from retarding mitochondrial motility, which reveals that mitochondrial motility is coupled to Na/K-ATPase. In conclusion, we suggest that during normal nerve activity, Ca elevation and activation of Na/K-ATPase act, possibly in a synergistic manner, to recruit mitochondria to a node of Ranvier to match metabolic needs.
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Mirshafiey A, Mohsenzadegan M. Antioxidant therapy in multiple sclerosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2009; 31:13-29. [PMID: 18763202 DOI: 10.1080/08923970802331943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in various events underlying multiple sclerosis pathology. In the initial phase of lesion formation, ROS are known to mediate the transendothelial migration of monocytes and induce a dysfunction in the blood-brain barrier. Although the pathogenesis of MS is not completely understood, various studies suggest that reactive oxygen species contribute to the formation and persistence of multiple sclerosis lesions by acting on distinct pathological processes. The detrimental effects of ROS in the central nervous system are endowed with a protective mechanism consisting of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant. Antioxidant therapy may therefore represent an attractive treatment of MS. Several studies have shown that antioxidant therapy is beneficial in vitro and in vivo in animal models for MS. Since oxidative damage has been known to be involved in inflammatory and autoimmune-mediated tissue destruction in which, modulation of oxygen free radical production represents a new approach to the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several experimental studies have been performed to see whether dietary intake of several antioxidants can prevent and or reduce the progression of EAE or not. Although a few antioxidants showed some efficacy in these studies, little information is available on the effect of treatments with such compounds in patients with MS. In this review, our aim is to clarify the therapeutic efficacy of antioxidants in MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Edgar JM, McCulloch MC, Thomson CE, Griffiths IR. Distribution of mitochondria along small-diameter myelinated central nervous system axons. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2250-7. [PMID: 18381760 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small-diameter myelinated CNS axons are preferentially affected in multiple sclerosis (MS) and in the hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP), in which the distal axon degenerates. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of these and other disorders involving axonal degeneration. The aim of this study was to determine whether the frequency of axonal mitochondria changes along the length of small-diameter fibers and whether there is a preferential localization to the region of the node of Ranvier. We find that mitochondrial numbers do not change along the length of a myelinated small-diameter fiber, and, in contrast to the peripheral nervous system, there is no tendency for mitochondrial numbers to increase at the node.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Edgar
- Applied Neurobiology Group, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland.
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Ban M, Elson J, Walton A, Turnbull D, Compston A, Chinnery P, Sawcer S. Investigation of the role of mitochondrial DNA in multiple sclerosis susceptibility. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2891. [PMID: 18682780 PMCID: PMC2494944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that mitochondrial genetic factors may influence susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. To explore this hypothesis further, we re-sequenced the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) from 159 patients with multiple sclerosis and completed a haplogroup analysis including a further 835 patients and 1,506 controls. A trend towards over-representation of super-haplogroup U was the only evidence for association with mtDNA that we identified in these samples. In a parallel analysis of nuclear encoded mitochondrial genes, we also found a trend towards association with the complex I gene, NDUFS2. These results add to the evidence suggesting that variation in mtDNA and nuclear encoded mitochondrial genes may contribute to disease susceptibility in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ban
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Hirotani M, Maita C, Niino M, Iguchi-Ariga SM, Hamada S, Ariga H, Sasaki H. Correlation between DJ-1 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and the progression of disabilities in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 2008; 14:1056-60. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458508093616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives DJ-1 plays a key role in the anti-oxidative stress function. Increasing evidence supports the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the DJ-1 levels were increased in patients with MS and to examine its association with the progression of MS. Methods Quantitative immunoblot assays were performed to evaluate the DJ-1 level in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from relapsing–remitting patients with MS ( n = 29), disease controls subjects ( n = 14), and healthy subjects ( n = 44). Results No significant difference was observed in the serum DJ-1 level among the patients with MS, disease controls, and healthy controls. However, the CSF DJ-1 levels were significantly higher in the patients with MS than in the disease control subjects ( P < 0.0001). A significant positive correlation was also found between the CSF DJ-1 levels and the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score ( P < 0.005, r = 0.501). Conclusions These results show that the CSF DJ-1 levels are significantly increased in the CSF of patients with MS and that the CSF DJ-1 levels may be associated with the disease progression of MS. Therefore, DJ-1 possibly plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hirotani
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - C Maita
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Niino
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - SM Iguchi-Ariga
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - S Hamada
- Hokuyukai Neurological Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - H Ariga
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - H Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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