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Baragetti A, Da Dalt L, Norata GD. New insights into the therapeutic options to lower lipoprotein(a). Eur J Clin Invest 2024:e14254. [PMID: 38778431 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] represent a risk factor for cardiovascular disease including aortic valve stenosis, myocardial infarction and stroke. While the patho-physiological mechanisms linking Lp(a) with atherosclerosis are not fully understood, from genetic studies that lower Lp(a) levels protect from CVD independently of other risk factors including lipids and lipoproteins. Hereby, Lp(a) has been considered an appealing pharmacological target. RESULTS However, approved lipid lowering therapies such as statins, ezetimibe or PCSK9 inhibitors have a neutral to modest effect on Lp(a) levels, thus prompting the development of new strategies selectively targeting Lp(a). These include antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed towards apolipoprotein(a) [Apo(a)], which are in advanced phase of clinical development. More recently, additional approaches including inhibitors of Apo(a) and gene editing approaches via CRISPR-Cas9 technology entered early clinical development. CONCLUSION If the results from the cardiovascular outcome trials, designed to demonstrate whether the reduction of Lp(a) of more than 80% as observed with pelacarsen, olpasiran or lepodisiran translates into the decrease of cardiovascular mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events, will be positive, lowering Lp(a) will become a new additional target in the management of patients with elevated cardiovascular risk.
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Grants
- RF-2019-12370896 Ministero Della Salute, Ricerca Finalizzata
- Ministero Dell'Università e Della Ricerca, CARDINNOV, ERA4 Health, GAN°101095426, the EU Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programe
- PRIN-PNRRR2022P202294PHK Ministero Dell'Università e Della Ricerca, Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale
- PRIN2022KTSAT Ministero Dell'Università e Della Ricerca, Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale
- NANOKOSEUROPEAID/173691/DD/ACT/XK European Commission
- Ministero Dell'Università e Della Ricerca, Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale PNRR Missione 4, Progetto CN3-National Center for Gene Therpay and Drugs based on RNA Technology
- Ministero Dell'Università e Della Ricerca, Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale, MUSA-Multilayered Urban Sustainabiliy Action
- PNRR-MAD-2022-12375913 Ministero Dell'Università e Della Ricerca, Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baragetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - L Da Dalt
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - G D Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Li C, Wei M, Mo L, Velu P, Prabahar K, Găman MA, Chen M. The effect of tibolone treatment on apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a) concentrations in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2024; 292:8-16. [PMID: 37948929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tibolone is a synthetic steroid with estrogenic, androgenic and progestogenic properties that is used as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women. Treatment with tibolone has been demonstrated to lead to changes of the lipid profile, including alterations in lipoprotein (a) and apolipoprotein levels. Hence, we conducted the present meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effect of tibolone treatment on apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a) values in postmenopausal women. METHODS Several databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched for English-language manuscripts published up to September 2023 that scrutinized the effects of tibolone administration on apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), apolipoprotein A-II (ApoA-II), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and lipoprotein (a) in postmenopausal women. The results were reported as the weighted mean difference (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), generated using a random-effects model. RESULTS Finally, 12 publications with 13 RCT arms were included in the current meta-analysis. The overall results from the random-effects model demonstrated a notable reduction in ApoA-I (n = 9 RCT arms, WMD: -34.96 mg/dL, 95 % CI: -42.44, -27.48, P < 0.001) and lipoprotein (a) (n = 12 RCT arms, WMD: -7.49 mg/dl, 95 % CI: -12.17, -2.81, P = 0.002) after tibolone administration in postmenopausal women. However, treatment with tibolone did not impact ApoA- II (n = 4 RCT arms, WMD: 1.32 mg/dL, 95 % CI: -4.39, 7.05, P = 0.64) and ApoB (n = 9 RCT arms, WMD: -2.68 mg/dL, 95 % CI: -20.98, 15.61, P = 0.77) values. In the subgroup analyses, we noticed a notable decrease in lipoprotein (a) levels when tibolone was prescribed to females aged < 60 years (WMD: -10.78 mg/dl) and when it was prescribed for ≤ 6 months (WMD: -15.69 mg/dl). CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis of RCTs highlighted that treatment with tibolone reduces lipoprotein (a) and apolipoprotein A-I levels in postmenopausal women. As the decrease in serum lipids' concentrations is associated with a decrease in the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), treatment with tibolone could be a suitable therapy for postmenopausal women with elevated CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiming Li
- Department of Gynaecology, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangxi 530000, China
| | - Min Wei
- Department of Gynaecology, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangxi 530000, China
| | - Linling Mo
- Department of Gynaecology, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangxi 530000, China
| | - Periyannan Velu
- Galileovasan Offshore and Research and Development Pvt. Ltd., Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu 611002, India
| | - Kousalya Prabahar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania & Center of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Gynaecology, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangxi 530000, China.
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Gholami Chahkand MS, Esmaeilpour Moallem F, Qezelgachi A, Seifouri K, Pesaran Afsharian A, sheikhzadeh F, poursalehi A, Fani Sadrabadi FS, Saghab Torbati M, Ramezanzade M, Alishiri G, Ansari A, Zare Dehabadi E, Karimi Matloub S, Sheikh Z, Deravi N, Mehrtabar S, Chichagi F, Faal Hamedanchi N, Arzaghi M, Asadi M, Alsadat Dadkhah P, Ansari A. Lipoprotein (a) as a predictor of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2023; 20:14791641231197114. [PMID: 38018132 PMCID: PMC10685788 DOI: 10.1177/14791641231197114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein a (LP(a)), an LDL-like lipoprotein, known as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, has a controversial association with diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes-the current systematic review aimed to critically assess the association between LP(a) and diabetic retinopathy. METHODS A systematic review of relevant studies was conducted after a thorough search in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar electronic databases. We used English observational, case-control, and prospective cohort studies published up to August 2022, including type 2 diabetic patients as the population, diabetic retinopathy as the outcome, and LP(a) as the intervention. RESULT 17 relevant studies, including 4688 patients with diabetes, were included in this systematic review. While in 13 studies, Lipoprotein(a) was recognized as a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy, only three studies reported no evidence of a relationship between the two. Also, another study showed a mixed outcome of the relationship between LP(a) and diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSION High serum lipoprotein(a) in patients with type 2 diabetes is considered a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy. However, further large-scaled cohort studies are still required to validate this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abolfazl Qezelgachi
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Kiana Seifouri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farzad sheikhzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefe poursalehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Paramedical, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Goharsharieh Alishiri
- Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Arina Ansari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Emad Zare Dehabadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Sheikh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Mehrtabar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Chichagi
- Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Faal Hamedanchi
- Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahla Asadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Akram Ansari
- Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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Chan DC, Watts GF. The Promise of PCSK9 and Lipoprotein(a) as Targets for Gene Silencing Therapies. Clin Ther 2023; 45:1034-1046. [PMID: 37524569 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE High plasma concentrations of LDL and lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) are independent and causal risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). There is an unmet therapeutic need for high-risk patients with elevated levels of LDL-C and/or Lp(a). Recent advances in the development of nucleic acids for gene silencing (ie, triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine conjugated antisense-oligonucleotides [ASOs] and small interfering RNA [siRNA]) targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and Lp(a) offer effective and sustainable therapies. METHODS Related articles in the English language were identified through a search for original and review articles in the PubMed database using the following key terms: cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, PCSK9 inhibitors, Lp(a), LDL-cholesterol, familial hypercholesterolemia, siRNA, and antisense oligonucleotide and clinical trials (either alone or in combination). FINDINGS Inclisiran, the most advanced siRNA-treatment targeting hepatic PCSK9, is well tolerated, producing a >30% reduction on LDL-C levels in randomized controlled trials. Pelacarsen is the most clinical advanced ASO, whereas olpasiran and SLN360 are the 2 siRNAs directed against the mRNA of the LPA gene. Evidence suggests that all Lp(a)-targeting agents are safe and well tolerated, with robust and sustained reduction in plasma Lp(a) concentration up to 70% to 90% in individuals with elevated Lp(a) levels. IMPLICATIONS Cumulative evidence from clinical trials supports the value of ASO and siRNA therapies targeting the synthesis of PCSK9 and Lp(a) for lowering LDL-C and Lp(a) in patients with established ASCVD or high risk of ASCVD. Further research is needed to examine whether gene silencing therapy could improve clinical outcomes in patients with elevated LDL and/or Lp(a) levels. Confirmation of the tolerability and cost-effectiveness of long-term inhibition of PCSK9 and Lp(a) with this approach is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick C Chan
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Chiesa G, Zenti MG, Baragetti A, Barbagallo CM, Borghi C, Colivicchi F, Maggioni AP, Noto D, Pirro M, Rivellese AA, Sampietro T, Sbrana F, Arca M, Averna M, Catapano AL. Consensus document on Lipoprotein(a) from the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis (SISA). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:1866-1877. [PMID: 37586921 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In view of the consolidating evidence on the causal role of Lp(a) in cardiovascular disease, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis (SISA) has assembled a consensus on Lp(a) genetics and epidemiology, together with recommendations for its measurement and current and emerging therapeutic approaches to reduce its plasma levels. Data on the Italian population are also provided. DATA SYNTHESIS Lp(a) is constituted by one apo(a) molecule and a lipoprotein closely resembling to a low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Its similarity with an LDL, together with its ability to carry oxidized phospholipids are considered the two main features making Lp(a) harmful for cardiovascular health. Plasma Lp(a) concentrations vary over about 1000 folds in humans and are genetically determined, thus they are quite stable in any individual. Mendelian Randomization studies have suggested a causal role of Lp(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and aortic valve stenosis and observational studies indicate a linear direct correlation between cardiovascular disease and Lp(a) plasma levels. Lp(a) measurement is strongly recommended once in a patient's lifetime, particularly in FH subjects, but also as part of the initial lipid screening to assess cardiovascular risk. The apo(a) size polymorphism represents a challenge for Lp(a) measurement in plasma, but new strategies are overcoming these difficulties. A reduction of Lp(a) levels can be currently attained only by plasma apheresis and, moderately, with PCSK9 inhibitor treatment. CONCLUSIONS Awaiting the approval of selective Lp(a)-lowering drugs, an intensive management of the other risk factors for individuals with elevated Lp(a) levels is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Zenti
- Section of Diabetes and Metabolism, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera Del Garda, Verona, Italy.
| | - Andrea Baragetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo M Barbagallo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, IRCCS AOU S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - Furio Colivicchi
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo P Maggioni
- ANMCO Research Center, Heart Care Foundation, Firenze, Italy
| | - Davide Noto
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela A Rivellese
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Tiziana Sampietro
- Lipoapheresis Unit, Reference Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Inherited Dyslipidemias, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Sbrana
- Lipoapheresis Unit, Reference Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Inherited Dyslipidemias, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marcello Arca
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine (DTPM), Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Averna
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Institute of Biophysics, National Council of Researches, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
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Brosolo G, Da Porto A, Marcante S, Picci A, Capilupi F, Capilupi P, Bulfone L, Vacca A, Bertin N, Vivarelli C, Comand J, Catena C, Sechi LA. Lipoprotein(a): Just an Innocent Bystander in Arterial Hypertension? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13363. [PMID: 37686169 PMCID: PMC10487946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a relatively common and highly heritable trait conferring individuals time-dependent risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Following its first description, Lp(a) triggered enormous scientific interest in the late 1980s, subsequently dampened in the mid-1990s by controversial findings of some prospective studies. It was only in the last decade that a large body of evidence has provided strong arguments for a causal and independent association between elevated Lp(a) levels and CVD, causing renewed interest in this lipoprotein as an emerging risk factor with a likely contribution to cardiovascular residual risk. Accordingly, the 2022 consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society has suggested inclusion of Lp(a) measurement in global risk estimation. The development of highly effective Lp(a)-lowering drugs (e.g., antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA, both blocking LPA gene expression) which are still under assessment in phase 3 trials, will provide a unique opportunity to reduce "residual cardiovascular risk" in high-risk populations, including patients with arterial hypertension. The current evidence in support of a specific role of Lp(a) in hypertension is somehow controversial and this narrative review aims to overview the general mechanisms relating Lp(a) to blood pressure regulation and hypertension-related cardiovascular and renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Brosolo
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (J.C.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Da Porto
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (J.C.); (C.C.)
- Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Stefano Marcante
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (J.C.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Picci
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (J.C.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Filippo Capilupi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (J.C.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Patrizio Capilupi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (J.C.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Luca Bulfone
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (J.C.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Antonio Vacca
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (J.C.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Nicole Bertin
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (J.C.); (C.C.)
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Cinzia Vivarelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (J.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Jacopo Comand
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (J.C.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Cristiana Catena
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (J.C.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Leonardo A. Sechi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (J.C.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Koschinsky ML, Stroes ESG, Kronenberg F. Daring to dream: Targeting lipoprotein(a) as a causal and risk-enhancing factor. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106843. [PMID: 37406784 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], a distinct lipoprotein class, has become a major focus for cardiovascular research. This review is written in light of the recent guideline and consensus statements on Lp(a) and focuses on 1) the causal association between Lp(a) and cardiovascular outcomes, 2) the potential mechanisms by which elevated Lp(a) contributes to cardiovascular diseases, 3) the metabolic insights on the production and clearance of Lp(a) and 4) the current and future therapeutic approaches to lower Lp(a) concentrations. The concentrations of Lp(a) are under strict genetic control. There exists a continuous relationship between the Lp(a) concentrations and risk for various endpoints of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). One in five people in the Caucasian population is considered to have increased Lp(a) concentrations; the prevalence of elevated Lp(a) is even higher in black populations. This makes Lp(a) a cardiovascular risk factor of major public health relevance. Besides the association between Lp(a) and myocardial infarction, the relationship with aortic valve stenosis has become a major focus of research during the last decade. Genetic studies provided strong support for a causal association between Lp(a) and cardiovascular outcomes: carriers of genetic variants associated with lifelong increased Lp(a) concentration are significantly more frequent in patients with ASCVD. This has triggered the development of drugs that can specifically lower Lp(a) concentrations: mRNA-targeting therapies such as anti-sense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapies and short interfering RNA (siRNA) therapies have opened new avenues to lower Lp(a) concentrations more than 95%. Ongoing Phase II and III clinical trials of these compounds are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlys L Koschinsky
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Gianazza E, Zoanni B, Mallia A, Brioschi M, Colombo GI, Banfi C. Proteomic studies on apoB-containing lipoprotein in cardiovascular research: A comprehensive review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:1397-1423. [PMID: 34747518 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which remains the leading cause of death worldwide, makes the current clinical pathway for cardiovascular risk assessment unsatisfactory, as there remains a substantial unexplained residual risk. Simultaneous assessment of a large number of plasma proteins may be a promising tool to further refine risk assessment, and lipoprotein-associated proteins have the potential to fill this gap. Technical advances now allow for high-throughput proteomic analysis in a reproducible and cost-effective manner. Proteomics has great potential to identify and quantify hundreds of candidate marker proteins in a sample and allows the translation from isolated lipoproteins to whole plasma, thus providing an individual multiplexed proteomic fingerprint. This narrative review describes the pathophysiological roles of atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins and the recent advances in their mass spectrometry-based proteomic characterization and quantitation for better refinement of CVD risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alice Mallia
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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Torres M, Schenk A. Lipoprotein (a): Does It Play a Role in Pediatric Ischemic Stroke and Thrombosis? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023:10.1007/s11883-023-01102-5. [PMID: 37160656 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this paper is to describe the current understanding of lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), clinical practice guidelines, and the potential pathophysiological mechanisms that appear to increase the risk of cardiovascular and thromboembolic events, specifically within the pediatric population. RECENT FINDINGS The proatherogenic and pro-thrombotic properties of Lp(a) may increase the risk of atherothrombotic disease. In adults, atherosclerotic plaques increase thrombotic risk, but antifibrinolytic and proinflammatory properties appear to have an important role in children. Although it is not well established in neonates, recent studies indicate the risk of incident thrombosis and ischemic stroke are approximately fourfold higher in children with elevated Lp(a) which also increases their risk of recurrent events. Despite this higher risk, Pediatric Lp(a) screening guidelines continue to vary among different medical societies and countries. The inconsistency is likely related to inconclusive evidence outside of observational studies and the lack of specific therapies for children with elevated levels. Additional research is needed to improve understanding of the pro-thrombotic mechanisms of Lp(a), appropriate screening guidelines for Lp(a) in the pediatric population, and to elucidate the short and long term effects of elevated Lp(a) on the risk of pediatric thrombosis and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Torres
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cook Children's Medical Center, 1500 Cooper St, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA.
| | - Allyson Schenk
- Department of Research Data Science and Analytics, Cook Children's Medical Center, 801 Seventh Avenue, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA
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LOX-1 Activation by oxLDL Induces AR and AR-V7 Expression via NF-κB and STAT3 Signaling Pathways Reducing Enzalutamide Cytotoxic Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065082. [PMID: 36982155 PMCID: PMC10049196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) is one of the most important receptors for modified LDLs, such as oxidated (oxLDL) and acetylated (acLDL) low-density lipoprotein. LOX-1 and oxLDL are fundamental in atherosclerosis, where oxLDL/LOX1 promotes ROS generation and NF-κB activation inducing the expression of IL-6, a STAT3 activator. Furthermore, LOX-1/oxLDL function has been associated with other diseases, such as obesity, hypertension, and cancer. In prostate cancer (CaP), LOX-1 overexpression is associated with advanced stages, and its activation by oxLDL induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition, increasing angiogenesis and proliferation. Interestingly, enzalutamide-resistant CaP cells increase the uptake of acLDL. Enzalutamide is an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treatment, and a high percentage of patients develop a resistance to this drug. The decreased cytotoxicity is promoted in part by STAT3 and NF-κB activation that induces the secretion of the pro-inflammatory program and the expression of AR and its splicing variant AR-V7. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that oxLDL/LOX-1 increases ROS levels and activates NF-κB, inducing IL-6 secretion and the activation of STAT3 in CRPC cells. Furthermore, oxLDL/LOX1 increases AR and AR-V7 expression and decreases enzalutamide cytotoxicity in CRPC. Thus, our investigation suggests that new factors associated with cardiovascular pathologies, such as LOX-1/oxLDL, may also promote important signaling axes for the progression of CRPC and its resistance to drugs used for its treatment.
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Xu N, Yuan D, Yao Y, Jiang L, Xu J, Tang X, Song Y, Gao L, Chen J, Song L, Zhao X, Chen J, Yang Y, Xu B, Gao R, Yuan J. Prognostic impact of lipoprotein(a) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention modified by low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 540:117217. [PMID: 36610466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that lipoprotein(a)[Lp(a)] and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) play a vital role in atherosclerosis. We investigated the prevalence and prognostic implications of increased Lp(a) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) according to different LDL-C concentrations. METHODS A total of 9,190 patients with CAD after PCI were consecutively enrolled in the study and subsequently divided into three groups according to baseline LDL-C at cut-off of 70 and 100 mg/dl. Increased Lp(a) was defined as > 30 mg/dl. The primary endpoint was all-cause death. Second endpoint was cardiac death. Cox regression, Kaplan-Meier and Sensitivity analysis were performed. RESULTS During an average of 5.0 y of follow-up, 354 (3.9 %) patients experienced all-cause death with 213(2.3 %) of whom from cardiac death. Increased Lp(a) was present in 25.7 %, 34.2 %, and 40.6 % across the LDL-C < 70, 70-100 and≧100 mg/dl groups, respectively. After multivariate adjustment, Lp(a) elevation remained significantly associated with 5-y all-cause death (adjusted HR, 1.243; 95 % CI 1.001-1.544; p = 0.048) in the total cohort and only in those with LDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dl (adjusted HR, 1.642; 95 % CI 1.139-2.367; p = 0.008) when analyzed within each LDL-C category. Consistently with the results of associations between Lp(a) and cardiac death (adjusted HR, 1.534; 95 % CI 1.164-2.021; p = 0.002 for total cohort and adjusted HR, 2.404; 95 % CI 1.439-3.872; p < 0.001 for LDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dl). And this relationship holds after adjusting for LDL-Ccorr additionally. These findings are confirmed again in sensitivity analyses that excluded patients with Lp(a) concentrations in the top or the bottom 5 %. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that increased Lp(a) was associated with increased risk of long-term outcomes, and such an association was modified by the baseline LDL-C concentrations. Screening of high Lp(a) in individuals with elevations of LDL-C may enables risk stratification for poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Deshan Yuan
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yao
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lijian Gao
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jilin Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejin Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Runlin Gao
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinqing Yuan
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Berk KA, Borgeraas H, Narverud I, Mulder MT, Øyri LKL, Verhoeven AJM, Småstuen MC, Bogsrud MP, Omland T, Hertel JK, Gjevestad E, Nordstrand N, Holven KB, Hjelmesæth J. Differential effects of bariatric surgery and lifestyle interventions on plasma levels of Lp(a) and fatty acids. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:145. [PMID: 36577984 PMCID: PMC9795629 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01756-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited evidence suggests that surgical and non-surgical obesity treatment differentially influence plasma Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] levels. Further, a novel association between plasma arachidonic acid and Lp(a) has recently been shown, suggesting that fatty acids are a possible target to influence Lp(a). Here, the effects of bariatric surgery and lifestyle interventions on plasma levels of Lp(a) were compared, and it was examined whether the effects were mediated by changes in plasma fatty acid (FA) levels. METHODS The study includes two independent trials of patients with overweight or obesity. Trial 1: Two-armed intervention study including 82 patients who underwent a 7-week low energy diet (LED), followed by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and 52-week follow-up (surgery-group), and 77 patients who underwent a 59-week energy restricted diet- and exercise-program (lifestyle-group). Trial 2: A clinical study including 134 patients who underwent a 20-week very-LED/LED (lifestyle-cohort). RESULTS In the surgery-group, Lp(a) levels [median (interquartile range)] tended to increase in the pre-surgical LED-phase [17(7-68)-21(7-81)nmol/L, P = 0.05], but decreased by 48% after surgery [21(7-81)-11(7-56)nmol/L, P < 0.001]. In the lifestyle-group and lifestyle-cohort, Lp(a) increased by 36%[14(7-77)-19(7-94)nmol/L, P < 0.001] and 14%[50(14-160)-57(19-208)nmol/L, P < 0.001], respectively. Changes in Lp(a) were independent of weight loss. Plasma levels of total saturated FAs remained unchanged after surgery, but decreased after lifestyle interventions. Arachidonic acid and total n-3 FAs decreased after surgery, but increased after lifestyle interventions. Plasma FAs did not mediate the effects on Lp(a). CONCLUSION Bariatric surgery reduced, whereas lifestyle interventions increased plasma Lp(a), independent of weight loss. The interventions differentially influenced changes in plasma FAs, but these changes did not mediate changes in Lp(a). TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial 1: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00626964. Trial 2: Netherlands Trial Register NL2140 (NTR2264).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A. Berk
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands ,grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Dietetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Erasmus University MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi Borgeraas
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Ingunn Narverud
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Norwegian National Advisory Unit On Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monique T. Mulder
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Linn K. L. Øyri
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrie J. M. Verhoeven
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Milada Cvancarova Småstuen
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway ,grid.412414.60000 0000 9151 4445Department of Nutrition and Management, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin P. Bogsrud
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Omland
- grid.411279.80000 0000 9637 455XDepartment of Cardiology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921K.G. Jebsen Center of Cardiac Biomarkers, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Kristoffer Hertel
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Espen Gjevestad
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway ,grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Stavern, Norway ,grid.446099.60000 0004 0448 0013Norwegian Police University College, Stavern, Norway
| | - Njord Nordstrand
- grid.411279.80000 0000 9637 455XDepartment of Cardiology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Kirsten B. Holven
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Norwegian National Advisory Unit On Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jøran Hjelmesæth
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Morbid Obesity Center, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Sun M, Zeng L, Hu M. Serum sphingosine-1 phosphate level is increased in patients with hepatitis B and displays a positive association with liver fibrosis. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:4964-4976. [PMID: 35958454 PMCID: PMC9360858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the difference in serum sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) concentration between the HBV hepatitis patients and healthy controls, and its relevant association with serum liver fibrosis indicators. METHODS A total of 28 HBsAg (+) HBeAg (+) Anti-HBc (+) hepatitis B patients, 42 HBsAg (+) Anti-HBe (+) Anti-HBc (+) hepatitis B patients, and 21 healthy subjects with normal liver function were included. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass method was used to detect the level of serum S1P. RESULTS SerumS1P concentration of Anti-HBe (+) hepatitis B patients was higher than that of the control group (P=0.017) and HBeAg (+) patients (P=0.007). At the same time, there was no significant difference in the serum S1P concentration between HBeAg (+) hepatitis B patients and the control group (P>0.05). Moreover, serum S1P concentration was positively correlated with liver fibrosis indices, Collage Type IV Protein (r=0.264; P=0.011), and Chitosanase 3-like protein 1 (r=0.295; P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS Serum S1P level is increased in patients with hepatitis B and displays a positive association with liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
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A method for lipoprotein (a) Isolation from a small volume of plasma with applications for clinical research. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9138. [PMID: 35650291 PMCID: PMC9160242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of circulating Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] are an independent risk factor for CVD. One of the major limitations to investigating Lp(a) biology is the need for large volumes of plasma (4–10 mL) for its isolation. We developed an isolation technique requiring only 0.4 mL of plasma yielding an enriched Lp(a) fraction suitable for compositional and functional studies. We collected plasma from patients (n = 9) in EDTA presenting to our Center for Preventive Cardiology for CVD risk management and with circulating Lp(a) > 66 mg/dL. 0.4 mL of plasma was added to 90 µL of potassium bromide (1.33 g/mL) and subjected to our two-step density-gradient ultracentrifugation method. The first step separates VLDL and LDL from the Lp(a) and HDL fractions and the second step further separates VLDL from LDL and Lp(a) from HDL. Lp(a) is then dialyzed for up to 24 h in potassium phosphate buffer. We performed cholesterol gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting and LC-MS/MS proteomics on isolated lipoprotein fractions to confirm fraction enrichment. Functional studies including Lp(a)-dependent induction of macrophage gene expression and cholesterol efflux inhibition were performed on isolated Lp(a) to confirm its preserved bioactivity. Lp(a) yields (264 ± 82.3 µg/mL on average) correlated with Lp(a) plasma concentrations (r2 = 0.75; p < 0.01) and represented the relative distribution of circulating apo(a) isoforms. Proteomic analyses confirm lipoprotein fraction separation. Functional integrity was confirmed by the findings that isolated Lp(a) inhibited plasminogen-dependent cholesterol efflux in HEK293T cells expressing ABCA1 and increased expressions of Il1b, Nos2 and Ccl2. We developed a small-volume isolation technique for Lp(a) suited for a range of applications used in biomedical research. The use of this technique circumvents volume-dependent limitations and expands our ability to investigate the mysteries of this deleterious lipoprotein.
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15
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Ying Q, Chan DC, Pang J, Marcovina SM, Barrett PHR, Watts GF. PCSK9 inhibition with alirocumab decreases plasma lipoprotein(a) concentration by a dual mechanism of action in statin-treated patients with very high apolipoprotein(a) concentration. J Intern Med 2022; 291:870-876. [PMID: 35112754 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 with alirocumab decreases plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels. The kinetic mechanism for lowering Lp(a) by alirocumab may differ according to pre-treatment apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] levels. METHODS The effect of 12-week alirocumab (150 mg subcutaneously fortnightly) on the kinetics of apo(a) was compared in statin-treated patients with high (n = 10) and very high Lp(a) concentrations (n = 11). RESULTS In patients with high apo(a) concentrations, alirocumab lowered plasma apo(a) pool size (-17%, p < 0.01) chiefly by increasing the fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of apo(a) (+27%, p < 0.001). By contrast in patients with very high apo(a) concentrations, alirocumab significantly lowered plasma apo(a) pool size (-32%, p < 0.001) by both increasing apo(a) FCR (+30%, p < 0.001) and lowering production rate (-11%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In statin-treated patients with very high apo(a) concentrations, alirocumab lowers plasma Lp(a) concentration by a dual mode of action that increases the clearance and decreases the production of Lp(a) particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Ying
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dick C Chan
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jing Pang
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Peter Hugh R Barrett
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Lipid Disorders Clinic, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Chemello K, Chan DC, Lambert G, Watts GF. Recent advances in demystifying the metabolism of lipoprotein(a). Atherosclerosis 2022; 349:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Lipoprotein(a) beyond the kringle IV repeat polymorphism: The complexity of genetic variation in the LPA gene. Atherosclerosis 2022; 349:17-35. [PMID: 35606073 PMCID: PMC7613587 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations are one of the most important genetically determined risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Lp(a) concentrations are an enigmatic trait largely controlled by one single gene (LPA) that contains a complex interplay of several genetic elements with many surprising effects discussed in this review. A hypervariable coding copy number variation (the kringle IV type-2 repeat, KIV-2) generates >40 apolipoprotein(a) protein isoforms and determines the median Lp(a) concentrations. Carriers of small isoforms with up to 22 kringle IV domains have median Lp(a) concentrations up to 5 times higher than those with large isoforms (>22 kringle IV domains). The effect of the apo(a) isoforms are, however, modified by many functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed over the complete range of allele frequencies (<0.1% to >20%) with very pronounced effects on Lp(a) concentrations. A complex interaction is present between the apo (a) isoforms and LPA SNPs, with isoforms partially masking the effect of functional SNPs and, vice versa, SNPs lowering the Lp(a) concentrations of affected isoforms. This picture is further complicated by SNP-SNP interactions, a poorly understood role of other polymorphisms such as short tandem repeats and linkage structures that are poorly captured by common R2 values. A further layer of complexity derives from recent findings that several functional SNPs are located in the KIV-2 repeat and are thus not accessible to conventional sequencing and genotyping technologies. A critical impact of the ancestry on correlation structures and baseline Lp(a) values becomes increasingly evident. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the complex genetic architecture of the Lp(a) concentrations in plasma, a field that has made tremendous progress with the introduction of new technologies. Understanding the genetics of Lp(a) might be a key to many mysteries of Lp(a) and booster new ideas on the metabolism of Lp(a) and possible interventional targets.
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18
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Clark JR, Gemin M, Youssef A, Marcovina SM, Prat A, Seidah NG, Hegele RA, Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML. Sortilin enhances secretion of apolipoprotein(a) through effects on apolipoprotein B secretion and promotes uptake of lipoprotein(a). J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100216. [PMID: 35469919 PMCID: PMC9131257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an independent, causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and calcific aortic valve stenosis. Lp(a) is formed in or on hepatocytes from successive noncovalent and covalent interactions between apo(a) and apoB, although the subcellular location of these interactions and the nature of the apoB-containing particle involved remain unclear. Sortilin, encoded by the SORT1 gene, modulates apoB secretion and LDL clearance. We used a HepG2 cell model to study the secretion kinetics of apo(a) and apoB. Overexpression of sortilin increased apo(a) secretion, while siRNA-mediated knockdown of sortilin expression correspondingly decreased apo(a) secretion. Sortilin binds LDL but not apo(a) or Lp(a), indicating that its effect on apo(a) secretion is likely indirect. Indeed, the effect was dependent on the ability of apo(a) to interact noncovalently with apoB. Overexpression of sortilin enhanced internalization of Lp(a), but not apo(a), by HepG2 cells, although neither sortilin knockdown in these cells or Sort1 deficiency in mice impacted Lp(a) uptake. We found several missense mutations in SORT1 in patients with extremely high Lp(a) levels; sortilin containing some of these mutations was more effective at promoting apo(a) secretion than WT sortilin, though no differences were found with respect to Lp(a) internalization. Our observations suggest that sortilin could play a role in determining plasma Lp(a) levels and corroborate in vivo human kinetic studies which imply that secretion of apo(a) and apoB are coupled, likely within the hepatocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Clark
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Gemin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Amer Youssef
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Annik Prat
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael B Boffa
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Marlys L Koschinsky
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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19
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Koutsogianni AD, Liberopoulos E, Tellis K, Tselepis AD. Oxidized phospholipids and lipoprotein(a): An update. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13710. [PMID: 34837383 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there has been an undiminished interest in lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), mainly carried on this lipoprotein. Elevated Lp(a) has been established as an independent causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease. OxPLs play an important role in atherosclerosis. The main questions that remain to be answered, however, is to what extent OxPLs contribute to the atherogenicity of Lp(a), what effect hypolipidaemic medications may have on their levels and the potential clinical benefit of their reduction. This narrative review aimed to summarize currently available data on OxPLs and cardiovascular risk, as well as the effect of established and emerging hypolipidaemic medications on Lp(a)-OxPLs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evangelos Liberopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tellis
- Department of Chemistry, Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandros D Tselepis
- Department of Chemistry, Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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20
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Ye CY, Xin JR, Li Z, Yin XY, Guo SL, Li JM, Zhao TY, Wang L, Yang L. ALDH2, ADCY3 and BCMO1 polymorphisms and lifestyle-induced traits are jointly associated with CAD risk in Chinese Han people. Gene 2022; 807:145948. [PMID: 34481002 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS To investigate associations of genetic and environmental factors with coronary artery disease (CAD), we collected medical reports, lifestyle details, and blood samples of 2113 individuals, and then used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-ligase detection reaction (LDR) to genotype the targeted 102 SNPs. METHODS We adopted elastic net algorithm to build an association model that considered simultaneously genetic and lifestyle/clinical factors associated with CAD in Chinese Han population. RESULTS In this study, we developed an all covariates-based model to explain the risk of CAD, which incorporated 8 lifestyle/clinical factors and a gene-score variable calculated from 3 significant SNPs (rs671, rs6751537 and rs11641677), attaining an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.71. It was found that, in terms of genetic variants, the AA genotype of rs671 in the additive (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.51, p = 0.008) and recessive (adjusted OR = 2.12, p = 0.021) models, the GG genotype of rs6751537 in the additive (adjusted OR = 3.36, p = 0.001) and recessive (adjusted OR = 3.47, p = 0.001) models were associated with increased risk of CAD, while GG genotype of rs11641677 in additive model (adjusted OR = 0.39, p = 0.044) was associated with decreased risk of CAD. In terms of lifestyle/clinical factors, the history of hypertension (unadjusted OR = 2.37, p < 0.001) and dyslipidemia (unadjusted OR = 1.82, p = 0.007), age (unadjusted OR = 1.07, p < 0.001) and waist circumference (unadjusted OR = 1.02, p = 0.05) would significantly increase the risk of CAD, while height (unadjusted OR = 0.97, p = 0.006) and regular intake of chicken (unadjusted OR = 0.78, p = 0.008) reduced the risk of CAD. A significantinteraction was foundbetween rs671 and dyslipidemia (the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) = 3.36, p = 0.05). CONCLUSION In this study, we constructed an association model and identified a set of SNPs and lifestyle/clinical risk factors of CAD in Chinese Han population. By considering both genetic and non-genetic risk factors, the built model may provide implications for CAD pathogenesis and clues for screening tool development in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yin Ye
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Jia-Rui Xin
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- Wu Yun Shan Hospital, Hangzhou 31000, China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Yin
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Shu-Li Guo
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Jin-Mei Li
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Tian-Yu Zhao
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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21
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Reyes-Soffer G, Ginsberg HN, Berglund L, Duell PB, Heffron SP, Kamstrup PR, Lloyd-Jones DM, Marcovina SM, Yeang C, Koschinsky ML. Lipoprotein(a): A Genetically Determined, Causal, and Prevalent Risk Factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:e48-e60. [PMID: 34647487 PMCID: PMC9989949 DOI: 10.1161/atv.0000000000000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], an apoB100-containing lipoprotein, are an independent and causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases through mechanisms associated with increased atherogenesis, inflammation, and thrombosis. Lp(a) is predominantly a monogenic cardiovascular risk determinant, with ≈70% to ≥90% of interindividual heterogeneity in levels being genetically determined. The 2 major protein components of Lp(a) particles are apoB100 and apolipoprotein(a). Lp(a) remains a risk factor for cardiovascular disease development even in the setting of effective reduction of plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apoB100. Despite its demonstrated contribution to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease burden, we presently lack standardization and harmonization of assays, universal guidelines for diagnosing and providing risk assessment, and targeted treatments to lower Lp(a). There is a clinical need to understand the genetic and biological basis for variation in Lp(a) levels and its relationship to disease in different ancestry groups. This scientific statement capitalizes on the expertise of a diverse basic science and clinical workgroup to highlight the history, biology, pathophysiology, and emerging clinical evidence in the Lp(a) field. Herein, we address key knowledge gaps and future directions required to mitigate the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk attributable to elevated Lp(a) levels.
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22
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Nurmohamed NS, Collard D, Reeskamp LF, Kaiser Y, Kroon J, Tromp TR, van den Born BJH, Coppens M, Vlaar APJ, Beudel M, van de Beek D, van Es N, Moriarty PM, Tsimikas S, Stroes ESG. Lipoprotein(a), venous thromboembolism and COVID-19: A pilot study. Atherosclerosis 2021; 341:43-49. [PMID: 34995986 PMCID: PMC8690577 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims Thrombosis is a major driver of adverse outcome and mortality in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hypercoagulability may be related to the cytokine storm associated with COVID-19, which is mainly driven by interleukin (IL)-6. Plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels increase following IL-6 upregulation and Lp(a) has anti-fibrinolytic properties. This study investigated whether Lp(a) elevation may contribute to the pro-thrombotic state hallmarking COVID-19 patients. Methods Lp(a), IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured in 219 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and analyzed with linear mixed effects model. The baseline biomarkers and increases during admission were related to venous thromboembolism (VTE) incidence and clinical outcomes in a Kaplan-Meier and logistic regression analysis. Results Lp(a) levels increased significantly by a mean of 16.9 mg/dl in patients with COVID-19 during the first 21 days after admission. Serial Lp(a) measurements were available in 146 patients. In the top tertile of Lp(a) increase, 56.2% of COVID-19 patients experienced a VTE event compared to 18.4% in the lowest tertile (RR 3.06, 95% CI 1.61–5.81; p < 0.001). This association remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, IL-6 and CRP increase and number of measurements. Increases in IL-6 and CRP were not associated with VTE. Increase in Lp(a) was strongly correlated with increase in IL-6 (r = 0.44, 95% CI 0.30–0.56, p < 0.001). Conclusions Increases in Lp(a) levels during the acute phase of COVID-19 were strongly associated with VTE incidence. The acute increase in anti-fibrinolytic Lp(a) may tilt the balance to VTE in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick S Nurmohamed
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Didier Collard
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laurens F Reeskamp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yannick Kaiser
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tycho R Tromp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Bert-Jan H van den Born
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Coppens
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander P J Vlaar
- Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Beudel
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nick van Es
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick M Moriarty
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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23
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Chan DC, Ying Q, Watts GF. Recent dynamic studies of the metabolism of atherogenic lipoproteins: elucidating the mode of action of new therapies. Curr Opin Lipidol 2021; 32:378-385. [PMID: 34636776 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW LDL, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] particles are the key atherogenic lipoproteins. Deranged metabolism of these lipoproteins accounts for a spectrum of clinically important dyslipidemias, such as FH, elevated Lp(a) and diabetic dyslipidemia. We review the findings from recent dynamic and tracer studies that have contributed to expanding knowledge in this field. RECENT FINDINGS Deficiency in LDL receptor activity does not only impair the catabolism of LDL-apoB-100 in FH, but also induces hepatic overproduction and decreases catabolism of TRLs. Patients with elevated Lp(a) are characterized by increased hepatic secretion of Lp(a) particles. Elevation of TRLs in diabetes is partly mediated by increased production of apoB-48 and apoC-III, and impaired clearance of apoB-48 in the postprandial state. Tracer kinetic studies show that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 mAbs alone or in combination with statin can increase the catabolism and decrease production of LDL and Lp(a) particles. By contrast, angiopoietin-like protein 3 inhibitors (e.g. evinacumab) reduce VLDL production and increase LDL clearance in FH. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists can improve diabetic dyslipidemia by increasing the catabolism of apoB-48 and decreasing the production of apoB-48 and apoC-III. SUMMARY Dynamic studies of the metabolism of atherogenic lipoproteins provide new insight into the nature of dyslipidemias and point to how new therapies with complementary modes of action may have maximal clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick C Chan
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia
| | - Qidi Ying
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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24
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Ying Q, Chan DC, Barrett PHR, Watts GF. Unravelling lipoprotein metabolism with stable isotopes: tracing the flow. Metabolism 2021; 124:154887. [PMID: 34508741 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated lipoprotein metabolism is a major cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Use of stable isotope tracers and compartmental modelling have provided deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying lipid disorders in patients at high risk of ASCVD, including familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and metabolic syndrome (MetS). In patients with FH, deficiency in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity not only impairs the catabolism of LDL, but also induces hepatic overproduction and decreases catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Patients with elevated Lp(a) are characterized by increased hepatic secretion of Lp(a) particles. Atherogenic dyslipidemia in MetS patients relates to a combination of overproduction of very-low density lipoprotein-apolipoprotein (apo) B-100, decreased catabolism of apoB-100-containing particles, and increased catabolism of high-density lipoprotein-apoA-I particles, as well as to impaired clearance of TRLs in the postprandial state. Kinetic studies show that weight loss, fish oils, statins and fibrates have complementary modes of action that correct atherogenic dyslipidemia. Defining the kinetic mechanisms of action of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and angiopoietin-like 3 inhibitors on lipid and lipoprotein mechanism in dyslipidemic subjects will further our understanding of these therapies in decreasing the development of ASCVD. "Everything changes but change itself. Everything flows and nothing remains the same... You cannot step twice into the same river, for other waters and yet others go flowing ever on." Heraclitus (c.535- c. 475 BCE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Ying
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Dick C Chan
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - P Hugh R Barrett
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Lipid Disorders Clinic, Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia.
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25
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Impact of Lipoprotein(a) Levels on Perioperative Outcomes in Cardiac Surgery. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112829. [PMID: 34831051 PMCID: PMC8616553 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered lipid metabolism has been shown to be of major importance in a range of metabolic diseases, with particular importance in cardiovascular disease (CVD). As a key metabolic product, altered lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels may be associated with adverse clinical outcomes in high-risk cardiovascular patients undergoing cardiac surgery. We aimed to investigate the impact of the important metabolite Lp(a) on complications and clinical outcomes in high-risk patients. A prospective observational cohort study was performed. Data were derived from the Bern Perioperative Biobank (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04767685), and included 192 adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Blood samples were collected at 24 h preoperatively, before induction of general anaesthesia, upon weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and the first morning after surgery. Clinical endpoints included stroke, myocardial infarction, and mortality within 30 days after surgery or within 1 year. Patients were grouped according to their preoperative Lp(a) levels: <30 mg/dL (n = 121; 63%) or >30 mg/dL (n = 71, 37%). The groups with increased vs. normal Lp(a) levels were comparable with regard to preoperative demographics and comorbidities. Median age was 67 years (interquartile range (IQR) 60.0, 73.0), with median body mass index (BMI) of 23.1 kg/m2 (23.7, 30.4), and the majority of patients being males (75.5%). Over the observational interval, Lp(a) levels decreased in all types of cardiac surgery after CPB (mean decline of approximately -5 mg/dL). While Lp(a) levels decreased in all patients following CPB, this observation was considerably pronounced in patients undergoing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) (decrease to preoperative Lp(a) levels by -35% (95% CI -68, -1.7), p = 0.039). Increased Lp(a) levels were neither associated with increased rates of perioperative stroke or major adverse events in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, nor with overall mortality in the perioperative period, or at one year after surgery. Other than for cohorts in neurology and cardiology, elevated Lp(a) might not be a risk factor for perioperative events in cardiac surgery.
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Tao J, Dai W, Ye C, Yao Q, Zhou M, Li Y. Preprocedural Lp(a) level and ApoB/ApoA-Ι ratio and the risk for contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing emergency PCI. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:130. [PMID: 34627286 PMCID: PMC8502341 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High serum Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) level and Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein AΙ (ApoB/ApoA-Ι) ratio are risk factors for cardiovascular disease and kidney disease and have been found to be correlated with the prevalence and prognosis of various kidney diseases. However, it is not clear whether the serum Lp(a) level and ApoB/ApoA-Ι ratio pre-PCI are correlated with the prevalence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). METHODS A total of 931 participants undergoing emergency PCI from July 2018 to July 2020 were included. According to whether the serum creatinine concentration was higher than the baseline concentration (by ≥25% or ≥ 0.5 mg/dL) 48-72 h after contrast exposure, these participants were divided into a CI-AKI group (n = 174) and a non-CI-AKI group (n = 757). Serum Lp(a), ApoA-Ι and ApoB concentration were detected in the patients when they were admitted to hospital, and the ApoB/ApoA-Ι ratio was calculated. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analyses were used to explore the correlation between the Lp(a) concentration or the ApoB/ApoA-Ι ratio and the risk of CI-AKI. RESULTS Among the 931 participants undergoing emergency PCI, 174 (18.69%) participants developed CI-AKI. Compared with the non-CI-AKI group, the Lp(a) level and ApoB/ApoA-Ι ratio pre-PCI in the CI-AKI group were significantly higher (P < 0.05). The incidence of CI-AKI was positively associated with the serum Lp(a) level and ApoB/ApoA-Ι ratio pre-PCI in each logistic regression model (P < 0.05). After adjusting for all the risk factors included in this study, restricted cubic spline analyses found that the Lp(a) level and the ApoB/ApoA-Ι ratio before PCI, within certain ranges, were positively associated with the prevalence of CI-AKI. CONCLUSION High Lp(a) levels and high ApoB/ApoA-Ι ratios before PCI are potential risk factors for CI-AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang district, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang district, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Chenglin Ye
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang district, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Man Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang district, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang district, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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Korneva VA, Kuznetsova TY, Julius U. Modern Approaches to Lower Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations and Consequences for Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091271. [PMID: 34572458 PMCID: PMC8469722 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a low density lipoprotein particle that is associated with poor cardiovascular prognosis due to pro-atherogenic, pro-thrombotic, pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative properties. Traditional lipid-lowering therapy does not provide a sufficient Lp(a) reduction. For PCSK9 inhibitors a small reduction of Lp(a) levels could be shown, which was associated with a reduction in cardiovascular events, independently of the effect on LDL cholesterol. Another option is inclisiran, for which no outcome data are available yet. Lipoprotein apheresis acutely and in the long run decreases Lp(a) levels and effectively improves cardiovascular prognosis in high-risk patients who cannot be satisfactorily treated with drugs. New drugs inhibiting the synthesis of apolipoprotein(a) (an antisense oligonucleotide (Pelacarsen) and two siRNA drugs) are studied. Unlike LDL-cholesterol, for Lp(a) no target value has been defined up to now. This overview presents data of modern capabilities of cardiovascular risk reduction by lowering Lp(a) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Korneva
- Department of Faculty Therapy, Petrozavodsk State University, Lenin Ave. 33, 185000 Petrozavodsk, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Ulrich Julius
- Lipidology and Lipoprotein Apheresis Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
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Lipoprotein (a) level as a risk factor for stroke and its subtype: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15660. [PMID: 34341405 PMCID: PMC8329213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of lipoprotein-A [Lp (a)] as a risk factor for stroke is less well documented than for coronary heart disease. Hence, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis for the published observational studies in order to investigate the association of Lp (a) levels with the risk of stroke and its subtypes. In our meta-analysis, 41 studies involving 7874 ischemic stroke (IS) patients and 32,138 controls; 13 studies for the IS subtypes based on TOAST classification and 7 studies with 871 Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) cases and 2865 control subjects were included. A significant association between increased levels of Lp (a) and risk of IS as compared to control subjects was observed (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CIs) 0.53–0.99). Lp (a) levels were also found to be significantly associated with the risk of large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) subtype of IS (SMD 0.68; 95% CI 0.01–1.34) as well as significantly associated with the risk of ICH (SMD 0.65; 95% CI 0.13–1.17) as compared to controls. Increased Lp (a) levels could be considered as a predictive marker for identifying individuals who are at risk of developing IS, LAA and ICH.
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29
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Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, O'Neil A, Maes M, Puri BK. The lipid paradox in neuroprogressive disorders: Causes and consequences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:35-57. [PMID: 34118292 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic systemic inflammation is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in an environment of low low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and low total cholesterol and with the pathophysiology of neuroprogressive disorders. The causes and consequences of this lipid paradox are explored. Circulating activated neutrophils can release inflammatory molecules such as myeloperoxidase and the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Since activated neutrophils are associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease and with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, it seems reasonable to hypothesise that the inflammatory molecules released by them may act as mediators of the link between systemic inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis in neuroprogressive disorders. This hypothesis is tested by considering the association at a molecular level of systemic inflammation with increased LDL oxidation; increased small dense LDL levels; increased lipoprotein (a) concentration; secretory phospholipase A2 activation; cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation; increased platelet activation; decreased apolipoprotein A1 levels and function; decreased paroxonase-1 activity; hyperhomocysteinaemia; and metabolic endotoxaemia. These molecular mechanisms suggest potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, the Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adrienne O'Neil
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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Cesaro A, Schiavo A, Moscarella E, Coletta S, Conte M, Gragnano F, Fimiani F, Monda E, Caiazza M, Limongelli G, D'Erasmo L, Riccio C, Arca M, Calabrò P. Lipoprotein(a): a genetic marker for cardiovascular disease and target for emerging therapies. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2021; 22:151-161. [PMID: 32858625 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an established cardiovascular risk factor, and growing evidence indicates its causal association with atherosclerotic disease because of the proatherogenic low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like properties and the prothrombotic plasminogen-like activity of apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)]. As genetics significantly influences its plasma concentration, Lp(a) is considered an inherited risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), especially in young individuals. Moreover, it has been suggested that elevated Lp(a) may significantly contribute to residual cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease and optimal LDL-C levels. Nonetheless, the fascinating hypothesis that lowering Lp(a) could reduce the risk of cardiovascular events - in primary or secondary prevention - still needs to be demonstrated by randomized clinical trials. To date, no specific Lp(a)-lowering agent has been approved for reducing the lipoprotein levels, and current lipid-lowering drugs have limited effects. In the future, emerging therapies targeting Lp(a) may offer the possibility to further investigate the relation between Lp(a) levels and cardiovascular outcomes in randomized controlled trials, ultimately leading to a new era in cardiovascular prevention. In this review, we aim to provide an updated overview of current evidence on Lp(a) as well as currently investigated therapeutic strategies that specifically address the reduction of the lipoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Cesaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. 'Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano', Caserta
| | - Alessandra Schiavo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. 'Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano', Caserta
| | - Elisabetta Moscarella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. 'Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano', Caserta
| | - Silvio Coletta
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. 'Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano', Caserta
| | - Matteo Conte
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. 'Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano', Caserta
| | - Felice Gragnano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. 'Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano', Caserta
| | - Fabio Fimiani
- Division of Cardiology
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Monaldi Hospital, Naples
| | - Emanuele Monda
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. 'Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano', Caserta
- Division of Cardiology
| | - Martina Caiazza
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Monaldi Hospital, Naples
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples
- Division of Cardiology
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Monaldi Hospital, Naples
| | - Laura D'Erasmo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Riccio
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. 'Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano', Caserta
| | - Marcello Arca
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabrò
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples
- Division of Clinical Cardiology, A.O.R.N. 'Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano', Caserta
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Barwinska D, El-Achkar TM, Melo Ferreira R, Syed F, Cheng YH, Winfree S, Ferkowicz MJ, Hato T, Collins KS, Dunn KW, Kelly KJ, Sutton TA, Rovin BH, Parikh SV, Phillips CL, Dagher PC, Eadon MT. Molecular characterization of the human kidney interstitium in health and disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/7/eabd3359. [PMID: 33568476 PMCID: PMC7875540 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The gene expression signature of the human kidney interstitium is incompletely understood. The cortical interstitium (excluding tubules, glomeruli, and vessels) in reference nephrectomies (N = 9) and diabetic kidney biopsy specimens (N = 6) was laser microdissected (LMD) and sequenced. Samples underwent RNA sequencing. Gene signatures were deconvolved using single nuclear RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) data derived from overlapping specimens. Interstitial LMD transcriptomics uncovered previously unidentified markers including KISS1, validated with in situ hybridization. LMD transcriptomics and snRNAseq revealed strong correlation of gene expression within corresponding kidney regions. Relevant enriched interstitial pathways included G-protein coupled receptor. binding and collagen biosynthesis. The diabetic interstitium was enriched for extracellular matrix organization and small-molecule catabolism. Cell type markers with unchanged expression (NOTCH3, EGFR, and HEG1) and those down-regulated in diabetic nephropathy (MYH11, LUM, and CCDC3) were identified. LMD transcriptomics complements snRNAseq; together, they facilitate mapping of interstitial marker genes to aid interpretation of pathophysiology in precision medicine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Barwinska
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Roudebush Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ricardo Melo Ferreira
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Farooq Syed
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ying-Hua Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Seth Winfree
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael J Ferkowicz
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Takashi Hato
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kimberly S Collins
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kenneth W Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Katherine J Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Roudebush Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Timothy A Sutton
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brad H Rovin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, OH 433210, USA
| | - Samir V Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, OH 433210, USA
| | - Carrie L Phillips
- Division of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Pierre C Dagher
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Roudebush Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael T Eadon
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Liu T, Yoon WS, Lee SR. Recent Updates of Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Disease. Chonnam Med J 2021; 57:36-43. [PMID: 33537217 PMCID: PMC7840349 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2021.57.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, epidemiological studies, genome-wide association studies, and Mendelian randomization studies have shown a strong association between increased levels of lipoproteins and increased risks of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] was an independent risk factor for ASCVD, the latest international clinical guidelines do not recommend direct reduction of plasma Lp(a) concentrations. The main reason was that there is no effective clinical medicine that directly lowers plasma Lp(a) concentrations. However, recent clinical trials have shown that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9) and second-generation antisense oligonucleotides can effectively reduce plasma Lp(a) levels. This review will present the structure, pathogenicity, prognostic evidences, and recent advances in therapeutic drugs for Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taili Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Won-Sik Yoon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sang-Rok Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetic, epidemiological, and translational data indicate that Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is likely in the causal pathway for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases as well as calcification of the aortic valves. RECENT FINDINGS Lp(a) is structurally similar to low-density lipoprotein, but in addition to apolipoprotein B-100, it has a glycoprotein apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], which is attached to the apolipoprotein B-100. Several distinctive properties of Lp(a) can be attributed to the presence of apo(a). This review discusses the current state of literature on pathophysiological and clinical aspects of Lp(a). After five decades of research, the understanding of Lp(a) structure, biochemistry, and pathophysiology of its cardiovascular manifestations still remains less than fully understood. Universally, Lp(a) elevation may be the most predominant monogenetic lipid disorder with approximate prevalence of Lp(a)>50 mg/dL among estimated >1.4 billion people. This makes a compelling rationale for diagnosing and managing Lp(a)-mediated risk. In addition to discussing various cardiovascular phenotypes of Lp(a) and associated morbidity, we also outline current and emerging therapies aimed at identifying a definitive treatment for elevated Lp(a) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Saeed
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Sina Kinoush
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Salim S. Virani
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Health Policy, Quality & Informatics Program, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations, Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX USA
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Lan NSR, Chan DC, Pang J, Fegan PG, Yeap BB, Rankin JM, Schultz CJ, Watts GF, Bell DA. Lipoprotein(a) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Premature Coronary Artery Disease in the Coronary Care Unit. Heart Lung Circ 2020; 30:734-740. [PMID: 33191140 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and diabetes are independently associated with premature coronary artery disease (pCAD). However, there is an inverse relationship between Lp(a) concentration and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. We examine whether Lp(a) distribution in patients with pCAD differs between those with or without T2D, and whether elevated Lp(a) is associated with pCAD in patients with T2D. METHODS Lp(a) concentration was measured in consecutive acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients in two coronary care units (study one: ACS with or without diabetes, study two: ACS and diabetes). Elevated Lp(a) mass concentration was defined as ≥0.5 g/L and pCAD where CAD was diagnosed age <60 years. The association between elevated Lp(a) and pCAD was assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS Of 449 patients, 233 (51.9%) had pCAD and 278 (61.9%) had T2D. In patients with pCAD, those with T2D had a significantly lower median Lp(a) concentration (0.13 g/L versus 0.27 g/L, p=0.004). In patients with T2D, elevated Lp(a) was significantly associated with pCAD (OR 2.419, 95% CI 1.513-3.867, p<0.001). After adjusting for gender, smoking, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, elevated Lp(a) remained significantly associated with pCAD (OR 2.895, 95% CI 1.427-5.876, p=0.003) in patients with T2D. CONCLUSIONS In coronary care patients with pCAD, patients with T2D had lower Lp(a) concentrations than those without T2D. Despite this, elevated Lp(a) remained predictive of pCAD in patients with T2D. Measurement of Lp(a) should be considered in younger adults with T2D to identify who may benefit from earlier preventative therapies to reduce pCAD burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick S R Lan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Dick C Chan
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jing Pang
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - P Gerry Fegan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - James M Rankin
- Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Carl J Schultz
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Departments of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Departments of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Damon A Bell
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Departments of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth and Fiona Stanley Hospitals, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, Clinipath Pathology, Perth, WA, Australia
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Effect of Evolocumab on Lipoprotein(a) and PCSK9 in Healthy Individuals with Elevated Lipoprotein(a) Level. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7040045. [PMID: 33076542 PMCID: PMC7712661 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a single injection of Evolocumab on the dynamics of Lp(a), fractions of apoB100-containing lipoproteins, PCSK9, and their complexes in healthy individuals with elevated Lp(a) levels. Methods: This open-label, 4-week clinical study involved 10 statin-naive volunteers with Lp(a) >30 mg/dL, LDL-C < 4.9 mmol/L, and a moderate risk of cardiovascular events. The concentrations of Lp(a), lipids, PCSK9, circulating immune complexes (CIC), and plasma complexes of PCSK9 with apoB100-containing lipoproteins (Lp(a)–PCSK9 and LDL–PCSK9) were measured before and each week after Evolocumab (MABs) administration. Results: After a single dose injection of 140 mg of MABs, the median concentration of PCSK9 in serum increased from 496 to 3944 ng/mL; however, the entire pool of circulating PCSK9 remained bound with MABs for 2–3 weeks. LDL-C level decreased significantly from 3.36 mmol/L to 2.27 mmol/L during the first two weeks after the injection. Lp(a) concentrations demonstrated multidirectional changes in different patients with the maximal decrease on the second week. There were no positive correlations between the changes in levels of Lp(a), LDL-C, and TC. The change in the amount of circulating complex of PCSK9–Lp(a) was significantly less than of PCSK9–apoB100 (−5% and −47% after 1 week, respectively). Conclusions: A single administration of monoclonal antibodies against PCSK9 (Evolocumab) in healthy individuals with hyperlipoproteinemia(a) resulted in a decrease of Lp(a) of 14%, a 5% decrease in PCSK9–Lp(a), a 36% reduction of LDL-C, a 47% decrease in PCSK9–apoB100 and a tenfold increase in total serum PCSK9 concentration.
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Mitochondrial Transfer by Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Ameliorates Hepatocyte Lipid Load in a Mouse Model of NASH. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090350. [PMID: 32937969 PMCID: PMC7554948 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation ameliorated hepatic lipid load; tissue inflammation; and fibrosis in rodent animal models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by as yet largely unknown mechanism(s). In a mouse model of NASH; we transplanted bone marrow-derived MSCs into the livers; which were analyzed one week thereafter. Combined metabolomic and proteomic data were applied to weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and subsequent identification of key drivers. Livers were analyzed histologically and biochemically. The mechanisms of MSC action on hepatocyte lipid accumulation were studied in co-cultures of hepatocytes and MSCs by quantitative image analysis and immunocytochemistry. WGCNA and key driver analysis revealed that NASH caused the impairment of central carbon; amino acid; and lipid metabolism associated with mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunction; which was reversed by MSC treatment. MSC improved hepatic lipid metabolism and tissue homeostasis. In co-cultures of hepatocytes and MSCs; the decrease of lipid load was associated with the transfer of mitochondria from the MSCs to the hepatocytes via tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). Hence; MSCs may ameliorate lipid load and tissue perturbance by the donation of mitochondria to the hepatocytes. Thereby; they may provide oxidative capacity for lipid breakdown and thus promote recovery from NASH-induced metabolic impairment and tissue injury.
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Watts GF, Chan DC, Pang J, Ma L, Ying Q, Aggarwal S, Marcovina SM, Barrett PHR. PCSK9 Inhibition with alirocumab increases the catabolism of lipoprotein(a) particles in statin-treated patients with elevated lipoprotein(a). Metabolism 2020; 107:154221. [PMID: 32240727 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle containing apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) covalently linked to apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB). Statin-treated patients with elevated Lp(a) have an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Recent trials show that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition decreases Lp(a) and cardiovascular events, particularly in high risk patients with elevated Lp(a). We investigated the kinetic mechanism whereby alirocumab, a PCSK9 inhibitor, lowers Lp(a) in statin-treated patients with high Lp(a) and ASCVD. METHODS The effects of 12-week alirocumab treatment (150 mg every 2 weeks) on apo(a) kinetics were studied in 21 patients with elevated Lp(a) concentration (>0.5 g/L). Apo(a) fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and production rate (PR) were determined using intravenous D3-leucine administration, mass spectrometry and compartmental modelling. All patients were on long-term statin treatment. RESULTS Alirocumab significantly decreased plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (-39%), LDL-cholesterol (-67%), apoB (-56%), apo(a) (-25%) and Lp(a) (-22%) (P< 0.001 for all). Alirocumab also significantly lowered plasma apo(a) pool size (-26%, P <0.001) and increased the FCR of apo(a) (+28%, P< 0.001), but did not alter apo(a) PR, which remained significantly higher relative to a reference group of patients on statins with normal Lp(a) (P< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In statin-treated patients, alirocumab lowers elevated plasma Lp(a) concentrations by accelerating the catabolism of Lp(a) particles. This may be consequent on marked upregulation of hepatic receptors (principally for LDL) and/or reduced competition between Lp(a) and LDL particles for these receptors; the mechanism could contribute to the benefit of PCSK9 inhibition with alirocumab on cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Watts
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Dick C Chan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jing Pang
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Louis Ma
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Qidi Ying
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Santica M Marcovina
- Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Seattle, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - P Hugh R Barrett
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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Abstract
Two decades ago, it was recognized that lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) concentrations were elevated in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the importance of Lp(a) was not strongly established due to a lack of both Lp(a)-lowering therapy and evidence that reducing Lp(a) levels improves CVD risk. Recent advances in clinical and genetic research have revealed the crucial role of Lp(a) in the pathogenesis of CVD. Mendelian randomization studies have shown that Lp(a) concentrations are causal for different CVDs, including coronary artery disease, calcified aortic valve disease, stroke, and heart failure, despite optimal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) management. Lp(a) consists of apolipoprotein (apo) B100 covalently bound to apoA. Thus, Lp(a) has atherothrombotic traits of both apoB (from LDL) and apoA (thrombo-inflammatory aspects). Although conventional pharmacological therapies, such as statin, niacin, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein, have failed to significantly reduce Lp(a) levels, emerging new therapeutic strategies using proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 inhibitors or antisesnse oligonucleotide technology have shown promising results in effectively lowering Lp(a). In this review we discuss the revisited important role of L(a) and strategies to overcome residual risk in the statin era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Youngwoo Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Gachon University Gil Hospital.,Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute
| | - Seung Hwan Han
- Division of Cardiology, Gachon University Gil Hospital.,Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute
| | - Il Suk Sohn
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong
| | - Pyung Chun Oh
- Division of Cardiology, Gachon University Gil Hospital.,Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute
| | - Kwang Kon Koh
- Division of Cardiology, Gachon University Gil Hospital.,Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute
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Shapiro MD, Minnier J, Tavori H, Kassahun H, Flower A, Somaratne R, Fazio S. Relationship Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Lipoprotein(a) Lowering in Response to PCSK9 Inhibition With Evolocumab. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e010932. [PMID: 30755061 PMCID: PMC6405654 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.010932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Beyond their potent LDL (low‐density lipoprotein) cholesterol (LDL‐C)–lowering efficacy (50–60%), PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) inhibitors also reduce Lp(a) (lipoprotein[a]) levels by 25% to 30%, suggesting a 2:1 response ratio. We aimed to characterize the relationship between LDL‐C and Lp(a) lowering by evolocumab, a PCSK9 inhibitor, in a large clinical trial population and to determine the prevalence of concordant/discordant LDL‐C and Lp(a) responses to PCSK9 inhibition. Methods and Results Data were analyzed from 4 randomized, 12‐week, multicenter, phase 3 evolocumab trials. Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia, or statin intolerance participated in the trials. The main measure was the degree of concordance or discordance of LDL‐C and Lp(a) in response to PCSK9 inhibition; concordant response was defined as LDL‐C reduction >35% and Lp(a) reduction >10%. The study cohort comprised 895 patients (438 female; median age: 59.0 years [interquartile range: 51–66 years]). Baseline mean level of LDL‐C was 133.6 mg/dL (SE: 1.7) and median Lp(a) level was 46.4 mg/dL (interquartile range: 18.4–82.4 mg/dL). A discordant response was observed in 165 (19.7%) patients. With these cutoffs, the prevalence of discordance was higher when considering baseline Lp(a) concentrations >30 mg/dL (26.5%) or >50 mg/dL (28.6%). Conclusions We demonstrate high prevalence of discordance in LDL‐C and Lp(a) reduction in response to evolocumab, particularly when considering higher baseline Lp(a) concentrations, indicating the possibility of alternative pathways beyond LDLR (LDL receptor)–mediated clearance involved in Lp(a) reduction by evolocumab. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifiers: NCT01763827, NCT01763866, NCT01763905, NCT01763918. See Editorial by Nestel
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Shapiro
- Knight Cardiovascular InstituteCenter for Preventive CardiologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOR
| | - Jessica Minnier
- Knight Cardiovascular InstituteCenter for Preventive CardiologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOR
- OHSU‐PSU School of Public HealthOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOR
| | - Hagai Tavori
- Knight Cardiovascular InstituteCenter for Preventive CardiologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOR
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Fazio
- Knight Cardiovascular InstituteCenter for Preventive CardiologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOR
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40
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Croyal M, Blanchard V, Ouguerram K, Chétiveaux M, Cabioch L, Moyon T, Billon-Crossouard S, Aguesse A, Bernardeau K, Le May C, Flet L, Lambert G, Hadjadj S, Cariou B, Krempf M, Nobécourt-Dupuy E. VLDL (Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein)-Apo E (Apolipoprotein E) May Influence Lp(a) (Lipoprotein [a]) Synthesis or Assembly. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:819-829. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
To clarify the association between PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) and Lp(a) (lipoprotein [a]), we studied Lp(a) kinetics in patients with loss-of-function and gain-of-function
PCSK9
mutations and in patients in whom extended-release niacin reduced Lp(a) and PCSK9 concentrations.
Approach and Results:
Six healthy controls, 9 heterozygous patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (5 with low-density lipoprotein receptor [
LDLR
] mutations and 4 with
PCSK9
gain-of-function mutations) and 3 patients with heterozygous dominant-negative
PCSK9
loss-of-function mutations were included in the preliminary study. Eight patients were enrolled in a second study assessing the effects of 2 g/day extended-release niacin. Apolipoprotein kinetics in VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and Lp(a) were studied using stable isotope techniques. Plasma Lp(a) concentrations were increased in
PCSK9
-gain-of-function and familial hypercholesterolemia-
LDLR
groups compared with controls and
PCSK9
-loss-of-function groups (14±12 versus 5±4 mg/dL;
P
=0.04), but no change was observed in Lp(a) fractional catabolic rate. Subjects with
PCSK9
-loss-of-function mutations displayed reduced apoE (apolipoprotein E) concentrations associated with a VLDL-apoE absolute production rate reduction. Lp(a) and VLDL-apoE absolute production rates were correlated (
r
=0.50;
P
<0.05). ApoE-to-apolipoprotein (a) molar ratios in Lp(a) increased with plasma Lp(a) (
r
=0.96;
P
<0.001) but not with PCSK9 levels. Extended-release niacin-induced reductions in Lp(a) and VLDL-apoE absolute production rate were correlated (
r
=0.83;
P
=0.015). In contrast, PCSK9 reduction (−35%;
P
=0.008) was only correlated with that of VLDL-apoE absolute production rate (
r
=0.79;
P
=0.028).
Conclusions:
VLDL-apoE production could determine Lp(a) production and/or assembly. As PCSK9 inhibitors reduce plasma apoE and Lp(a) concentrations, apoE could be the link between PCSK9 and Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Croyal
- From the NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, France (M. Croyal, K.O., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, F-44000 Nantes, France (M. Croyal, K.O., T.M., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
| | - Valentin Blanchard
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France (V.B., G.L.)
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- From the NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, France (M. Croyal, K.O., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, F-44000 Nantes, France (M. Croyal, K.O., T.M., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
| | - Maud Chétiveaux
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, France (M. Chétiveaux, C.L.M.)
| | - Léa Cabioch
- Biogenouest-Corsaire platform, Saint Gilles, France (L.C.)
| | - Thomas Moyon
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, F-44000 Nantes, France (M. Croyal, K.O., T.M., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
| | - Stéphanie Billon-Crossouard
- From the NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, France (M. Croyal, K.O., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, F-44000 Nantes, France (M. Croyal, K.O., T.M., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
| | - Audrey Aguesse
- From the NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, France (M. Croyal, K.O., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, F-44000 Nantes, France (M. Croyal, K.O., T.M., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
| | - Karine Bernardeau
- P2R «Production de protéines recombinantes», CRCINA, SFR-Santé, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, France (K.B.)
| | - Cédric Le May
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, France (M. Chétiveaux, C.L.M.)
| | - Laurent Flet
- Pharmacy Department, Nantes University Hospital, France (L.F.)
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France (V.B., G.L.)
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, CHU Nantes, France (S.H., B.C.)
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, CHU Nantes, France (S.H., B.C.)
| | - Michel Krempf
- From the NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, France (M. Croyal, K.O., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, F-44000 Nantes, France (M. Croyal, K.O., T.M., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
- ELSAN, clinique Bretéché, Nantes, France (M.K.)
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41
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Lipoprotein(a) the Insurgent: A New Insight into the Structure, Function, Metabolism, Pathogenicity, and Medications Affecting Lipoprotein(a) Molecule. J Lipids 2020; 2020:3491764. [PMID: 32099678 PMCID: PMC7016456 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3491764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], aka “Lp little a”, was discovered in the 1960s in the lab of the Norwegian physician Kåre Berg. Since then, we have greatly improved our knowledge of lipids and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lp(a) is an enigmatic class of lipoprotein that is exclusively formed in the liver and comprises two main components, a single copy of apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 (apo-B100) tethered to a single copy of a protein denoted as apolipoprotein(a) apo(a). Plasma levels of Lp(a) increase soon after birth to a steady concentration within a few months of life. In adults, Lp(a) levels range widely from <2 to 2500 mg/L. Evidence that elevated Lp(a) levels >300 mg/L contribute to CVD is significant. The improvement of isoform-independent assays, together with the insight from epidemiologic studies, meta-analyses, genome-wide association studies, and Mendelian randomization studies, has established Lp(a) as the single most common independent genetically inherited causal risk factor for CVD. This breakthrough elevated Lp(a) from a biomarker of atherosclerotic risk to a target of therapy. With the emergence of promising second-generation antisense therapy, we hope that we can answer the question of whether Lp(a) is ready for prime-time clinic use. In this review, we present an update on the metabolism, pathophysiology, and current/future medical interventions for high levels of Lp(a).
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42
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Ma L, Chan DC, Ooi EMM, Marcovina SM, Barrett PHR, Watts GF. Apolipoprotein(a) Kinetics in Statin-Treated Patients With Elevated Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:6247-6255. [PMID: 31393573 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a low-density lipoprotein‒like particle containing apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)]. Patients with elevated Lp(a), even when treated with statins, are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We investigated the kinetic basis for elevated Lp(a) in these patients. OBJECTIVES Apo(a) production rate (PR) and fractional catabolic rate (FCR) were compared between statin-treated patients with and without elevated Lp(a). METHODS The kinetics of apo(a) were investigated in 14 patients with elevated Lp(a) and 15 patients with normal Lp(a) levels matched for age, sex, and body mass index using stable isotope techniques and compartmental modeling. All 29 patients were on background statin treatment. Plasma apo(a) concentration was measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The plasma concentration and PR of apo(a) were significantly higher in patients with elevated Lp(a) than in patients with normal Lp(a) concentration (all P < 0.01). The FCR of apo(a) was not significantly different between the groups. In univariate analysis, plasma concentration of apo(a) was significantly associated with apo(a) PR in both patient groups (r = 0.699 and r = 0.949, respectively; all P < 0.01). There was no significant association between plasma apo(a) concentration and FCR in either of the groups (r = 0.160 and r = -0.137, respectively). CONCLUSION Elevated plasma Lp(a) concentration is a consequence of increased hepatic production of Lp(a) particles in these patients. Our findings provide a kinetic rationale for the use of therapies that target the synthesis of apo(a) and production of Lp(a) particles in patients with elevated Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dick C Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Esther M M Ooi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Santica M Marcovina
- Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - P Hugh R Barrett
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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43
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Sun D, Cao YX, Li S, Guo YL, Wu NQ, Gao Y, Dong QT, Liu G, Dong Q, Li JJ. A modified algorithm with lipoprotein(a) added for diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia. Clin Cardiol 2019; 42:988-994. [PMID: 31436336 PMCID: PMC6788465 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have observed that high level of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] was common in the phenotypic familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and may explain part of the clinical diagnosis of FH. Hypothesis We aim to develop a modified model including Lp(a) and compare its diagnostic performance with Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) criteria. Methods Data of 10 449 individuals were utilized for the model establishment (7806 for derivation and 2643 for validation) from January 2011 to March 2018. The novel score model was modified on the basis of DLCN. Furthermore, 718 patients were screened for LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 gene mutations. Results The novel modified model consisted of untreated low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) level, Lp(a), personal premature coronary heart disease (CHD), tendon xanthomas and family history of CHD and/or hypercholesterolemia. It has shown high discrimination (area under curve [AUC] 0.991, 95% confidence interval [CI[ 0.988‐0.994, P < .001) for distinguishing clinical FH from non‐FH diagnosed using DLCN. Furthermore, a concordance analysis was performed to compare the modified model with DLCN and it showed a good agreement with DLCN (κ = 0.765). External validation of the novel model also showed good accordance (κ = 0.700). Further genetic analysis showed that the agreements between the new model and mutation improved a little compared to that between DLCN and mutation. Conclusions The novel modified model, including Lp(a), could provide new insights into FH diagnosis in Chinese population with more concerns on the patients with high level of Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Sun
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Xuan Cao
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Li
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Lin Guo
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na-Qiong Wu
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Ting Dong
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Geng Liu
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Dong
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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44
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Abstract
Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pirillo
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberico Luigi Catapano
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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45
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Lipoprotein(a) concentration is associated with plasma arachidonic acid in subjects with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:790-799. [PMID: 31262370 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519001600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is associated with CVD and is mainly genetically determined. Studies suggest a role of dietary fatty acids (FA) in the regulation of Lp(a); however, no studies have investigated the association between plasma Lp(a) concentration and n-6 FA. We aimed to investigate whether plasma Lp(a) concentration was associated with dietary n-6 FA intake and plasma levels of arachidonic acid (AA) in subjects with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). We included FH subjects with (n 68) and without (n 77) elevated Lp(a) defined as ≥75 nmol/l and healthy subjects (n 14). Total FA profile was analysed by GC-flame ionisation detector analysis, and the daily intake of macronutrients (including the sum of n-6 FA: 18 : 2n-6, 20 : 2n-6, 20 : 3n-6 and 20 : 4n-6) were computed from completed FFQ. FH subjects with elevated Lp(a) had higher plasma levels of AA compared with FH subjects without elevated Lp(a) (P = 0·03). Furthermore, both FH subjects with and without elevated Lp(a) had higher plasma levels of AA compared with controls (P < 0·001). The multivariable analyses showed associations between dietary n-6 FA intake and plasma levels of AA (P = 0·02) and between plasma levels of Lp(a) and AA (P = 0·006). Our data suggest a novel link between plasma Lp(a) concentration, dietary n-6 FA and plasma AA concentration, which may explain the small diet-induced increase in Lp(a) levels associated with lifestyle changes. Although the increase may not be clinically relevant, this association may be mechanistically interesting in understanding more of the role and regulation of Lp(a).
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46
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Cui Y, Cui XD, Xu M, Fang M, Cai MJ. Serum apolipoprotein C3 levels are negatively associated with hepatitis B virus DNA in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:138. [PMID: 31186008 PMCID: PMC6560873 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global health issue associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Serum apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3) and apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5) levels were decreased in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, however the relationship between ApoC3 or ApoA5 and HBV DNA load remains elusive. Methods A total of 384 CHB patients including 194 HBsAg(+) HBeAg(−) and 190 HBsAg(+) HBeAg(+) and 154 healthy individuals were recruited in our study. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total cholesterol (Chol), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C) and lipoprotein a (Lpa) were examined in an automatic biochemical analyzer. Apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5) and apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3) were detected via ELISA. Results Serum ApoA1, ApoB, ApoC3 and ApoA5 levels were reduced in CHB patients. In HBeAg(−) CHB patients, plasma ApoC3 levels were negatively associated with HBV DNA load (r = 0.219, P < 0.001). But no correlation between ApoA5 and HBV DNA load was observed in CHB patients. Conclusions These data showed that HBV infection inhibits lipid metabolism and ApoC3 is negatively associated with HBV DNA load in HBeAg (−) CHB patients. These findings provided new evidence about the link between ApoC3-related lipid metabolism and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cui
- Department of Obstetrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiang-Dan Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Min Fang
- Department of Gynaecology, Qingdao Women's and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei-Juan Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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47
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The PCSK9 revolution: Current status, controversies, and future directions. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2019; 30:179-185. [PMID: 31151804 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) has revolutionized our understanding of cholesterol homeostasis and added to our arsenal against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In a span of approximately 15 years, PCSK9 has morphed from an esoteric and rare cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) into the most efficient cholesterol-lowering target ever known, with the completion of two large scale cardiovascular outcome trials showing positive results. Current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved modalities to inhibit PCSK9 are in the form of monoclonal antibodies which display an unparalleled degree of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering and expand upon the notion that lower LDL-C is better for ASCVD risk reduction. However, the accelerated pace of discovery and therapeutic development has left large gaps in our knowledge regarding the physiology and function of PCSK9. The aim of this review is to provide context to the discovery, history, treatment and current status of PCSK9 and its therapeutic inhibitors and highlight areas of controversy and future directions.
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48
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Tsimikas S, Gordts PLSM, Nora C, Yeang C, Witztum JL. Statin therapy increases lipoprotein(a) levels. Eur Heart J 2019; 41:2275-2284. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is elevated in 20–30% of people. This study aimed to assess the effect of statins on Lp(a) levels.
Methods and results
This subject-level meta-analysis includes 5256 patients (1371 on placebo and 3885 on statin) from six randomized trials, three statin-vs.-placebo trials, and three statin-vs.-statin trials, with pre- and on-treatment (4–104 weeks) Lp(a) levels. Statins included atorvastatin 10 mg/day and 80 mg/day, pravastatin 40 mg/day, rosuvastatin 40 mg/day, and pitavastatin 2 mg/day. Lipoprotein(a) levels were measured with the same validated assay. The primary analysis of Lp(a) is based on the log-transformed data. In the statin-vs.-placebo pooled analysis, the ratio of geometric means [95% confidence interval (CI)] for statin to placebo is 1.11 (1.07–1.14) (P < 0.0001), with ratio >1 indicating a higher increase in Lp(a) from baseline in statin vs. placebo. The mean percent change from baseline ranged from 8.5% to 19.6% in the statin groups and −0.4% to −2.3% in the placebo groups. In the statin-vs.-statin pooled analysis, the ratio of geometric means (95% CI) for atorvastatin to pravastatin is 1.09 (1.05–1.14) (P < 0.0001). The mean percent change from baseline ranged from 11.6% to 20.4% in the pravastatin group and 18.7% to 24.2% in the atorvastatin group. Incubation of HepG2 hepatocytes with atorvastatin showed an increase in expression of LPA mRNA and apolipoprotein(a) protein.
Conclusion
This meta-analysis reveals that statins significantly increase plasma Lp(a) levels. Elevations of Lp(a) post-statin therapy should be studied for effects on residual cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Tsimikas
- Vascular Medicine Program, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0682, USA
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0682, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0682, USA
| | - Chelsea Nora
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0682, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0682, USA
| | - Calvin Yeang
- Vascular Medicine Program, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0682, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0682, USA
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49
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Lipoprotein(a). Clin Res Cardiol Suppl 2019; 14:1-4. [PMID: 30945119 DOI: 10.1007/s11789-019-00100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Awad K, Mikhailidis DP, Katsiki N, Muntner P, Banach M. Effect of Ezetimibe Monotherapy on Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations in Patients with Primary Hypercholesterolemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Drugs 2019; 78:453-462. [PMID: 29396832 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-0870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ezetimibe reduces plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by up to 20%. However, its effect on plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia has not been defined. OBJECTIVE Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess this effect based on the available randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS We searched the PubMed and SCOPUS databases from inception until 28 February 2017 to identify RCTs that investigated the effect of ezetimibe monotherapy on plasma Lp(a) concentrations in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. We pooled mean percentage changes in plasma Lp(a) concentrations as a mean difference (MD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Seven RCTs with 2337 patients met the selection criteria and were included in the analysis. Overall pooled analysis suggested that ezetimibe 10 mg significantly reduced plasma Lp(a) concentrations in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia by - 7.06% (95% CI - 11.95 to - 2.18; p = 0.005) compared with placebo. No significant heterogeneity was observed (χ2 = 5.34; p = 0.5). Excluding one study from the analysis resulted in insignificant differences between the two groups (p = 0.2). Meta-regression did not find a significant association between the mean percentage changes in Lp(a) and other potential moderator variables, which included the mean percentage changes of LDL-C concentrations (p = 0.06) and baseline Lp(a) mean values (p = 0.46). CONCLUSIONS Ezetimibe monotherapy (10 mg/day) showed a small (7.06%) but statistically significant reduction in the plasma levels of Lp(a) in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. According to current literature, this magnitude of reduction seems to have no clinical relevance. However, further studies are warranted to clarify the mechanism mediating this effect of ezetimibe and to investigate its efficacy in combination with other drugs that have shown promise in lowering Lp(a) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Awad
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, El-Sharkia, Egypt.
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paul Muntner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Maciej Banach
- Head Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Lodz, Poland.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
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