Potential of Tryptamine Derivatives as Multi-Target Directed Ligands for Alzheimer's Disease: AChE, MAO-B, and COX-2 as Molecular Targets

Extensive research has been dedicated to develop compounds that can target multiple aspects of Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment due to a growing understanding of AD's complex multifaceted nature and various interconnected pathological pathways. In the present study, a series of biological assays were performed to evaluate the potential of the tryptamine analogues synthesized earlier in our lab as multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) for AD. To assess the inhibitory effects of the compounds, various in vitro assays were employed. Three compounds, SR42, SR25, and SR10, displayed significant AChE inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 0.70 µM, 0.17 µM, and 1.00 µM, respectively. These values superseded the standard drug donepezil (1.96 µM). In the MAO-B inhibition assay, SR42 (IC50 = 43.21 µM) demonstrated superior inhibitory effects as compared to tryptamine and other derivatives. Moreover, SR22 (84.08%), SR24 (79.30%), and SR42 (75.16%) exhibited notable percent inhibition against the COX-2 enzyme at a tested concentration of 100 µM. To gain insights into their binding mode and to validate the biological results, molecular docking studies were conducted. Overall, the results suggest that SR42, a 4,5 nitro-benzoyl derivative of tryptamine, exhibited significant potential as a MTDL and warrants further investigation for the development of anti-Alzheimer agents.

Evaluation of in vitro anticancer potential of pharmacological ethanolic plant extracts Acacia modesta and Opuntia monocantha against liver cancer cells

Abstract Acacia modesta (AM) and Opuntia monocantha (OM) are distributed in Pakistan, Afghanistan and India. Both of these plants have different pharmacological properties. This study was designed to evaluate anticancer potential of Acacia modesta (AM) and Opuntia monocantha (OM). Liver cancer cell line HepG2 was used for assessment of anticancer activity. For the evaluation of anti-proliferative effects, cell viability and cell death in all groups of cells were evaluated via MTT, crystal violet and trypan blue assays. For the evaluation of apoptosis ELISA of p53 performed. Furthermore, LDH assay to find out the ability of malignant cells to metabolize pyruvate to lactate and antioxidant enzymes activity (GSH, CAT and SOD) at the end HPLC was performed to find active compound of AM and OM. Cytotoxicity (MTT), Viability assays (trypan blue, crystal viability, MUSE analysis) showed more dead, less live cells in plant treated groups with increase of concentration. Scratch assay for the anti-migratory effect of these plants showed treated groups have not ability to heal scratch/wound. ELISA of p53 for cellular apoptosis showed more release of p53 in treated groups. Antioxidant assay via glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) showed less anti-oxidative potential in treated cancer groups. LDH assay showed more lactate dehydrogenase release in treated groups compared with untreated. HPLC analysis showed the presence of phytochemicals such as steroids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinone and amino acids in AM and OM plant extracts. Based on all these findings, it can be concluded that ethanolic extracts of Acacia modesta and Opuntia monocantha have promising anti-cancer potential.

Revealing analgesic and anxiolytic potentials of synthetic benzimidazole analogues: An in-vivo and in-silico study

Certain drugs have potential to affect and alter individual's behavior. On the other hand, pain is a complex phenomenon with various treatment options; analgesic medicines are the primary source. Therefore, this study was based on examining some of the benzimidazole analogues for their analgesic as well as behavioral potential following Tail immersion test and Open field test respectively. In addition, molecular docking was performed to find the interaction of these compounds with the active site using AutoDock Vina which was further visualized through Discovery Studio Visualizer. It was seen that the cyano-methyl benzimidazole derivatives (CMB1-CMB3) showed relief in pain as compared to benzimidazole derivatives (BI1-BI3), CMB2 demonstrated highly potent analgesic effect. Likewise, all structures except BI1 displayed increase locomotion during open field test and can be offered as anxiolytic compounds. Almost all derivatives showed improve binding energies for the tested proteins where the high analgesic action of CMB2 might be correlated to its high binding affinity and interaction at µOR. It was also noticed that all structures except BI showed possible binding interaction with GABAA receptor and hence possessed anxiolytic like potential. Thus, this study offered benzimidazole analogues for further drug development of analgesic and anxiolytic like compounds.

Sustained intra-cartilage delivery of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist using cationic peptide and protein-based carriers

OBJECTIVE

Blocking the interleukin-1 (IL-1) catabolic cascade following joint trauma can be achieved using its receptor antagonist, IL-1Ra. However, its clinical translation for osteoarthritis therapy has been unsuccessful due to its rapid joint clearance and lack of targeting and penetration into deep cartilage layers at therapeutic concentrations. Here, we target the high negative charge of cartilage aggrecan-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by attaching cationic carriers to IL-1Ra. IL-1Ra was conjugated to the cartilage targeting glycoprotein, Avidin, and a short length optimally charged cationic peptide carrier (CPC+14). It is hypothesized that electro-diffusive transport and binding properties of IL-1Ra-Avidin and IL-1Ra-CPC+14 will create intra-cartilage depots of IL-1Ra, resulting in long-term suppression of IL-1 catabolism with only a single administration.

DESIGN

IL-1Ra was conjugated to Avidin or CPC+14 using site specific maleimide linkers, and confirmed using gel electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry. Intra-cartilage transport and retention of conjugates was compared with native IL-1Ra. Attenuation of IL-1 catabolic signaling with one-time dose of IL-1Ra-CPC+14 and IL-1Ra-Avidin was assessed over 16 days using IL-1α challenged bovine cartilage and compared with unmodified IL-1Ra.

RESULTS

Positively charged IL-1Ra penetrated through the full-thickness of cartilage, creating a drug depot. A single dose of unmodified IL-1Ra was not sufficient to attenuate IL-1-induced cartilage deterioration over 16 days. However, when delivered using Avidin, and to a greater extent CPC+14, IL-1Ra significantly suppressed cytokine induced GAG loss and nitrite release while improving cell metabolism and viability.

CONCLUSION

Charge-based cartilage targeting drug delivery systems hold promise as they can enable long-term therapeutic benefit with only a single dose.

Studies on Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 and Cr-Doped TiO2 for the Degradation of p-Chlorophenol

TiO₂ and Cr-TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized by the sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide as the precursor of Titania. The prepared samples were analyzed by employing scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared analyses. Under UV irradiation, the photocatalytic activities of TiO₂ and Cr-TiO₂ were observed by estimating the % degradation of p-chlorophenol (PCP) as a sample pollutant. The extent of degradation was investigated, varying the catalyst dosage, initial PCP concentration, irradiation time, and solution pH. The experimental results show that efficiency of catalysts initially increases but decreases later on, whereas the % degradation of PCP is the highest at its lowest initial concentration. For TiO₂ and Cr-TiO₂ NPs at their optimal catalyst dosage of 2.0 g/L, acidic pH, and with UV irradiation for 90 min, the observed % degradation of PCP is 50.23 ± 3.12 and 66.51 ± 2.14%, respectively. Thus, the prepared Cr-TiO₂ NPs have enhanced the degradation efficiency of PCP with an irradiation time which is four time less than those reported earlier. From the kinetics analysis, the degradation reaction of PCP is found to follow a pseudo-first-order model and the rate constants are 0.0075 and 0.0122 min^-1 for pure TiO₂ and Cr-TiO₂ NPs, respectively. The present study has further revealed that owing to the lower rate of electron-hole pair recombination, the photocatalytic activity of Cr-TiO₂ NPs becomes higher than that of TiO₂. Therefore, as viable photocatalytic agents, Cr-TiO₂ NPs are suggested to be used also for efficient degradation of other organic pollutants.

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles from eucalyptus leaves can enhance shelf life of banana without penetrating in pulp

Bananas are exposed to serious post-harvest problems resulting in agricultural and economic losses across the world. The severity of problem is linked with the process of rapid ripening and pathogens attack. Such problems have led to economic losses as well as a lower yield of nutritionally rich bananas. The global demand to increase the life span of bananas and their protection from pathogens-borne diseases urged the use of antimicrobial edible coatings of nanoparticles. The present experiment has explored the innovative development of green synthesized nanoparticles from Eucalyptus leaf extract (ELE) to increase the shelf life of bananas up to 32 days from the day of collection. Statistically significant results were recorded (P = 0.05) by applying five different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in ranges of 0.01-0.05%. Various morphological and physiological parameters such as color, decay, firmness, weight loss, pulp to peel ratio, pH, titrable acidity (TA), phenolic contents, protein estimation, ethylene production, starch content and total soluble sugars were measured in Cavendish banana (Basrai). Bananas treated with 0.01% AgNPs showed maximum control on its ripeness over morphological and physiological changes. The increase in shelf life was in order 0.01%>0.02%>0.03%>0.04%>0.05%> control. Further, AgNPs reduced the process of ripening by controlling ethylene production. The result has also proved the safety of banana consumption by simple removal of banana peel as penetration of AgNPs from the peel to the pulp was not detected. It is recommended to use 0.01% AgNPs to enhance the shelf life of banana without effecting its nutritive value.

Predictors of entrepreneurial intentions: The role of prior business experience, opportunity recognition, and entrepreneurial education

Entrepreneurship and its influence on the development of the economy are significant in competitive global advancement. Entrepreneurs need entrepreneurial intentions to improve the commercial environment of the country. Therefore, studying entrepreneurial intentions’ influencing predictors is vital for business development. We collected data from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) employees of the developing country and used partial least square structured equation modeling to analyze the proposed relationships. The results assist the literature extension and practically contribute to developing entrepreneurs’ intentions through education and opportunity recognition. The findings aid the institutions in improving course planning and establishing practical business setups. This study facilitates the government’s ideas of commencing entrepreneurial businesses through proper resource provisions for the entrepreneurs.

Determination of ionization constant and drug-likeness prediction of synthetic isoniazid derivatives

Determination of ionization constant, commonly termed pKa is of prime interest in a wide range of pharmaceutical Research fields. The pKa of a compound is critical as it influences on its physicochemical parameters in biological and environmental systems. The study of pKa is also essential not only for the formulation of drugs and optimization of a variety of novel analytical methods, establishing new pharmaceutical dosage forms yet the exploration of the mechanism of action of drugs. In this research work, we have determined pKa values of isoniazid (INH) derivatives; N'-[(4-methyl benzoyl)] pyridine-4-carbohydrazide (I) and [2-oxo-2-(4-phenyl phenyl) ethyl] (pyridine-4-yl formamido) azanium bromide (II) through UV- spectrophotometry, a method is known for the accuracy and precision of results. These two compounds (I and II) were synthetically prepared in our lab by derivatizing INH and reported by Naeem et al in the year 2014. The mean pKa values for compounds I and II were experimentally determined as 7.37 and 3.76 respectively. The study is helpful in understanding the physicochemical behavior of these compounds in a biological system. Different pharmacokinetic parameters were also predicted using online web tools which ensured significant drug-likeness for both compounds.

Assessment of automated craving across substances and across cultures: stability-analysis of the Craving Automated Scale (CAS)

BACKGROUND

The transition from hedonic to compulsive use in Substance Use Disorders (SUD) is a critical point in SUD progression and hence relevant for assessment and treatment. To measure the habitual patterns of substance consumption, the Craving Automated Scales (CAS) for alcohol (CAS-A), substances (CAS-S) and cigarette smoking (CAS-CS) were developed and introduced to different countries. In this study, we aimed to investigate the structural stability of CAS across substances and cultures.

METHODS

This study analyzed the CAS-scores of a sample of 370 participants in Germany, China and the UK, including 262 opioid-users, 65 smokers and 43 alcohol-users. We performed stability analyses to check the stability (i. e. factorial invariance) of factor solutions. Based on confirmed stability of the general factor (gfactor) solution and the calculations rule obtained in the previous validation of CAS-alcohol (CAS-A), the factor structures of CAS-A, CAS-S and CAS-CS were compared.

RESULTS

The gfactor solutions based on calculations rule shows good stability, with the mean stability coefficients of 0.990 and 0.977 for CAS-S and CAS-CS respectively. The gfactor patterns were similar for CAS-A, CAS-S and CAS-CS, as well as across samples (Germany, China and the UK), with most factor-loadings larger than 0.7. Based on these findings, CAS-S and CAS-CS were also associated with established clinical measures of SUD.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest the two-gfactor solution based on a proposed calculation rule has a high stability across substances and cultures. This could be in line with common neurobiological mechanisms underlying habitual substance use. Moreover, comparing CAS with established clinical tools suggests that CAS might assess the automated behavior in substance consumption in a more sophisticated way.

New series of hydrazinyl thiazole derivatives of piperidin-4-one: Synthesis, structural elucidation, analgesic activity and comparative structure activity relationship

Seven new hydrazinyl thiazole derivatives of piperidin-4-one (PE3-PE9) have been synthesized by cyclization of intermediate thiosemicarbazone derivative (PE2). Parent molecule (PE1) was synthesized by one pot total synthesis using Mannich condensation reaction. Percent yield of most of the compounds found in between 70-85%. Compounds were identified by spectroscopic analysis. In vivo analgesic activity was examined using tail flick method. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean latency time of synthesized derivatives with control and standard. Analgesic activity was discussed in terms of structural differences between compounds. Among allthe derivatives thiosemicarbazone derivative showed good analgesic activity (195.24%). Methoxy (-OCH3) and bromo (-Br) containing thiazole derivative also showed good pain reducing property (167.62%, 203%) at a dose of 30mg/kg.

Prevalence of rhabdochoniasis in snow trout of river Swat and river Panjkora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan

This research was aimed to explore the helminth parasitic diseases in Schizothorax plagiostomus (the snow trout) from river Swat and river Panjkora, Pakistan. Collection of 360 fish specimens have done from the lower, middle and upper reaches of both the rivers through gill nets, cast nets, dragon nets and hooks. All the samples were examined in the University of Malakand, Zoology Department for helminth parasites during the months from January 2015 to December 2016. Of the total examined fish samples 21.9% (n=79) were infected with Rhabdochona spp including 17.7% (n=32/180) in river Swat and 26.6% (n=47/180) in river Panjkora. Highest month-wise prevalence (p=0.09878,p<0.05) was reported in May (30%), then by February and October each (26.6%) while the lowest during August (13.3%). Highest prevalence (p=0.9723, p<0.05) was reported in summer season (26.6%), while lowest in the winter season (20%). Adults were highly infected (p=< 0.0001) in prevalence (63.7%) followed by sub-adults (13.2%) while no infection was found in juvenile specimens. Females fish samples had higher (p=0.0277, p>0.05) prevalence (28.8%) than males (16.6%). Fishes of the lower reaches had highest (p=0.0029, P>0.05) prevalence (31.7%) followed by middle reaches (16.5%) while the lowest prevalence was observed in samples of fish collected from upper reaches (9.87%). Present study address that Rhabdochona spp in the intestine of snow trout has a long term relationship and call as a natural infection in cyprinids and zoonotic risk to human.

1,3-di-4-piperidylpropane derivatives as potential acetyl cholinesterase antagonists: Molecular docking, synthesis, and biological evaluation

Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) is a key biological target responsible for the management of cholinergic transmission, and its inhibitors are used for the therapy of Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, a small library of molecules with 1,3-di-4-piperidylpropane nucleus were docked on AChE. The selected compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their enzyme inhibition. P25 and P17 expressed significantly higher AChE inhibition than standards with IC50 values of 0.591μM and 0.625μM, respectively. Binding mode of derivatives in the active site of AChE revealed dual binding of molecules in peripheral anionic site (PAS) and catalytic anionic site (CAS) of enzyme cavity.

Feeding habit of Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) in upper parts of river Swat, Pakistan

Salmo trutta fario is the most important fish species of family Salmonidae inhibited in cool waters all over the world including the nortern parts of Pakistan. This study was aimed to find out the prey selection and feeding habits of the species. One hundred and eighty five Salmo trutta fario were captured from March 2016 to April 2017. Feeding intensity as represented by a fullness index (FI), changing with various length groups and season. Out of 185 Brown trout 24 fish stomaches were found empty. The most important and common food items of brown trout were Brachycentridae, Blepharocera, Hydropsychidae, ephemerella spp. Kruskal Wallis H-test were applied on feeding intensity groups consisting of three month group. The test statistic for K.W-H-test were (H=8.13 with df =3) had a p-value of 0.043 < (alpha=0.05 indicates favor of the alternative hypothesis of at least one difference among the feeding intensity groups. The linear relationship of N with index of relative importance and %IRI denoted by least square regression line (N = 35.2 + 22.1%IRI), shows that for 22 prey there is 1% change in IRI. The relationship between total length (mm) and fish body weight (gm) is expressed by Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.976), showed that total length (mm) and fish body weight (gm.) is highly correlated. Descriptive statistics are used for the stomach fullness, which shows that feeding intensity was recorded higher from March to May. A total of 2289 preys was recorded including the most common were; Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae, Brachycentridae, diptera, blepharocera, ephemerala, chironomida, honey bees, grass hopper, locust, trout egg, trochanter, plant tissue, stones were retrieved from the gut contents of brown trout. According to index of relative importance IRI% four preys represents major components of the diet. The highest IRI% was recorded in Brachycentridae (39.38%), followed by blepharocera (13.23%), Hydropsychidae (10.76%) and ephemerella spp (8.28%). The relationship between IRI and FO is (r =0.556) is moderately correlated with coefficient of determination (r2=0.31). This study will help in the development of an artificial diet for the species for better growth performance in captivity.

Inhibition of L-NAME-induced hypertension by combined treatment with apocynin and catalase: the role of Nox 4 expression

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide (O2-) generated by NAD(P)H oxidases have emerged as important molecules in blood pressure regulation. This study investigated the effect of apocynin and catalase on blood pressure and renal haemodynamic and excretory function in an L-NAME induced hypertension model. Forty Male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (n=8 per group) were treated with either: vehicle (WKY-C); L-NAME (WKY-L, 15 mg/kg/day in drinking fluid); WKY-L given apocynin to block NAD(P)H oxidase (WKY-LApo, 73 mg/kg/day in drinking water.); WKY-L given catalase to enhance ROS scavenging (WKY-LCat, 10000 U/kg/day i.p.); and WKY-L receiving apocynin plus catalase (WKY-LApoCat) daily for 14 days. L-NAME elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP), 116+/-1 to 181±4 mmHg, reduced creatinine clearance, 1.69+/-0.26 to 0.97+/-0.05 ml/min/kg and fractional sodium excretion, 0.84+/-0.09 to 0.55+/-0.09 % at day 14. Concomitantly, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) increased six fold, while plasma total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), plasma nitric oxide (NO) and plasma total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were decreased by 60-70 % and Nox 4 mRNA expression was increased 2-fold. Treatment with apocynin and catalase attenuated the increase in SBP and improved renal function, enhanced antioxidative stress capacity and reduced the magnitude of Nox4 mRNAs expression in the L-NAME treated rats. This study demonstrated that apocynin and catalase offset the development of L-NAME induced hypertension, renal dysfunction and reduced oxidative stress status, possibly contributed by a reduction in Nox4 expression during NOS inhibition. These findings would suggest that antioxidant compounds such as apocynin and catalase have potential in treating cardiovascular diseases.

E. coli expression and immunological assessment of expressed recombinant Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein in chickens

Every year, the poultry industry experiences significant economic losses due to epidemics of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Developing new vaccines by identifying and using the immunogenic hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein can protect the poultry industry. In the present study, the full-length HN protein was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 (DE3) cells, purified via affinity chromatography and detected via western blot analysis using His-specific antibodies. The purified HN protein was further evaluated in chickens to study the immune response against NDV. The successful production of HN-specific IgY proved the activity of the purified HN protein. IgY was present in the serum of immunized chickens. However, the immune response was higher in chickens immunized with purified HN protein along with complete and incomplete adjuvants than in chickens immunized with only the HN protein. Keywords: protein; Newcastle disease virus; poultry; infectious diseases; vaccines.

The restorative effect of apocynin and catalase in l-arginine induced hypotension on normotensive subjects - the role of oxidative stress

L-arginine is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) responsible for the production of NO. This investigation studied the effect of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor and catalase, an H2O2 scavenger on L-arginine induced oxidative stress and hypotension. Forty Wistar-Kyoto rats were treated for 14 days with vehicle, L-arginine (12.5mg/ml p.o.), L-arginine+apocynin (2.5mmol/L p.o.), L-arginine+catalase (10000U/kg/day i.p.) and L-arginine plus apocynin+catalase respectively. Weekly renal functional and hemodynamic parameters were measured and kidneys harvested at the end of the study for histopathological and renal NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) assessments. L-arginine administration in normotensive rats decreased systolic blood pressure (120±2 vs 91±2mmHg) and heart rate (298±21 vs 254±15b/min), enhanced urinary output (21.5±4.2 vs 32±1.9ml/24h , increased creatinine clearance (1.72±0.56 vs 2.62±0.40ml/min/kg), and fractional sodium excretion (0.88±0.16 vs 1.18±0.16 %), caused proteinuria (28.10±1.93 vs 35.26±1.69mg/kg/day) and a significant decrease in renal cortical blood perfusion (292±3 vs 258±5bpu) and pulse wave velocity (3.72±0.20 vs 2.84±0.13m/s) (all P<0.05). L-arginine increased plasma malondialdehyde (by ~206 % P<0.05) and NO (by~51 %, P<0.05) but decreased superoxide dismutase (by~31 %, P<0.05) and total antioxidant capacity (by~35 %, P<0.05) compared to control. Renal Nox4 mRNA activity was approximately 2.1 fold higher (P<0.05) in the L-arginine treated rats but was normalized by apocynin and apocynin plus catalase treatment. Administration of apocynin and catalase, but not catalase alone to rats fed L-arginine, restored the deranged renal function and structure, prevented hypotension and enhanced the antioxidant capacity and suppressed Nox4 expression. These findings suggest that apocynin and catalase might be used prophylactically in states of oxidative stress.

The restorative effect of apocynin and catalase in l-arginine induced hypotension on normotensive subjects – the role of oxidative stress

L-arginine is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) responsible for the production of NO. This investigation studied the effect of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor and catalase, an H2O2 scavenger on L-arginine induced oxidative stress and hypotension. Forty Wistar-Kyoto rats were treated for 14 days with vehicle, L-arginine (12.5mg/ml p.o.), L-arginine+apocynin (2.5mmol/L p.o.), L-arginine+catalase (10000U/kg/day i.p.) and L-arginine plus apocynin+catalase respectively. Weekly renal functional and hemodynamic parameters were measured and kidneys harvested at the end of the study for histopathological and renal NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) assessments. L-arginine administration in normotensive rats decreased systolic blood pressure (120±2 vs 91±2mmHg) and heart rate (298±21 vs 254±15b/min), enhanced urinary output (21.5±4.2 vs 32±1.9ml/24h , increased creatinine clearance (1.72±0.56 vs 2.62±0.40ml/min/kg), and fractional sodium excretion (0.88±0.16 vs 1.18±0.16 %), caused proteinuria (28.10±1.93 vs 35.26±1.69mg/kg/day) and a significant decrease in renal cortical blood perfusion (292±3 vs 258±5bpu) and pulse wave velocity (3.72±0.20 vs 2.84±0.13m/s) (all P<0.05). L-arginine increased plasma malondialdehyde (by ~206 % P<0.05) and NO (by ~51 %, P<0.05) but decreased superoxide dismutase (by ~31 %, P<0.05) and total antioxidant capacity (by ~35 %, P<0.05) compared to control. Renal Nox4 mRNA activity was approximately 2.1 fold higher (P<0.05) in the L-arginine treated rats but was normalized by apocynin and apocynin plus catalase treatment. Administration of apocynin and catalase, but not catalase alone to rats fed L-arginine, restored the deranged renal function and structure, prevented hypotension and enhanced the antioxidant capacity and suppressed Nox4 expression. These findings suggest that apocynin and catalase might be used prophylactically in states of oxidative stress.

Impact of supervisory behavior on sustainable employee performance: Mediation of conflict management strategies using PLS-SEM

This study investigates the relationship between supervisory behavior, conflict management strategies, and sustainable employee performance and inquires the mediating effect of conflict management strategies. Data were collected from the SMEs of the manufacturing industry of Pakistan. The significance of the model was assessed using the PLS-SEM (structural equation modeling). The findings of the study revealed a positive and significant relationship between supervisory behavior and sustainable employee behavior. Similarly, conflict management strategies had a positive effect on the relationship between supervisory behavior and sustainable employee behavior. This study adds in the current literature of supervisory behavior as a critical predictor of sustainable employee performance in two ways. Firstly, this study validates Conflict management strategies as an influential mediator between the relationship of supervisory behavior and sustainable employee performance. Secondly, this study provides substantial practical implications for managers at SMEs to enhance sustainable employee performance through supervisory behavior, stimulated by conflict management strategies. This study is based on cross-sectional data; more longitudinal studies can further strengthen the generalizability of relationships between the constructs. The study adds in the current literature of PLS-SEM as an assessment model for direct and mediation relationships.

The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employee Retention: Mediation and Moderation Through Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Communication

This study investigates the impact of transformational leadership on employee retention in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and probes the mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and the moderating role of communication. Data were collected using convenience sampling from 505 employees of SMEs. A Smart PLS structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to estimate the various relationships. The findings of the study reveal a positive and significant relationship between transformational leadership and OCB. Similarly, this study finds a positive and significant relationship in OCB and employee retention. In addition, OCB had a positive mediating effect on the relationship between transformational leadership and employee retention. Furthermore, communication positively moderates the transformational leadership- OCB and OCB-employee retention relationships. Leaders at SMEs should implement the traits of transformational leadership such as developing a compelling vision for employees, focusing on goal achievement, having problem-solving techniques, having a sense of purpose, and spending time on the training and development of the team to enhance OCB and employee retention.

Molecular docking, synthesis and biological evaluation of phenacyl derivatives of 9-aminoacridine as anti-Alzheimer's agent

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by progressive deterioration of memory and impaired cognitive function. The most promising approach for symptomatic relief of AD is to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE). On the basis of this approach in-house library of 9-aminoacridine derivatives were constructed and allowed to docked against human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) (PDB ID: 4EY7), using MOE 2018.01 and PyRx 0.9.2 (AutoDock Vina). Top ranked and best fitted molecules were synthesized by targeting the 9-amino group of aminoacridine with substituted phenacyl halides. Anti-Alzheimer's potential was checked by in vitro AChE inhibition, antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging ability) and fibril disaggregation. Subjected ligands suggested as promising multitargeted candidate with pronounced results in term of IC₅₀ values (AChE inhibition 2.400-26.138μM), however, none of them showed potential towards fibril inhibition.

In-silico determination of pKa and logp values of some isoniazid synthetic analogues using Marvin software

Among the physicochemical properties, pKa and LogP values help us in studying drug parameters like ADME and could be predicted to some extent. With this view, here we wish to predict these two properties of our previously synthesized biologically active derivatives of isoniazid using on-line available program Marvin, a Java-based chemical software application frequently used for chemical modeling. According to Marvin, pKa values predicted 99.99% unionized states of INH and some derivatives at physiological pH 7.4. Marvin calculated LogP values estimated good oral absorption for all the synthesized compounds. Therefore it can be said that the findings of the study emerged in an ideal region that permits the formulation of these derivatives. Since this was just a theoretical study, it demands more experimentation to determine accurate situation.

Ni0.4Cu0.2Zn0.4TbxFe2-xO4 nanospinel ferrites: Ultrasonic synthesis and physical properties

The Fe³⁺ ions were replace with Tb³⁺ ions as highly paramagnetic rare earth element within the structure of Ni_0.4Cu_0.2Zn_0.4Fe₂O₄ nano-spinel ferrites (NSFs). The structural, magnetic, spectroscopic and optic properties have been studied in details. All products have been synthesized via ultrasonic approach via Qsonica ultrasonic homogenizer, frequency: 20 kHz and power: 70 W for 60 min. No annealing or calcination process was applied for any product. The microstructural analysis of products has been done via X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) which presented the cubic spinel structure with nanosized distribution of all. The cubic morphology of all products were confirmed by both HR-TEM and FE-SEM. Optical band gap (E_g) values were assessed by applying %DR (percent diffuse reflectance) analysis and Kubelka-Munk theory. The Tauc schemes showed that E_g values are in a narrow range (1.87-1.98 eV). The quadrupole splitting, line width, hyperfine magnetic field, isomer shift values and cation distribution have been determined from ⁵⁷Fe Mossbauer analysis. The magnetic properties of various nanoparticles have been obtained from VSM (vibration sample magnetometer) measurements at 10 and 300 K (RT). The magnetic results revealed superparamagnetic and soft ferromagnetic traits at 10 and 300 K, respectively. M_s (saturation magnetization) and M_r (remanence) initially increase with increasing Tb³⁺ substituting level up to x = 0.06 then diminish for further x values. H_c (coercivity) shows an opposite variation tendency of M_s and M_r. The observed magnetic traits are deeply discussed in relation with the structure, morphology, magnetic moments and cation distributions.

Structural, magnetic, optical properties and cation distribution of nanosized Co0.7Zn0.3TmxFe2-xO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04) spinel ferrites synthesized by ultrasonic irradiation

This study expressed the influence of Tm substitution on the structural, optical and magnetic properties of Co-Zn spinel ferrites (Co_0.7Zn_0.3Tm_xFe_2-xO₄ (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04)). The different compositions were synthesized by sonochemical method using Qsonica ultrasonic homogenizer, frequency: 20 kHz and power: 70 W for 60 min. XRD patterns proved the presence of single-phase spinel ferrites with crystallites size in the 8-10 nm range. Cation distribution approved the occupancy of octahedral (B) site by Tm. The morphology and the elements stoichiometry are obtainable through FE-SEM, EDX and elemental mapping. Optical band gap (E_g) values were estimated via DR % (percent diffuse reflectance) investigations and Kubelka-Munk theory. Tauc plots revealed that direct E_g values are ranging between 1.49 and 1.68 eV. The analyses of magnetization versus magnetic field, M(H), were performed. The following magnetic parameters like saturation magnetization M_s, squareness ratio (SQR = M_r/M_s), magnetic moment n_B, coercivity H_c and remanence M_r have been evaluated. M(H) curves revealed the superparamagnetic (SP) at RT and ferromagnetic property at 10 K. It was showed that the Tm³⁺ substitutions significantly affect the magnetic properties of host spinel ferrites. An increasing trend in the M_s, M_r, H_c, and n_B values was noticed for lower Tm³⁺ substitution content.

Structural, magnetic, optical properties and cation distribution of nanosized Ni0.3Cu0.3Zn0.4TmxFe2-xO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) spinel ferrites synthesized by ultrasound irradiation

In this study, Tm³⁺ ion substituted NiCuZn nanospinel ferrites, Ni_0.3Cu_0.3Zn_0.4Tm_xFe_2-xO₄ (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10), have been synthesized sonochemically. The structural, spectroscopic, morphological, optic and magnetic investigation of the samples were done by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR), UV-Vis diffused reflectance (%DR) spectrophotometry, transmission and scanning electron microscopies (TEM and SEM) along with EDX, Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), respectively. The purity of prepared products were confirmed via XRD, FT-IR, EDX and elemental mapping analyses. The analyses of magnetization versus M(H) (applied magnetic field) were performed at 300 and 10 K. The following magnetic parameters like M_s (saturation magnetization), SQR = M_r/M_s (squareness ratio), n_B(magnetic moment), H_c (coercivity) and M_r (remanence) have been discussed. M(H) loops revealed superparamagnetic property at RT and soft ferromagnetic nature at 10 K. It is showed that the Tm³⁺ substitutions significantly affect the magnetizations data. A decreasing trend in the M_s, H_c, M_r, and n_B values was detected with Tm³⁺ substitution.

Antimicrobial activity of Mycobacteriophage D29 Lysin B during Mycobacterium ulcerans infection

Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a cutaneous disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. The pathogenesis of this disease is closely related to the secretion of the toxin mycolactone that induces extensive destruction of the skin and soft tissues. Currently, there are no effective measures to prevent the disease and, despite availability of antibiotherapy and surgical treatments, these therapeutic options are often associated with severe side effects. Therefore, it is important to develop alternative strategies for the treatment of BU. Endolysins (lysins) are phage encoded enzymes that degrade peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls. Over the past years, lysins have been emerging as alternative antimicrobial agents against bacterial infections. However, mycobacteria have an unusual outer membrane composed of mycolylarabinogalactan-peptidoglycan. To overcome this complex barrier, some mycobacteriophages encode a lipolytic enzyme, Lysin B (LysB). In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that recombinant LysB displays lytic activity against M. ulcerans isolates. Moreover, using a mouse model of M. ulcerans footpad infection, we show that subcutaneous treatment with LysB prevented further bacterial proliferation, associated with IFN-γ and TNF production in the draining lymph node. These findings highlight the potential use of lysins as a novel therapeutic approach against this neglected tropical disease.

Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a necrotizing skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. Although the current antibiotic treatment for BU is effective, daily administrations for a prolonged period of time, combined with potential risk of severe side effects, negatively impact on patient adherence. In that sense, we tested the efficacy of an alternative strategy based on Lysin B (LysB), a phage encoded lipolytic enzyme that degrades the mycolylarabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex present in the mycobacterial cell wall. In this study, we show that LysB not only displays lytic activity against M. ulcerans isolates in vitro, but also leads to a decrease of M. ulcerans proliferation in infected mouse footpads. These findings highlight the potential use of lysins as a novel therapeutic approach against this neglected tropical disease.

Effect of single-dose intravenous tranexamic acid on postoperative nasal bleed in septoplasty

OBJECTIVE

Postoperative nasal bleeding is a common complication of septoplasty and may lead to painful procedure of nasal packing to stop bleeding. Since Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been reported to reduce bleeding, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of single dose of intravenous TXA on postoperative nasal bleed associated with septoplasty.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This prospective randomized, double-blinded clinical trial consisted of 176 patients aged 18-55 years who underwent septoplasty for symptomatic deviated nasal septum. These participants were randomly divided into 2 groups; 88 patients were given normal saline (Control group) and 88 patients were administered a single shot of intravenous TXA 10mg/kg (TXA group). Operative technique applied was same in all cases. At the end of surgery nasal packs, nasal splints or trans-septal suturing were not done. Nasal bleeding was monitored after surgery and up to 2 weeks postoperatively.

RESULTS

Patients receiving TXA showed significantly less postoperative nasal bleeding compared with controls. Extensive bleeding in terms of number of gauze pads used and duration was also higher in placebo with a statistically significant difference (all P=<0.05). Seven patients required nasal packing in control group to stop bleeding as compared to one patient in TXA group. Adverse reactions to TXA were minimal, and these were easily managed conservatively.

CONCLUSION

Single intravenous dose of TXA is shown to be effective and safe agent in preventing postoperative nasal bleeding after septoplasty therefore avoiding additional techniques of nasal packing, intranasal splint or trans-septal suturing during surgery.

Impact of La3+ and Y3+ ion substitutions on structural, magnetic and microwave properties of Ni0.3Cu0.3Zn0.4Fe2O4 nanospinel ferrites synthesized via sonochemical route

In the current study, Ni_0.4Cu_0.2Zn_0.4La_xY_xFe_2−xO₄ (x = 0.00 − 0.10) nanospinel ferrites (NSFs) were fabricated via an ultrasonic irradiation route. The creation of single phase of spinel nanoferrites (NSFs) was investigated by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) and selected area diffraction pattern (SAED). The cubic morphology of all samples was confirmed by scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM and TEM) respectively. The UV-Vis investigations provided the direct optical energy band gap values in a narrow photon energy interval of 1.87–1.92 eV. The ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis explained that the hyperfine magnetic fields of Octahedral (Oh) and Tetrahedral (Td) sites decreased with substitution. The paramagnetic properties of NPs decrease with increase of content of doped ions. Investigations of magnetic properties reveal a superparamagnetic nature at 300 K and soft ferromagnetic trait at 10 K. The M_s (saturation magnetization) and M_r (remanence) decrease and the H_c (coercivity) increases slightly with La³⁺ and Y³⁺ substitution. The observed magnetic traits are deeply discussed in relation with the morphology, structure, magnetic moments and cation distributions. The microwave characterization of the prepared NSFs showed that, dissipation (i.e., absorption) of incoming microwave energy occurs at a single frequency, for each sample, lying between 7 and 10.5 GHz. The reflection losses (RL) at these frequencies range from −30 to −40 dB and the mechanism of which is explained in the framework of dipolar relaxation and spin rotation. The best microwave properties were obtained with a LaY concentration of x = 0.08 having an RL of −40 dB @ 10.5 GHz and an absorption bandwidth of 8.4 GHz @ −10 dB. With these high values of RL and absorbing bandwidth, LaY doped NiCuZn NSF products would be promising candidates for radar absorbing materials in the X-band.

The best microwave properties for the NSFs were obtained with an LaY concentration of x = 0.08, RL of −40 dB @ 10.5 GHz and absorption bandwidth of 8.4 GHz @ −10 dB. The NSF products show promise as radar absorbing materials in the X-band.

Critical care usage after major gastrointestinal and liver surgery: a prospective, multicentre observational study

BACKGROUND

Patient selection for critical care admission must balance patient safety with optimal resource allocation. This study aimed to determine the relationship between critical care admission, and postoperative mortality after abdominal surgery.

METHODS

This prespecified secondary analysis of a multicentre, prospective, observational study included consecutive patients enrolled in the DISCOVER study from UK and Republic of Ireland undergoing major gastrointestinal and liver surgery between October and December 2014. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore associations between critical care admission (planned and unplanned) and mortality, and inter-centre variation in critical care admission after emergency laparotomy.

RESULTS

Of 4529 patients included, 37.8% (n=1713) underwent planned critical care admissions from theatre. Some 3.1% (n=86/2816) admitted to ward-level care subsequently underwent unplanned critical care admission. Overall 30-day mortality was 2.9% (n=133/4519), and the risk-adjusted association between 30-day mortality and critical care admission was higher in unplanned [odds ratio (OR): 8.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.51-19.97) than planned admissions (OR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.43-3.85). Some 26.7% of patients (n=1210/4529) underwent emergency laparotomies. After adjustment, 49.3% (95% CI: 46.8-51.9%, P<0.001) were predicted to have planned critical care admissions, with 7% (n=10/145) of centres outside the 95% CI.

CONCLUSIONS

After risk adjustment, no 30-day survival benefit was identified for either planned or unplanned postoperative admissions to critical care within this cohort. This likely represents appropriate admission of the highest-risk patients. Planned admissions in selected, intermediate-risk patients may present a strategy to mitigate the risk of unplanned admission. Substantial inter-centre variation exists in planned critical care admissions after emergency laparotomies.

Positive reinforcement targeting abstinence in substance misuse (PRAISe): Study protocol for a Cluster RCT & process evaluation of contingency management

There are approximately 256,000 heroin and other opiate users in England of whom 155,000 are in treatment for heroin (or opiate) addiction. The majority of people in treatment receive opiate substitution treatment (OST) (methadone and buprenorphine). However, OST suffers from high attrition and persistent heroin use even whilst in treatment. Contingency management (CM) is a psychological intervention based on the principles of operant conditioning. It is delivered as an adjunct to existing evidence based treatments to amplify patient benefit and involves the systematic application of positive reinforcement (financial or material incentives) to promote behaviours consistent with treatment goals. With an international evidence base for CM, NICE recommended that CM be implemented in UK drug treatment settings alongside OST to target attendance and the reduction of illicit drug use. While there was a growing evidence base for CM, there had been no examination of its delivery in UK NHS addiction services. The PRAISe trial evaluates the feasibility, acceptability, clinical and cost effectiveness of CM in UK addiction services. It is a cluster randomised controlled effectiveness trial of CM (praise and financial incentives) targeted at either abstinence from opiates or attendance at treatment sessions versus no CM among individuals receiving OST. The trial includes an economic evaluation which explores the relative costs and cost effectiveness of the two CM intervention strategies compared to TAU and an embedded process evaluation to identify contextual factors and causal mechanisms associated with variations in outcome. This study will inform UK drug treatment policy and practice. Trial registration ISRCTN 01591254.

Ultrastructure and 3D transmission electron tomography of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans of swollen human corneal stroma

BACKGROUND

The transparency of the cornea is regulated by the unique organization of collagen fibrils (CFs) which is maintained by proteoglycans (PGs). The interlacing of CF lamellae in the anterior stroma provides the biomechanical properties of the cornea.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the alterations of CFs and PGs in the swollen cornea, with special reference to the anterior stroma by using electron microscopy and 3D ultrastructural tomography.

METHOD

Nine healthy normal scleral corneal rings (age from 40 to 65 years) were hydrated individually in deionised water to induce swelling in the cornea. Three of them were hydrated for 2hr whereas the other three were hydrated for 48hr. The remaining three scleral normal corneal rings were used as a control.The corneas were processed for electron microscopy (EM) to study the CFs and PGs. Ultrathin sections were observed using transmission electron microscopy (JOEL 1400) and digital images of CFs, PGs and lamellae were captured using a bottom mounted Quemesa camera and iTEM Soft Imaging System. The software program 'Composer-x64, version 3.4.2.0' was used to construct individual 3D images from 120 digital images taken from -60 to + 60 degree angles.

RESULTS

The 3D tomography showed the degeneration of microfibrils within the CFs of the swollen cornea. The CF diameter was significantly reduced and the interfibrillar spacing significantly increased in both the 2hr and 48hr hydrated corneas compared to the normal cornea. Within the hydrated corneas, the CF diameter was smaller and the interfibrillar spacing was increased in the middle and posterior stroma compared to the anterior stroma. The PG area in both the 2hr and the 48hr hydrated cornea was reduced in the anterior stroma, whereas it was increased in middle and posterior stroma compared to the normal cornea. The density of the PGs in both the 2hr and the 48hr samples, was reduced compared to the density of PGs in the normal cornea.

CONCLUSION

The CFs, PGs and lamellae had degenerated, caused by swelling. 3D imaging demonstrated that the impairment of the microfibrils and PGs within the CF, is caused by the excessive hydration or swelling in the anterior as well as in the middle and posterior stroma. The lamellae of the anterior stroma which provides the biomechanical strength in the normal cornea, had degenerated in the swollen corneas due to the presence of the damaged CFs and PGs.

Synthesis, characterization and SAR of novel Bezimidazole derivatives as Nematicidal agents

Six novel analogues were prepared by reacting benzimidazole molecules (BM and CMB) propiophenone and benzoyl chlorides respectively. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were determined with the help of spectroscopic techniques. The compounds were subjected to in-vitro screening for their activity against nematodes. It was observed that the benzimidazole (BM) derivatives possessed more nematicidal activity as compared to that of cyanomethyl-benzimidazole (CMB) for Meloidogyne incognita. Among them, the propiophenone substituted benzimidazole derivative B3 was found to be the most active compound and can be further studied as lead molecule for development of anthelmintic drugs.

MeCP2_E1 N-terminal modifications affect its degradation rate and are disrupted by the Ala2Val Rett mutation

Methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2), the mutated protein in Rett syndrome (RTT), is a crucial chromatin-modifying and gene-regulatory protein that has two main isoforms (MeCP2_E1 and MeCP2_ E2) due to the alternative splicing and switching between translation start codons in exons one and two. Functionally, these two isoforms appear to be virtually identical; however, evidence suggests that only MeCP2_E1 is relevant to RTT, including a single RTT missense mutation in exon 1, Ala2Val. Here, we show that N-terminal co- and post-translational modifications differ for MeCP2_E1 and MeCP2_E1-Ala2Val, which result in different protein degradation rates in vitro. We report complete N-methionine excision (NME) for MeCP2_E1 and evidence of excision of multiple alanine residues from the N-terminal polyalanine stretch. For MeCP2_E1-Ala2Val, we observed only partial NME and N-acetylation (NA) of either methionine or valine. The localization of MeCP2_E1 and co-localization with chromatin appear to be unaffected by the Ala2Val mutation. However, a higher proteasomal degradation rate was observed for MeCP2_E1-Ala2Val compared with that for wild type MeCP2_E1. Thus, the etiopathology of Ala2Val is likely due to a reduced bio-availability of MeCP2 because of the faster degradation rate of the unmodified defective protein. Our data on the effects of the Ala2Val mutation on N-terminal modifications of MeCP2 may be applicable to Ala2Val mutations in other disease genes for which no etiopathological mechanism has been established.