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Luria-Pérez R, Sánchez-Vargas LA, Muñoz-López P, Mellado-Sánchez G. Mucosal Vaccination: A Promising Alternative Against Flaviviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:887729. [PMID: 35782117 PMCID: PMC9241634 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.887729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flaviviridae are a family of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA enveloped viruses, and their members belong to a single genus, Flavivirus. Flaviviruses are found in mosquitoes and ticks; they are etiological agents of: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus infection, Zika virus infection, tick-borne encephalitis, and yellow fever, among others. Only a few flavivirus vaccines have been licensed for use in humans: yellow fever, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, and Kyasanur forest disease. However, improvement is necessary in vaccination strategies and in understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved either in the infection or after vaccination. This is especially important in dengue, due to the immunological complexity of its four serotypes, cross-reactive responses, antibody-dependent enhancement, and immunological interference. In this context, mucosal vaccines represent a promising alternative against flaviviruses. Mucosal vaccination has several advantages, as inducing long-term protective immunity in both mucosal and parenteral tissues. It constitutes a friendly route of antigen administration because it is needle-free and allows for a variety of antigen delivery systems. This has promoted the development of several ways to stimulate immunity through the direct administration of antigens (e.g., inactivated virus, attenuated virus, subunits, and DNA), non-replicating vectors (e.g., nanoparticles, liposomes, bacterial ghosts, and defective-replication viral vectors), and replicating vectors (e.g., Salmonella enterica, Lactococcus lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and viral vectors). Because of these characteristics, mucosal vaccination has been explored for immunoprophylaxis against pathogens that enter the host through mucosae or parenteral areas. It is suitable against flaviviruses because this type of immunization can stimulate the parenteral responses required after bites from flavivirus-infected insects. This review focuses on the advantages of mucosal vaccine candidates against the most relevant flaviviruses in either humans or animals, providing supporting data on the feasibility of this administration route for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosendo Luria-Pérez
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Hemato-Oncológicas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Sánchez-Vargas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Paola Muñoz-López
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Hemato-Oncológicas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Mellado-Sánchez
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapéuticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Gabriela Mellado-Sánchez,
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Zhang Y, Li M, Du G, Chen X, Sun X. Advancedoral vaccine delivery strategies for improving the immunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113928. [PMID: 34411689 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to inflict a high global disease burden. The consensus is that vaccination is the most effective option against infectious diseases. Oral vaccines have unique advantages in the prevention of global pandemics due to their ease of use, high compliance, low cost, and the ability to induce both systemic and mucosal immune responses. However, challenges of adapting vaccines for oral administration remain significant. Foremost among these are enzymatic and pH-dependent degradation of antigens in the stomach and intestines, the low permeability of mucus barrier, the nonspecific uptake of antigens at the intestinal mucosal site, and the immune suppression result from the elusive immune tolerance mechanisms. Innovative delivery techniques promise great potential for improving the flexibility and efficiency of oral vaccines. A better understanding of the delivery approaches and the immunological mechanisms of oral vaccine delivery systems may provide new scientific insight and tools for developing the next-generation oral vaccine. Here, an overview of the advanced technologies in the field of oral vaccination is proposed, including mucus-penetrating nanoparticle (NP), mucoadhesive delivery vehicles, targeting antigen-presenting cell (APC) nanocarriers and enhanced paracellular delivery strategies and so on. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of delivery vectors interact with mucosal barriers are discussed.
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Abstract
Many pathogens invade the host at the intestinal surface. To protect against these enteropathogens, the induction of intestinal secretory IgA (SIgA) responses is paramount. While systemic vaccination provides strong systemic immune responses, oral vaccination is the most efficient way to trigger protective SIgA responses. However, the development of oral vaccines, especially oral subunit vaccines, is challenging due to mechanisms inherent to the gut. Oral vaccines need to survive the harsh environment in the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by low pH and intestinal proteases and need to reach the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, which are protected by chemical and physical barriers that prevent efficient uptake. Furthermore, they need to surmount default tolerogenic responses present in the gut, resulting in suppression of immunity or tolerance. Several strategies have been developed to tackle these hurdles, such as delivery systems that protect vaccine antigens from degradation, strong mucosal adjuvants that induce robust immune responses and targeting approaches that aim to selectively deliver vaccine antigens towards specific immune cell populations. In this review, we discuss recent advances in oral vaccine design to enable the induction of robust gut immunity and highlight that the development of next generation oral subunit vaccines will require approaches that combines these solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (H.V.d.W.); (E.C.)
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Wang W, Yan X, Li Q, Chen Z, Wang Z, Hu H. Adapted nano-carriers for gastrointestinal defense components: surface strategies and challenges. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2020; 29:102277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Saraf S, Jain S, Sahoo RN, Mallick S. Present Scenario of M-Cell Targeting Ligands for Oral Mucosal Immunization. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:1276-1284. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200609113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays an important role in the prevention of infection and forms the
first line of defense against pathogen attack. Delivering of antigen through mucosal route may elicit
mucosal immune system as the mucosal surface is the most common site of pathogen entry. Mucosal
immune system will be capable to counter pathogen at mucosal surface. Oral mucosal immunization
opens the ways to deliver antigens at gut-associated lymphoid tissue. This can elicit both local and
systemic immune response. Mucosal vaccines are economical, highly accessible, non parenteral delivery
and capacity to produce mass immunization at the time of pandemics. To deliver antigens on the
mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system relies on specialized epithelial cell
i.e. Microfold (M)-cell. An approach to exploit the targeting specific receptors on M-cell for entry of
antigens has made a breakthrough in vaccine development. In this review, various strategies have been
discussed for the possible entry of antigens through M-cells and an approach to increase the uptake
and efficacy of vaccines for oral mucosal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Saraf
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar-751030, Orissa, India
| | - Shailesh Jain
- Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at Madhyanchal Professional University Bhopal (MP), India
| | - Rudra Narayan Sahoo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar-751030, Orissa, India
| | - Subrata Mallick
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar-751030, Orissa, India
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Xu Y, Shrestha N, Préat V, Beloqui A. Overcoming the intestinal barrier: A look into targeting approaches for improved oral drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2020; 322:486-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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George JA, Park SO, Choi JY, Uyangaa E, Eo SK. Double-faced implication of CD4 + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells expanded by acute dengue infection via TLR2/MyD88 pathway. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1000-1018. [PMID: 32125695 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dengue infection causes dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). CD4+ Foxp3+ Tregs are expanded in patients during dengue infection, and appear to be associated with clinical severity. However, molecular pathways involved in Treg proliferation and the reason for their insufficient control of severe diseases are poorly understood. Here, dengue infection induced the proliferation of functional CD4+ Foxp3+ Tregs via TLR2/MyD88 pathway. Surface TLR2 on Tregs was responsible for their proliferation, and dengue-expanded Tregs subverted in vivo differentiation of effector CD8+ T cells. An additional interesting finding was that dengue-infected hosts displayed changed levels of susceptibility to other diseases in TLR2-dependent manner. This change included enhanced susceptibility to tumors and bacterial infection, but highly enhanced resistance to viral infection. Further, the transfer of dengue-proliferated Tregs protected the recipients from dengue-induced DHF/DSS and LPS-induced sepsis. In contrast, dengue-infected hosts were more susceptible to sepsis, an effect attributable to early TLR2-dependent production of proinflammatory cytokines. These facts may explain the reason why in some patients, dengue-proliferated Tregs is insufficient to control DF and DHF/DSS. Also, our observations lead to new insights into Treg responses activated by dengue infection in a TLR2-dependent manner, which could differentially act on subsequent exposure to other disease-producing situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junu A George
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ok Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
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Li M, Wang Y, Sun Y, Cui H, Zhu SJ, Qiu HJ. Mucosal vaccines: Strategies and challenges. Immunol Lett 2019; 217:116-125. [PMID: 31669546 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immunization has potential benefits over conventional parenteral immunization, eliciting immune defense in both mucosal and systemic tissue for protecting from pathogen invasion at mucosal surfaces. To provide a first line of protection at these entry ports, mucosal vaccines have been developed and hold a significant promise for reducing the burden of infectious diseases. However, until very recently, only limited mucosal vaccines are available. This review summarizes recent advances in selected aspects regarding mucosal vaccination, including appropriate administration routes, reasonable formulations, antigen-sampling and immune responses of mucosal immunity, and the strategies used to improve mucosal vaccine efficacy. Finally, the challenges of developing successful mucosal vaccines and the potential solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shu J Zhu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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Islam MA, Firdous J, Badruddoza AZM, Reesor E, Azad M, Hasan A, Lim M, Cao W, Guillemette S, Cho CS. M cell targeting engineered biomaterials for effective vaccination. Biomaterials 2018; 192:75-94. [PMID: 30439573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the greatest medical interventions of all time and have been successful in controlling and eliminating a myriad of diseases over the past two centuries. Among several vaccination strategies, mucosal vaccines have wide clinical applications and attract considerable interest in research, showing potential as innovative and novel therapeutics. In mucosal vaccination, targeting (microfold) M cells is a frontline prerequisite for inducing effective antigen-specific immunostimulatory effects. In this review, we primarily focus on materials engineered for use as vaccine delivery platforms to target M cells. We also describe potential M cell targeting areas, methods to overcome current challenges and limitations of the field. Furthermore, we present the potential of biomaterials engineering as well as various natural and synthetic delivery technologies to overcome the challenges of M cell targeting, all of which are absent in current literature. Finally, we briefly discuss manufacturing and regulatory processes to bring a robust perspective on the feasibility and potential of this next-generation vaccine technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ariful Islam
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jannatul Firdous
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emma Reesor
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mohammad Azad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Wuji Cao
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Simon Guillemette
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Chong Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Qi J, Zhuang J, Lv Y, Lu Y, Wu W. Exploiting or overcoming the dome trap for enhanced oral immunization and drug delivery. J Control Release 2018; 275:92-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Liu L, Zhang W, Song Y, Wang W, Zhang Y, Wang T, Li K, Pan Q, Qi X, Gao Y, Gao L, Liu C, Zhang Y, Wang Y, He G, Wang X, Cui H. Recombinant Lactococcus lactis co-expressing OmpH of an M cell-targeting ligand and IBDV-VP2 protein provide immunological protection in chickens. Vaccine 2017; 36:729-735. [PMID: 29289381 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a highly contagious disease that results in enormous economic losses in the global poultry sector. Lactic acid bacteria are an appealing vehicle for the safe and effective delivery of heterologous protein antigens. Oral administration of the commensal bacterium Lactococcus lactis expressing recombinant fusion proteins has been used to elicit mucosal and systemic immune responses. In this study, a Lactococcus lactis NZ3900 strain co-expressing the outer membrane protein (Omp) H of the microfold (M) cell-targeting ligand and the viral capsid protein (VP)2 antigen of IBDV was genetically engineered, and its immunopotentiating capacity as an oral and injected vaccine in chickens was evaluated. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that VP2-OmpH was expressed in the cytoplasm of cells and had high immunoreactivity. An in vivo study showed that in the absence of any adjuvant, the recombinant L. lactis VP2-OmpH strain stimulated the immune response and protected against very virulent IBDV challenge in 100% and 80% of chickens immunized by injection and oral administration, respectively. Moreover, the antiviral neutralizing antibody titers induced by injection administration were higher than those induced by oral administration. Mucosal secretory IgA titers induced by oral administration were higher than those induced by injection administration. These results suggested that the recombinant L. lactis VP2-OmpH strain is a promising candidate vaccine to prevent IBDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Wang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Yuxin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Wenqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Tingting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Xiaole Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yulong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Changjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yanping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Gaoming He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Hongyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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George JA, Kim SB, Choi JY, Patil AM, Hossain FMA, Uyangaa E, Hur J, Park SY, Lee JH, Kim K, Eo SK. TLR2/MyD88 pathway-dependent regulation of dendritic cells by dengue virus promotes antibody-dependent enhancement via Th2-biased immunity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106050-106070. [PMID: 29285314 PMCID: PMC5739701 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Possible risk mediators in primary dengue virus (DenV) infection that favor secondary DenV infection to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and shock syndrome (DSS) via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) have not yet been described. Here, DenV infection enhanced the expression of inflammatory mediators and activation molecules in dendritic cells (DCs) through TLR2/MyD88 pathway. TLR2 appeared to facilitate DenV infection in DCs that were less permissive than macrophages for viral replication. In experiments using separate evaluations of DenV-infected and uninfected bystander DCs, infected DCs showed impaired maturation accompanied with TLR2-dependent production of inflammatory cytokines, by which uninfected bystander DCs showed increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules. Differential phosphorylation of MAPK and STAT3 was also detected between DenV-infected and uninfected DCs. Furthermore, DenV infection stimulated Th2-polarized humoral and cellular immunity against foreign and DenV Ag via TLR2/MyD88 pathway, and DenV-infected DCs were revealed to facilitate Th2-biased immune responses in TLR2-dependent manner. TLR2/MyD88-mediated Th2-biased Ab responses to primary DenV infection increased the infectivity of secondary homotypic or heterotypic DenV via ADE. Collectively, these results indicate that TLR2/MyD88 pathway in DC-priming receptors can drive Th2-biased immune responses during primary DenV infection, which could favor secondary DenV infection to DHF/DSS via ADE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junu Aleyas George
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John-Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
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Jung JI, Han SR, Lee SW. Development of RNA aptamer that inhibits methyltransferase activity of dengue virus. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:315-24. [PMID: 29063288 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop an RNA aptamer specific for the methyltransferase (MTase) of dengue virus (DENV) which is essential for viral genome replication and translation acting directly on N-7 and 2'-O-methylation of the type-I cap structure of the viral RNA. RESULTS We identified 2'-fluoro-modified RNA aptamers that can specifically bind DENV serotype 2 (DENV2) MTase using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technology. We truncated the chosen aptamer into a 45-mer RNA sequence that can bind DENV2 MTase with K d ~ 28 nM and inhibit N-7 methylation activity of the protein. Moreover, the 45-mer truncated aptamer could not only bind with an K d ~ 15.6 nM but also inhibit methylation activity of DENV serotype 3 (DENV3) MTase. The 45-mer aptamer competitively impeded binding of both DENV2 and DENV3 genomic RNA to MTase of each serotype. CONCLUSION The selected 45-mer truncated RNA aptamer specifically and avidly bound DENV MTase and competitively inhibited its methylation activity, and thus could be useful for the development of anti-DENV agents.
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Lima-Junior JDC, Morgado FN, Conceição-Silva F. How Can Elispot Add Information to Improve Knowledge on Tropical Diseases? Cells 2017; 6:cells6040031. [PMID: 28961208 PMCID: PMC5755491 DOI: 10.3390/cells6040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Elispot has been used as an important tool for detecting immune cells' products and functions and has facilitated the understanding of host-pathogen interaction. Despite the incredible diversity of possibilities, two main approaches have been developed: the immunopathogenesis and diagnosis/prognosis of infectious diseases as well as cancer research. Much has been described on the topics of allergy, autoimmune diseases, and HIV-Aids, however, Elispot can also be applied to other infectious diseases, mainly leishmaniasis, malaria, some viruses, helminths and mycosis usually classified as tropical diseases. The comprehension of the function, concentration and diversity of the immune response in the infectious disease is pointed out as crucial to the development of infection or disease in humans and animals. In this review we will describe the knowledge already obtained using Elispot as a method for accessing the profile of immune response as well as the recent advances in information about host-pathogen interaction in order to better understand the clinical outcome of a group of tropical and neglected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué da Costa Lima-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão 26-4° andar, sala 406-C, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Nazaré Morgado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão 26-5° andar, sala 509, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Fátima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão 26-4° andar, sala 406-C, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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15
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Fan X, Yue Y, Xiong S. Incorporation of a bi-functional protein FimH enhances the immunoprotection of chitosan-pVP1 vaccine against coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. Antiviral Res 2017; 140:121-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Khan IU, Huang J, Liu R, Wang J, Xie J, Zhu N. Phage Display-Derived Ligand for Mucosal Transcytotic Receptor GP-2 Promotes Antigen Delivery to M Cells and Induces Antigen-Specific Immune Response. SLAS Discov 2017; 22:879-886. [PMID: 28346102 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217690483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Successful oral immunization depends on efficient delivery of antigens (Ags) to the mucosal immune induction site. Glycoprotein-2 (GP-2) is an integral membrane protein that is expressed specifically on M cells within follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) and serves as transcytotic receptor for luminal Ags. In this study, we selected peptide ligands against recombinant human GP-2 by screening a phage display library and evaluated their interaction with GP-2 in vitro and ex vivo. Selected peptides were conjugated to the C-terminal of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) and evaluated for their ability to induce an immune response in mice. One of our selected peptides, Gb-1, showed high binding affinity to GP-2 and, when fused to EGFP, significantly increased the uptake of EGFP by M cells compared to EGFP alone. After oral administration, the Gb1-EGFP fusion induced efficient mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice measured at the level of antigen-specific serum and fecal antibodies, cytokine secretion, and lymphocyte proliferation. Furthermore, the IgG subclasses and cytokine secretion showed that ligand Gb-1 induced a Th2-type immune response. Collectively, our findings suggest that the ligand we selected through phage library screening is capable of targeting Ags to GP-2 on M cells and can be used as an oral vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inam Ullah Khan
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jun Xie
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Naishuo Zhu
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Kim JI, Park TE, Maharjan S, Li HS, Lee HB, Kim IS, Piao D, Lee JY, Cho CS, Bok JD, Hong ZS, Kang SK, Choi YJ. Soluble RANKL expression in Lactococcus lactis and investigation of its potential as an oral vaccine adjuvant. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:71. [PMID: 26608025 PMCID: PMC4659156 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To initiate mucosal immune responses, antigens in the intestinal lumen must be transported into gut-associated lymphoid tissue through M cells. Recently, it has been increasingly recognized that receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) controls M cell differentiation by interacting with RANK expressed on the sub-epithelium of Peyer's patches. In this study, we increased the number of M cells using soluble RANKL (sRANKL) as a potent mucosal adjuvant. RESULTS For efficient oral delivery of sRANKL, we constructed recombinant Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) IL1403 secreting sRANKL (sRANKL-LAB). The biological activity of recombinant sRANKL was confirmed by observing RANK-RANKL signaling in vitro. M cell development in response to oral administration of recombinant L. lactis was determined by 1.51-fold higher immunohistochemical expression of M cell marker GP-2, compared to that of non-treatment group. In addition, an adjuvant effect of sRANKL was examined by immunization of mice with M-BmpB as a model antigen after treatment with sRANKL-LAB. Compared with the wild-type L. lactis group, the sRANKL-LAB group showed significantly increased systemic and mucosal immune responses specific to M-BmpB. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the M cell development by sRANKL-LAB can increase the antigen transcytotic capability of follicle-associated epithelium, and thereby enhance the mucosal immune response, which implies that oral administration of sRANKL is a promising adjuvant strategy for efficient oral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-In Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology & Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Tae-Eun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology & Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sushila Maharjan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology & Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hui-Shan Li
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology & Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ho-Bin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology & Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - In-Seon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology & Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Dachuan Piao
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology & Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jun-Yeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology & Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology & Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jin-Duck Bok
- Institute of Green-Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchanggun, Gangwondo, South Korea.
| | - Zhong-Shan Hong
- Department of Animal Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Sang-Kee Kang
- Institute of Green-Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchanggun, Gangwondo, South Korea.
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology & Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Animal Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China.
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Abstract
Despite 70 years of research that has intensified in the past decade, a safe and efficacious dengue vaccine has yet to be available. In addition to the expected challenges such as identifying immune correlates of protection, the dengue vaccine field has faced additional hurdles including the necessity to design a tetravalent formulation and the risk of antibody-mediated disease enhancement. Nevertheless, tetravalent live attenuated vaccine candidates have reached efficacy trials and demonstrated some benefit, despite imbalanced immunogenicity and incomplete protection against the four serotypes. Meanwhile, the development of sub-unit dengue vaccines has gained momentum. As the target of most of the neutralizing antibodies so far reported, the virus envelope E protein has been the focus of much effort and represents the leading dengue sub-unit vaccine candidate. However, its notorious poor immunogenicity has prompted the development of innovative approaches to make E-derived constructs part of the second generation dengue vaccines portfolio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hang Lam
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Li Ching Ong
- b Immunology programme, Life Sciences Institute , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore.,b Immunology programme, Life Sciences Institute , National University of Singapore , Singapore
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Abstract
The mucosal immune system plays a crucial part in the control of infection. Exposure of humans and animals to potential pathogens generally occurs through mucosal surfaces, thus, strategies that target the mucosa seem rational and efficient vaccination measures. Vaccination through the mucosal immune system can induce effective systemic immune responses simultaneously with mucosal immunity compared with parenteral vaccination. M cells are capable of transporting luminal antigens to the underlying lymphoid tissues and can be exploited by pathogens as an entry portal to invade the host. Therefore, targeting M-cell-specific molecules might enhance antigen entry, initiate the immune response, and induce protection against mucosal pathogens. Here, we outline our understanding of the distribution and function of M cells, and summarize the advances in mucosal vaccine strategies that target M cells.
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Key Words
- ANX, Annexin; BALT, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
- C5aR, C5a receptor
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DENV, dengue virus
- EDIII, envelope domain III
- FAE, follicle-associated epithelium
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- GENALT, genital-associated lymphoid tissue
- GP2, Glycoprotein 2
- Hsp60, heat shock protein 60
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- M cells
- M cells, microfold cells
- MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
- NALT, nasopharynx- or nose-associated lymphoid tissue
- OVA, ovalbumin
- OmpH, outer membrane protein H
- PP, Peyer's patches
- PRRs, pathogen recognition receptors
- PrPC, cellular prion protein
- SELEX, Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment
- SIgA secretory IgA
- TLR-4, Toll-like receptor-4
- UEA-1,Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1
- antigen
- infection
- mucosal immunity
- pσ1, reovirus surface protein σ1
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; National Foot-and-Mouse Disease Reference Laboratory; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; CAAS ; Lanzhou , Gansu , China
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Zakaria MK, Khan I, Mani P, Chattopadhyay P, Sarkar DP, Sinha S. Combination of hepatocyte specific delivery and transformation dependent expression of shRNA inducing transcriptional gene silencing of c-Myc promoter in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:582. [PMID: 25108398 PMCID: PMC4153911 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A specific targeting modality for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) could ideally encompass a liver cell specific delivery system of a transcriptional unit that is active only in neoplastic cells. Sendai virosomes, derived from Sendai viral envelopes, home to hepatocytes based on the liver specific expression of asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) which are recognized by the Sendai virosomal fusion (F) proteins. As reported earlier by us and other groups, transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) does not require continuous presence of the effector siRNA/shRNA molecule and is heritable, involving epigenetic modifications, leading to long term transcriptional repression. This could be advantageous over conventional gene therapy approaches, since continuous c-Myc inactivation is required to suppress hepatocarcinoma cells. Methods Exploiting such virosomal delivery, the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) promoter, in combination with various tumour specific enhancers, was used to drive the expression of shRNA directed against ME1a1 binding site of the proto-oncogene c-Myc P2 promoter, in order to induce TGS in neoplastic liver cells. Results The dual specificity achieved by the Sendai virosomal delivery system and the promoter/enhancer guided expression ensured that the shRNA inducing TGS was active only in liver cells that had undergone malignant transformation. Our results indicate that such a bimodal therapeutic system induced specific activation of apoptosis in hepatocarcinoma cells due to heterochromatization and increased DNA methylation of the CpG islands around the target loci. Conclusions The Sendai virosomal delivery system, combined with AFP promoter/enhancer expression machinery, could serve as a generalized mechanism for the expression of genes deleterious to transformed hepatocarcinoma cells. In this system, the epigenetic suppression of c-Myc could have an added advantage for inducing cell death in the targeted cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-582) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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21
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Ye T, Yue Y, Fan X, Dong C, Xu W, Xiong S. M cell-targeting strategy facilitates mucosal immune response and enhances protection against CVB3-induced viral myocarditis elicited by chitosan-DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:4457-4465. [PMID: 24958702 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of antigen to mucosal associated lymphoid tissue is a first and critical step for successful induction of mucosal immunity by vaccines. Considering its potential transcytotic capability, M cell has become a more and more attractive target for mucosal vaccines. In this research, we designed an M cell-targeting strategy by which mucosal delivery system chitosan (CS) was endowed with M cell-targeting ability via conjugating with a CPE30 peptide, C terminal 30 amino acids of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), and then evaluated its immune-enhancing ability in the context of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-specific mucosal vaccine consisting of CS and a plasmid encoding CVB3 predominant antigen VP1. It had shown that similar to CS-pVP1, M cell-targeting CPE30-CS-pVP1 vaccine appeared a uniform spherical shape with about 300 nm diameter and +22 mV zeta potential, and could efficiently protect DNA from DNase I digestion. Mice were orally immunized with 4 doses of CPE30-CS-pVP1 containing 50 μg pVP1 at 2-week intervals and challenged with CVB3 4 weeks after the last immunization. Compared with CS-pVP1 vaccine, CPE30-CS-pVP1 vaccine had no obvious impact on CVB3-specific serum IgG level and splenic T cell immune responses, but significantly increased specific fecal SIgA level and augmented mucosal T cell immune responses. Consequently, much milder myocarditis and lower viral load were witnessed in CPE30-CS-pVP1 immunized group. The enhanced immunogenicity and immunoprotection were associated with the M cell-targeting ability of CPE30-CS-pVP1 which improved its mucosal uptake and transcytosis. Our findings indicated that CPE30-CS-pVP1 may represent a novel prophylactic vaccine against CVB3-induced myocarditis, and this M cell-targeting strategy indeed could be applied as a promising and universal platform for mucosal vaccine development.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Chitosan/administration & dosage
- Coxsackievirus Infections/pathology
- Coxsackievirus Infections/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterovirus B, Human/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Myocarditis/pathology
- Myocarditis/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Load
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yan Yue
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiangmei Fan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chunsheng Dong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China.
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22
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Jang YS. A bacterium's guide to orienteering in the intestinal lumen. Interview by Emma Louise Walton. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:845-8. [PMID: 24140556 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Suk Jang
- Université Paris 7, UMR7216 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, 35 rue Hélène Brion, Paris 75013, France.
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