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Mao J, Wang J, Zeb A, Cho KH, Jin H, Kim J, Lee O, Wang Y, No KT. Transformer-Based Molecular Generative Model for Antiviral Drug Design. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:2733-2745. [PMID: 37366644 PMCID: PMC11005037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Since the Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System (SMILES) is oriented to the atomic-level representation of molecules and is not friendly in terms of human readability and editable, however, IUPAC is the closest to natural language and is very friendly in terms of human-oriented readability and performing molecular editing, we can manipulate IUPAC to generate corresponding new molecules and produce programming-friendly molecular forms of SMILES. In addition, antiviral drug design, especially analogue-based drug design, is also more appropriate to edit and design directly from the functional group level of IUPAC than from the atomic level of SMILES, since designing analogues involves altering the R group only, which is closer to the knowledge-based molecular design of a chemist. Herein, we present a novel data-driven self-supervised pretraining generative model called "TransAntivirus" to make select-and-replace edits and convert organic molecules into the desired properties for design of antiviral candidate analogues. The results indicated that TransAntivirus is significantly superior to the control models in terms of novelty, validity, uniqueness, and diversity. TransAntivirus showed excellent performance in the design and optimization of nucleoside and non-nucleoside analogues by chemical space analysis and property prediction analysis. Furthermore, to validate the applicability of TransAntivirus in the design of antiviral drugs, we conducted two case studies on the design of nucleoside analogues and non-nucleoside analogues and screened four candidate lead compounds against anticoronavirus disease (COVID-19). Finally, we recommend this framework for accelerating antiviral drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashun Mao
- The
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology and
Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianmin Wang
- The
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology and
Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Amir Zeb
- Faculty
of Natural and Basic Sciences, University
of Turbat, Balochistan 92600, Pakistan
| | - Kwang-Hwi Cho
- School
of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil
University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyan Jin
- The
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology and
Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwan Kim
- Department
of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Bioinformatics
and Molecular Design Research Center (BMDRC), Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Onju Lee
- The
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology and
Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunyun Wang
- School
of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and
Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Kyoung Tai No
- The
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology and
Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
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2
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Sessions Z, Bobrowski T, Martin HJ, Beasley JMT, Kothari A, Phares T, Li M, Alves VM, Scotti MT, Moorman NJ, Baric R, Tropsha A, Muratov EN. Praemonitus praemunitus: can we forecast and prepare for future viral disease outbreaks? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad048. [PMID: 37596064 PMCID: PMC10532129 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the origins of past and present viral epidemics is critical in preparing for future outbreaks. Many viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, have led to significant consequences not only due to their virulence, but also because we were unprepared for their emergence. We need to learn from large amounts of data accumulated from well-studied, past pandemics and employ modern informatics and therapeutic development technologies to forecast future pandemics and help minimize their potential impacts. While acknowledging the complexity and difficulties associated with establishing reliable outbreak predictions, herein we provide a perspective on the regions of the world that are most likely to be impacted by future outbreaks. We specifically focus on viruses with epidemic potential, namely SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, DENV, ZIKV, MAYV, LASV, noroviruses, influenza, Nipah virus, hantaviruses, Oropouche virus, MARV, and Ebola virus, which all require attention from both the public and scientific community to avoid societal catastrophes like COVID-19. Based on our literature review, data analysis, and outbreak simulations, we posit that these future viral epidemics are unavoidable, but that their societal impacts can be minimized by strategic investment into basic virology research, epidemiological studies of neglected viral diseases, and antiviral drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Sessions
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Tesia Bobrowski
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Holli-Joi Martin
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Jon-Michael T Beasley
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Aneri Kothari
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Trevor Phares
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S Brook St, Louisville, KY 40208, United States
| | - Michael Li
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Vinicius M Alves
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Marcus T Scotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I Lot. Cidade Universitaria, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Nathaniel J Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, 116 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Ralph Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 401 Pittsboro St, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Alexander Tropsha
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Eugene N Muratov
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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3
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Li A, Wang Q, Huang Y, Hu L, Li S, Wang Q, Yu Y, Zhang H, Tang DYY, Show PL, Feng S. Can egg yolk antibodies terminate the CSBV infection in apiculture? Virus Res 2023; 328:199080. [PMID: 36882131 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV) is the most severe pathogen of Apis cerana, which leads to serious fatal diseases in bee colonies and eventual catastrophe for the Chinese beekeeping industry. Additionally, CSBV can potentially infect Apis mellifera by bridging the species barrier and significantly affect the productivity of the honey industry. Although several approaches, such as feeding royal jelly, traditional Chinese medicine, and double-stranded RNA treatments, have been employed to suppress CSBV infection, their practical applicabilities are constrained due to their poor effectiveness. In recent years, specific egg yolk antibodies (EYA) have been increasingly utilized in passive immunotherapy for infectious diseases without any side effects. According to both laboratory research and practical use, EYA have demonstrated superior protection for bees against CSBV infection. This review provided an in-depth analysis of the issues and drawbacks in this field in addition to provide a thorough summary of current advancements in CSBV studies. Some promising strategies for the synergistic study of EYA against CSBV, including the exploitation of novel antibody drugs, novel TCM monomer/formula determination, and development of nucleotide drugs, are also proposed in this review. Furthermore, the prospects for the future perspectives of EYA research and applications are presented. Collectively, EYA would terminate CSBV infection soon, as well as will provide scientific guidance and references to control and manage other viral infections in apiculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifang Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Qianfang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Lina Hu
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Shuxuan Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yangfan Yu
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Haizhou Zhang
- Luoyang Fengzaokang Biotechnological Co. Ltd., Luoyang, Henan 471000, China
| | - Doris Ying Ying Tang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43500, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43500, Malaysia; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India.
| | - Shuying Feng
- Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Luoyang Fengzaokang Biotechnological Co. Ltd., Luoyang, Henan 471000, China.
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4
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Tizoxanide Antiviral Activity on Dengue Virus Replication. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030696. [PMID: 36992406 PMCID: PMC10055917 DOI: 10.3390/v15030696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus is an important circulating arbovirus in Brazil responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide, representing a huge economic and social burden, in addition to affecting public health. In this study, the biological activity, toxicity, and antiviral activity against dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) of tizoxanide (TIZ) was evaluated in Vero cell culture. TIZ has a broad spectrum of action in inhibiting different pathogens, including bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Cells were infected for 1 h with DENV-2 and then treated for 24 h with different concentrations of the drug. The quantification of viral production indicated the antiviral activity of TIZ. The protein profiles in infected Vero cells treated and not treated with TIZ were analyzed using the label-free quantitative proteomic approach. TIZ was able to inhibit virus replication mainly intracellularly after DENV-2 penetration and before the complete replication of the viral genome. Additionally, the study of the protein profile of infected not-treated and infected-treated Vero cells showed that TIZ interferes with cellular processes such as intracellular trafficking and vesicle-mediated transport and post-translational modifications when added after infection. Our results also point to the activation of immune response genes that would eventually lead to a decrease of DENV-2 production. TIZ is a promising therapeutic molecule for the treatment of DENV-2 infections.
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5
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Chowdhury M, Hudson RHE. Exploring Nucleobase Modifications in Oligonucleotide Analogues for Use as Environmentally Responsive Fluorophores and Beyond. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200218. [PMID: 36344432 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, it has become abundantly clear that nucleic acid biochemistry, especially with respect to RNA, is more convoluted and complex than previously appreciated. Indeed, the application and exploitation of nucleic acids beyond their predestined role as the medium for storage and transmission of genetic information to the treatment and study of diseases has been achieved. In other areas of endeavor, utilization of nucleic acids as a probe molecule requires that they possess a reporter group. The reporter group of choice is often a luminophore because fluorescence spectroscopy has emerged as an indispensable tool to probe the structural and functional properties of modified nucleic acids. The scope of this review spans research done in the Hudson lab at The University of Western Ontario and is focused on modified pyrimidine nucleobases and their applications as environmentally sensitive fluorophores, base discriminating fluorophores, and in service of antisense applications as well as tantalizing new results as G-quadruplex destabilizing agents. While this review is a focused personal account, particularly influential work of colleagues in the chemistry community will be highlighted. The intention is not to make a comprehensive review, citations to the existing excellent reviews are given, any omission of the wonderful and impactful work being done by others globally is not intentional. Thus, this review will briefly introduce the context of our work, summarize what has been accomplished and finish with the prospects of future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mria Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Robert H E Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
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6
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Marine Cyclic Peptides: Antimicrobial Activity and Synthetic Strategies. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060397. [PMID: 35736200 PMCID: PMC9230156 DOI: 10.3390/md20060397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oceans are a rich source of structurally unique bioactive compounds from the perspective of potential therapeutic agents. Marine peptides are a particularly interesting group of secondary metabolites because of their chemistry and wide range of biological activities. Among them, cyclic peptides exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities, including against bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. Moreover, there are several examples of marine cyclic peptides revealing interesting antimicrobial activities against numerous drug-resistant bacteria and fungi, making these compounds a very promising resource in the search for novel antimicrobial agents to revert multidrug-resistance. This review summarizes 174 marine cyclic peptides with antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, or antiviral properties. These natural products were categorized according to their sources—sponges, mollusks, crustaceans, crabs, marine bacteria, and fungi—and chemical structure—cyclic peptides and depsipeptides. The antimicrobial activities, including against drug-resistant microorganisms, unusual structural characteristics, and hits more advanced in (pre)clinical studies, are highlighted. Nocathiacins I–III (91–93), unnarmicins A (114) and C (115), sclerotides A (160) and B (161), and plitidepsin (174) can be highlighted considering not only their high antimicrobial potency in vitro, but also for their promising in vivo results. Marine cyclic peptides are also interesting models for molecular modifications and/or total synthesis to obtain more potent compounds, with improved properties and in higher quantity. Solid-phase Fmoc- and Boc-protection chemistry is the major synthetic strategy to obtain marine cyclic peptides with antimicrobial properties, and key examples are presented guiding microbiologist and medicinal chemists to the discovery of new antimicrobial drug candidates from marine sources.
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7
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Elsaman T, Mohamed MS, Eltayib EM, Abdel-aziz HA, Abdalla AE, Munir MU, Mohamed MA. Isatin derivatives as broad-spectrum antiviral agents: the current landscape. Med Chem Res 2022; 31:244-273. [PMID: 35039740 PMCID: PMC8754539 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, several viruses have resulted in large outbreaks with serious health, economic and social consequences. The current unprecedented outbreak of the new coronavirus, SARS-COV-2, necessitates intensive efforts for delivering effective therapies to eradicate such a deadly virus. Isatin is an opulent heterocycle that has been proven to provide tremendous opportunities in the area of drug discovery. Over the last fifty years, suitably functionalized isatin has shown remarkable and broad-spectrum antiviral properties. The review herein is an attempt to compile all of the reported information about the antiviral activity of isatin derivatives with an emphasis on their structure-activity relationships (SARs) along with mechanistic and molecular modeling studies. In this regard, we are confident that the review will afford the scientific community a valuable platform to generate more potent and cost-effective antiviral therapies based on isatin templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilal Elsaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Suliman Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eyman Mohamed Eltayib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A. Abdel-aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
| | - Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Usman Munir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdi Awadalla Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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8
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De Castro F, De Luca E, Benedetti M, Fanizzi FP. Platinum compounds as potential antiviral agents. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Aher UP, Srivastava D, Singh GP, S JB. Synthetic strategies toward 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside analogues. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2680-2715. [PMID: 34804240 PMCID: PMC8576827 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar-modified nucleosides have gained considerable attention in the scientific community, either for use as molecular probes or as therapeutic agents. When the methylene group of the ribose ring is replaced with a sulfur atom at the 3’-position, these compounds have proved to be structurally potent nucleoside analogues, and the best example is BCH-189. The majority of methods traditionally involves the chemical modification of nucleoside structures. It requires the creation of artificial sugars, which is accompanied by coupling nucleobases via N-glycosylation. However, over the last three decades, efforts were made for the synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides by selective N-glycosylation of carbohydrate precursors at C-1, and this approach has emerged as a strong alternative that allows simple modification. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the reported methods in the literature to access 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides. The first focus of this review is the construction of the 1,3-oxathiolane ring from different starting materials. The second focus involves the coupling of the 1,3-oxathiolane ring with different nucleobases in a way that only one isomer is produced in a stereoselective manner via N-glycosylation. An emphasis has been placed on the C–N-glycosidic bond constructed during the formation of the nucleoside analogue. The third focus is on the separation of enantiomers of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides via resolution methods. The chemical as well as enzymatic procedures are reviewed and segregated in this review for effective synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh P Aher
- Chemical Research Department, Lupin Research Park, Lupin Limited, 46A/47A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune-412115, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dhananjai Srivastava
- Chemical Research Department, Lupin Research Park, Lupin Limited, 46A/47A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune-412115, Maharashtra, India
| | - Girij P Singh
- Chemical Research Department, Lupin Research Park, Lupin Limited, 46A/47A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune-412115, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayashree B S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
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10
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Khan AM, Agnihotri NK, Singh VK, Mohapatra SC, Mathur D, Kumar M, Kumar R. Biocatalyst-mediated selective acylation and deacylation chemistry on the secondary hydroxyl/amine groups of nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 40:1220-1236. [PMID: 34636267 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.1986222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides play a pivotal role in biological systems and therefore have attracted a lot of interest as chemotherapeutic agents in drug discovery. Over the years biocatalysts have emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional synthetic catalysts. As a nature's catalyst, they exhibit excellent selectivity, remarkable tolerance, and help in carrying out eco-friendly benign processes. The use of a biocatalyst as a regio- and enantioselective catalyst is particularly relevant in the transformations of nucleosides and their analogs because of the presence of multiple chiral centres. Herein, we discuss the recent advances in the Pseudomonas Cepacia Lipase mediated selective acylation and deacylation reactions of the secondary hydroxyl and amino groups of nucleosides and their analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra Mohan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Vinay Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Aurobindo College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Divya Mathur
- Department of Chemistry, Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, R.D.S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
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11
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Current Trends and Limitations in Dengue Antiviral Research. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6040180. [PMID: 34698303 PMCID: PMC8544673 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6040180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease worldwide and affects approximately 2.5 billion people living in over 100 countries. Increasing geographic expansion of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (which transmit the virus) has made dengue a global health concern. There are currently no approved antivirals available to treat dengue, and the only approved vaccine used in some countries is limited to seropositive patients. Treatment of dengue, therefore, remains largely supportive to date; hence, research efforts are being intensified for the development of antivirals. The nonstructural proteins, 3 and 5 (NS3 and NS5), have been the major targets for dengue antiviral development due to their indispensable enzymatic and biological functions in the viral replication process. NS5 is the largest and most conserved nonstructural protein encoded by flaviviruses. Its multifunctionality makes it an attractive target for antiviral development, but research efforts have, this far, not resulted in the successful development of an antiviral targeting NS5. Increase in structural insights into the dengue NS5 protein will accelerate drug discovery efforts focused on NS5 as an antiviral target. In this review, we will give an overview of the current state of therapeutic development, with a focus on NS5 as a therapeutic target against dengue.
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12
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Evaluation of the anti-stress effects of five Tunisian aromatic and medicinal plants in vitro. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Behl T, Rocchetti G, Chadha S, Zengin G, Bungau S, Kumar A, Mehta V, Uddin MS, Khullar G, Setia D, Arora S, Sinan KI, Ak G, Putnik P, Gallo M, Montesano D. Phytochemicals from Plant Foods as Potential Source of Antiviral Agents: An Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:381. [PMID: 33921724 PMCID: PMC8073840 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide include viral infections, such as Ebola, influenza virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and recently COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Currently, we can count on a narrow range of antiviral drugs, especially older generation ones like ribavirin and interferon which are effective against viruses in vitro but can often be ineffective in patients. In addition to these, we have antiviral agents for the treatment of herpes virus, influenza virus, HIV and hepatitis virus. Recently, drugs used in the past especially against ebolavirus, such as remdesivir and favipiravir, have been considered for the treatment of COVID-19 disease. However, even if these drugs represent important tools against viral diseases, they are certainly not sufficient to defend us from the multitude of viruses present in the environment. This represents a huge problem, especially considering the unprecedented global threat due to the advancement of COVID-19, which represents a potential risk to the health and life of millions of people. The demand, therefore, for new and effective antiviral drugs is very high. This review focuses on three fundamental points: (1) presents the main threats to human health, reviewing the most widespread viral diseases in the world, thus describing the scenario caused by the disease in question each time and evaluating the specific therapeutic remedies currently available. (2) It comprehensively describes main phytochemical classes, in particular from plant foods, with proven antiviral activities, the viruses potentially treated with the described phytochemicals. (3) Consideration of the various applications of drug delivery systems in order to improve the bioavailability of these compounds or extracts. A PRISMA flow diagram was used for the inclusion of the works. Taking into consideration the recent dramatic events caused by COVID-19 pandemic, the cry of alarm that denounces critical need for new antiviral drugs is extremely strong. For these reasons, a continuous systematic exploration of plant foods and their phytochemicals is necessary for the development of new antiviral agents capable of saving lives and improving their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Swati Chadha
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Distt. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171207, India;
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh;
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Gaurav Khullar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Dhruv Setia
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Gunes Ak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Predrag Putnik
- Department of Food Technology, University North, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia;
| | - Monica Gallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Montesano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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14
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Ramesh D, Vijayakumar BG, Kannan T. Advances in Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogues in Tackling Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis Virus Infections. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1403-1419. [PMID: 33427377 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are structurally similar antimetabolites and are promising small-molecule chemotherapeutic agents against various infectious DNA and RNA viruses. To date, these analogues have not been documented in-depth as anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and anti-hepatitis virus agents, these are at various stages of testing ranging from pre-clinical, to those withdrawn from trials, or those that are approved as drugs. Hence, in this review, the importance of these analogues in tackling HIV and hepatitis virus infections is discussed with a focus on the viral genome and the mechanism of action of these analogues, both in a mutually exclusive manner and their role in HIV/hepatitis coinfection. This review encompasses nucleoside and nucleotide analogues from 1987 onwards, starting with the first nucleoside analogue, zidovudine, and going on to those in current clinical trials and even the drugs that have been withdrawn. This review also sheds light on the prospects of these nucleoside analogues in clinical trials as a treatment option for the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India
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15
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Bhattacharya R, Dev K, Sourirajan A. Antiviral activity of bioactive phytocompounds against coronavirus: An update. J Virol Methods 2021; 290:114070. [PMID: 33497729 PMCID: PMC7826042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are one of the main cause of diseases worldwide due to the rising trends of migration, urbanization and global mobility of humans. The outbreak of corona virus diseases caused by SARS-CoV (year 2003), MERS-CoV (year 2012) and SARS-CoV-2 (year 2019) raised global health concerns. The side effects associated with the conventional drugs and increase in cases of anti-microbial resistance have led the researchers to switch to natural sources, especially plants, as they have immense potential to be used as antiviral agents. The aim of the article is to summarize the evidences of the bioactive phytocompounds from different plants as an effective alternative for the treatment of infections caused by coronaviruses. However, the use of most plant compounds succumbs to limitations due to lack of experimental evidences and safety studies. Therefore, further research and studies are required to validate their therapeutic uses for wide application of plant-based medicine, including anti-virals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Bhattacharya
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, PO Sultanpur, District Solan, 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, PO Sultanpur, District Solan, 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, PO Sultanpur, District Solan, 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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16
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Coronaviruses and Nature's Pharmacy for the Relief of Coronavirus Disease 2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 30:603-621. [PMID: 33041391 PMCID: PMC7537782 DOI: 10.1007/s43450-020-00104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current challenges to the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 should open new prospects in the search for novel drugs from medicinal plants and other natural products. This paper provides details of natural agents that inhibit human coronavirus entry into cells, general replication, and specific chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro)-mediated replication. Medicinal plants, fungi, and marine organisms as remedies for human coronaviruses in China, Lebanon, Malaysia, Singapore, and South Africa are described. Common species include Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud., Artemisia annua L., Artemisia apiacea Hance, Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl, edible brown algae Ecklonia cava Kjellman, Euphorbia neriifolia L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Pelargonium sidoides DC., Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc., Sanguisorba officinalis L., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem., and Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold & Zucc. At least fifty natural compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinones, lignins, and tannins, which inhibit various strains of human coronaviruses, are presented. Given the scarcity of efficacious and safe vaccines or drugs for coronavirus disease 2019, natural products are low-hanging fruits that should be harnessed as the new global frontier against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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17
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Kumar R, Kumar M, Kumar V, Kumar A, Haque N, Kumar R, Prasad AK. Recent progress in the synthesis of C-4′-spironucleosides and its future perspectives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1803914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, R.D.S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, L. S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Arbind Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, L. S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Navedul Haque
- University Department of Chemistry, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, R.D.S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Ashok K. Prasad
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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18
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Acosta J, Del Arco J, Pisabarro V, Gago F, Fernández-Lucas J. N-Ribosyltransferase From Archaeoglobus veneficus: A Novel Halotolerant and Thermostable Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of Purine Ribonucleoside Analogs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:593. [PMID: 32612982 PMCID: PMC7308715 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside-2′-deoxyribosyl-transferases (NDTs) catalyze a transglycosylation reaction consisting of the exchange of the 2′-deoxyribose moiety between a purine and/or pyrimidine nucleoside and a purine and/or pyrimidine base. Because NDTs are highly specific for 2′-deoxyribonucleosides they generally display poor activity on modified C2′ and C3′ nucleosides and this limitation hampers their applicability as biocatalysts for the synthesis of modified nucleosides. We now report the production and purification of a novel NDT from Archaeoglobus veneficus that is endowed with native ribosyltransferase activity and hence it is more properly classified as an N-ribosyltransferase (AvNRT). Biophysical and biochemical characterization revealed that AvNRT is a homotetramer that displays maximum activity at 80°C and pH 6 and shows remarkably high stability at high temperatures (60–80°C). In addition, the activity of AvNRT was found to increase up to 2-fold in 4 M NaCl aqueous solution and to be retained in the presence of several water-miscible organic solvents. For completeness, and as a proof of concept for possible industrial applications, this thermophilic and halotolerant biocatalyst was successfully employed in the synthesis of different purine ribonucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Acosta
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Pisabarro
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and "IQM-CSIC Associated Unit", School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia
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19
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Carnero A, Martín-Nieves V, Sanghvi YS, Russel OO, Bassit L, Schinazi RF, Fernández S, Ferrero M. Novel 1′-homo-N-2′-deoxy-α-nucleosides: synthesis, characterization and biological activity. RSC Adv 2020; 10:15815-15824. [PMID: 34603689 PMCID: PMC8486263 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03254a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time, a series of novel 1′-homo-N-2′-deoxy-α-nucleosides containing natural nucleobases as well as 5-fluoro and 5-iodopyrimidine analogs have been synthesized in an efficient manner. Additionally, a high yield protocol for the assembly of a dimeric scaffold containing two sugar moieties linked to the N-1 and N-3 positions of a single pyrimidine base has been accomplished. The structures of the novel homonucleosides were established by a single crystal X-ray structure of 1′-homo-N-2′-deoxy-α-adenosine and NMR studies. The biological activity of these 1′-homo-N-2′-deoxy-α-nucleosides as antiviral (HIV-1 and HBV) and cytotoxic studies was measured in multiple cell systems. The unique structure and easy accessibility of these compounds may allow their use in the design of new nucleoside analogs with potential biological activity and as a scaffold for combinatorial chemistry. Novel 1′-homo-N-2′-deoxy-α-nucleosides and dimers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carnero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica
- Universidad de Oviedo
- 33006-Oviedo
- Spain
| | | | | | - Olivia O. Russel
- Center for AIDS Research
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology
- Department of Pediatrics
- Emory University School of Medicine
- Atlanta
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology
- Department of Pediatrics
- Emory University School of Medicine
- Atlanta
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology
- Department of Pediatrics
- Emory University School of Medicine
- Atlanta
| | - Susana Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica
- Universidad de Oviedo
- 33006-Oviedo
- Spain
| | - Miguel Ferrero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica
- Universidad de Oviedo
- 33006-Oviedo
- Spain
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20
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Stopka SA, Vertes A. Toward Single Cell Molecular Imaging by Matrix-Free Nanophotonic Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2064:135-146. [PMID: 31565772 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9831-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, innovations in mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) have enabled simultaneous detection and mapping of biomolecules and xenobiotics directly from biological tissues and single cells. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) has been the most widely embraced MSI technique. However, this technique can exhibit ion suppression effects hindering metabolite coverage and possesses a narrow dynamic range. Nanophotonic platforms, e.g., silicon nanopost array (NAPA) structures, can be used as an alternative for matrix-free imaging of biological tissues. Here, we present a protocol for MSI of large and small adherent cell clusters by laser desorption ionization from NAPA with minimal sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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21
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Metabolomic Profiling of Adherent Mammalian Cells In Situ by LAESI-MS with Ion Mobility Separation. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2084:235-244. [PMID: 31729665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0030-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ionization-based mass spectrometry (MS) methods coupled with ion mobility separation (IMS) have emerged as promising approaches for high-throughput in situ analysis for biomedical to environmental applications. These methods are capable of direct profiling and molecular imaging of metabolites, lipids, peptides, and xenobiotics from biological tissues with minimal sample preparation. Furthermore, employing IMS within the workflow improves the molecular coverage, resolves isobaric species, and improves biomolecule identifications through accurate collision cross section measurements. Laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI)-MS coupled with IMS has been successful in profiling and molecular imaging of small biomolecules directly from biological tissues and single cells. Herein, we describe a protocol for the direct analysis of adherent mammalian cells with limited perturbations by LAESI-IMS-MS. A benefit of IMS is that within the same LAESI acquisition, the spectral features related to the ESI background, washing buffer, and cell signal can be extracted and isolated separately.
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22
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Del Arco J, Mills A, Gago F, Fernández-Lucas J. Structure-Guided Tuning of a Selectivity Switch towards Ribonucleosides in Trypanosoma brucei Purine Nucleoside 2'-Deoxyribosyltransferase. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2996-3000. [PMID: 31264760 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs) as biocatalysts for the industrial synthesis of nucleoside analogues is often hindered by their strict preference for 2'-deoxyribonucleosides. It is shown herein that a highly versatile purine NDT from Trypanosoma brucei (TbPDT) can also accept ribonucleosides as substrates; this is most likely because of the distinct role played by Asn53 at a position that is usually occupied by Asp in other NDTs. Moreover, this unusual activity was improved about threefold by introducing a single amino acid replacement at position 5, following a structure-guided approach. Biophysical and biochemical characterization revealed that the TbPDTY5F variant is a homodimer that displays maximum activity at 50 °C and pH 6.5 and shows a remarkably high melting temperature of 69 °C. Substrate specificity studies demonstrate that 6-oxopurine ribonucleosides are the best donors (inosine>guanosine≫adenosine), whereas no significant preferences exist between 6-aminopurines and 6-oxopurines as base acceptors. In contrast, no transferase activity could be detected on xanthine and 7-deazapurines. TbPDTY5F was successfully employed in the synthesis of a wide range of modified ribonucleosides containing different purine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Mills
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and "U. A. IQM-CSIC", School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and "U. A. IQM-CSIC", School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Colombia
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23
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Rizk SA, Shaban S. A Facile One‐pot Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation of Interesting Pyrazole and PyrimidinthioneviaHeterocyclic Interconversion. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sameh A. Rizk
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceAin Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Safa Shaban
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceAin Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt
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24
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2,6-Bis[4-(4-butylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-9-dodecyl-9H-purine. MOLBANK 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/m1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Target 2,6-bis[4-(4-butylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-9-dodecyl-9H-purine has been prepared via a Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between 2,6-diazido-9-dodecyl-9H-purine and 4-n-butyl(phenylacetylene) in a 29% yield. The obtained compound was fully characterized by NMR, IR and HRMS.
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25
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Del Arco J, Galindo J, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Corrales A, Fernández-Lucas J. Sustainable synthesis of uridine-5'-monophosphate analogues by immobilized uracil phosphoribosyltransferase from Thermus thermophilus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1868:140251. [PMID: 31299354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays enzymatic synthesis of nucleic acid derivatives is gaining momentum over traditional chemical synthetic processes. Biotransformations catalyzed by whole cells or enzymes offer an ecofriendly and efficient alternative to the traditional multistep chemical methods, avoiding the use of chemical reagents and organic solvents that are expensive and environmentally harmful. Herein we report for the first time the covalent immobilization a uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT). In this sense, UPRT from Thermus thermophilus HB8 was immobilized onto glutaraldehyde-activated MagReSyn®Amine magnetic iron oxide porous microparticles (MTtUPRT). According to the catalyst load experiments, MTtUPRT3 was selected as optimal biocatalyst for further studies. MTtUPRT3 was active and stable in a broad range of temperature (70-100 °C) and in the pH interval 6-8, displaying maximum activity at 100 °C and pH 7 (activity 968 IU/gsupport, retained activity 100%). In addition, MTtUPRT3 could be reused up to 8 times in the synthesis of uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP). Finally, MTtUPRT3 was successfully applied in the sustainable synthesis of different 5-modified uridine-5'-monophosphates at short times. Taking into account these results, MTtUPRT3 would emerge as a valuable biocatalyst for the synthesis of nucleoside monophosphates through an efficient and environmentally friendly methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Biomedical Science School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Calle Tajo, s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón 28670, Spain
| | - Javier Galindo
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Biomedical Science School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Calle Tajo, s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón 28670, Spain
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sport Science, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Calle Tajo, s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón 28670, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58#55-66, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Amaira Corrales
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55 - 66, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Biomedical Science School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Calle Tajo, s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón 28670, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55 - 66, Barranquilla, Colombia.
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26
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Hao C, Yu G, He Y, Xu C, Zhang L, Wang W. Marine glycan–based antiviral agents in clinical or preclinical trials. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2043. [PMID: 30942528 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Hao
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex DiseasesAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao PR China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of EducationOcean University of China Qingdao PR China
| | - Yanli He
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex DiseasesAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao PR China
| | - Cuijing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of EducationOcean University of China Qingdao PR China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex DiseasesAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of EducationOcean University of China Qingdao PR China
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27
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Development of a fluorescence-based method for the rapid determination of Zika virus polymerase activity and the screening of antiviral drugs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5397. [PMID: 30932009 PMCID: PMC6444013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen that has been associated with large numbers of cases of severe neurologic disease, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. Despite its recent establishment as a serious global public health concern there are no licensed therapeutics to control this virus. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to develop methods for the high-throughput screening of antiviral agents. We describe here a fluorescence-based method to monitor the real-time polymerization activity of Zika virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). By using homopolymeric RNA template molecules, de novo RNA synthesis can be detected with a fluorescent dye, which permits the specific quantification and kinetics of double-strand RNA formation. ZIKV RdRp activity detected using this fluorescence-based assay positively correlated with traditional assays measuring the incorporation of radiolabeled nucleotides. We also validated this method as a suitable assay for the identification of ZIKV inhibitors targeting the viral polymerase using known broad-spectrum inhibitors. The assay was also successfully adapted to detect RNA polymerization activity by different RdRps, illustrated here using purified RdRps from hepatitis C virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. The potential of fluorescence-based approaches for the enzymatic characterization of viral polymerases, as well as for high-throughput screening of antiviral drugs, are discussed.
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28
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Arco JD, Pérez E, Naitow H, Matsuura Y, Kunishima N, Fernández-Lucas J. Structural and functional characterization of thermostable biocatalysts for the synthesis of 6-aminopurine nucleoside-5'-monophospate analogues. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 276:244-252. [PMID: 30640018 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes the functional and structural characterization of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 2 from Thermus thermophilus HB8 (TtAPRT2). The combination of structural and substrate specificity data provided valuable information for immobilization studies. Dimeric TtAPRT2 was immobilized onto glutaraldehyde-activated MagReSyn®Amine magnetic iron oxide porous microparticles by two different strategies: a) an enzyme immobilization at pH 8.5 to encourage the immobilization process by N-termini (MTtAPRT2A, MTtAPRT2B, MTtAPRT2C) or b) an enzyme immobilization at pH 10.0 to encourage the immobilization process through surface exposed lysine residues (MTtAPRT2D, MTtAPRT2E, MTtAPRT2F). According to catalyst load experiments, MTtAPRT2B (activity: 480 IU g-1biocatalyst, activity recovery: 52%) and MTtAPRT2F (activity: 507 IU g-1biocatalyst, activity recovery: 44%) were chosen as optimal derivatives. The biochemical characterization studies demonstrated that immobilization process improved the thermostability of TtAPRT2. Moreover, the potential reusability of MTtAPRT2B and MTtAPRT2F was also tested. Finally, MTtAPRT2F was employed in the synthesis of nucleoside-5'-monophosphate analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Biomedical Science School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Elena Pérez
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Biomedical Science School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Hisashi Naitow
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsuura
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Naoki Kunishima
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Biomedical Science School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Agroindustrial Sostenible, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55 - 66, Barranquilla, Colombia.
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Yates MK, Seley-Radtke KL. The evolution of antiviral nucleoside analogues: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part II: Complex modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2019; 162:5-21. [PMID: 30529089 PMCID: PMC6349489 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the second of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. As with the first paper, rather than providing a chronological account, we have chosen to examine particular examples of structural modifications made to nucleoside analogues that have proven fruitful as various antiviral, anticancer, and other therapeutics. The first review covered the more common, and in most cases, single modifications to the sugar and base moieties of the nucleoside scaffold. This paper focuses on more recent developments, especially nucleoside analogues that contain more than one modification to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these two articles will provide an informative historical perspective of some of the successfully designed analogues, as well as many candidate compounds that encountered obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Yates
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Kumar R, Kumar V, Mathur D, Kumar R, Kumar A, Prasad AK. Biocatalyst CAL-B catalyzed synthesis of modified nucleosides: An overview. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1554745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, R.D.S. College, B.R.A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, L.S. College, B.R.A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Divya Mathur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, R.D.S. College, B.R.A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Arbind Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, L.S. College, B.R.A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
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Del Arco J, Fernández-Lucas J. Purine and pyrimidine salvage pathway in thermophiles: a valuable source of biocatalysts for the industrial production of nucleic acid derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7805-7820. [PMID: 30027492 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to their similarity to natural counterparts, nucleic acid derivatives (nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides, among others) are interesting molecules for pharmaceutical, biomedical, or food industries. For this reason, there is increasing worldwide demand for the development of efficient synthetic processes for these compounds. Chemical synthetic methodologies require numerous protection-deprotection steps and often lead to the presence of undesirable by-products or enantiomeric mixtures. These methods also require harsh operating conditions, such as the use of organic solvents and hazard reagents. Conversely, enzymatic production by whole cells or enzymes improves regio-, stereo-, and enantioselectivity and provides an eco-friendly alternative. Because of their essential role in purine and pyrimidine scavenging, enzymes from purine and pyrimidine salvage pathways are valuable candidates for the synthesis of many different nucleic acid components. In recent years, many different enzymes from these routes, such as nucleoside phosphorylases, nucleoside kinases, 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases, phosphoribosyl transferases, or deaminases, have been successfully employed as biocatalysts in the production of nucleobase, nucleoside, or nucleotide analogs. Due to their great activity and stability at extremely high temperatures, the use of enzymes from thermophiles in industrial biocatalysis is gaining momentum. Thermophilic enzymes not only display unique characteristics such as temperature, chemical, and pH stability but also provide many different advantages from an industrial perspective. This mini-review aims to cover the most representative enzymatic approaches for the synthesis of nucleic acid derivatives. In this regard, we provide detailed comments about enzymes involved in crucial steps of purine and pyrimidine salvage pathways in thermophiles, as well as their biological role, biochemical characterization, active site mechanism, and substrate specificity. In addition, the most interesting synthetic examples reported in the literature are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, c/ Tajo, s/n, E-28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, c/ Tajo, s/n, E-28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain. .,Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Agroindustrial Sostenible, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Colombia.
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Characterization of an atypical, thermostable, organic solvent- and acid-tolerant 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase from Chroococcidiopsis thermalis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6947-6957. [PMID: 29872887 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In our search for thermophilic and acid-tolerant nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs), we found a good candidate in an enzyme encoded by Chroococcidiopsis thermalis PCC 7203 (CtNDT). Biophysical and biochemical characterization revealed CtNDT as a homotetramer endowed with good activity and stability at both high temperatures (50-100 °C) and a wide range of pH values (from 3 to 7). CtNDT recognizes purine bases and their corresponding 2'-deoxynucleosides but is also proficient using cytosine and 2'-deoxycytidine as substrates. These unusual features preclude the strict classification of CtNDT as either a type I or a type II NDT and further suggest that this simple subdivision may need to be updated in the future. Our findings also hint at a possible link between oligomeric state and NDT's substrate specificity. Interestingly from a practical perspective, CtNDT displays high activity (80-100%) in the presence of several water-miscible co-solvents in a proportion of up to 20% and was successfully employed in the enzymatic production of several therapeutic nucleosides such as didanosine, vidarabine, and cytarabine.
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Seley-Radtke KL, Yates MK. The evolution of nucleoside analogue antivirals: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part 1: Early structural modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:66-86. [PMID: 29649496 PMCID: PMC6396324 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. Rather than providing a simple chronological account, we have examined and attempted to explain the thought processes, advances in synthetic chemistry and lessons learned from antiviral testing that led to a few molecules being moved forward to eventual approval for human therapies, while others were discarded. The present paper focuses on early, relatively simplistic changes made to the nucleoside scaffold, beginning with modifications of the nucleoside sugars of Ara-C and other arabinose-derived nucleoside analogues in the 1960's. A future paper will review more recent developments, focusing especially on more complex modifications, particularly those involving multiple changes to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these articles will help virologists and others outside the field of medicinal chemistry to understand why certain drugs were successfully developed, while the majority of candidate compounds encountered barriers due to low-yielding synthetic routes, toxicity or other problems that led to their abandonment. This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs. It is written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, and for chemists unfamiliar with the field. Numerous modifications have been made to the nucleoside scaffold in order to impart therapeutic benefits. Nucleoside modifications led to the development of potent antivirals such as acyclovir, entecavir, and tenofovir. We examine thought processes, progress in synthetic chemistry and results of antiviral testing that led to approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mary K Yates
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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34
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One-Pot Multi-Enzymatic Production of Purine Derivatives with Application in Pharmaceutical and Food Industry. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
The persistence of West Nile virus (WNV) infections throughout the USA since its inception in 1999 and its continuous spread throughout the globe calls for an urgent need of effective treatments and prevention measures. Although the licensing of several WNV vaccines for veterinary use provides a proof of concept, similar efforts on the development of an effective vaccine for humans remain still unsuccessful. Increased understanding of biology and pathogenesis of WNV together with recent technological advancements have raised hope that an effective WNV vaccine may be available in the near future. In addition, rapid progress in the structural and functional characterization of WNV and other flaviviral proteins have provided a solid base for the design and development of several classes of inhibitors as potential WNV therapeutics. Moreover, the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies demonstrate an excellent efficacy against WNV in animal models and represent a promising class of WNV therapeutics. However, there are some challenges as to the design and development of a safe and efficient WNV vaccine or therapeutic. In this chapter, we discuss the current approaches, progress, and challenges toward the development of WNV vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and antiviral drugs.
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Sinha S, Sarma P, Sehgal R, Medhi B. Development in Assay Methods for in Vitro Antimalarial Drug Efficacy Testing: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:754. [PMID: 29123481 PMCID: PMC5662882 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of drug resistance are the major challenges in malaria eradication mission. Besides various strategies laid down by World Health Organization, such as vector management, source reduction, early case detection, prompt treatment, and development of new diagnostics and vaccines, nevertheless the need for new and efficacious drugs against malaria has become a critical priority on the global malaria research agenda. At several screening stages, millions of compounds are screened (1,000–2,000,000 compounds per screening campaign), before pre-clinical trials to select optimum lead. Carrying out in vitro screening of antimalarials is very difficult as different assay methods are subject to numerous sources of variability across different laboratories around the globe. Despite this, in vitro screening is an essential part of antimalarial drug development as it enables to resource various confounding factors such as host immune response and drug–drug interaction. Therefore, in this article, we try to illustrate the basic necessity behind in vitro study and how new methods are developed and subsequently adopted for high-throughput antimalarial drug screening and its application in achieving the next level of in vitro screening based on the current approaches (such as stem cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Crespo N, Sánchez-Murcia PA, Gago F, Cejudo-Sanches J, Galmes MA, Fernández-Lucas J, Mancheño JM. 2'-Deoxyribosyltransferase from Leishmania mexicana, an efficient biocatalyst for one-pot, one-step synthesis of nucleosides from poorly soluble purine bases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7187-7200. [PMID: 28785897 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Processes catalyzed by enzymes offer numerous advantages over chemical methods although in many occasions the stability of the biocatalysts becomes a serious concern. Traditionally, synthesis of nucleosides using poorly water-soluble purine bases, such as guanine, xanthine, or hypoxanthine, requires alkaline pH and/or high temperatures in order to solubilize the substrate. In this work, we demonstrate that the 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase from Leishmania mexicana (LmPDT) exhibits an unusually high activity and stability under alkaline conditions (pH 8-10) across a broad range of temperatures (30-70 °C) and ionic strengths (0-500 mM NaCl). Conversely, analysis of the crystal structure of LmPDT together with comparisons with hexameric, bacterial homologues revealed the importance of the relationships between the oligomeric state and the active site architecture within this family of enzymes. Moreover, molecular dynamics and docking approaches provided structural insights into the substrate-binding mode. Biochemical characterization of LmPDT identifies the enzyme as a type I NDT (PDT), exhibiting excellent activity, with specific activity values 100- and 4000-fold higher than the ones reported for other PDTs. Interestingly, LmPDT remained stable during 36 h at different pH values at 40 °C. In order to explore the potential of LmPDT as an industrial biocatalyst, enzymatic production of several natural and non-natural therapeutic nucleosides, such as vidarabine (ara A), didanosine (ddI), ddG, or 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine, was carried out using poorly water-soluble purines. Noteworthy, this is the first time that the enzymatic synthesis of 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine, ara G, and ara H by a 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Crespo
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute Rocasolano (CSIC), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain.,Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, E-28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - P A Sánchez-Murcia
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and "Unidad Asociada IQM-CSIC", School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - F Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and "Unidad Asociada IQM-CSIC", School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - J Cejudo-Sanches
- Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, E-28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Galmes
- Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, E-28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, E-28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain. .,Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Agroindustrial Sostenible, Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, School of Environmental Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, Cra. 55 #58-66, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | - José Miguel Mancheño
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute Rocasolano (CSIC), Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain.
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Del Arco J, Martinez M, Donday M, Clemente-Suarez VJ, Fernández-Lucas J. Cloning, expression and biochemical characterization of xanthine and adenine phosphoribosyltransferases from Thermus thermophilus HB8. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2017.1313837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Del Arco
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Research and Doctoral School, European University of Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Martinez
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Research and Doctoral School, European University of Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Donday
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Research and Doctoral School, European University of Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suarez
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Research and Doctoral School, European University of Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Research and Doctoral School, European University of Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Agroindustrial Sostenible, Ingenieróa Agroindustrial, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Govindaraju S, Tabassum S, Khan RUR, Pasha MA. Meglumine catalyzed one-pot green synthesis of novel 4,7-dihydro-1 H -pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-amines. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Ravi Kumar N, Poornachandra Y, Krishna Swaroop D, Jitender Dev G, Ganesh Kumar C, Narsaiah B. Synthesis of novel ethyl 2,4-disubstituted 8-(trifluoromethyl)pyrido[2',3':3,4]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-9-carboxylate derivatives as promising anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5203-5206. [PMID: 27720296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel pyrido[2',3':3,4] pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives 6-9 were prepared in single step starting from 3-amino-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-carboxylate 5 on reaction with symmetrical and unsymmetrical aliphatic and aromatic 1,3-diketones/α,β unsaturated ketones/α,β unsaturated keto ethers under conventional method. All the final compounds 6a-c, 8a-b and 9a-l were screened for anticancer activity against five human cancer cell lines such as PC-3 (CRL-1435), MDA-MB-231 (HTB-26), Hep G2 (HB-8065), HeLa (CCL-2) and normal HUVEC (CRL-1730). Compounds 8a, 9f and 9k which showed promising anticancer activity have been identified. Further, the promising compounds (8a and 9f) were able to inhibit the human topoisomerase I (TopI) activity similar to that of camptothecin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ravi Kumar
- Fluoroorganic Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Y Poornachandra
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - D Krishna Swaroop
- Fluoroorganic Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - G Jitender Dev
- Fluoroorganic Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - C Ganesh Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - B Narsaiah
- Fluoroorganic Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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41
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Brown JA, Espiritu MV, Abraham J, Thorpe IF. Computational predictions suggest that structural similarity in viral polymerases may lead to comparable allosteric binding sites. Virus Res 2016; 222:80-93. [PMID: 27262620 PMCID: PMC4969206 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The identification of ligand-binding sites is often the first step in drug targeting and design. To date there are numerous computational tools available to predict ligand binding sites. These tools can guide or mitigate the need for experimental methods to identify binding sites, which often require significant resources and time. Here, we evaluate four ligand-binding site predictor (LBSP) tools for their ability to predict allosteric sites within the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) polymerase. Our results show that the LISE LBSP is able to identify all three target allosteric sites within the HCV polymerase as well as a known allosteric site in the Coxsackievirus polymerase. LISE was then employed to identify novel binding sites within the polymerases of the Dengue, West Nile, and Foot-and-mouth Disease viruses. Our results suggest that all three viral polymerases have putative sites that share structural or chemical similarities with allosteric pockets of the HCV polymerase. Thus, these binding locations may represent an evolutionarily conserved structural feature of several viral polymerases that could be exploited for the development of small molecule therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodian A Brown
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Marie V Espiritu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Joel Abraham
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Ian F Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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Ghorab MM, Alsaid MS. Novel 3-pyridinecarbonitriles incorporating sulfonamide moieties as anti-breast cancer agents. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162016040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Since the first antiviral drug, idoxuridine, was approved in 1963, 90 antiviral drugs categorized into 13 functional groups have been formally approved for the treatment of the following 9 human infectious diseases: (i) HIV infections (protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (ii) hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections (lamivudine, interferons, nucleoside analogues, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (iii) hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections (ribavirin, interferons, NS3/4A protease inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, and NS5B polymerase inhibitors), (iv) herpesvirus infections (5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine analogues, entry inhibitors, nucleoside analogues, pyrophosphate analogues, and acyclic guanosine analogues), (v) influenza virus infections (ribavirin, matrix 2 protein inhibitors, RNA polymerase inhibitors, and neuraminidase inhibitors), (vi) human cytomegalovirus infections (acyclic guanosine analogues, acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues, pyrophosphate analogues, and oligonucleotides), (vii) varicella-zoster virus infections (acyclic guanosine analogues, nucleoside analogues, 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine analogues, and antibodies), (viii) respiratory syncytial virus infections (ribavirin and antibodies), and (ix) external anogenital warts caused by human papillomavirus infections (imiquimod, sinecatechins, and podofilox). Here, we present for the first time a comprehensive overview of antiviral drugs approved over the past 50 years, shedding light on the development of effective antiviral treatments against current and emerging infectious diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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El-Sayed R, Althagafi I. Potential Biosignificant Interest and Surface Activity of Efficient Heterocyclic Derivatives. J Oleo Sci 2016; 65:177-92. [PMID: 26833285 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess15193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some functionalized pyridine and fused system derivatives were synthesized using enaminonitrile derivative 5 as a starting material for the reaction, with various reagents under different conditions. Propoxylation of these compounds using different moles of propylene oxide (3, 5 and 7 moles) leads to a novel group of surface active agents. The antimicrobial and surface activities of the synthesized compounds were investigated. Most of the evaluated compounds proved to be active as antibacterial and antifungal agents and showed good surface activity, which makes them suitable for diverse applications such as the manufacturing of emulsifiers, cosmetics, drugs, pesticides, etc. Additionally, biodegradation testing exhibits significant breakdown within six to seven days, and hence, lowers the toxicity to human beings and becomes environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refat El-Sayed
- Chemistry Department, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University
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Abstract
Viruses are major pathogenic agents causing a variety of serious diseases in humans, other animals, and plants. Drugs that combat viral infections are called antiviral drugs. There are no effective antiviral drugs for many viral infections. However, there are several drugs for influenza, a couple of drugs for herpesviruses, and some new antiviral drugs for treatment of HIV and hepatitis C infections. The arsenal of antivirals is complex. As of March 2014, it consists of approximately 50 drugs approved by the FDA, approximately half of which are directed against HIV. Antiviral drug creation strategies are focused on two different approaches: targeting the viruses themselves or targeting host cell factors. Direct virus-targeting antiviral drugs include attachment inhibitors, entry inhibitors, uncoating inhibitors, protease inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Protease inhibitors (darunavir, atazanavir, and ritonavir), viral DNA polymerase inhibitors (acyclovir, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, and tenofovir), and an integrase inhibitor (raltegravir) are included in the list of Top 200 Drugs by sales for the 2010s.
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Bondarenko A, Zhu Y, Qiao L, Cortés Salazar F, Pick H, Girault HH. Aluminium foil as a single-use substrate for MALDI-MS fingerprinting of different melanoma cell lines. Analyst 2016; 141:3403-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00126b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present the intact cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) for the fingerprinting of human melanoma cancer cell lines grown on aluminium foil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bondarenko
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1951 Sion
- Switzerland
| | - Y. Zhu
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1951 Sion
- Switzerland
| | - L. Qiao
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1951 Sion
- Switzerland
| | - F. Cortés Salazar
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1951 Sion
- Switzerland
| | - H. Pick
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique des Polymères et Membranes
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - H. H. Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1951 Sion
- Switzerland
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Dixon BJ, Reis C, Ho WM, Tang J, Zhang JH. Neuroprotective Strategies after Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22368-401. [PMID: 26389893 PMCID: PMC4613313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a devastating disease that primarily causes neuronal and white matter injury and is among the leading cause of death among infants. Currently there are no well-established treatments; thus, it is important to understand the pathophysiology of the disease and elucidate complications that are creating a gap between basic science and clinical translation. In the development of neuroprotective strategies and translation of experimental results in HIE, there are many limitations and challenges to master based on an appropriate study design, drug delivery properties, dosage, and use in neonates. We will identify understudied targets after HIE, as well as neuroprotective molecules that bring hope to future treatments such as melatonin, topiramate, xenon, interferon-beta, stem cell transplantation. This review will also discuss some of the most recent trials being conducted in the clinical setting and evaluate what directions are needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Cesar Reis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Wing Mann Ho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria.
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Fernández-Lucas J. Multienzymatic synthesis of nucleic acid derivatives: a general perspective. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4615-27. [PMID: 25952113 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Living cells are most perfect synthetic factory. The surprising synthetic efficiency of biological systems is allowed by the combination of multiple processes catalyzed by enzymes working sequentially. In this sense, biocatalysis tries to reproduce nature's synthetic strategies to perform the synthesis of different organic compounds using natural catalysts such as cells or enzymes. Nowadays, the use of multienzymatic systems in biocatalysis is becoming a habitual strategy for the synthesis of organic compounds that leads to the realization of complex synthetic schemes. By combining several steps in one pot, a significant step economy can be realized and the potential for environmentally benign synthesis is improved. Using this sustainable synthetic system, several work-up steps can be avoided and pure products are ideally isolated after a series of reactions in one single vessel after just one straightforward purification step. In recent years, enzymatic methodology for the preparation of nucleic acid derivatives (NADs) has become a standard technique for the synthesis of a wide variety of natural NADs. Enzymatic methods have been shown to be an efficient alternative for the synthesis of nucleoside and nucleotide analogs to the traditional multistep chemical methods, since chemical glycosylation reactions include several protection-deprotection steps and the use of chemical reagents and organic solvents that are expensive and environmentally harmful. In this minireview, we want to illustrate what we consider the most current relevant examples of in vivo and in vitro multienzymatic systems used for the synthesis of nucleic acid derivatives showing advantages and disadvantages of each methodology. Finally, a detailed perspective about the impact of -omics in multienzymatic systems has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, European University of Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain,
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Enzymatic synthesis of acyclic nucleoside thiophosphonate diphosphates: Effect of the α-phosphorus configuration on HIV-1 RT activity. Antiviral Res 2015; 117:122-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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β-l-1-[5-(E-2-bromovinyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-(dioxolan-4-yl)] uracil (l-BHDU) prevents varicella-zoster virus replication in a SCID-Hu mouse model and does not interfere with 5-fluorouracil catabolism. Antiviral Res 2014; 110:10-9. [PMID: 25051026 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The alphaherpesvirus varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and shingles. Current treatments are acyclovir (ACV) and its derivatives, foscarnet and brivudine (BVdU). Additional antiviral compounds with increased potency and specificity are needed to treat VZV, especially to treat post-herpetic neuralgia. We evaluated β-l-1-[5-(E-2-bromovinyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-(dioxolan-4-yl)] uracil (l-BHDU, 1) and 5'-O-valyl-l-BHDU (2) in three models of VZV replication: primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs), skin organ culture (SOC) and in SCID-Hu mice with skin xenografts. The efficacy of l-BHDU in vivo and its drug-drug interactions were previously not known. In HFFs, 200μM l-BHDU was noncytotoxic over 3days, and l-BHDU treatment reduced VZV genome copy number and cell to cell spread. The EC50 in HFFs for l-BHDU and valyl-l-BHDU were 0.22 and 0.03μM, respectively. However, l-BHDU antagonized the activity of ACV, BVdU and foscarnet in cultured cells. Given its similar structure to BVdU, we asked if l-BHDU, like BVdU, inhibits 5-fluorouracil catabolism. BALB/c mice were treated with 5-FU alone or in combination with l-BHDU or BVdU. l-BHDU did not interfere with 5-FU catabolism. In SCID-Hu mice implanted with human skin xenografts, l-BHDU and valyl-l-BHDU were superior to ACV and valacyclovir. The maximum concentration (Cmax) levels of l-BHDU were determined in mouse and human tissues at 2h after dosing, and comparison of concentration ratios of tissue to plasma indicated saturation of uptake at the highest dose. For the first time, an l-nucleoside analog, l-BHDU, was found to be effective and well tolerated in mice.
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