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Minias P, Podlaszczuk P, Indykiewicz P, Ledwoń M, Nowakowski J, Chyb A, Janiszewski T. Genetic variation at innate and adaptive immune genes - contrasting patterns of differentiation and local adaptation in a wild gull. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 131:282-291. [PMID: 37553491 PMCID: PMC10539538 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenetic variation in natural vertebrate populations is expected to respond to spatial and temporal fluctuations in pathogen assemblages. While spatial heterogeneity in pathogen-driven selection enhances local immunogenetic adaptations and population divergence, different immune genes may yield contrasting responses to the environment. Here, we investigated population differentiation at the key pathogen recognition genes of the innate and adaptive immune system in a colonial bird species, the black-headed gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus. We assessed genetic variation at three toll-like receptor (TLR) genes (innate immunity) and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II genes (adaptive immunity) in gulls from seven colonies scattered across Poland. As expected, we found much greater polymorphism at the MHC than TLRs. Population differentiation at the MHC class II, but not MHC-I, was significantly stronger than at neutral microsatellite loci, suggesting local adaptation. This could reflect spatial variation in the composition of extracellular parasite communities (e.g., helminths), possibly driven by sharp differences in habitat structure between colonies. Despite contrasting patterns of population differentiation, both MHC classes showed similar regimes of diversifying selection. Some significant population differentiation was also observed at TLRs, suggesting that innate immune receptors may respond to fine-scale spatial variation in pathogen pressure, although this pattern could have been enhanced by drift. Our results suggested that local adaptation at the pathogen recognition immune genes can be maintained at relatively small or moderate spatial scales in species with high dispersal potential and they highlighted the complexity of immunogenetic responses of animals to heterogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Minias
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Podlaszczuk
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Indykiewicz
- Department of Biology and Animal Environment, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ledwoń
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Nowakowski
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Amelia Chyb
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janiszewski
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
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Mhmoud NA. Association of Toll-like Receptors 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9 and 10 Genes Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Sudanese Patients. Immunotargets Ther 2023; 12:47-75. [PMID: 37051380 PMCID: PMC10085002 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s404915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic factors are important contributors to the development of a wide range of complex disease. Polymorphisms in genes encoding for toll-like receptors (TLRs) usually influence the efficiency of the immune response to infection and are associated with disease susceptibility and progression. Therefore, we aim to describe the first association between TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 TLR6, TLR8, TLR9 and TLR10 genes polymorphisms and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Sudanese patients. Methodology Here we performed a case study which included 160 tuberculosis patients and 220 healthy matched controls from Sudan. In the study population, we evaluated the possible association between 86 markers in TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 TLR6, TLR8, TLR9 and TLR10 genes polymorphisms and susceptibility to PTB disease in Sudanese population using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results From our results it appeared that in the PTB population the TLR1 (rs5743557, rs4833095, rs5743596), TLR2 (rs5743704, rs5743708, rs3804099), TLR4 (rs4986790, rs4986791), TLR6 (rs5743810), TLR8 (rs3764879, rs3764880), TLR9 (rs352165, rs352167, rs187084) and TLR10 (rs4129009) were significantly more often encountered (p<0.0001) than in the control population and were associated with PTB in the Sudanese population. For the other polymorphisms tested, no association with PTB was found in the population tested. Conclusion The work describes novel mutations in TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR8, TLR9 and TLR10 genes and their association with PTB infection in Sudanese population. These results will enhance our ability to determine the risk of developing the disease by targeting specific TLR pathways to reduce the severity of the disease. Future studies are needed in a larger sample to replicate our findings and understand the mechanism of association of TLR polymorphism in PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwa A Mhmoud
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Correspondence: Najwa A Mhmoud, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan, Fax +249-83-383590, Email
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Heidari M, Pakdel A, Bakhtiarizadeh MR, Dehghanian F. A framework for non-preserved consensus gene module detection in Johne's disease. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:974444. [PMID: 35968017 PMCID: PMC9363878 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.974444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a major concern in dairy industry. Since, the pathogenesis of the disease is not clearly known, it is necessary to develop an approach to discover molecular mechanisms behind this disease with high confidence. Biological studies often suffer from issues with reproducibility. Lack of a method to find stable modules in co-expression networks from different datasets related to Johne's disease motivated us to present a computational pipeline to identify non-preserved consensus modules. Two RNA-Seq datasets related to MAP infection were analyzed, and consensus modules were detected and were subjected to the preservation analysis. The non-preserved consensus modules in both datasets were determined as they are modules whose connectivity and density are affected by the disease. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and TF genes in the non-preserved consensus modules were identified to construct integrated networks of lncRNA-mRNA-TF. These networks were confirmed by protein-protein interactions (PPIs) networks. Also, the overlapped hub genes between two datasets were considered hub genes of the consensus modules. Out of 66 consensus modules, 21 modules were non-preserved consensus modules, which were common in both datasets and 619 hub genes were members of these modules. Moreover, 34 lncRNA and 152 TF genes were identified in 12 and 19 non-preserved consensus modules, respectively. The predicted PPIs in 17 non-preserved consensus modules were significant, and 283 hub genes were commonly identified in both co-expression and PPIs networks. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that eight out of 21 modules were significantly enriched for biological processes associated with Johne's disease including “inflammatory response,” “interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway”, “type I interferon signaling pathway,” “cytokine-mediated signaling pathway,” “regulation of interferon-beta production,” and “response to interferon-gamma.” Moreover, some genes (hub mRNA, TF, and lncRNA) were introduced as potential candidates for Johne's disease pathogenesis such as TLR2, NFKB1, IRF1, ATF3, TREM1, CDH26, HMGB1, STAT1, ISG15, CASP3. This study expanded our knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in Johne's disease, and the presented pipeline enabled us to achieve more valid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Heidari
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Pakdel
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Abbas Pakdel
| | - Mohammad Reza Bakhtiarizadeh
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Mohammad Reza Bakhtiarizadeh
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Zhang XJ, Xu HS, Li CH, Fu YR, Yi ZJ. Up-regulated SAMD9L modulated by TLR2 and HIF-1α as a promising biomarker in tuberculosis. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:2935-2946. [PMID: 35388602 PMCID: PMC9097843 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify potential biomarkers of TB in blood and determine their function in Mtb-infected macrophages. First of all, WGCNA was used to analyse 9451 genes with significant changes in TB patients' whole blood. The 220 interferon-γ-related genes were identified, and then 30 key genes were screened using Cytoscape. Then, the AUC values of key genes were calculated to further narrow the gene range. Finally, we identified 9 genes from GSE19444. ROC analysis showed that SAMD9L, among 9 genes, had a high diagnostic value (AUC = 0.925) and a differential diagnostic value (AUC>0.865). To further narrow down the range of DEGs, the top 10 hub-connecting genes were screened from monocytes (GSE19443). Finally, we obtained 4 genes (SAMD9L, GBP1, GBP5 and STAT1) by intersections of genes from monocytes and whole blood. Among them, it was found that the function of SAMD9L was unknown after data review, so this paper studied this gene. Our results showed that SAMD9L is up-regulated and suppresses cell necrosis, and might be regulated by TLR2 and HIF-1α during Mtb infection. In addition, miR-181b-5p is significantly up-regulated in the peripheral blood plasma of tuberculosis patients, which has a high diagnostic value (AUC = 0.969).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Juan Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hai-Shan Xu
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chong-Hui Li
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yu-Rong Fu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Yi
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Neglected Facts on Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis and Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073657. [PMID: 35409018 PMCID: PMC8998319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Civilization factors are responsible for the increasing of human exposure to mycobacteria from environment, water, and food during the last few decades. Urbanization, lifestyle changes and new technologies in the animal and plant industry are involved in frequent contact of people with mycobacteria. Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial polygenic disease; its origin is conditioned by the mutual interaction of genetic and other factors. The environmental factors and certain pathogenetic pathways are shared by some immune mediated chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, which are associated with triggers originating mainly from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, an intestinal pathogen which persists in the environment. Type 1 diabetes and some other chronic inflammatory diseases thus pose the global health problem which could be mitigated by measures aimed to decrease the human exposure to this neglected zoonotic mycobacterium.
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Alonso-Miguel D, Valdivia G, Guerrera D, Perez-Alenza MD, Pantelyushin S, Alonso-Diez A, Beiss V, Fiering S, Steinmetz NF, Suarez-Redondo M, Vom Berg J, Peña L, Arias-Pulido H. Neoadjuvant in situ vaccination with cowpea mosaic virus as a novel therapy against canine inflammatory mammary cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004044. [PMID: 35277459 PMCID: PMC8919457 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundInflammatory mammary cancer (IMC), the counterpart of human inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), is the deadliest form of canine mammary tumors. IMC patients lack specific therapy and have poor outcomes. This proof-of-principle preclinical study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and effect on survival of neoadjuvant intratumoral (in situ) empty cowpea mosaic virus (eCPMV) immunotherapy in companion dogs diagnosed with IMC.MethodsTen IMC-bearing dogs were enrolled in the study. Five dogs received medical therapy, and five received weekly neoadjuvant in situ eCPMV immunotherapy (0.2–0.4 mg per injection) and medical therapy after the second eCPMV injection. Efficacy was evaluated by reduction of tumor growth; safety by hematological and biochemistry changes in blood and plasma; and patient outcome by survival analysis. eCPMV-induced immune changes in blood cells were analyzed by flow cytometry; changes in the tumor microenvironment were evaluated by CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD20 (B lymphocytes), FoxP3 (Treg lymphocytes), myeloperoxidase (MPO; neutrophils), Ki-67 (proliferation index, PI; tumor cell proliferation), and Cleaved Caspase-3 (CC-3; apoptosis) immunohistochemistry.ResultsTwo neoadjuvant in situ eCPMV injections resulted in tumor shrinkage in all patients by day 14 without systemic adverse events. Although surgery for IMC is generally not an option, reduction in tumor size allowed surgery in two IMC patients. In peripheral blood, in situ eCPMV immunotherapy was associated with a significant decrease of Treg+/CD8+ ratio and changes in CD8+Granzyme B+ T cells, which behave as a lagging predictive biomarker. In the TME, higher neutrophilic infiltration and MPO expression, lower tumor Ki-67 PI, increase in CD3+ lymphocytes, decrease in FoxP3+/CD3+ ratio (p<0.04 for all comparisons), and no changes in CC-3+ immunostainings were observed in post-treatment tumor tissues when compared with pretreatment tumor samples. eCPMV-treated IMC patients had a statistically significant (p=0.033) improved overall survival than patients treated with medical therapy.ConclusionsNeoadjuvant in situ eCPMV immunotherapy demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy and improved survival in IMC patients without systemic adverse effects. eCPMV-induced changes in immune cells point to neutrophils as a driver of immune response. Neoadjuvant in situ eCPMV immunotherapy could be a groundbreaking immunotherapy for canine IMC and a potential future immunotherapy for human IBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alonso-Miguel
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Valdivia
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Guerrera
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Maria Dolores Perez-Alenza
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Angela Alonso-Diez
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of NannoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth Hitchcock Health, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of NannoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maria Suarez-Redondo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Laura Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Mammary Oncology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Arias-Pulido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth Hitchcock Health, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Jeong H, Lee SY, Seo H, Kim DH, Lee D, Kim BJ. Potential of Mycobacterium tuberculosis chorismate mutase (Rv1885c) as a novel TLR4-mediated adjuvant for dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2023340. [PMID: 35083095 PMCID: PMC8786331 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2023340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
For clinical application by dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer immunotherapy, a proper adjuvant system to elicit a strong anticancer immune response is needed. Here, we investigated the potential of chorismate mutase (TBCM, Rv1885c), a putative Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) virulence factor, as an immunoadjuvant in DC-based tumor immunotherapy. First, we found that TBCM functionally activated DCs by upregulating costimulatory molecules, increasing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, enhancing migration and inducing the Th1-type immune response in a dose-dependent manner via TLR4-mediated signaling. In addition, subcutaneous injection of TBCM-activated DCs loaded with cell lysates led to reduced tumor mass, enhanced mouse survival and lowered tumor incidence in lung carcinoma (LLC) cell-bearing mice. This is mainly mediated by functional cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated oncolytic activity and inhibition of cancer proliferation- and metastasis-related genes. Moreover, TBCM-induced DCs can also generate memory CD4 T cells and exert long-term tumor prevention effects. In conclusion, our findings suggest that TBCM (Rv1885c), a novel TLR4 agonist, could be used as an immunoadjuvant for DC-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jeong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyejun Seo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Duhyung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea
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Santos Junior MN, de Macêdo Neres NS, Campos GB, Bastos BL, Timenetsky J, Marques LM. A Review of Ureaplasma diversum: A Representative of the Mollicute Class Associated With Reproductive and Respiratory Disorders in Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:572171. [PMID: 33681318 PMCID: PMC7930009 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.572171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mollicutes class encompasses wall-less microbes with a reduced genome. They may infect plants, insects, humans, and animals including those on farms and in livestock. Ureaplasma diversum is a mollicute associated with decreased reproduction mainly in the conception rate in cattle, as well as weight loss and decreased quality in milk production. Therefore, U. diversum infection contributes to important economic losses, mainly in large cattle-producing countries such as the United States, China, Brazil, and India. The characteristics of Mollicutes, virulence, and pathogenic variations make it difficult to control their infections. Genomic analysis, prevalence studies, and immunomodulation assays help better understand the pathogenesis of bovine ureaplasma. Here we present the main features of transmission, virulence, immune response, and pathogenesis of U. diversum in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Neres Santos Junior
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Nayara Silva de Macêdo Neres
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Barreto Campos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lopes Bastos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Maphasa RE, Meyer M, Dube A. The Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Opportunities for Autophagy Inducing Nanomedicines for Tuberculosis Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:618414. [PMID: 33628745 PMCID: PMC7897680 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.618414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The major causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), i.e., Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has developed mechanisms to evade host defense responses and persist within host cells for prolonged periods of time. Mtb is also increasingly resistant to existing anti-TB drugs. There is therefore an urgent need to develop new therapeutics for TB and host directed therapies (HDTs) hold potential as effective therapeutics for TB. There is growing interest in the induction of autophagy in Mtb host cells using autophagy inducing compounds (AICs). Nanoparticles (NPs) can enhance the effect of AICs, thus improving stability, enabling cell targeting and providing opportunities for multimodal therapy. In this review, we focus on the macrophage responses to Mtb infection, in particular, the mechanistic aspects of autophagy and the evasion of autophagy by intracellular Mtb. Due to the overlap between the onset of autophagy and apoptosis; we also focus on the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy. We will also review known AICs in the context of Mtb infection. Finally, we discuss the applications of NPs in inducing autophagy with the intention of sharing insights to encourage further research and development of nanomedicine HDTs for TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retsepile E Maphasa
- Infectious Disease Nanomedicine Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mervin Meyer
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Admire Dube
- Infectious Disease Nanomedicine Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Innate Immune Pattern Recognition Receptors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Nature and Consequences for Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:179-215. [PMID: 34661896 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a critical early response to prevent the establishment of the infection. Despite recent advances in understanding the host-pathogen dialogue in the early stages of tuberculosis (TB), much has yet to be learnt. The nature and consequences of this dialogue ultimately determine the path of infection: namely, either early clearance of M. tuberculosis, or establishment of M. tuberculosis infection leading to active TB disease and/or latent TB infection. On the frontline in innate immunity are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), with soluble factors (e.g. collectins and complement) and cell surface factors (e.g. Toll-like receptors and other C-type lectin receptors (Dectin 1/2, Nod-like receptors, DC-SIGN, Mincle, mannose receptor, and MCL) that play a central role in recognising M. tuberculosis and facilitating its clearance. However, in a 'double-edged sword' scenario, these factors can also be involved in enhancement of pathogenesis as well. Furthermore, innate immunity is also a critical bridge in establishing the subsequent adaptive immune response, which is also responsible for granuloma formation that cordons off M. tuberculosis infection, establishing latency and acting as a reservoir for bacterial persistence and dissemination of future disease. This chapter discusses the current understanding of pattern recognition of M. tuberculosis by innate immunity and the role this plays in the pathogenesis and protection against TB.
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Abreu R, Giri P, Quinn F. Host-Pathogen Interaction as a Novel Target for Host-Directed Therapies in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1553. [PMID: 32849525 PMCID: PMC7396704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has been a transmittable human disease for many thousands of years, and M. tuberculosis is again the number one cause of death worldwide due to a single infectious agent. The intense 6- to 10-month process of multi-drug treatment, combined with the adverse side effects that can run the spectrum from gastrointestinal disturbances to liver toxicity or peripheral neuropathy are major obstacles to patient compliance and therapy completion. The consequent increase in multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB) cases requires that we increase our arsenal of effective drugs, particularly novel therapeutic approaches. Over the millennia, host and pathogen have evolved mechanisms and relationships that greatly influence the outcome of infection. Understanding these evolutionary interactions and their impact on bacterial clearance or host pathology will lead the way toward rational development of new therapeutics that favor enhancing a host protective response. These host-directed therapies have recently demonstrated promising results against M. tuberculosis, adding to the effectiveness of currently available anti-mycobacterial drugs that directly kill the organism or slow mycobacterial replication. Here we review the host-pathogen interactions during M. tuberculosis infection, describe how M. tuberculosis bacilli modulate and evade the host immune system, and discuss the currently available host-directed therapies that target these bacterial factors. Rather than provide an exhaustive description of M. tuberculosis virulence factors, which falls outside the scope of this review, we will instead focus on the host-pathogen interactions that lead to increased bacterial growth or host immune evasion, and that can be modulated by existing host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fred Quinn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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12
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Maitra A, Munshi T, Healy J, Martin LT, Vollmer W, Keep NH, Bhakta S. Cell wall peptidoglycan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An Achilles' heel for the TB-causing pathogen. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 43:548-575. [PMID: 31183501 PMCID: PMC6736417 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains one of the leading causes of mortality across the world. There is an urgent requirement to build a robust arsenal of effective antimicrobials, targeting novel molecular mechanisms to overcome the challenges posed by the increase of antibiotic resistance in TB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a unique cell envelope structure and composition, containing a peptidoglycan layer that is essential for maintaining cellular integrity and for virulence. The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis, degradation, remodelling and recycling of peptidoglycan have resurfaced as attractive targets for anti-infective drug discovery. Here, we review the importance of peptidoglycan, including the structure, function and regulation of key enzymes involved in its metabolism. We also discuss known inhibitors of ATP-dependent Mur ligases, and discuss the potential for the development of pan-enzyme inhibitors targeting multiple Mur ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Maitra
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Tulika Munshi
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Jess Healy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Liam T Martin
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Nicholas H Keep
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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Hoffpauir CT, Bell SL, West KO, Jing T, Wagner AR, Torres-Odio S, Cox JS, West AP, Li P, Patrick KL, Watson RO. TRIM14 Is a Key Regulator of the Type I IFN Response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:153-167. [PMID: 32404352 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing proteins (TRIMs) play a variety of recently described roles in innate immunity. Although many TRIMs regulate type I IFN expression following cytosolic nucleic acid sensing of viruses, their contribution to innate immune signaling and gene expression during bacterial infection remains largely unknown. Because Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an activator of cGAS-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing, we set out to investigate a role for TRIM proteins in regulating macrophage responses to M. tuberculosis In this study, we demonstrate that TRIM14, a noncanonical TRIM that lacks an E3 ubiquitin ligase RING domain, is a critical negative regulator of the type I IFN response in Mus musculus macrophages. We show that TRIM14 interacts with both cGAS and TBK1 and that macrophages lacking TRIM14 dramatically hyperinduce IFN stimulated gene (ISG) expression following M. tuberculosis infection, cytosolic nucleic acid transfection, and IFN-β treatment. Consistent with a defect in resolution of the type I IFN response, Trim14 knockout macrophages have more phospho-Ser754 STAT3 relative to phospho-Ser727 and fail to upregulate the STAT3 target Socs3, which is required to turn off IFNAR signaling. These data support a model whereby TRIM14 acts as a scaffold between TBK1 and STAT3 to promote phosphorylation of STAT3 at Ser727 and resolve ISG expression. Remarkably, Trim14 knockout macrophages hyperinduce expression of antimicrobial genes like Nos2 and are significantly better than control cells at limiting M. tuberculosis replication. Collectively, these data reveal an unappreciated role for TRIM14 in resolving type I IFN responses and controlling M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn T Hoffpauir
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Samantha L Bell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Kelsi O West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Tao Jing
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77807; and
| | - Allison R Wagner
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Sylvia Torres-Odio
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Jeffery S Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - A Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77807; and
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807;
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14
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Ferluga J, Yasmin H, Al-Ahdal MN, Bhakta S, Kishore U. Natural and trained innate immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151951. [PMID: 32423788 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, remains a major global health emergency. It is estimated that one third of global population are affected, predominantly with latent granuloma form of the disease. Mtb co-evolved with humans, for its obligatory intra-macrophage phagosome habitat and slow replication, balanced against unique mycobacterial innate immunity, which appears to be highly complex. TB is transmitted via cough aerosol Mtb inhalation. Bovine TB attenuated Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) live vaccine has been in practice for protection of young children from severe disseminated Mtb infection, but not sufficiently for their lungs, as obtained by trials in TB endemic community. To augment BCG vaccine-driven innate and adaptive immunity for neonates and better protection against adult pulmonary TB, a number of BCG pre-vaccination based, subset vaccine candidates have been tested via animal preclinical, followed by safe clinical trials. BCG also enhances innate macrophage trained immunity and memory, through primordial intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9, which recognise distinct mycobacterial molecular pattern signature. This signature is transmitted by TLR signalling via nuclear factor-κB, for activating innate immune transcription and expression of gene profiling in a mycobacterial signature-specific manner. These are epigenetically imprinted in reprogramming of distinct chromatin areas for innate immune memory, to be recalled following lung reinfection. Unique TB innate immunity and its trained memory are considered independent from adaptive immune B and T cells. On the other hand, adaptive immunity is crucial in Mtb containment in granulomatous latency, supported by innate immune cell infiltration. In nearly 5-10 % of susceptible people, latent TB may be activated due to immune evasion by Mtb from intracellular phagosome within macrophage, perpetrating TB. However, BCG and new recombinant BCG vaccines have the capacity, as indicated in pre- and clinical trials, to overcome such Mtb evasion. Various strategies include pro-inflammatory-bactericidal type 1 polarisation (M1) phenotype of the infected macrophage, involving thrombospondin-TLR pathway. Saprophytic M. smegmatis-based recombinant vaccines are also promising candidates against TB. BCG vaccination of neonates/infants in TB endemic countries also reduced their pneumonia caused by various microbes independent of TB immunity. Here, we discuss host immune response against Mtb, its immune evasion strategies, and the important role innate immunity plays in the development of protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janez Ferluga
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Hadida Yasmin
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohammed N Al-Ahdal
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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15
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Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in CLEC7A, CD209 and TLR4 gene and their association with susceptibility to paratuberculosis in Indian cattle. J Genet 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-019-1172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in TLR4 Affect Susceptibility to Tuberculosis in Mexican Population from the State of Veracruz. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2965697. [PMID: 32411792 PMCID: PMC7204096 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2965697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is still a global public health problem, with an estimated 10 million new cases and 1.6 million deaths in 2017. Of all humans infected with M. tuberculosis, only 10-15% will develop active tuberculosis disease during their lifetime, and data suggest that along with environmental factors, genetic factors influence susceptibility to develop active disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that play a central role in the initiation and shaping of adaptive immune responses, and several TLRs have been shown to recognize mycobacterial components. In this work, we performed a case-control study to determine if common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding TLRs 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 are associated with susceptibility to develop active tuberculosis in population from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. The study included 279 cases and 569 controls. The results show that the frequency of two SNPs in TLR4 was significantly higher in controls than in tuberculosis patients. The minor allele (G) of rs4986790 in TLR4 (D299G) decreased the risk of active tuberculosis in the allelic (A vs. G, OR = 0.31, 95%CI = 0.09‐0.81, p = 0.01) and in the dominant genetic model (AA vs. GG+AG, OR = 0.26, 95%CI = 0.09‐0.77, p = 0.02). Similarly, the minor allele (T) of rs4986791 in TLR4 (T399I) decreased the risk of active disease in the allelic model (C vs. T, OR = 0.29, 95%CI = 0.10‐0.90, p = 0.03). We did not find an association of SNPs in TLR1 (N248S), TLR2 (R753Q), TLR6 (S249P), and TLR10 (A153S and V298I) with tuberculosis disease. These results suggest that in this population, genetic variants of TLR4 affect the susceptibility for suffering active tuberculosis disease.
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17
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Synthetic cathelicidin LL-37 reduces Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis internalization and pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:207-217. [PMID: 31478135 PMCID: PMC7224033 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes chronic diarrheic intestinal infections in domestic and wild ruminants (paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease) for which there is no effective treatment. Critical in the pathogenesis of MAP infection is the invasion and survival into macrophages, immune cells with ability to carry on phagocytosis of microbes. In a search for effective therapeutics, our objective was to determine whether human cathelicidin LL-37, a small peptide secreted by leuckocytes and epithelial cells, enhances the macrophage ability to clear MAP infection. In murine (J774A.1) macrophages, MAP was quickly internalized, as determined by confocal microscopy using green fluorescence protein expressing MAPs. Macrophages infected with MAP had increased transcriptional gene expression of pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β cytokines and the leukocyte chemoattractant IL-8. Pretreatment of macrophages with synthetic LL-37 reduced MAP load and diminished the transcriptional expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ whereas increased IL-8. Synthetic LL-37 also reduced the gene expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, key for mycobacterial invasion into macrophages. We concluded that cathelicidin LL-37 enhances MAP clearance into macrophages and suppressed production of tissue-damaging inflammatory cytokines. This cathelicidin peptide could represent a foundational molecule to develop therapeutics for controlling MAP infection.
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Kim WS, Yoon JH, Shin MK, Shin SJ. Infection of Dendritic Cells With Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis Exhibits a Functionally Tolerogenic Phenotype in Response to Toll-Like Receptor Agonists via IL-10/Cox2/PGE2/EP2 Axis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1795. [PMID: 31440223 PMCID: PMC6692481 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis (MAH) is the most common agent causing nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in humans. It mainly causes chronic and slowly progressive pulmonary disease (PD), which requires a long-term treatment and allows opportunistic co-infection by common pulmonary pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus spp., thereby resulting in alteration of host immune response. In the present study, we investigated the phenotypical and functional alterations of dendritic cells (DCs), a bridge antigen-presenting cell between innate and adaptive immunity, following MAH infection in response to various toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists mimicking co-infection conditions, along with subsequent T cell response. Interestingly, MAH-infected DCs produced interleukin (IL)-10 significantly and decreased the level of IL-12p70 in response to Poly I:C and LPS, although not so in response to Pam3CSK4, imiquimod, or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, thereby indicating that the TLR3 and TLR4 agonists functionally altered MAH-infected DCs toward a tolerogenic phenotype. Moreover, IL-10-producing tolerogenic DCs were remarkably induced by MAH and P. aeruginosa co-infection. To precisely elucidate how these TLR agonists induce tolerogenic DCs upon MAH infection, we sought to clarify the major mechanisms involved, using LPS, which caused the greatest increase in IL-10 production by the TLR agonists. Increased IL-10 stimulated the creation of tolerogenic DCs by significantly reducing MHC class II expression and MHC class II-antigen presentation, eventually inhibiting CD4+ T cell proliferation, along with decreased IFN-γ and IL-2. The tolerogenic phenotypes of MAH/LPS-treated DCs were restored by anti-IL-10 neutralization, validating the induction of tolerogenicity by IL-10. Interestingly, IL-10-producing-tolerogenic DCs were observed after infection with live MAH, rather than with inactivated or dead MAH. In addition, TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- DCs confirmed the association of IL-10 production with TLR2 and TLR4 signaling; IL-10 production synergistically increased when both TLR4 and TLR2 were involved. Expression of Cox2 and PGE2 increased along with IL-10 while that of IL-10 was inhibited by their selective inhibitors celecoxib and anti-EP2 antibody, respectively. Thus, the tolerogenic phenotypes of MAH/LPS-treated DCs were proven to be induced by Cox-2/PGE2-dependent EP2 signaling as the main mechanism. These findings may provide important clues that the tolerogenic cascade in MAH-infected DCs induced by TLR 4 signaling can alter host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Sabir N, Hussain T, Liao Y, Wang J, Song Y, Shahid M, Cheng G, Mangi MH, Yao J, Yang L, Zhao D, Zhou X. Kallikrein 12 Regulates Innate Resistance of Murine Macrophages against Mycobacterium bovis Infection by Modulating Autophagy and Apoptosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050415. [PMID: 31060300 PMCID: PMC6562459 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex causing bovine tuberculosis (TB) and imposing a high zoonotic threat to human health. Kallikreins (KLKs) belong to a subgroup of secreted serine proteases. As their role is established in various physiological and pathological processes, it is likely that KLKs expression may mediate a host immune response against the M. bovis infection. In the current study, we report in vivo and in vitro upregulation of KLK12 in the M. bovis infection. To define the role of KLK12 in immune response regulation of murine macrophages, we produced KLK12 knockdown bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) by using siRNA transfection. Interestingly, the knockdown of KLK12 resulted in a significant downregulation of autophagy and apoptosis in M. bovis infected BMDMs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this KLK12 mediated regulation of autophagy and apoptosis involves mTOR/AMPK/TSC2 and BAX/Bcl-2/Cytochrome c/Caspase 3 pathways, respectively. Similarly, inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α were significantly downregulated in KLK12 knockdown macrophages but the difference in IL-10 and IFN-β expression was non-significant. Taken together, these findings suggest that upregulation of KLK12 in M. bovis infected murine macrophages plays a substantial role in the protective immune response regulation by modulating autophagy, apoptosis and pro-inflammatory pathways. To our knowledge, this is the first report on expression and the role of KLK12 in the M. bovis infection and the data may contribute to a new paradigm for diagnosis and treatment of bovine TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Sabir
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tariq Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yi Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yinjuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Guangyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Mazhar Hussain Mangi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lifeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Deming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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20
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Ruiz A, Guzmán-Beltrán S, Carreto-Binaghi LE, Gonzalez Y, Juárez E. DNA from virulent M. tuberculosis induces TNF-α production and autophagy in M1 polarized macrophages. Microb Pathog 2019; 132:166-177. [PMID: 31054870 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The macrophage innate immune response is outlined through recognition of the components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. DNA of M. tuberculosis (MtbDNA) is recognized by macrophages, but the implications of this recognition are poorly characterized. Stimulation of murine macrophages with MtbDNA induces autophagy, a process that promotes elimination of intracellular pathogens. However, it remains unknown whether this or other phenomena also occur in human cells. In this work, we studied the innate response profiles of human macrophages after stimulation with DNA from virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Human monocyte-derived macrophages were polarized into M1 and M2 phenotypes and stimulated with MtbDNA. The plasma membrane markers of the phenotype, production of TNF-α, and induction of autophagy were evaluated. Our results indicate that MtbDNA induced phenotypical changes, the significant production of TNF-α, and autophagy confirmed by the augmented expression of immunity related GTPase M (IRGM) and autophagy related ATG16L1 genes in M1 macrophages, whereas M2 macrophages exhibited limited responses. In addition, MtbDNA activation was TLR-9-dependent. Although TLR-9 expression was similar between M1 and M2 macrophages, only M1 macrophages were fully responsive to MtbDNA. In conclusion, MtbDNA recognition enhanced the antimicrobial mechanisms of M1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Ruiz
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, CDMX, 14080, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - Silvia Guzmán-Beltrán
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, CDMX, 14080, Mexico
| | - Laura E Carreto-Binaghi
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, CDMX, 14080, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Gonzalez
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, CDMX, 14080, Mexico
| | - Esmeralda Juárez
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, CDMX, 14080, Mexico.
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21
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Kumar S, Kumar S, Singh RV, Chauhan A, Kumar A, Sulabh S, Bharati J, Singh SV. Genetic association of polymorphisms in bovine TLR2 and TLR4 genes with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in Indian cattle population. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:105-114. [PMID: 30919207 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-019-09750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition molecules involved in cellular recognition of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the infectious agent causing Paratuberculosis (PTB), a notified disease of domestic and wild ruminants. The present study was undertaken to investigate the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR2 and TLR4 gene and to evaluate association of these SNPs with occurrence of PTB in Indian cattle. A total of 213 cattle, were subjected to multiple diagnostic tests viz. Johnin PPD, ELISA test (Indigenous and Parachek kit method), fecal microscopy and fecal culture for detection of MAP infection. Based on screening results 51 animals each were assigned to case and control population. Two SNPs viz. rs55617172, rs41830058 in TLR2 gene and two SNPs viz. rs8193046, rs8193060 in TLR4 gene and were genotyped by PCR-RFLP method. All SNPs were found to be polymorphic except rs41830058 in the case-control population. Both SNPs in TLR4 gene but none in TLR2 genes were significantly associated with the occurrence of PTB in our population. The genotypes in SNP rs8193046 and SNP rs8193060 were significantly (P < 0.01) different in case-control population. These findings suggest that SNPs rs8193046 and rs8193060 are likely a potential marker against MAP infection and a selection programme eliminating AG genotype for rs8193046 and CT genotype for rs8193060 might be beneficial in conferring resistance to MAP infection in Indian cattle population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India.,ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Ran Vir Singh
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India.
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Sourabh Sulabh
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Jaya Bharati
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Animal Health Division, ICAR- Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, U.P., 281112, India
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22
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Tsitoura E, Kazazi D, Oz-Arslan D, Sever EA, Khalili S, Vassilaki N, Aslanoglou E, Dérian N, Six A, Sezerman OU, Klatzmann D, Mavromara P. Comparison of Dendritic Cell Activation by Virus-Based Vaccine Delivery Vectors Emphasizes the Transcriptional Downregulation of the Oxidative Phosphorylation Pathway. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:429-445. [PMID: 30351174 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen delivery platforms based on engineered viruses or virus-like particles are currently developed as vaccines against infectious diseases. As the interaction of vaccines with dendritic cells (DCs) shapes the immunological response, we compared the interaction of a range of virus-based vectors and virus-like particles with DCs in a murine model of systemic administration and transcriptome analyses of splenic DCs. The transcriptome profiles of DCs separated the vaccine vectors into two distinct groups characterized by high- and low-magnitude differential gene expression, which strongly correlated with (1) the surface expression of costimulatory molecules CD40, CD83, and CD86 on DCs, and (2) antigen-specific T-cell responses. Pathway analysis using PANOGA (Pathway and Network-Oriented GWAS Analysis) revealed that the JAK/STAT pathway was significantly activated by both groups of vaccines. In contrast, the oxidative phosphorylation pathway was significantly downregulated only by the high-magnitude DC-stimulating vectors. A gene signature including exclusively chemokine-, cytokine-, and receptor-related genes revealed a vector-specific pattern. Overall, this in vivo DC stimulation model demonstrated a strong relationship between the levels of induced DC maturation and the intensity of T-cell-specific immune responses with a distinct cytokine/chemokine profile, metabolic shifting, and cell surface expression of maturation markers. It could represent an important tool for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Tsitoura
- 1 Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Dorothea Kazazi
- 1 Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Devrim Oz-Arslan
- 1 Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- 2 Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Arik Sever
- 3 Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Shirin Khalili
- 1 Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Vassilaki
- 1 Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Elina Aslanoglou
- 1 Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicolas Dérian
- 4 Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
- 5 AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Adrien Six
- 4 Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
- 5 AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Osman Ugur Sezerman
- 3 Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - David Klatzmann
- 4 Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
- 5 AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Penelope Mavromara
- 1 Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- 6 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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23
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Lopez V, van der Heijden E, Villar M, Michel A, Alberdi P, Gortázar C, Rutten V, de la Fuente J. Comparative proteomics identified immune response proteins involved in response to vaccination with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterial challenge in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 206:54-64. [PMID: 30502913 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an imperative need for effective control of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) on a global scale and vaccination of cattle may prove to be pivotal in achieving this. The oral and parenteral use of a heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) vaccine has previously been found to confer partial protection against BTB in several species. A role for complement factor C3 has been suggested in wild boar, but the exact mechanism by which this vaccine provides protection remains unclear. In the present study, a quantitative proteomics approach was used to analyze the white blood cell proteome of vaccinated cattle in comparison to unvaccinated controls, prior (T0) and in response to vaccination, skin test and challenge (T9 and T12). The Fisher's exact test was used to compare the proportion of positive reactors to standard immunological assays for BTB (the BOVIGAM® assay, IDEXX TB ELISA and skin test) between the vaccinated and control groups. Using reverse-phase liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (RP-LC-MS/MS), a total of 12,346 proteins were identified with at least two peptides per protein and the Chi2-test (P = 0.05) determined 1,222 to be differentially represented at the key time point comparisons. Gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed in order to determine the biological processes (BPs), molecular functions (MFs) and cell components (CCs) the proteins formed part of. The analysis was focused on immune system BPs, specifically. GO analysis revealed that the most overrepresented proteins in immune system BPs, were kinase activity and receptor activity molecular functions and extracellular, Golgi apparatus and endosome cell components and included complement factor C8α and C8β as well as toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) and 9 (TLR9). Proteins of the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) (JAK-STAT) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways were furthermore found to potentially be involved in the immune response elicited by the inactivated vaccine. In conclusion, this study provides a first indication of the role of several immune system pathways in response to the heat-inactivated M. bovis vaccine and mycobacterial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lopez
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Elisabeth van der Heijden
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Anita Michel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa; Research Associate of the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, 232 Boom St, Daspoort 319-Jr, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pilar Alberdi
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Victor Rutten
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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24
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Tuning the Anti(myco)bacterial Activity of 3-Hydroxy-4-pyridinone Chelators through Fluorophores. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040110. [PMID: 30347802 PMCID: PMC6316862 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the sources of Fe available to pathogens is one of the possible strategies that can be successfully used by novel antibacterial drugs. We focused our interest on the design of chelators to address Mycobacterium avium infections. Taking into account the molecular structure of mycobacterial siderophores and considering that new chelators must be able to compete for Fe(III), we selected ligands of the 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone class to achieve our purpose. After choosing the type of chelating unit it was also our objective to design chelators that could be monitored inside the cell and for that reason we designed chelators that could be functionalized with fluorophores. We didn’t realize at the time that the incorporation a fluorophore, to allow spectroscopic detection, would be so relevant for the antimycobacterial effect or to determine the affinity of the chelators towards biological membranes. From a biophysical perspective, this is a fascinating illustration of the fact that functionalization of a molecule with a particular label may lead to a change in its membrane permeation properties and result in a dramatic change in biological activity. For that reason we believe it is interesting to give a critical account of our entire work in this area and justify the statement “to label means to change”. New perspectives regarding combined therapeutic approaches and the use of rhodamine B conjugates to target closely related problems such as bacterial resistance and biofilm production are also discussed.
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25
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Hulinova Stromerova N, Faldyna M. Mycobacterium avium complex infection in pigs: A review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 57:62-68. [PMID: 30017080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections in pigs are caused particularly by the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and these infections lead to great economic losses mainly within the countries with high pork meat production. The importance of the MAC infections in humans is rising because of its higher prevalence and also higher mortality rates particularly in advanced countries. In addition, treatment of the MAC infections in humans tends to be complicated because of its increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Several studies across Europe have documented the MAC occurrence in the slaughtered pigs - not only in their lymph nodes and tonsils, which are the most frequent, but also in the diaphragmas, other organs and not least in meat. This is why we need both more specific and more sensitive methods for the MAC infection detection. Different PCR assays were established as well as advanced intravital testing by the gamma interferon release test. On the other hand, tuberculin skin test is still one of the cheapest methods of mycobacterial infections detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Hulinova Stromerova
- State Veterinary Institute Olomouc, Jakoubka ze Stříbra 1, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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26
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Li F, Feng L, Jin C, Wu X, Fan L, Xiong S, Dong Y. LpqT improves mycobacteria survival in macrophages by inhibiting TLR2 mediated inflammatory cytokine expression and cell apoptosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 111:57-66. [PMID: 30029916 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a severe infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). LpqT is a lipoprotein of Mtb identified as a candidate virulence factor by a high-throughput screen searching for genes important for mycobacteria intracellular survival. To investigate its function, we constructed M. smegmatis strains deficient of LpqT or overexpressing LpqT. Wildtype or LpqT modified M. smegmatis strains were used to infect macrophages and mice, and intracellular survival of mycobacteria was measured. We found that LpqT can improve M. smegmatis survival in macrophage cell line, bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs), and murine lungs. This survival promoting effect is dependent on TLR2 and Myd88. Western blot analysis of M. smegmatis infected macrophages showed that LpqT suppressed M. smegmatis induced NF-κB and MAPK phosphorylation, indicating that LpqT hampered TLR2 signal activation. In consistent with this, LpqT inhibited M. smegmatis induced inflammatory cytokine expression and cell apoptosis in macrophages, thus supported mycobacteria intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengge Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, SIP, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lili Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, SIP, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chunyan Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, SIP, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, SIP, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lingbo Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, SIP, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, SIP, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuanshu Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, SIP, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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27
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Bott E, Carneiro AB, Gimenez G, López MG, Lammel EM, Atella GC, Bozza PT, Belaunzarán ML. Lipids From Trypanosoma cruzi Amastigotes of RA and K98 Strains Generate a Pro-inflammatory Response via TLR2/6. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:151. [PMID: 29868507 PMCID: PMC5952039 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids from microorganisms are ligands of Toll like receptors (TLRs) and modulate the innate immune response. Herein, we analyze in vitro the effect of total lipid extracts from Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes of RA and K98 strains (with polar biological behavior) on the induction of the inflammatory response and the involvement of TLRs in this process. We demonstrated that total lipid extracts from both strains induced lipid body formation, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and TNF-α and nitric oxide release in macrophages, as well as NF-κB activation and IL-8 release in HEK cells specifically through a TLR2/6 dependent pathway. We also evaluated the inflammatory response induced by total lipid extracts obtained from lysed parasites that were overnight incubated to allow the action of parasite hydrolytic enzymes, such as Phospholipase A1, over endogenous phospholipids. After incubation, these total lipid extracts showed a significantly reduced pro-inflammatory response, which could be attributed to the changes in the content of known bioactive lipid molecules like lysophospholipids and fatty acids, here reported. Moreover, analyses of total fatty acids in each lipid extract were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our results indicate a relevant role of T. cruzi lipids in the induction of a pro-inflammatory response through the TLR2/6 pathway that could contribute to the modulation of the immune response and host survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Bott
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alan B Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guadalupe Gimenez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María G López
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Biotecnología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estela M Lammel
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - María L Belaunzarán
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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28
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Queval CJ, Brosch R, Simeone R. The Macrophage: A Disputed Fortress in the Battle against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2284. [PMID: 29218036 PMCID: PMC5703847 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of human tuberculosis (TB), has plagued humans for thousands of years. TB still remains a major public health problem in our era, causing more than 4,400 deaths worldwide every day and killing more people than HIV. After inhaling Mtb-contaminated aerosols, TB primo-infection starts in the terminal lung airways, where Mtb is taken up by alveolar macrophages. Although macrophages are known as professional killers for pathogens, Mtb has adopted remarkable strategies to circumvent host defenses, building suitable conditions to survive and proliferate. Within macrophages, Mtb initially resides inside phagosomes, where its survival mostly depends on its ability to take control of phagosomal processing, through inhibition of phagolysosome biogenesis and acidification processes, and by progressively getting access to the cytosol. Bacterial access to the cytosolic space is determinant for specific immune responses and cell death programs, both required for the replication and the dissemination of Mtb. Comprehension of the molecular events governing Mtb survival within macrophages is fundamental for the improvement of vaccine-based and therapeutic strategies in order to help the host to better defend itself in the battle against the fierce invader Mtb. In this mini-review, we discuss recent research exploring how Mtb conquers and transforms the macrophage into a strategic base for its survival and dissemination as well as the associated defense strategies mounted by host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roxane Simeone
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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29
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Speth MT, Repnik U, Müller E, Spanier J, Kalinke U, Corthay A, Griffiths G. Poly(I:C)-Encapsulating Nanoparticles Enhance Innate Immune Responses to the Tuberculosis Vaccine Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) via Synergistic Activation of Innate Immune Receptors. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4098-4112. [PMID: 28974092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The attenuated live vaccine strain bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is currently the only available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), but is largely ineffective against adult pulmonary TB, the most common disease form. This is in part due to BCG's ability to interfere with the host innate immune response, a feature that might be targeted to enhance the potency of this vaccine. Here, we investigated the ability of chitosan-based nanoparticles (pIC-NPs) containing polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), an inducer of innate immunity via Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), to enhance the immunogenicity of BCG in mouse bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) in vitro. Incorporation of poly(I:C) into NPs protected it against degradation by ribonucleases and increased its uptake by mouse BMDM. Whereas soluble poly(I:C) was ineffective, pIC-NPs strongly enhanced the proinflammatory immune response of BCG-infected macrophages in a synergistic fashion, as evident by increased production of cytokines and induction of nitric oxide synthesis. Using macrophages from mice deficient in key signaling molecules involved in the pathogen recognition response, we identified combined activation of MyD88- and TRIF-dependent TLR signaling pathways to be essential for the synergistic effect between BCG and NP. Moreover, synergy was strongly dependent on the order of the two stimuli, with TLR activation by BCG functioning as the priming event for the subsequent pIC-NP stimulus, which acted through an auto-/paracrine type I interferon (IFN) feedback loop. Our results provide a foundation for a promising new approach to enhance BCG-vaccine immunogenicity by costimulation with NPs. They also contribute to a molecular understanding of the observed synergistic interaction between the pIC-NPs and BCG vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin T Speth
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , N-0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , N-0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Müller
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , N-0371 Oslo, Norway.,Tumor Immunology lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School , D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School , D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandre Corthay
- Tumor Immunology lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , N-0371 Oslo, Norway
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30
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Guo L, Zhou L, Gao Q, Zhang A, Wei J, Hong D, Chu Y, Duan X, Zhang Y, Xu G. MicroRNA-144-3p inhibits autophagy activation and enhances Bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection by targeting ATG4a in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28636635 PMCID: PMC5479589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding nucleotides that play major roles in the response of host immune cells. Autophagy plays a key role in activating the antimicrobial host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Whether miRNAs specifically influence the activation of macrophage autophagy during M. tuberculosis infection is largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection of macrophages leads to increased expression of miR-144-3p, which targets autophagy-related gene 4a (ATG4a), to inhibit autophagy activation and antimicrobial responses to BCG. Overexpression of miR-144-3p significantly decreased both mRNA and protein levels of ATG4a, inhibited the formation of autophagosomes in RAW264.7 cells and increased intracellular survival of BCG. However, transfection with miR-144-3p inhibitor led to an increase in ATG4a levels, accelerated the autophagic response in macrophages, and decreased BCG survival in macrophages. The experimental results of this study reveal a novel role of miR-144-3p in inhibiting autophagy activation by targeting ATG4a and enhancing BCG infection, and provide potential targets for developing improved treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Guo
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Linlin Zhou
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Clinical laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of north china university of science and technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dantong Hong
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuankui Chu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiangguo Duan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guangxian Xu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- * E-mail:
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31
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Mishra A, Akhtar S, Jagannath C, Khan A. Pattern recognition receptors and coordinated cellular pathways involved in tuberculosis immunopathogenesis: Emerging concepts and perspectives. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:240-248. [PMID: 28514713 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) play a central role in the recognition of numerous pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Besides Toll Like Receptors, C-type Lectin Receptors and Nod Like Receptors are now being recognized for their involvement in inducing immune response against M. tuberculosis infection. Although, a functional redundancy of the PRRs has also been reported in many studies, emerging evidences support the notion that a cooperative and coordinated response generated by these receptors is critical to sustain the full immune control of M. tuberculosis infection. Many of the PRRs are now found to be involved in various cellular host defenses, such as inflammasome activation, phagosome biogenesis, endosomal trafficking, and antigen processing pathways that are all very critical for an effective immune response against M. tuberculosis. In support, polymorphism in several of these receptors has also been found associated with increased susceptibility to tuberculosis in humans. Nonetheless, increasing evidences also show that in order to enhance its intracellular survival, M. tuberculosis has also evolved multiple strategies to subvert and reprogram PPR-mediated immune responses. In light of these findings, this review analyzes the interaction of bacterial and host factors at the intersections of PRR signaling pathways that could provide integrative insights for the development of better vaccines and therapeutics for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India
| | - Shamim Akhtar
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Arts Commerce and Science, Saint Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, 411018, India
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center-Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center-Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Biyikli OO, Baysak A, Ece G, Oz AT, Ozhan MH, Berdeli A. Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Tuberculosis Infection. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e20224. [PMID: 27942355 PMCID: PMC5136443 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Investigation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has revealed new information regarding the immunopathogenesis of this disease. Toll-like receptors can recognize various ligands with a lipoprotein structure in the bacilli. Toll-like receptor 2 and TLR-4 have been identified in association with tuberculosis infection. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between TLR polymorphism and infection progress. METHODS Twenty-nine patients with a radiologically, microbiologically, and clinically proven active tuberculosis diagnosis were included in this 25-month study. Toll-like receptor 2 and TLR-4 polymorphisms and allele distributions were compared between these 29 patients and 100 healthy control subjects. Peripheral blood samples were taken from all patients. Genotyping of TLR-2, TLR-4, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor was performed. The extraction step was completed with a Qiagen mini blood purification system kit (Qiagen, Ontario, Canada) using a peripheral blood sample. The genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS In total, 19 of the 29 patients with tuberculosis infection had a TLR-2 polymorphism, and 20 of the 100 healthy subjects had a TLR-2 polymorphism (P < 0.001). The TLR-4 polymorphism and interferon-γ allele distributions were not statistically correlated. CONCLUSIONS Toll-like receptor 2 polymorphism is a risk factor for tuberculosis infection. The limiting factor in this study was the lack of investigation of the interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α levels, which are important in the development of infection. Detection of lower levels of these cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens, especially among patients with TLR-2 defects, will provide new data that may support the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Oben Biyikli
- Clinic of Chest Diseases, Kusadasi Universal Hospital,
Aydin, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Baysak
- Chest Diseases Department, School of Medicine, Izmir
University, Izmir, Turkey
- Corresponding author: Aysegul Baysak, Chest Diseases
Department, School of Medicine, Izmir University, Izmir, Turkey. Tel: +90-2323995050, Fax:
+90-2323995078, E-mail:
| | - Gulfem Ece
- Medical Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, Izmir
University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Adnan Tolga Oz
- Chest Diseases Department, School of Medicine, Izmir
University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Afig Berdeli
- Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Ege University,
Izmir, Turkey
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Wang Y, Yang C, He Y, Zhan X, Xu L. Ipr1 modified BCG as a novel vaccine induces stronger immunity than BCG against tuberculosis infection in mice. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1756-64. [PMID: 27356552 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major challenge to global public health. However, the Bacille Calmette‑Guérin (BCG), the only vaccine available against tuberculosis, has been questioned for the low protective effect. The present study used the mouse gene intracellular pathogen resistance I (Ipr1) gene to alter the current BCG vaccine and evaluated its immunity effect against tuberculosis. This study also investigated the intrinsic relationships of Ipr1 and innate immunity. The reformed BCG (BCGi) carrying the Ipr1 gene was constructed. The mice were intranasally challenged with the M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain after vaccination with BCGi. Protection efficacy of the vaccine was assessed by the organ coefficient, bacterial load and pathological changes in the lung. The differential expression of 113 immune‑related genes between BCGi and BCG groups were detected by an oligo microarray. According to the results of organ coefficient, bacterial load and pathological changes in the organization, BCGi had been shown to have stronger protective effects against M. tuberculosis than BCG. The oligo microarray and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction further revealed that the Ipr1 gene could upregulate the expression of 13 genes, including a >3‑fold increase in Toll‑like receptor (TLR)4 and 10‑fold increase in surfactant protein D (sftpd). The two genes not only participate in innate immunity against pathogens, but also are closely interrelated. Ipr1 could activate the TLR4 and sftpd signaling pathway and improve the innate immunity against tuberculosis, therefore Ipr1 modified BCG may be a candidate vaccine against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400021, P.R. China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yonglin He
- Department of Microbiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xingxing Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Functional polymorphisms of the TLR7 and TLR8 genes contribute to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 98:125-31. [PMID: 27156628 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has recently re-emerged as a major global public health threat and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a highly successful pathogen that evolved remarkable strategies to establish persistent infection. There is strong evidence that host genetic factors influence individual susceptibility to TB. In this study, we evaluated the associations between the TLR7 and TLR8 genetic polymorphisms and TB susceptibility in Chinese individuals. The results demonstrated that the frequency of the TLR8-129C allele was higher in male patients with pulmonary TB than in healthy controls (22.9% vs. 6.8%, p < 0.001). Based on haplotype analysis, the frequency of the TLR7 IVS2-151A/TLR8 -129C haplotype increased the risk for TB infection compared to the wild-type allele (TLR7 IVS2-151A/TLR8 -129G), with OR = 3.23 (95% CI = 1.58-6.61; p = 0.001). An ex vivo phagocytosis assay that examined the functional effects of these polymorphisms on the defense against MTB revealed higher phagocytosis in monocytes from males with the TLR7 IVS2-151A/TLR8 -129C genotype than in those with the wild-type allele (73.0 ± 20.3% versus 34.6 ± 8.1%; p = 0.03). In addition, mRNA expression and cytokine production were analyzed in the whole blood of male healthy volunteers stimulated with inactivated MTB ex vivo. TNFα production was lower in TLR7 IVS2-151A/TLR8 -129C subjects than in those with the wild-type allele (578.4 ± 90.3 pg/ml versus 1043 ± 136 pg/ml; p = 0.03), and the expression of TLR7 was significantly impaired (0.8 ± 0.1 folds, p = 0.05) after MTB stimulation. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that TLR7 and TLR8 genetic polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to MTB infection, and the link is shaped by less effective MTB phagocytosis and impaired TLR signaling.
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PE_PGRS33 Contributes to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Entry in Macrophages through Interaction with TLR2. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150800. [PMID: 26978522 PMCID: PMC4792380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PE_PGRS represent a large family of proteins typical of pathogenic mycobacteria whose members are characterized by an N-terminal PE domain followed by a large Gly-Ala repeat-rich C-terminal domain. Despite the abundance of PE_PGRS-coding genes in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genome their role and function in the biology and pathogenesis still remains elusive. In this study, we generated and characterized an Mtb H37Rv mutant (MtbΔ33) in which the structural gene of PE_PGRS33, a prototypical member of the protein family, was inactivated. We showed that this mutant entered macrophages with an efficiency up to ten times lower than parental or complemented strains, while its efficiency in infecting pneumocytes remained unaffected. Interestingly, the lack of PE_PGRS33 did not affect the intracellular growth of this mutant in macrophages. Using a series of functional deletion mutants of the PE_PGRS33 gene to complement the MtbΔ33 strain, we demonstrated that the PGRS domain is required to mediate cell entry into macrophages, with the key domain encompassing position 140–260 amino acids of PE_PGRS33. PE_PGRS33-mediated entry into macrophages was abolished in TLR2-deficient mice, as well as following treatment with wortmannin or an antibody against the complement receptor 3 (CR3), indicating that PE_PGRS33-mediated entry of Mtb in macrophages occurs through interaction with TLR2.
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36
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Kim YS, Kim JH, Woo M, Kim TS, Sohn KM, Lee YH, Jo EK, Yuk JM. Innate signaling mechanisms controlling Mycobacterium chelonae-mediated CCL2 and CCL5 expression in macrophages. J Microbiol 2015; 53:864-74. [PMID: 26626357 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-5348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium chelonae (Mch) is an atypical rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) that belongs to the M. chelonae complex, which can cause a variety of human infections. During this type of mycobacterial infection, macrophage-derived chemokines play an important role in the mediation of intracellular communication and immune surveillance by which they orchestrate cellular immunity. However, the intracellular signaling pathways involved in the macrophage-induced chemokine production during Mch infections remain unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the molecular mechanisms by which Mch activates the gene expressions of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and CCL5 in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and in vivo mouse model. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-deficient mice showed increased bacterial burden in spleen and lung and decreased protein expression of CCL2 and CCL5 in serum. Additionally, Mch infection triggered the mRNA and protein expression of CCL2 and CCL5 in BMDMs via TLR2 and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) signaling and that it rapidly activated nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling, which is required for the Mch-induced expressions of CCL2 and CCL5 in BMDMs. Moreover, while the innate receptor Dectin-1 was only partly involved in the Mch-induced expression of the CCL2 and CCL5 chemokines in BMDMs, the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was an important contributor to these processes. Taken together, the present data indicate that the TLR2, MyD88, and NF-κB pathways, Dectin-1 signaling, and intracellular ROS generation contribute to the Mch-mediated expression of chemokine genes in BMDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sak Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Woo
- Institute Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-sung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.,Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mok Sohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ha Lee
- Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Yuk
- Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea. .,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Waitt CJ, Banda P, Glennie S, Kampmann B, Squire SB, Pirmohamed M, Heyderman RS. Monocyte unresponsiveness and impaired IL1β, TNFα and IL7 production are associated with a poor outcome in Malawian adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:513. [PMID: 26567164 PMCID: PMC4643523 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early death during TB treatment is associated with depressed TNFα response to antigenic stimulation and propensity to superadded bacterial infection. Hypothesising the role of monocyte unresponsiveness, we further compared the immunological profile between patients who died or suffered a life-threatening deterioration ('poor outcome') during the intensive phase of TB treatment with patients who had an uneventful clinical course (‘good outcome’) who had been recruited as part of a larger prospective cohort study of Malawian TB patients. Methods Using Luminex, IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL7, IL8, IL10, IL12, IL13, IL17, GCSF, GMCSF, MCP1, MIP1b, IFNγ and TNFα were measured in whole blood assay supernatants (stimulated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and LPS) and serum from 44 Malawian adult TB patients (22 of each outcome) immediately prior to commencing treatment, after 7 days and on day 56 of TB treatment. Monocyte surface expression of CD14, CD16, TLR2, TLR4, CD86 and HLADR, and intracellular TNFα were measured by flow cytometry as was intracellular TNFα response to purified TLR ligands. Results Lower TB antigen-induced IL1β (p = 0.006), TNFα (p = 0.02) and IL7 (p = 0.009) were produced in the poor outcome group. TNFα was produced by ‘classical’ CD14hiCD16lo monocytes, with no correlation between this response and expression of monocyte surface markers. Response to TB antigens correlated with responses to the purified TLR 2, 3 and 4 ligands. Conclusions Dysregulated monocyte cytokine production was identified in TB patients with poor outcome. Lower TNFα responses to H37Rv paralleled lower responses to a panel of TLR ligands, suggesting an underlying perturbation in common TLR signalling pathways. Future work should explore the role of TLR polymorphisms in immune response and clinical outcome in TB patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1274-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona John Waitt
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, PO Box 30096, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi. .,Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Block A, The Waterhouse Buildings, 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool, L69 3GL, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter Banda
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | - Sarah Glennie
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, PO Box 30096, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi. .,School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Imperial College London, London, UK. .,MRC Unit, The Gambia, Serrekunda, Gambia.
| | - S Bertel Squire
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Block A, The Waterhouse Buildings, 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool, L69 3GL, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert Simon Heyderman
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, PO Box 30096, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi. .,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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38
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Cekici A, Kantarci A, Hasturk H, Van Dyke TE. Inflammatory and immune pathways in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2015; 64:57-80. [PMID: 24320956 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of periodontitis involves a complex immune/inflammatory cascade that is initiated by the bacteria of the oral biofilm that forms naturally on the teeth. The susceptibility to periodontitis appears to be determined by the host response; specifically, the magnitude of the inflammatory response and the differential activation of immune pathways. The purpose of this review was to delineate our current knowledge of the host response in periodontitis. The role of innate immunity, the failure of acute inflammation to resolve (thus becoming chronic), the cytokine pathways that regulate the activation of acquired immunity and the cells and products of the immune system are considered. New information relating to regulation of both inflammation and the immune response will be reviewed in the context of susceptibility to, and perhaps control of, periodontitis.
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Nalpas NC, Magee DA, Conlon KM, Browne JA, Healy C, McLoughlin KE, Rue-Albrecht K, McGettigan PA, Killick KE, Gormley E, Gordon SV, MacHugh DE. RNA sequencing provides exquisite insight into the manipulation of the alveolar macrophage by tubercle bacilli. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13629. [PMID: 26346536 PMCID: PMC4642568 DOI: 10.1038/srep13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, the agent of bovine tuberculosis, causes an estimated $3 billion annual losses to global agriculture due, in part, to the limitations of current diagnostics. Development of next-generation diagnostics requires a greater understanding of the interaction between the pathogen and the bovine host. Therefore, to explore the early response of the alveolar macrophage to infection, we report the first application of RNA-sequencing to define, in exquisite detail, the transcriptomes of M. bovis-infected and non-infected alveolar macrophages from ten calves at 2, 6, 24 and 48 hours post-infection. Differentially expressed sense genes were detected at these time points that revealed enrichment of innate immune signalling functions, and transcriptional suppression of host defence mechanisms (e.g., lysosome maturation). We also detected differentially expressed natural antisense transcripts, which may play a role in subverting innate immune mechanisms following infection. Furthermore, we report differential expression of novel bovine genes, some of which have immune-related functions based on orthology with human proteins. This is the first in-depth transcriptomics investigation of the alveolar macrophage response to the early stages of M. bovis infection and reveals complex patterns of gene expression and regulation that underlie the immunomodulatory mechanisms used by M. bovis to evade host defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C Nalpas
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David A Magee
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Conlon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John A Browne
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Claire Healy
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kirsten E McLoughlin
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kévin Rue-Albrecht
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul A McGettigan
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kate E Killick
- Systems Biology Ireland, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Centre, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stephen V Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David E MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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40
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Kassahun Y, Mattiangeli V, Ameni G, Hailu E, Aseffa A, Young DB, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier HM, Bradley DG. Admixture mapping of tuberculosis and pigmentation-related traits in an African-European hybrid cattle population. Front Genet 2015; 6:210. [PMID: 26124773 PMCID: PMC4467177 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Admixture mapping affords a powerful approach to genetic mapping of complex traits and may be particularly suited to investigation in cattle where many breeds and populations are hybrids of the two divergent ancestral genomes, derived from Bos taurus and Bos indicus. Here we design a minimal genome wide SNP panel for tracking ancestry in recent hybrids of Holstein–Friesian and local Arsi zebu in a field sample from a region of high bovine tuberculosis (BTB) endemicity in the central Ethiopian highlands. We first demonstrate the utility of this approach by mapping the red coat color phenotype, uncovering a highly significant peak over the MC1R gene and a second peak with no previously known candidate gene. Secondly, we exploit the described differential susceptibility to BTB between the ancestral strains to identify a region in which Bos taurus ancestry associates, at suggestive significance, with skin test positivity. Interestingly, this association peak contains the toll-like receptor gene cluster on chromosome 6. With this work we have shown the potential of admixture mapping in hybrid domestic animals with divergent ancestral genomes, a recurring condition in domesticated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Kassahun
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; Armauer Hansen Research Institute Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Elena Hailu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Douglas B Young
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - R Glyn Hewinson
- TB Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, UK
| | | | - Daniel G Bradley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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41
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Alfano F, Peletto S, Lucibelli MG, Borriello G, Urciuolo G, Maniaci MG, Desiato R, Tarantino M, Barone A, Pasquali P, Acutis PL, Galiero G. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor candidate genes associated with tuberculosis infection in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). BMC Genet 2014; 15:139. [PMID: 25496717 PMCID: PMC4278265 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-014-0139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors play a key role in innate immunity by recognizing pathogens and activating appropriate responses. Pathogens express several signal molecules (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) essential for survival and pathogenicity. Recognition of PAMPs triggers an array of anti-microbial immune responses through the induction of various inflammatory cytokines. The objective of this work was to perform a case-control study to characterize the distribution of polymorphisms in three candidate genes (toll-like receptor 2, toll-like receptor 4, toll-like receptor 9) and to test their role as potential risk factors for tuberculosis infection in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Results The case-control study included 184 subjects, 59 of which resulted positive to both intradermal TB test and Mycobacterium bovis isolation (cases) and 125 resulted negative to at least three consecutive intradermal TB tests. The statistical analysis indicated that two polymorphisms exhibited significant differences in allelic frequencies between cases and controls. Indeed, the TT genotype at TLR9 2340 C > T locus resulted significantly associated with susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis (P = 0.030, OR = 3.31, 95% CI = 1.05-10.40). One polymorphism resulted significantly associated with resistance to the disease, and included the CC genotype, at the TLR4 672 A > C locus (P = 0.01, OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.08-0.80). Haplotype reconstruction of the TLR2 gene revealed one haplotype (CTTACCAGCGGCCAGTCCC) associated with disease resistance (P = 0.04, OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.27–0.96), including the allelic variant associated with disease resistance. Conclusions The work describes novel mutations in bubaline TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 genes and presents their association with M. bovis infection. These results will enhance our ability to determine the risk of developing the disease by improving the knowledge of the immune mechanisms involved in host response to mycobacterial infection, and will allow the creation of multiple layers of disease resistance in herds by selective breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Alfano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, Italy.
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, 10154, Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Giorgia Borriello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Urciuolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Maniaci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, 10154, Torino, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Desiato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, 10154, Torino, Italy.
| | - Michela Tarantino
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Roma, Italy.
| | - Amalia Barone
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy.
| | - Paolo Pasquali
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Roma, Italy.
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, 10154, Torino, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Galiero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, Italy.
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Stew SS, Martinez PJ, Schlesinger LS, Restrepo BI. Differential expression of monocyte surface markers among TB patients with diabetes co-morbidity. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 93 Suppl:S78-82. [PMID: 24388654 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-9792(13)70015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression of monocyte surface markers was compared between tuberculosis patients with and without type 2 diabetes (DM2). DM2 was associated with increased CCR2 expression, which may restrain monocyte traffic to the lung. Other host factors associated with baseline monocyte changes were older age (associated with lower CD11b) and obesity (associated with higher RAGE). Given that DM2 patients are more likely to be older and obese, their monocytes are predicted to be altered in function in ways that affect their interaction with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Stew
- UT Health Houston, School of Public Health at Brownsville, 80 Fort Brown, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA; The Advisory Board Company, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Perla J Martinez
- UT Health Houston, School of Public Health at Brownsville, 80 Fort Brown, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology and Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, 460W 12th Ave, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Blanca I Restrepo
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology and Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, 460W 12th Ave, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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43
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MicroRNA-155 induction by Mycobacterium bovis BCG enhances ROS production through targeting SHIP1. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mortaz E, Adcock IM, Tabarsi P, Masjedi MR, Mansouri D, Velayati AA, Casanova JL, Barnes PJ. Interaction of Pattern Recognition Receptors with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. J Clin Immunol 2014; 35:1-10. [PMID: 25312698 PMCID: PMC4306732 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is considered a major worldwide health problem with 10 million new cases diagnosed each year. Our understanding of TB immunology has become greater and more refined since the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) as an etiologic agent and the recognition of new signaling pathways modulating infection. Understanding the mechanisms through which the cells of the immune system recognize MTB can be an important step in designing novel therapeutic approaches, as well as improving the limited success of current vaccination strategies. A great challenge in chronic disease is to understand the complexities, mechanisms, and consequences of host interactions with pathogens. Innate immune responses along with the involvement of distinct inflammatory mediators and cells play an important role in the host defense against the MTB. Several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are involved in the recognition of MTB including Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) linked to inflammasome activation. Among the TLR family, TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 and their down-stream signaling proteins play critical roles in the initiation of the immune response in the pathogenesis of TB. The inflammasome pathway is associated with the coordinated release of cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18 which also play a role in the pathogenesis of TB. Understanding the cross-talk between these signaling pathways will impact on the design of novel therapeutic strategies and in the development of vaccines and immunotherapy regimes. Abnormalities in PRR signaling pathways regulated by TB will affect disease pathogenesis and need to be elucidated. In this review we provide an update on PRR signaling during M. tuberculosis infection and indicate how greater knowledge of these pathways may lead to new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Division of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK.,Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK.
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Mansouri
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center and National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Velayati
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065, NY, USA.,Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
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LI MINGYING, WU ZHENXUAN, NIU WENYI, WAN YONGGAN, ZHANG LIGONG, SHI GUANGCAN, XI XIU. The protective effect of curcumin against the 19-kDa Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein-induced inflammation and apoptosis in human macrophages. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3261-7. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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46
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Song Y, Sun L, Guo A, Yang L. Toll-like receptor 6 gene polymorphisms increase the risk of bovine tuberculosis in Chinese Holstein cattle. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1159-62. [PMID: 25017737 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Our present study aimed to investigate the effect of four SNPs (G1793A, C1859A, A1980G, G1934A) in toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) on bovine tuberculosis (bTB) resistance in a case-control study. A total of 603 Chinese Holstein cattle (264 from a dairy farm of Henan province, 339 from Hubei province) were selected to analyze the genotype of TLR6 gene by PCR-RFLP. Genotype frequencies of C1859A and A1980G site differed significantly between bTB-infected and non-infected cows (χ(2)=6.062, P=0.048 and χ(2)=6.749, P=0.034, respectively). Relative risk of tuberculosis incidence result showed that genotypes of AA or CA had greater relative risk (OR=2.730, 95%CI=0.869-8.573; OR=1.547, 95CI%=0.803-2.982, respectively) than those with genotype CC at C1859A site between bTB-infected and non-infected animals. Genotypes of GG or GA had greater relative risk (OR=2.986, 95%CI=1.245-7.165; OR=1.582, 95%CI=0.734-3.409, respectively) than those with genotype AA at A1980G site. No significant association can be inferred from G1793A and G1934A polymorphism site. The present study suggests that variants in the TLR6 gene are associated with susceptibility to bTB and the TLR6 gene may be considered as a candidate gene for bTB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapan Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liping Sun
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China; China Education Ministry's Key Laboratory in Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liguo Yang
- China Education Ministry's Key Laboratory in Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Ma C, Li Y, Li M, Deng G, Wu X, Zeng J, Hao X, Wang X, Liu J, Cho WCS, Liu X, Wang Y. microRNA-124 negatively regulates TLR signaling in alveolar macrophages in response to mycobacterial infection. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:150-8. [PMID: 24995397 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The emerging roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating immune responses have attracted increasing attention in recent years; and the alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the main targets of mycobacterial infection, which play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, the immunoregulatory role of miRNAs in AMs has not been fully demonstrated. In this study, we find that miR-124 is up-regulated in the peripheral leukocytes of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis; furthermore, the expression miR-124 can be induced upon Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection in both RAW264.7 AM cells in vitro and murine AMs in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-124 is able to modulate toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling activity in RAW264.7 cells in response to BCG infection. In this regard, multiple components of TLR signaling cascade, including the TLR6, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), TNFR-associated factor 6 and tumor necrosis factor-α are directly targeted by miR-124. In addition, both overexpression of TLR signaling adaptor MyD88 and BCG infection are able to augment miR-124 transcription, while MyD88 expression silenced by small interfering RNA dramatically suppresses miR-124 expression in AMs in vitro. Moreover, the abundance of miR-124 transcript in murine AMs of MyD88 deficient mice is significantly less than that of their wild-type or heterozygous littermates; and the BCG infection fails to induce miR-124 expression in the lung of MyD88 deficient mouse. These results indicate a negative regulatory role of miR-124 in fine-tuning inflammatory response in AMs upon mycobacterial infection, in part through a mechanism by directly targeting TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China and College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China and College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China and College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Guangcun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China and College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China and College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China and College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiujing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China and College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Tuberculosis Hospital of Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Tuberculosis Hospital of Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China and College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China.
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China and College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China.
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Saraav I, Singh S, Sharma S. Outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Toll-like receptor interaction: immune response or immune evasion? Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:741-6. [PMID: 24983458 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is an intracellular bacterium capable of surviving and persisting within host mononuclear cells. The host response against tubercle bacilli is dominated by fine-tuned interaction of innate and adaptive immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the formation of this immune response by facilitating in elaboration of protective T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines and microbicidal molecules, but the intracellular persistence of M. tuberculosis in the phagosome and processing and presentation of TLR ligands by host antigen-presenting cell leads to continuous and chronic TLR2 signaling. The prolonged stimulation of TLR ultimately results in elaboration of immunosuppressive cytokines and downregulation of antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and therefore becomes beneficial for M. tuberculosis, resulting in its continued survival inside macrophages. An understanding of the host-pathogen interaction in tuberculosis is important to delineate the mechanisms that can modulate the immune response toward protection. This review focuses on the role of TLRs in immune response and immune evasion and how M. tuberculosis maintains its dominance over the host during infection. A precise understanding of the TLRs and M. tuberculosis interaction will undoubtedly lead to the development of novel therapies to combat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iti Saraav
- DS Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Swati Singh
- DS Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- DS Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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49
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Ma C, Li Y, Zeng J, Wu X, Liu X, Wang Y. Mycobacterium bovis BCG triggered MyD88 induces miR-124 feedback negatively regulates immune response in alveolar epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92419. [PMID: 24705038 PMCID: PMC3976256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) and pulmonary epithelial cells in regulating the immune response against microbial invasion has attracted increasing attention in recent years, however, the immunoregulatory roles of miRNAs in the pulmonary epithelial cells in response to mycobacterial infection has not been fully demonstrated. In this study, we show that miR-124 expression is induced upon Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection in A549 alveolar epithelial cells and murine lungs. miR-124 is able to modulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in A459 cells. In this regard, multiple components, including TLR6, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), TNFR-associated factor 6 and tumor necrosis factor-α of the TLR signaling cascade are directly regulated by miR-124 in response to BCG stimulation. In addition, miR-124 expression was induced upon MyD88 overexpression and/or BCG stimulation, while silencing MyD88 expression by small interfering RNA dramatically down-regulated miR-124 transcription in A549 cells. These results indicate an underlying negative feedback mechanism between miR-124 and MyD88 in alveolar epithelial cells to prevent an excessive inflammatory response during mycobacterial infection. These observations suggest that miR-124 is a potential target for preventive and therapeutic intervention against the pulmonary tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (YW)
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (YW)
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50
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Navigating through the maze of TLR2 mediated signaling network for better mycobacterium infection control. Biochimie 2014; 102:1-8. [PMID: 24594065 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a member of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) abundant on macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and respiratory epithelial cells lining the lung, plays critical role in host immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. TLR2-mediated elimination of MTB involves multiple pathways such as promoting DCs maturation, generating biased Th1, Th2, Th17 type response, regulating the macrophage activation and cytokine secretion. MTB can also hijack the TLR2 signaling to subvert the host immunity by dampening the macrophages response to IFN-γ, suppressing the processing and presentation of antigens. This review summarizes the intricate network of TLR2-mediated signaling and Mycobacteria effectors involved in MTB-host interaction with an aim to find better target for improved tuberculosis control, especially the host-derived therapy targets. TLR2 agonists with potential to be included in novel tuberculosis vaccines are also discussed.
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