1
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Zhang B, He P, Lawrence JEG, Wang S, Tuck E, Williams BA, Roberts K, Kleshchevnikov V, Mamanova L, Bolt L, Polanski K, Li T, Elmentaite R, Fasouli ES, Prete M, He X, Yayon N, Fu Y, Yang H, Liang C, Zhang H, Blain R, Chedotal A, FitzPatrick DR, Firth H, Dean A, Bayraktar OA, Marioni JC, Barker RA, Storer MA, Wold BJ, Zhang H, Teichmann SA. A human embryonic limb cell atlas resolved in space and time. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06806-x. [PMID: 38057666 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Human limbs emerge during the fourth post-conception week as mesenchymal buds, which develop into fully formed limbs over the subsequent months1. This process is orchestrated by numerous temporally and spatially restricted gene expression programmes, making congenital alterations in phenotype common2. Decades of work with model organisms have defined the fundamental mechanisms underlying vertebrate limb development, but an in-depth characterization of this process in humans has yet to be performed. Here we detail human embryonic limb development across space and time using single-cell and spatial transcriptomics. We demonstrate extensive diversification of cells from a few multipotent progenitors to myriad differentiated cell states, including several novel cell populations. We uncover two waves of human muscle development, each characterized by different cell states regulated by separate gene expression programmes, and identify musculin (MSC) as a key transcriptional repressor maintaining muscle stem cell identity. Through assembly of multiple anatomically continuous spatial transcriptomic samples using VisiumStitcher, we map cells across a sagittal section of a whole fetal hindlimb. We reveal a clear anatomical segregation between genes linked to brachydactyly and polysyndactyly, and uncover transcriptionally and spatially distinct populations of the mesenchyme in the autopod. Finally, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing on mouse embryonic limbs to facilitate cross-species developmental comparison, finding substantial homology between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng He
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - John E G Lawrence
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shuaiyu Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Elizabeth Tuck
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Brian A Williams
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kenny Roberts
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Lira Mamanova
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Enhanc3D Genomics Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Liam Bolt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Genomics England, London, UK
| | | | - Tong Li
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Rasa Elmentaite
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Eirini S Fasouli
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Prete
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Xiaoling He
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadav Yayon
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Yixi Fu
- The Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Liang
- The Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Raphael Blain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Alain Chedotal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Institut de pathologie, groupe hospitalier Est, hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS, CNRS UMR5284, INSERM U1314, Lyon, France
| | | | - Helen Firth
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Andrew Dean
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - John C Marioni
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mekayla A Storer
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara J Wold
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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2
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Lex RK, Vokes SA. Timing is everything: Transcriptional repression is not the default mode for regulating Hedgehog signaling. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200139. [PMID: 36251875 PMCID: PMC9691524 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) signaling is a conserved pathway that drives developmental growth and is essential for the formation of most organs. The expression of HH target genes is regulated by a dual switch mechanism where GLI proteins function as bifunctional transcriptional activators (in the presence of HH signaling) and transcriptional repressors (in the absence of HH signaling). This results in a tight control of GLI target gene expression during rapidly changing levels of pathway activity. It has long been presumed that GLI proteins also repress target genes prior to the initial expression of HH in a given tissue. This idea forms the basis for the limb bud pre-patterning model for regulating digit number. Recent findings indicate that GLI repressor proteins are indeed present prior to HH signaling but contrary to this model, GLI proteins are inert as they do not regulate transcriptional responses or enhancer chromatin modifications at this time. These findings suggest that GLI transcriptional repressor activity is not a default state as assumed, but is itself regulated in an unknown fashion. We discuss these findings and their implications for understanding pre-patterning, digit regulation, and HH-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Lex
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109 USA
| | - Steven A. Vokes
- Department of Molecular Bioscienc es, University of Texas at Austin, 100 E 24th Street Stop A5000, Austin, TX 78712 USA
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3
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Chen X, Li Y, Paiboonrungruang C, Li Y, Peters H, Kist R, Xiong Z. PAX9 in Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5589. [PMID: 35628401 PMCID: PMC9147292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired box 9 (PAX9) is a transcription factor of the PAX family functioning as both a transcriptional activator and repressor. Its functional roles in the embryonic development of various tissues and organs have been well studied. However, its roles and molecular mechanisms in cancer development are largely unknown. Here, we review the current understanding of PAX9 expression, upstream regulation of PAX9, and PAX9 downstream events in cancer development. Promoter hypermethylation, promoter SNP, microRNA, and inhibition of upstream pathways (e.g., NOTCH) result in PAX9 silencing or downregulation, whereas gene amplification and an epigenetic axis upregulate PAX9 expression. PAX9 may contribute to carcinogenesis through dysregulation of its transcriptional targets and related molecular pathways. In summary, extensive studies on PAX9 in its cellular and tissue contexts are warranted in various cancers, in particular, HNSCC, ESCC, lung cancer, and cervical SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yahui Li
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chorlada Paiboonrungruang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Heiko Peters
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK;
| | - Ralf Kist
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK;
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Zhaohui Xiong
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
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4
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Roscito JG, Sameith K, Kirilenko BM, Hecker N, Winkler S, Dahl A, Rodrigues MT, Hiller M. Convergent and lineage-specific genomic differences in limb regulatory elements in limbless reptile lineages. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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5
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Sharma D, Mirando AJ, Leinroth A, Long JT, Karner CM, Hilton MJ. HES1 is a novel downstream modifier of the SHH-GLI3 Axis in the development of preaxial polydactyly. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009982. [PMID: 34928956 PMCID: PMC8726490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog/GLI3 signaling is critical in regulating digit number, such that Gli3-deficiency results in polydactyly and Shh-deficiency leads to digit number reductions. SHH/GLI3 signaling regulates cell cycle factors controlling mesenchymal cell proliferation, while simultaneously regulating Grem1 to coordinate BMP-induced chondrogenesis. SHH/GLI3 signaling also coordinates the expression of additional genes, however their importance in digit formation remain unknown. Utilizing genetic and molecular approaches, we identified HES1 as a downstream modifier of the SHH/GLI signaling axis capable of inducing preaxial polydactyly (PPD), required for Gli3-deficient PPD, and capable of overcoming digit number constraints of Shh-deficiency. Our data indicate that HES1, a direct SHH/GLI signaling target, induces mesenchymal cell proliferation via suppression of Cdkn1b, while inhibiting chondrogenic genes and the anterior autopod boundary regulator, Pax9. These findings establish HES1 as a critical downstream effector of SHH/GLI3 signaling in the development of PPD. Sonic Hedgehog/GLI3 signaling is critical in regulating digit number, such that Gli3-deficiency results in additional digits and Shh-deficiency leads to digit number reductions. SHH/GLI3 signaling within the developing limb regulates numerous genes critical for proper autopod (hand/foot) development, however not all target genes are known to be truly important for digit formation. Utilizing genetic and molecular approaches, we identified HES1 as a downstream modifier of the SHH/GLI signaling axis capable of inducing preaxial polydactyly (PPD), required for Gli3-deficient PPD, and capable of overcoming digit number constraints of Shh-deficiency. We further propose a mechanistic model by which HES1 coordinates the expression of genes important for proper digit development. These findings establish HES1 as a critical downstream effector of SHH/GLI3 signaling in the development of PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Mirando
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Abigail Leinroth
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jason T. Long
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Courtney M. Karner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Hilton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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The Shh/ Gli3 gene regulatory network precedes the origin of paired fins and reveals the deep homology between distal fins and digits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100575118. [PMID: 34750251 PMCID: PMC8673081 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100575118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show that the inactivation of the gli3 gene in medaka fish results in the formation of larger dorsal and paired fins. These mutant fins display multiple radial bones and fin rays which resemble polydactyly in Gli3-deficient mice. Our molecular and genetic analyses indicate that the size of fish fins is controlled by an ancient mechanism mediated by SHH-GLI signaling that appeared prior to the evolutionary appearance of paired fins. We also show that the key regulatory networks that mediate the expansion of digit progenitor cells in tetrapods were already in place in the fins of the last common ancestor between ray and lobe-finned fishes, suggesting an ancient similarity between distal fins and digits. One of the central problems of vertebrate evolution is understanding the relationship among the distal portions of fins and limbs. Lacking comparable morphological markers of these regions in fish and tetrapods, these relationships have remained uncertain for the past century and a half. Here we show that Gli3 functions in controlling the proliferative expansion of distal progenitors are shared among dorsal and paired fins as well as tetrapod limbs. Mutant knockout gli3 fins in medaka (Oryzias latipes) form multiple radials and rays, in a pattern reminiscent of the polydactyly observed in Gli3-null mutant mice. In limbs, Gli3 controls both anterior–posterior patterning and cell proliferation, two processes that can be genetically uncoupled. In situ hybridization, quantification of proliferation markers, and analysis of regulatory regions reveal that in paired and dorsal fins, gli3 plays a main role in controlling proliferation but not in patterning. Moreover, gli3 down-regulation in shh mutant fins rescues fin loss in a manner similar to how Gli3 deficiency restores digits in the limbs of Shh mutant mouse embryos. We hypothesize that the Gli3/Shh gene pathway preceded the origin of paired appendages and was originally involved in modulating cell proliferation. Accordingly, the distal regions of dorsal fins, paired fins, and limbs retain a deep regulatory and functional homology that predates the origin of paired appendages.
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7
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Gras-Peña R, Danzl NM, Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Campbell SR, Ruiz AE, Parks CA, Suen Savage WM, Holzl MA, Chatterjee D, Sykes M. Human stem cell-derived thymic epithelial cells enhance human T-cell development in a xenogeneic thymus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:1755-1771. [PMID: 34695489 PMCID: PMC9023620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generation of thymic tissue from pluripotent stem cells would provide therapies for acquired and congenital thymic insufficiency states. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to generate human thymic epithelial progenitors from human embryonic stem cells (hES-TEPs) and to assess their thymopoietic function in vivo. METHODS This study differentiated hES-TEPs by mimicking developmental queues with FGF8, retinoic acid, SHH, Noggin, and BMP4. Their function was assessed in reaggregate cellular grafts under the kidney capsule and in hybrid thymi by incorporating them into swine thymus (SwTHY) grafts implanted under the kidney capsules of immunodeficient mice that received human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (hHSPCs) intravenously. RESULTS Cultured hES-TEPs expressed FOXN1 and formed colonies expressing EPCAM and both cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cell markers. In thymectomized immunodeficient mice receiving hHSPCs, hES-TEPs mixed with human thymic mesenchymal cells supported human T-cell development. Hypothesizing that support from non-epithelial thymic cells might allow long-term function of hES-TEPs, the investigators injected them into SwTHY tissue, which supports human thymopoiesis in NOD severe combined immunodeficiency IL2Rγnull mice receiving hHSPCs. hES-TEPs integrated into SwTHY grafts, enhanced human thymopoiesis, and increased peripheral CD4+ naive T-cell reconstitution. CONCLUSIONS This study has developed and demonstrated in vivo thymopoietic function of hES-TEPs generated with a novel differentiation protocol. The SwTHY hybrid thymus model demonstrates beneficial effects on human thymocyte development of hES-TEPs maturing in the context of a supportive thymic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gras-Peña
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.
| | - Nichole M Danzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Sean R Campbell
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Amanda E Ruiz
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Christopher A Parks
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - William Meng Suen Savage
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Markus A Holzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Debanjana Chatterjee
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY.
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8
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Xu H, Xiang M, Qin Y, Cheng H, Chen D, Fu Q, Zhang KK, Xie L. Tbx5 inhibits hedgehog signaling in determination of digit identity. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1405-1416. [PMID: 31373354 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant TBX5 mutation causes Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS), which is characterized by limb defects in humans, but the underlying mechanistic basis is unclear. We used a mouse model with Tbx5 conditional knockdown in Hh-receiving cells (marked by Gli1+) during E8 to E10.5, a previously established model to study atrial septum defects, which displayed polydactyly or hypodactyly. The results suggested that Tbx5 is required for digit identity in a subset of limb mesenchymal cells. Specifically, Tbx5 deletion in this cell population decreased cell apoptosis and increased the proliferation of handplate mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, Tbx5 was found to negatively regulate the Hh-signaling activity through transcriptional regulation of Ptch1, a known Hh-signaling repressor. Repression of Hh-signaling through Smo co-mutation in Tbx5 heterozygotes rescued the limb defects, thus placing Tbx5 upstream of Hh-signaling in limb defects. This work reveals an important missing component necessary for understanding not only limb development but also the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying HOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.,Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Menglan Xiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Yushu Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Henghui Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Duohua Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Food Science, Changsha University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.,Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ke K Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linglin Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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9
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Shi M, Ren S, Chen H, Li J, Huang C, Li Y, Han Y, Li Y, Sun Z, Chen X, Xiong Z. Alcohol drinking inhibits NOTCH-PAX9 signaling in esophageal squamous epithelial cells. J Pathol 2021; 253:384-395. [PMID: 33314197 DOI: 10.1002/path.5602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol drinking has been established as a major risk factor for esophageal diseases. Our previous study showed that ethanol exposure inhibited PAX9 expression in human esophageal squamous epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular pathways through which alcohol drinking suppresses PAX9 in esophageal squamous epithelial cells. We first demonstrated the inhibition of NOTCH by ethanol exposure in vitro. NOTCH regulated PAX9 expression in KYSE510 and KYSE410 cells in vitro and in vivo. RBPJ and NOTCH intracellular domain (NIC) D1 ChIP-PCR confirmed Pax9 as a direct downstream target of NOTCH signaling in mouse esophagus. NOTCH inhibition by alcohol drinking was further validated in mouse esophagus and human tissue samples. In conclusion, ethanol exposure inhibited NOTCH signaling and thus suppressed PAX9 expression in esophageal squamous epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Our data support a novel mechanism of alcohol-induced esophageal injury through the inhibition of NOTCH-PAX9 signaling. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghan Shi
- Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.,Cancer Research Program, Julius L Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shuang Ren
- Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.,Cancer Research Program, Julius L Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ningxia Medical University General Hospital, Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Caizhi Huang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yahui Li
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yuning Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ningxia Medical University General Hospital, Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhaohui Xiong
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
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10
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Sharma D, Hilton MJ, Karner CM. Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization in Murine Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2230:367-376. [PMID: 33197026 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1028-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Whole mount in situ hybridization is a sensitive method used to characterize the spatial and temporal expression of RNA transcripts throughout an entire tissue. This method is an excellent tool for studying gene expression during embryonic development. Here, we describe a procedure for digoxigenin labeled in situ hybridization on whole embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic, Cellular, Developmental and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew J Hilton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell Biology, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
| | - Courtney M Karner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic, Cellular, Developmental and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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11
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Woltering JM, Irisarri I, Ericsson R, Joss JMP, Sordino P, Meyer A. Sarcopterygian fin ontogeny elucidates the origin of hands with digits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc3510. [PMID: 32875118 PMCID: PMC7438105 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
How the hand and digits originated from fish fins during the Devonian fin-to-limb transition remains unsolved. Controversy in this conundrum stems from the scarcity of ontogenetic data from extant lobe-finned fishes. We report the patterning of an autopod-like domain by hoxa13 during fin development of the Australian lungfish, the most closely related extant fish relative of tetrapods. Differences from tetrapod limbs include the absence of digit-specific expansion of hoxd13 and hand2 and distal limitation of alx4 and pax9, which potentially evolved through an enhanced response to shh signaling in limbs. These developmental patterns indicate that the digit program originated in postaxial fin radials and later expanded anteriorly inside of a preexisting autopod-like domain during the evolution of limbs. Our findings provide a genetic framework for the transition of fins into limbs that supports the significance of classical models proposing a bending of the tetrapod metapterygial axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost M. Woltering
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, Universität Konstanz, Universitätstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Iker Irisarri
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, Universität Konstanz, Universitätstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | - Paolo Sordino
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Axel Meyer
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, Universität Konstanz, Universitätstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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12
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Matsumoto N, Tanaka S, Horiike T, Shinmyo Y, Kawasaki H. A discrete subtype of neural progenitor crucial for cortical folding in the gyrencephalic mammalian brain. eLife 2020; 9:54873. [PMID: 32312384 PMCID: PMC7173966 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in the diversity of neural progenitor subtypes and folding of the cerebral cortex are characteristic features which appeared during the evolution of the mammalian brain. Here, we show that the expansion of a specific subtype of neural progenitor is crucial for cortical folding. We found that outer radial glial (oRG) cells can be subdivided by HOPX expression in the gyrencephalic cerebral cortex of ferrets. Compared with HOPX-negative oRG cells, HOPX-positive oRG cells had high self-renewal activity and were accumulated in prospective gyral regions. Using our in vivo genetic manipulation technique for ferrets, we found that the number of HOPX-positive oRG cells and their self-renewal activity were regulated by sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Importantly, suppressing Shh signaling reduced HOPX-positive oRG cells and cortical folding, while enhancing it had opposing effects. Our results reveal a novel subtype of neural progenitor important for cortical folding in gyrencephalic mammalian cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Medical Research Training Program, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshihide Horiike
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Shinmyo
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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13
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The formation of the thumb requires direct modulation of Gli3 transcription by Hoxa13. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1090-1096. [PMID: 31896583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919470117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the tetrapod limb, the digits (fingers or toes) are the elements most subject to morphological diversification in response to functional adaptations. However, despite their functional importance, the mechanisms controlling digit morphology remain poorly understood. Here we have focused on understanding the special morphology of the thumb (digit 1), the acquisition of which was an important adaptation of the human hand. To this end, we have studied the limbs of the Hoxa13 mouse mutant that specifically fail to form digit 1. We show that, consistent with the role of Hoxa13 in Hoxd transcriptional regulation, the expression of Hoxd13 in Hoxa13 mutant limbs does not extend into the presumptive digit 1 territory, which is therefore devoid of distal Hox transcripts, a circumstance that can explain its agenesis. The loss of Hoxd13 expression, exclusively in digit 1 territory, correlates with increased Gli3 repressor activity, a Hoxd negative regulator, resulting from increased Gli3 transcription that, in turn, is due to the release from the negative modulation exerted by Hox13 paralogs on Gli3 regulatory sequences. Our results indicate that Hoxa13 acts hierarchically to initiate the formation of digit 1 by reducing Gli3 transcription and by enabling expansion of the 5'Hoxd second expression phase, thereby establishing anterior-posterior asymmetry in the handplate. Our work uncovers a mutual antagonism between Gli3 and Hox13 paralogs that has important implications for Hox and Gli3 gene regulation in the context of development and evolution.
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14
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El Husseini N, Hales BF. The Roles of P53 and Its Family Proteins, P63 and P73, in the DNA Damage Stress Response in Organogenesis-Stage Mouse Embryos. Toxicol Sci 2019; 162:439-449. [PMID: 29228353 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the P53 transcription factor family, P53, P63, and P73, play important roles in normal development and in regulating the expression of genes that control apoptosis and cell cycle progression in response to genotoxic stress. P53 is involved in the DNA damage response pathway that is activated by hydroxyurea in organogenesis-stage murine embryos. The extent to which P63 and P73 contribute to this stress response is not known. To address this question, we examined the roles of P53, P63, and P73 in mediating the response of Trp53-positive and Trp53-deficient murine embryos to a single dose of hydroxyurea (400 mg/kg) on gestational day 9. Hydroxyurea treatment downregulated the expression of Trp63 and upregulated Trp73 in the absence of effects on the levels of Trp53 transcripts; Trp73 upregulation was P53-dependent. At the protein level, hydroxyurea treatment increased the levels and phosphorylation of P53 in the absence of effects on P63 and P73. Upregulation of the expression of genes that regulate cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, Cdkn1a, Rb1, Fas, Trp53inp1, and Pmaip1, was P53-dependent in hydroxyurea-treated embryos. The increase in cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved mammalian sterile-20-like-1 kinase levels induced by hydroxyurea was also P53-dependent; in contrast, the increase in phosphorylated H2AX, a marker of DNA double-strand breaks, in response to hydroxyurea treatment was only partially P53-dependent. Together, our data show that P53 is the principal P53 family member that is activated in the embryonic DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazem El Husseini
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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15
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Rafipay A, Berg ALR, Erskine L, Vargesson N. Expression analysis of limb element markers during mouse embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1217-1226. [PMID: 30225906 PMCID: PMC6282987 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While data regarding expression of limb element and tissue markers during normal mouse limb development exist, few studies show expression patterns in upper and lower limbs throughout key limb development stages. A comparison to normal developmental events is essential when analyzing development of the limb in mutant mice models. Results: Expression patterns of the joint marker Gdf5, tendon and ligament marker Scleraxis, early muscle marker MyoD1, and blood vessel marker Cadherin5 (Cdh5) are presented during the most active phases of embryonic mouse limb patterning. Anti‐neurofilament staining of developing nerves in the fore‐ and hindlimbs and cartilage formation and progression also are described. Conclusions: This study demonstrates and describes a range of key morphological markers and methods that together can be used to assess normal and abnormal limb development. Developmental Dynamics 247:1217–1226, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. Developmental Dynamics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists Expression patterns of molecular markers throughout both fore‐ and hindlimb development ‐ which can be used to assess normal and abnormal development. Detailled description of innervation during fore‐ and hindlimb development confirming innervation first seen after limb patterning events have begun. Description of cartilage development and progression indicates alizarin red staining not seen until E15.5 in both fore‐ and hindlimbs. Hindlimb lags behind forelimb molecularly and morphologically until E14.5. Detailled description of methods used to study fore‐ and hindlimb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rafipay
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen
| | - Amanda L R Berg
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen
| | - Lynda Erskine
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen
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16
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Altered Notch Signaling in Developing Molar Teeth of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)-Deficient Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:377-388. [PMID: 30094580 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects. This suggests its influence on the development of teeth, which are, similarly to the nervous system, ectoderm and neural crest derivatives. Our earlier studies have shown morphological differences between wild-type (WT) and PACAP-deficient mice, with upregulated sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling in the lack of PACAP. Notch signaling is a key element of proper tooth development by regulating apoptosis and cell proliferation. In this study, our main goal was to evaluate the possible effects of PACAP on Notch signaling pathway. Immunohistochemical staining was performed of Notch receptors (Notch1, 2, 3, 4), their ligands [delta-like protein (DLL)1, 3, 4, Jagged1, 2], and intracellular target molecules [CSL (CBF1 humans/Su (H) Drosophila/LAG1 Caenorhabditis elegans transcription factor); TACE (TNF-α converting enzyme), NUMB] in molar teeth of 5-day-old WT, and homozygous and heterozygous PACAP-deficient mice. We measured immunopositivity in the enamel-producing ameloblasts and dentin-producing odontoblasts. Notch2 receptor and DLL1 expression were elevated in ameloblasts of PACAP-deficient mice compared to those in WT ones. The expression of CSL showed similar results both in the ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Jagged1 ligand expression was elevated in the odontoblasts of homozygous PACAP-deficient mice compared to WT mice. Other Notch pathway elements did not show significant differences between the genotype groups. The lack of PACAP leads to upregulation of Notch pathway elements in the odontoblast and ameloblast cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms are yet to be elucidated; however, we propose SHH-dependent and independent processes. We hypothesize that this compensatory upregulation of Notch signaling by the lack of PACAP could represent a salvage pathway in PACAP-deficient animals.
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17
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Zhu J, Mackem S. John Saunders' ZPA, Sonic hedgehog and digit identity - How does it really all work? Dev Biol 2017; 429:391-400. [PMID: 28161524 PMCID: PMC5540801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Among John Saunders' many seminal contributions to developmental biology, his discovery of the limb 'zone of polarizing activity' (ZPA) is arguably one of the most memorable and ground-breaking. This discovery introduced the limb as a premier model for understanding developmental patterning and promoted the concept of patterning by a morphogen gradient. In the 50 years since the discovery of the ZPA, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has been identified as the ZPA factor and the basic components of the signaling pathway and many aspects of its regulation have been elucidated. Although much has also been learned about how it regulates growth, the mechanism by which Shh patterns the limb, how it acts to instruct digit 'identity', nevertheless remains an enigma. This review focuses on what has been learned about Shh function in the limb and the outstanding puzzles that remain to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Zhu
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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18
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Abstract
An enhancer named MFCS1 regulates Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in the posterior mesenchyme of limb buds. Several mutations in MFCS1 induce ectopic Shh expression in the anterior limb bud, and these result in preaxial polydactyly (PPD). However, the molecular basis of ectopic Shh expression remains elusive, although some mutations are known to disrupt the negative regulation of Shh expression in the anterior limb bud. Here, we analyzed the molecular mechanism of ectopic Shh expression in PPD including in a mouse mutation-hemimelic extra toes (Hx)-and in other MFCS1 mutations in different species. First, we generated transgenic mouse lines with a LacZ reporter cassette flanked with tandem repeats of 40 bp MFCS1 fragments harboring a mutation. The transgenic mouse line with the Hx-type fragment showed reporter expression exclusively in the anterior, but not in the posterior margins of limb buds. In contrast, no specific LacZ expression was observed in lines carrying the MFCS1 fragment with other mutations. Yeast one-hybrid assays revealed that the msh-like homeodomain protein, MSX1, bound specifically to the Hx sequence of MFCS1. Thus, PPD caused by mutations in MFCS1 has two major types of molecular etiology: loss of a cis-motif for negative regulation of Shh, and acquisition of a new cis-motif binding to a preexisting transcription factor, as represented by the Hx mutation.
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19
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Tanaka M. Alterations in anterior-posterior patterning and its accompanying changes along the proximal-distal axis during the fin-to-limb transition. Genesis 2017; 56. [PMID: 28834131 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The evolution from fins to limbs was one of the most successful innovations for vertebrates, allowing them to vastly expand their behaviors and habitats. Fossil records suggest that morphological changes occurred not only along the proximal-distal axis included appearance of the autopod, but also occurred along the anterior-posterior axis included reductions in the size and number of basal bones and digits. This review focuses on recent progress in developmental and genetic studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms underlying alteration of anterior-posterior patterning and its accompanying changes along the proximal-distal axis during the fin-to-limb transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Tanaka
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
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20
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Li J, Cui Y, Xu J, Wang Q, Yang X, Li Y, Zhang X, Qiu M, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Suppressor of Fused restraint of Hedgehog activity level is critical for osteogenic proliferation and differentiation during calvarial bone development. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15814-15825. [PMID: 28794157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.777532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays crucial roles in the development of calvarial bone, relying on the activation of Gli transcription factors. However, the molecular mechanism of the role of regulated Gli protein level in osteogenic specification of mesenchyme still remains elusive. Here, we show by conditionally inactivating Suppressor of Fused (Sufu), a critical repressor of Hedgehog signaling, in Wnt1-Cre-mediated cranial neural crest (CNC) or Dermo1-Cre-mediated mesodermal lineages that Sufu restraint of Hedgehog activity level is critical for differentiation of preosteogenic mesenchyme. Ablation of Sufu results in failure of calvarial bone formation, including CNC-derived bones and mesoderm-derived bones, depending on the Cre line being used. Although mesenchymal cells populate to frontonasal destinations, where they are then condensed, Sufu deletion significantly inhibits the proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells, and these cells no longer differentiate into osteoblasts. We show that there is suppression of Runx2 and Osterix, the osteogenic regulators, in calvarial mesenchyme in the Sufu mutant. We show that down-regulation of several genes upstream to Runx2 and Osterix is manifested within the calvarial primordia, including Bmp2 and its downstream genes Msx1/2 and Dlx5 By contrast, we find that Gli1, the Hedgehog activity readout gene, is excessively activated in mesenchyme. Deletion of Sufu in CNC leads to a discernible decrease in the repressive Gli3 form and an increase in the full-length Gli2. Finally, we demonstrate that simultaneous deletion of Gli2 and Sufu in CNC completely restores calvarial bone formation, suggesting that a sustained level of Hedgehog activity is critical in specification of the osteogenic mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Li
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Ying Cui
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Jie Xu
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Qihui Wang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Xueqin Yang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Yan Li
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Ze Zhang
- the Department of Ophthamology, Tulane Medical Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
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21
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Haro E, Watson BA, Feenstra JM, Tegeler L, Pira CU, Mohan S, Oberg KC. Lmx1b-targeted cis-regulatory modules involved in limb dorsalization. Development 2017; 144:2009-2020. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.146332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lmx1b is a homeodomain transcription factor responsible for limb dorsalization. Despite striking double-ventral (loss-of-function) and double-dorsal (gain-of-function) limb phenotypes, no direct gene targets in the limb have been confirmed. To determine direct targets, we performed a chromatin immunoprecipitation against Lmx1b at E12.5 followed by next generation sequencing (ChIP-seq). Nearly 84% (n=617) of the Lmx1b-bound genomic intervals (LBIs) identified overlap with chromatin regulatory marks indicative of potential cis-regulatory modules (PCRMs). In addition, 73 LBIs mapped to known CRMs active during limb development. We compared Lmx1b-bound PCRMs to genes differentially expressed by Lmx1b and found 292 PCRMs within 1 Mb of 254 Lmx1b-regulated genes. Gene ontologic analysis suggests that Lmx1b targets extracellular matrix production, bone/joint formation, axonal guidance, vascular development, cell proliferation and cell movement. We validated the functional activity of a PCRM associated with joint-related Gdf5 that provides a mechanism for Lmx1b-mediated joint modification and a PCRM associated with Lmx1b that suggests a role in autoregulation. This is the first report to describe genome-wide Lmx1b binding during limb development, directly linking Lmx1b to targets that accomplish limb dorsalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endika Haro
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Billy A. Watson
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Feenstra
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Luke Tegeler
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Charmaine U. Pira
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA HealthCare System, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Kerby C. Oberg
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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22
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Matsubara Y, Nakano M, Kawamura K, Tsudzuki M, Funahashi JI, Agata K, Matsuda Y, Kuroiwa A, Suzuki T. Inactivation of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling and Polydactyly in Limbs of Hereditary Multiple Malformation, a Novel Type of Talpid Mutant. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:149. [PMID: 28083533 PMCID: PMC5187386 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary Multiple Malformation (HMM) is a naturally occurring, autosomal recessive, homozygous lethal mutation found in Japanese quail. Homozygote embryos (hmm−/−) show polydactyly similar to talpid2 and talpid3 mutants. Here we characterize the molecular profile of the hmm−/− limb bud and identify the cellular mechanisms that cause its polydactyly. The hmm−/− limb bud shows a severe lack of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, and the autopod has 4 to 11 unidentifiable digits with syn-, poly-, and brachydactyly. The Zone of Polarizing Activity (ZPA) of the hmm−/− limb bud does not show polarizing activity regardless of the presence of SHH protein, indicating that either the secretion pathway of SHH is defective or the SHH protein is dysfunctional. Furthermore, mesenchymal cells in the hmm−/− limb bud do not respond to ZPA transplanted from the normal limb bud, suggesting that signal transduction downstream of SHH is also defective. Since primary cilia are present in the hmm−/− limb bud, the causal gene must be different from talpid2 and talpid3. In the hmm−/− limb bud, a high amount of GLI3A protein is expressed and GLI3 protein is localized to the nucleus. Our results suggest that the regulatory mechanism of GLI3 is disorganized in the hmm−/− limb bud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Matsubara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikiharu Nakano
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kawamura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaoki Tsudzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Funahashi
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuda
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya UniversityNagoya, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya UniversityNagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuroiwa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
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23
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Figueiredo M, Silva JC, Santos AS, Proa V, Alcobia I, Zilhão R, Cidadão A, Neves H. Notch and Hedgehog in the thymus/parathyroid common primordium: Crosstalk in organ formation. Dev Biol 2016; 418:268-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Hayashi S, Akiyama R, Wong J, Tahara N, Kawakami H, Kawakami Y. Gata6-Dependent GLI3 Repressor Function is Essential in Anterior Limb Progenitor Cells for Proper Limb Development. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006138. [PMID: 27352137 PMCID: PMC4924869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gli3 is a major regulator of Hedgehog signaling during limb development. In the anterior mesenchyme, GLI3 is proteolytically processed into GLI3R, a truncated repressor form that inhibits Hedgehog signaling. Although numerous studies have identified mechanisms that regulate Gli3 function in vitro, it is not completely understood how Gli3 function is regulated in vivo. In this study, we show a novel mechanism of regulation of GLI3R activities in limb buds by Gata6, a member of the GATA transcription factor family. We show that conditional inactivation of Gata6 prior to limb outgrowth by the Tcre deleter causes preaxial polydactyly, the formation of an anterior extra digit, in hindlimbs. A recent study suggested that Gata6 represses Shh transcription in hindlimb buds. However, we found that ectopic Hedgehog signaling precedes ectopic Shh expression. In conjunction, we observed Gata6 and Gli3 genetically interact, and compound heterozygous mutants develop preaxial polydactyly without ectopic Shh expression, indicating an additional prior mechanism to prevent polydactyly. These results support the idea that Gata6 possesses dual roles during limb development: enhancement of Gli3 repressor function to repress Hedgehog signaling in the anterior limb bud, and negative regulation of Shh expression. Our in vitro and in vivo studies identified that GATA6 physically interacts with GLI3R to facilitate nuclear localization of GLI3R and repressor activities of GLI3R. Both the genetic and biochemical data elucidates a novel mechanism by Gata6 to regulate GLI3R activities in the anterior limb progenitor cells to prevent polydactyly and attain proper development of the mammalian autopod. Gli3 is a major regulator of Hedgehog signaling in the limb, where Gli3 counteracts Sonic hedgehog (Shh) for patterning and proliferative expansion of limb progenitor cells. In the anterior limb mesenchyme, GLI3 is proteolytically processed into GLI3R, a truncated repressor form that inhibits Hedgehog signaling. In this study, we show a novel mechanism of regulation of GLI3R activities in limb buds by Gata6, a member of GATA transcription factor family. Conditional inactivation of Gata6 in mice caused formation of an extra digit in the anterior hindlimbs, a common congenital limb malformation. This phenotype was associated with ectopic Hedgehog signaling activation, and later ectopic Shh expression, in the anterior of hindlimb buds. We show that Gata6; Gli3 compound heterozygous mutants developed anterior extradigit without ectopic Shh expression, indicating there to be an additional and prior mechanism before ectopic Shh activation that induces extradigit formation. We identified that GATA6 physically interacts with GLI3R and that the interaction facilitates nuclear localization of GLI3R and repressor activities of GLI3R. Therefore, our study identified a novel mechanism by Gata6 to regulate GLI3R activities in the anterior limb mesenchyme to prevent extra digit formation and proper development of the mammalian autopod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hayashi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ryutaro Akiyama
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Julia Wong
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Naoyuki Tahara
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hiroko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cruz-Santos MC, Aragón-Raygoza A, Espinal-Centeno A, Arteaga-Vázquez M, Cruz-Hernández A, Bako L, Cruz-Ramírez A. The Role of microRNAs in Animal Cell Reprogramming. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1035-49. [PMID: 27224014 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our concept of cell reprogramming and cell plasticity has evolved since John Gurdon transferred the nucleus of a completely differentiated cell into an enucleated Xenopus laevis egg, thereby generating embryos that developed into tadpoles. More recently, induced expression of transcription factors, oct4, sox2, klf4, and c-myc has evidenced the plasticity of the genome to change the expression program and cell phenotype by driving differentiated cells to the pluripotent state. Beyond these milestone achievements, research in artificial cell reprogramming has been focused on other molecules that are different than transcription factors. Among the candidate molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs) stand out due to their potential to control the levels of proteins that are involved in cellular processes such as self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation. Here, we review the role of miRNAs in the maintenance and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, epimorphic regeneration, and somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Concepción Cruz-Santos
- 1 Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (U.G.A.-LANGEBIO) CINVESTAV , Irapuato, México
| | - Alejandro Aragón-Raygoza
- 1 Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (U.G.A.-LANGEBIO) CINVESTAV , Irapuato, México
| | - Annie Espinal-Centeno
- 1 Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (U.G.A.-LANGEBIO) CINVESTAV , Irapuato, México
| | - Mario Arteaga-Vázquez
- 2 Laboratory of Epigenetics and Developmental Biology, Institute for Biotechnology and Applied Ecology (INBIOTECA) , Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, México
| | - Andrés Cruz-Hernández
- 3 Facultad of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Laszlo Bako
- 4 Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez
- 1 Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (U.G.A.-LANGEBIO) CINVESTAV , Irapuato, México
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26
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Nass N, Dittmer A, Hellwig V, Lange T, Beyer JM, Leyh B, Ignatov A, Weiβenborn C, Kirkegaard T, Lykkesfeldt AE, Kalinski T, Dittmer J. Expression of transmembrane protein 26 (TMEM26) in breast cancer and its association with drug response. Oncotarget 2016; 7:38408-38426. [PMID: 27224909 PMCID: PMC5122400 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that stromal cells desensitize breast cancer cells to the anti-estrogen fulvestrant and, along with it, downregulate the expression of TMEM26 (transmembrane protein 26). In an effort to study the function and regulation of TMEM26 in breast cancer cells, we found that breast cancer cells express non-glycosylated and N-glycosylated isoforms of the TMEM26 protein and demonstrate that N-glycosylation is important for its retention at the plasma membrane. Fulvestrant induced significant changes in expression and in the N-glycosylation status of TMEM26. In primary breast cancer, TMEM26 protein expression was higher in ERα (estrogen receptor α)/PR (progesterone receptor)-positive cancers. These data suggest that ERα is a major regulator of TMEM26. Significant changes in TMEM26 expression and N-glycosylation were also found, when MCF-7 and T47D cells acquired fulvestrant resistance. Furthermore, patients who received aromatase inhibitor treatment tend to have a higher risk of recurrence when tumoral TMEM26 protein expression is low. In addition, TMEM26 negatively regulates the expression of integrin β1, an important factor involved in endocrine resistance. Data obtained by spheroid formation assays confirmed that TMEM26 and integrin β1 can have opposite effects in breast cancer cells. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that, in ERα-positive breast cancer, TMEM26 may function as a tumor suppressor by impeding the acquisition of endocrine resistance. In contrast, in ERα-negative breast cancer, particularly triple-negative cancer, high TMEM26 expression was found to be associated with a higher risk of recurrence. This implies that TMEM26 has different functions in ERα-positive and -negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Nass
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Institut für Pathologie, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Angela Dittmer
- Klinik für Gynäkologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Vicky Hellwig
- Klinik für Gynäkologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Theresia Lange
- Klinik für Gynäkologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Johanna Mirjam Beyer
- Klinik für Gynäkologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Benjamin Leyh
- Klinik für Gynäkologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Atanas Ignatov
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Universitätsfrauenklinik, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christine Weiβenborn
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Universitätsfrauenklinik, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tove Kirkegaard
- Breast Cancer Group, Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Present address: Department of Surgery, Koege Hospital, Koege, Denmark
| | - Anne E Lykkesfeldt
- Breast Cancer Group, Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kalinski
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Institut für Pathologie, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Dittmer
- Klinik für Gynäkologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
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Emechebe U, Kumar P P, Rozenberg JM, Moore B, Firment A, Mirshahi T, Moon AM. T-box3 is a ciliary protein and regulates stability of the Gli3 transcription factor to control digit number. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27046536 PMCID: PMC4829432 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial roles for T-box3 in development are evident by severe limb malformations and other birth defects caused by T-box3 mutations in humans. Mechanisms whereby T-box3 regulates limb development are poorly understood. We discovered requirements for T-box at multiple stages of mouse limb development and distinct molecular functions in different tissue compartments. Early loss of T-box3 disrupts limb initiation, causing limb defects that phenocopy Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) mutants. Later ablation of T-box3 in posterior limb mesenchyme causes digit loss. In contrast, loss of anterior T-box3 results in preaxial polydactyly, as seen with dysfunction of primary cilia or Gli3-repressor. Remarkably, T-box3 is present in primary cilia where it colocalizes with Gli3. T-box3 interacts with Kif7 and is required for normal stoichiometry and function of a Kif7/Sufu complex that regulates Gli3 stability and processing. Thus, T-box3 controls digit number upstream of Shh-dependent (posterior mesenchyme) and Shh-independent, cilium-based (anterior mesenchyme) Hedgehog pathway function. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07897.001 Mutations in the gene that encodes a protein called T-box3 cause serious birth defects, including deformities of the hands and feet, via poorly understood mechanisms. Several other proteins are also important for ensuring that limbs develop correctly. These include the Sonic Hedgehog protein, which controls a signaling pathway that determines whether a protein called Gli3 is converted into its “repressor” form. The hair-like structures called primary cilia that sit on the surface of animal cells also contain Gli3, and processes within these structures control the production of the Gli3-repressor. Emechebe, Kumar et al. have now studied genetically engineered mice in which the production of the T-box3 protein was stopped at different stages of mouse development. This revealed that turning off T-box3 production early in development causes many parts of the limb not to form. This type of defect appears to be the same as that seen in mice that lack the Sonic Hedgehog protein. If the production of T-box3 is turned off later in mouse development in the rear portion of the developing limb, the limb starts to develop but doesn’t develop enough rear toes. When T-box3 production is turned off in the front portion of the developing limbs, mice are born with too many front toes. This latter problem mimics the effects seen in mice that are unable to produce Gli3-repressor or that have defective primary cilia. Further investigation unexpectedly revealed that T-box3 is found in primary cilia and localizes to the same regions of the cilia as the Gli3-repressor. Furthermore, T-box3 also interacts with a protein complex that controls the stability of Gli3 and processes it into the Gli3-repressor form. In the future, it will be important to determine how T-box3 controls the stability of Gli3 and whether that process occurs in the primary cilia or in other parts of the cell where T-box3 and Gli3 coexist, such as the nucleus. This could help us understand how T-box3 and Sonic Hedgehog signaling contribute to other aspects of development and to certain types of cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07897.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna Emechebe
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Pavan Kumar P
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States
| | | | - Bryn Moore
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States
| | - Ashley Firment
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States
| | - Tooraj Mirshahi
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States
| | - Anne M Moon
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States.,Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
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28
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Wang LC, Almazan G. Cdon, a cell surface protein, mediates oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Glia 2016; 64:1021-33. [PMID: 26988125 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During central nervous system development, oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLPs) establish multiple branched processes and axonal contacts to initiate myelination. A complete understanding of the molecular signals implicated in cell surface interaction to initiate myelination/remyelination is currently lacking. The objective of our study was to assess whether Cdon, a cell surface protein that was shown to participate in muscle and neuron cell development, is involved in oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation and myelination. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous Cdon protein is expressed in OLPs, increasing in the early differentiation stages and decreasing in mature OLGs. Immunocytochemistry of endogenous Cdon showed localization on both OLG cell membranes and cellular processes exhibiting puncta- or varicosity-like structures. Cdon knockdown with siRNA decreased protein levels by 62% as well as two myelin-specific proteins, MBP and MAG. Conversely, overexpression of full-length rat Cdon increased myelin proteins in OLGs. The complexity of OLGs branching and contact point numbers with axons were also increased in Cdon overexpressing cells growing alone or in coculture with dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs). Furthermore, myelination of DRGNs was decreased when OLPs were transfected with Cdon siRNA. Altogether, our results suggest that Cdon participates in OLG differentiation and myelination, most likely in the initial stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - Guillermina Almazan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
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29
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Abstract
Polydactyly, also known as hyperdactyly, is a common congenital limb defect, which can present with various morphologic phenotypes. Apart from cosmetic and functional impairments, it can be the first indication of an underlying syndrome in the newborn. Usually, it follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with defects occurring in the anteroposterior patterning of limb development. Although many mutations have been discovered, teratogens have also been implicated in leading to this anomaly, thus making it of multifactorial origin. There are three polydactyly subtypes (radial, ulnar, and central), and treatment options depend on the underlying feature.
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30
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The many lives of SHH in limb development and evolution. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 49:116-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Onimaru K, Kuraku S, Takagi W, Hyodo S, Sharpe J, Tanaka M. A shift in anterior-posterior positional information underlies the fin-to-limb evolution. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26283004 PMCID: PMC4538735 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pectoral fins of ancestral fishes had multiple proximal elements connected to their pectoral girdles. During the fin-to-limb transition, anterior proximal elements were lost and only the most posterior one remained as the humerus. Thus, we hypothesised that an evolutionary alteration occurred in the anterior–posterior (AP) patterning system of limb buds. In this study, we examined the pectoral fin development of catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) and revealed that the AP positional values in fin buds are shifted more posteriorly than mouse limb buds. Furthermore, examination of Gli3 function and regulation shows that catshark fins lack a specific AP patterning mechanism, which restricts its expression to an anterior domain in tetrapods. Finally, experimental perturbation of AP patterning in catshark fin buds results in an expansion of posterior values and loss of anterior skeletal elements. Together, these results suggest that a key genetic event of the fin-to-limb transformation was alteration of the AP patterning network. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07048.001 Humans, mice, and other animals with four limbs belong to a group of land-dwelling animals known as the tetrapods. This group of animals evolved from ancient fish and one crucial adaptation to life on land involved the modification of fins to form limbs. The front pair of limbs (the ‘arms’) evolved from the ‘pectoral’ fins of the ancient fish. These fins contain numerous bones that fan out from a set of bones called the pectoral girdle. However, most of the bones nearer the front side (the thumb side in the human limb) were lost in the ancestors of tetrapods as they moved onto land. Only the bone nearest the back remained as the ‘humerus’, which forms the upper part of the limb (i.e., the upper arm of humans). In the embryos of mice and other animals, the limbs develop from structures called limb buds. For the limb to develop properly, the cells in the limb bud need to receive specific instructions that depend on their position in the bud. A protein called Gli3R provides cells with information about their position along the ‘anterior–posterior’ (or thumb-to-little finger) axis of the bud. This protein regulates several genes that are involved in limb development, and this results in different genes being expressed in cells along the anterior–posterior axis. For example, Alx4 is only expressed in a small area at the anterior end of the bud, while Hand2 expression is found in a large area towards the posterior part. Gli3R is also found in a fish called the catshark, but it is not clear how it controls the formation of fins. Onimaru et al. show that the pattern of gene expression in the catshark fin bud is different to that of the mouse limb bud. For example, Alx4 is expressed in a larger area of the fin bud that extends further towards the posterior, while Hand2 is only found in a much smaller area at the posterior end of the bud. The experiments also suggest that Gli3R is active in a much larger area of the fin bud than in the limb bud. Next, Onimaru et al. used a drug on the catshark embryos to increase the activity of another protein that can inhibit Gli3R. The fin buds of these shark had anterior shift in several gene expression domains, and the fins that formed were missing several anterior bones and had only a single bone connected to the pectoral girdle. Onimaru et al.'s findings suggest that during the evolution of the tetrapods, there may have been a shift in the anterior–posterior patterning of the fin bud to form a limb. An important area for future work will be to use genome-wide studies to study the fin/limb buds of other species. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07048.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Onimaru
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Phyloinformatics Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan
| | - Wataru Takagi
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Susumu Hyodo
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - James Sharpe
- EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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Lewandowski JP, Du F, Zhang S, Powell MB, Falkenstein KN, Ji H, Vokes SA. Spatiotemporal regulation of GLI target genes in the mammalian limb bud. Dev Biol 2015; 406:92-103. [PMID: 26238476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
GLI proteins convert Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling into a transcriptional output in a tissue-specific fashion. The Shh pathway has been extensively studied in the limb bud, where it helps regulate growth through a SHH-FGF feedback loop. However, the transcriptional response is still poorly understood. We addressed this by determining the gene expression patterns of approximately 200 candidate GLI-target genes and identified three discrete SHH-responsive expression domains. GLI-target genes expressed in the three domains are predominately regulated by derepression of GLI3 but have different temporal requirements for SHH. The GLI binding regions associated with these genes harbor both distinct and common DNA motifs. Given the potential for interaction between the SHH and FGF pathways, we also measured the response of GLI-target genes to inhibition of FGF signaling and found the majority were either unaffected or upregulated. These results provide the first characterization of the spatiotemporal response of a large group of GLI-target genes and lay the foundation for a systems-level understanding of the gene regulatory networks underlying SHH-mediated limb patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P Lewandowski
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Fang Du
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E3638, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shilu Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E3638, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Marian B Powell
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kristin N Falkenstein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E3638, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Steven A Vokes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Suppressor of Fused Is Required for Determining Digit Number and Identity via Gli3/Fgfs/Gremlin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128006. [PMID: 26001200 PMCID: PMC4441507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior-posterior patterning of the vertebrate limb bud requires closely coordinated signaling interactions, including Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)-mediated counteraction of the Gli3 transcription factor in the distal and posterior mesenchyme of the limb bud. Suppressor of Fused (Sufu), an intracellular negative regulator of Shh signaling via Gli2 and Gli3, is implicated in early development of the mouse limb bud. However, how Sufu is involved in the genetic regulation of limb bud patterning still remains elusive. In this study, we show that the conditional deletion of Sufu in the mesenchyme of the early limb bud results in polydactyly with loss of digit identity and supernumerary bones in the wrist and the ankle. These pattern alterations are associated with anterior expansion of HoxD genes located at the 5’ end of the cluster. By focusing on gene expression analysis of Shh/Gremlin1/Fgf signaling critical for the establishment and maintenance of anterior-posterior patterning, we show that early response to loss of Sufu involves anterior prolongation of Fgf4 and Fgf8 expression in the apical ectodermal ridge at E10.5. We also reveal the anterior activation of Shh-dependent posterior markers Ptc1, Gli1 and Gremlin in limb buds lacking Sufu. Furthermore, we find that loss of Sufu leads to attenuated levels of repressor Gli2 and repressor Gli3 in the early limb bud. Moreover, expression of Hand2 is activated in the entire limb bud at the early outgrowth stage in the mutant lacking Sufu. Thus, we provide evidence that Sufu is involved in the genetic network that restricts the posterior expression of Gli2/3/Hand2 and Gremlin/Fgf in limb bud patterning.
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34
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Makino S, Zhulyn O, Mo R, Puviindran V, Zhang X, Murata T, Fukumura R, Ishitsuka Y, Kotaki H, Matsumaru D, Ishii S, Hui CC, Gondo Y. T396I mutation of mouse Sufu reduces the stability and activity of Gli3 repressor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119455. [PMID: 25760946 PMCID: PMC4356511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling is primarily transduced by two transcription factors: Gli2, which mainly acts as a full-length activator, and Gli3, which tends to be proteolytically processed from a full-length form (Gli3FL) to an N-terminal repressor (Gli3REP). Recent studies using a Sufu knockout mouse have indicated that Sufu is involved in regulating Gli2 and Gli3 activator and repressor activity at multiple steps of the signaling cascade; however, the mechanism of specific Gli2 and Gli3 regulation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we established an allelic series of ENU-induced mouse strains. Analysis of one of the missense alleles, SufuT396I, showed that Thr396 residue of Sufu played a key role in regulation of Gli3 activity. SufuT396I/T396I embryos exhibited severe polydactyly, which is indicative of compromised Gli3 activity. Concomitantly, significant quantitative reductions of unprocessed Gli3 (Gli3FL) and processed Gli3 (Gli3REP) were observed in vivo as well as in vitro. Genetic experiments showed that patterning defects in the limb buds of SufuT396I/T396I were rescued by a constitutive Gli3REP allele (Gli3∆699), strongly suggesting that SufuT396I reduced the truncated Gli3 repressor. In contrast, SufuT396I qualitatively exhibited no mutational effects on Gli2 regulation. Taken together, the results of this study show that the Thr396 residue of Sufu is specifically required for regulation of Gli3 but not Gli2. This implies a novel Sufu-mediated mechanism in which Gli2 activator and Gli3 repressor are differentially regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Makino
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Olena Zhulyn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rong Mo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vijitha Puviindran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takuya Murata
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Fukumura
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishitsuka
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hayato Kotaki
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsumaru
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ishii
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoichi Gondo
- Mutagenesis and Genomics Team, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Guy CD, Suzuki A, Abdelmalek MF, Burchette JL, Diehl AM. Treatment response in the PIVENS trial is associated with decreased Hedgehog pathway activity. Hepatology 2015; 61:98-107. [PMID: 24849310 PMCID: PMC4241186 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hedgehog (Hh) ligand production by ballooned hepatocytes drives nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression in mice. The NIDDK-sponsored PIVENS trial (NCT00063622) showed that vitamin E (VitE) improved NASH. We investigated whether VitE treatment and improvement in NASH were associated with changes in Hh pathway activity. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on both pre- and posttreatment liver biopsies of 59 PIVENS patients randomized to VitE (n = 30) or placebo (n = 29). Sonic Hh (Shh) ligand-producing cells and Shh-responsive cells were quantified. The latter was accomplished by triple IHC for gli2+ (marker of Hh signaling), sox-9 (progenitor marker), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; myofibroblast marker). Ballooned hepatocytes were quantified by keratin 8/18 and ubiquitin (K8/18/Ub) staining. IHC results were correlated with primary clinical and histologic PIVENS data. Pretreatment clinical, histologic, and IHC parameters did not differ significantly in the two treatment groups. Regardless of treatment arm, the number of Shh+ hepatocytes correlated with K8/18/Ub foci (r(2) = 0.47, P < 0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (r(2) = 0.15, P = 0.002). Treatment-related changes in the numbers of Shh+ hepatocytes correlated with changes in serum AST (partial r(2) = 0.75, P < 0.0001), hepatocyte ballooning (P = 0.004), the ductular reaction (i.e., numbers of gli2+/sox9+ cells; P = 0.03 and α-SMA+ cells; P = 0.10), and fibrosis stage (P = 0.02). Treatment response was associated with a greater decrease in Shh+ hepatocytes than nonresponse (P = 0.007). The VitE group demonstrated a greater reduction in K8/18/Ub+ foci (P < 0.08) and Shh+ hepatocytes (P < 0.05) than the placebo group, effects that became more significant after correction for baseline differences and multiple linear regression analysis. CONCLUSION During PIVENS, treatment response correlated with loss of Shh+ hepatocytes and improvement in Hh-regulated processes that promote NASH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia D Guy
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR
| | - Manal F Abdelmalek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Li D, Sakuma R, Vakili NA, Mo R, Puviindran V, Deimling S, Zhang X, Hopyan S, Hui CC. Formation of proximal and anterior limb skeleton requires early function of Irx3 and Irx5 and is negatively regulated by Shh signaling. Dev Cell 2014; 29:233-40. [PMID: 24726282 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Limb skeletal pattern relies heavily on graded Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. As a morphogen and growth cue, Shh regulates identities of posterior limb elements, including the ulna/fibula and digits 2 through 5. In contrast, proximal and anterior structures, including the humerus/femur, radius/tibia, and digit 1, are regarded as Shh independent, and mechanisms governing their specification are unclear. Here, we show that patterning of the proximal and anterior limb skeleton involves two phases. Irx3 and Irx5 (Irx3/5) are essential in the initiating limb bud to specify progenitors of the femur, tibia, and digit 1. However, these skeletal elements can be restored in Irx3/5 null mice when Shh signaling is diminished, indicating that Shh negatively regulates their formation after initiation. Our data provide genetic evidence supporting the concept of early specification and progressive determination of anterior limb pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyi Li
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON MS5 1A8, Canada
| | - Rui Sakuma
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Niki A Vakili
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON MS5 1A8, Canada
| | - Rong Mo
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Vijitha Puviindran
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Steven Deimling
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON MS5 1A8, Canada; Division of Orthopaedics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Chi-chung Hui
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON MS5 1A8, Canada.
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Sheeba CJ, Andrade RP, Palmeirim I. Limb patterning: from signaling gradients to molecular oscillations. J Mol Biol 2013; 426:780-4. [PMID: 24316003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The developing forelimb is patterned along the proximal-distal and anterior-posterior axes by opposing gradients of retinoic acid and fibroblast growth factors and by graded sonic hedgehog signaling, respectively. However, how coordinated patterning along both axes is accomplished with temporal precision remains unknown. The limb molecular oscillator hairy2 was recently shown to be a direct readout of the combined signaling activities of retinoic acid, fibroblast growth factor and sonic hedgehog in the limb mesenchyme. Herein, an integrated time-space model is presented to conciliate the progress zone and two-signal models for limb patterning. We propose that the limb clock may allow temporal information to be decoded into positional information when the distance between opposing signaling gradients is no longer sufficient to provide distinct cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Sheeba
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Raquel P Andrade
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Isabel Palmeirim
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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38
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Chandramouli A, Hatsell SJ, Pinderhughes A, Koetz L, Cowin P. Gli activity is critical at multiple stages of embryonic mammary and nipple development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79845. [PMID: 24260306 PMCID: PMC3832531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gli3 is a transcriptional regulator of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling that functions as a repressor (Gli3R) or activator (Gli3A) depending upon cellular context. Previously, we have shown that Gli3R is required for the formation of mammary placodes #3 and #5. Here, we report that this early loss of Gli3 results in abnormal patterning of two critical regulators: Bmp4 and Tbx3, within the presumptive mammary rudiment (MR) #3 zone. We also show that Gli3 loss leads to failure to maintain mammary mesenchyme specification and loss of epithelial Wnt signaling, which impairs the later development of remaining MRs: MR#2 showed profound evagination and ectopic hairs formed within the presumptive areola; MR#4 showed mild invagination defects and males showed inappropriate retention of mammary buds in Gli3xt/xt mice. Importantly, mice genetically manipulated to misactivate Hh signaling displayed the same phenotypic spectrum demonstrating that the repressor function of Gli3R is essential during multiple stages of mammary development. In contrast, positive Hh signaling occurs during nipple development in a mesenchymal cuff around the lactiferous duct and in muscle cells of the nipple sphincter. Collectively, these data show that repression of Hh signaling by Gli3R is critical for early placodal patterning and later mammary mesenchyme specification whereas positive Hh signaling occurs during nipple development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Chandramouli
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Hatsell
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alicia Pinderhughes
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lisa Koetz
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pamela Cowin
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nachtrab G, Kikuchi K, Tornini VA, Poss KD. Transcriptional components of anteroposterior positional information during zebrafish fin regeneration. Development 2013; 140:3754-64. [PMID: 23924636 PMCID: PMC3754474 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Many fish and salamander species regenerate amputated fins or limbs, restoring the size and shape of the original appendage. Regeneration requires that spared cells retain or recall information encoding pattern, a phenomenon termed positional memory. Few factors have been implicated in positional memory during vertebrate appendage regeneration. Here, we investigated potential regulators of anteroposterior (AP) pattern during fin regeneration in adult zebrafish. Sequence-based profiling from tissues along the AP axis of uninjured pectoral fins identified many genes with region-specific expression, several of which encoded transcription factors with known AP-specific expression or function in developing embryonic pectoral appendages. Transgenic reporter strains revealed that regulatory sequences of the transcription factor gene alx4a activated expression in fibroblasts and osteoblasts within anterior fin rays, whereas hand2 regulatory sequences activated expression in these same cell types within posterior rays. Transgenic overexpression of hand2 in all pectoral fin rays did not affect formation of the proliferative regeneration blastema, yet modified the lengths and widths of regenerating bones. Hand2 influenced the character of regenerated rays in part by elevation of the vitamin D-inactivating enzyme encoded by cyp24a1, contributing to region-specific regulation of bone metabolism. Systemic administration of vitamin D during regeneration partially rescued bone defects resulting from hand2 overexpression. Thus, bone-forming cells in a regenerating appendage maintain expression throughout life of transcription factor genes that can influence AP pattern, and differ across the AP axis in their expression signatures of these and other genes. These findings have implications for mechanisms of positional memory in vertebrate tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Nachtrab
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kazu Kikuchi
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Valerie A. Tornini
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Poss
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA
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Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is vital for the patterning and organogenesis of almost every system. The specificity of these developmental processes is achieved through a tight spatio-temporal regulation of Hh signaling. Mice with defective Hh signal exhibit a wide spectrum of anomalies, including Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, Cardiovascular anomalies, Tracheoesophageal fistula, Renal dysplasia, and Limb defects, that resemble strikingly the phenotypes observed in VACTERL association in humans. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of mammalian Hh signaling and highlight the relevance of various mouse models for studying the etiology and pathogenesis of VACTERL association. In addition, recent advances in genetic study for unraveling the complexity of genetic inheritance of VACTERL and the implication of the Sonic hedgehog pathway in disease pathogenesis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S-W Ngan
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China ; Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Sheth R, Marcon L, Bastida MF, Junco M, Quintana L, Dahn R, Kmita M, Sharpe J, Ros MA. Hox genes regulate digit patterning by controlling the wavelength of a Turing-type mechanism. Science 2012; 338:1476-80. [PMID: 23239739 DOI: 10.1126/science.1226804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The formation of repetitive structures (such as stripes) in nature is often consistent with a reaction-diffusion mechanism, or Turing model, of self-organizing systems. We used mouse genetics to analyze how digit patterning (an iterative digit/nondigit pattern) is generated. We showed that the progressive reduction in Hoxa13 and Hoxd11-Hoxd13 genes (hereafter referred to as distal Hox genes) from the Gli3-null background results in progressively more severe polydactyly, displaying thinner and densely packed digits. Combined with computer modeling, our results argue for a Turing-type mechanism underlying digit patterning, in which the dose of distal Hox genes modulates the digit period or wavelength. The phenotypic similarity with fish-fin endoskeleton patterns suggests that the pentadactyl state has been achieved through modification of an ancestral Turing-type mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushikesh Sheth
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Sociedad para el Desarrollo Regional de Cantabria-Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
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Holman EC, Campbell LJ, Hines J, Crews CM. Microarray analysis of microRNA expression during axolotl limb regeneration. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41804. [PMID: 23028429 PMCID: PMC3441534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among vertebrates, salamanders stand out for their remarkable capacity to quickly regrow a myriad of tissues and organs after injury or amputation. The limb regeneration process in axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) has been well studied for decades at the cell-tissue level. While several developmental genes are known to be reactivated during this epimorphic process, less is known about the role of microRNAs in urodele amphibian limb regeneration. Given the compelling evidence that many microRNAs tightly regulate cell fate and morphogenetic processes through development and adulthood by modulating the expression (or re-expression) of developmental genes, we investigated the possibility that microRNA levels change during limb regeneration. Using two different microarray platforms to compare the axolotl microRNA expression between mid-bud limb regenerating blastemas and non-regenerating stump tissues, we found that miR-21 was overexpressed in mid-bud blastemas compared to stump tissue. Mature A. mexicanum (“Amex”) miR-21 was detected in axolotl RNA by Northern blot and differential expression of Amex-miR-21 in blastema versus stump was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. We identified the Amex Jagged1 as a putative target gene for miR-21 during salamander limb regeneration. We cloned the full length 3′UTR of Amex-Jag1, and our in vitro assays demonstrated that its single miR-21 target recognition site is functional and essential for the response of the Jagged1 gene to miR-21 levels. Our findings pave the road for advanced in vivo functional assays aimed to clarify how microRNAs such as miR-21, often linked to pathogenic cell growth, might be modulating the redeployment of developmental genes such as Jagged1 during regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna C. Holman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Leah J. Campbell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - John Hines
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Craig M. Crews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Limb anterior-posterior polarity integrates activator and repressor functions of GLI2 as well as GLI3. Dev Biol 2012; 370:110-24. [PMID: 22841643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anterior-posterior (AP) limb patterning is directed by sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling from the posteriorly located zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). GLI3 and GLI2 are the transcriptional mediators generally utilized in SHH signaling, and each can function as an activator (A) and repressor (R). Although GLI3R has been suggested to be the primary effector of SHH signaling during limb AP patterning, a role for GLI3A or GLI2 has not been fully ruled out, nor has it been determined whether Gli3 plays distinct roles in limb development at different stages. By conditionally removing Gli3 in the limb at multiple different time points, we uncovered four Gli3-mediated functions in limb development that occur at distinct but partially over-lapping time windows: AP patterning of the proximal limb, AP patterning of the distal limb, regulation of digit number and bone differentiation. Furthermore, by removing Gli2 in Gli3 temporal conditional knock-outs, we uncovered an essential role for Gli2 in providing the remaining posterior limb patterning seen in Gli3 single mutants. To test whether GLIAs or GLIRs regulate different aspects of AP limb patterning and/or digit number, we utilized a knock-in allele in which GLI1, which functions solely as an activator, is expressed in place of the bifunctional GLI2 protein. Interestingly, we found that GLIAs contribute to AP patterning specifically in the posterior limb, whereas GLIRs predominantly regulate anterior patterning and digit number. Since GLI3 is a more effective repressor, our results explain why GLI3 is required only for anterior limb patterning and why GLI2 can compensate for GLI3A in posterior limb patterning. Taken together, our data suggest that establishment of a complete range of AP positional identities in the limb requires integration of the spatial distribution, timing, and dosage of GLI2 and GLI3 activators and repressors.
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Lopez-Rios J, Speziale D, Robay D, Scotti M, Osterwalder M, Nusspaumer G, Galli A, Holländer GA, Kmita M, Zeller R. GLI3 constrains digit number by controlling both progenitor proliferation and BMP-dependent exit to chondrogenesis. Dev Cell 2012; 22:837-48. [PMID: 22465667 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of Gli3, a key component of Hedgehog signaling in vertebrates, results in formation of additional digits (polydactyly) during limb bud development. The analysis of mouse embryos constitutively lacking Gli3 has revealed the essential GLI3 functions in specifying the anteroposterior (AP) limb axis and digit identities. We conditionally inactivated Gli3 during mouse hand plate development, which uncoupled the resulting preaxial polydactyly from known GLI3 functions in establishing AP and digit identities. Our analysis revealed that GLI3 directly restricts the expression of regulators of the G(1)-S cell-cycle transition such as Cdk6 and constrains S phase entry of digit progenitors in the anterior hand plate. Furthermore, GLI3 promotes the exit of proliferating progenitors toward BMP-dependent chondrogenic differentiation by spatiotemporally restricting and terminating the expression of the BMP antagonist Gremlin1. Thus, Gli3 is a negative regulator of the proliferative expansion of digit progenitors and acts as a gatekeeper for the exit to chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lopez-Rios
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Cdon and Boc: Two transmembrane proteins implicated in cell-cell communication. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:698-702. [PMID: 22326621 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cdon and Boc, and their Drosophila homologues Ihog and Boi, are evolutionary conserved transmembrane glycoproteins belonging to a subgroup of the Immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Initially isolated in vertebrates as CAMs that link cadherin function with MAPK signaling in myoblast differentiation, they have thereafter been shown to act as essential receptors for the Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins. They associate with both ligand and other Hh receptor components, including Ptch and Gas1, thus forming homo- and heteromeric complexes. In Drosophila, they are also involved in ligand processing and release from Hh producing cells. Cdon/Boc and Ihog/Boi can substitute one another and play redundant functions is some contexts. In addition, Boc, but not Cdon, mediates axon guidance information provided by Hh in specific neuronal populations, whereas mutations in the CDON cause holoprosencephaly, a human congenital anomaly defined by forebrain midline defects prominently associated with diminished Hh pathway activity.
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Ashe A, Butterfield NC, Town L, Courtney AD, Cooper AN, Ferguson C, Barry R, Olsson F, Liem KF, Parton RG, Wainwright BJ, Anderson KV, Whitelaw E, Wicking C. Mutations in mouse Ift144 model the craniofacial, limb and rib defects in skeletal ciliopathies. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:1808-23. [PMID: 22228095 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in components of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery required for assembly and function of the primary cilium cause a subset of human ciliopathies characterized primarily by skeletal dysplasia. Recently, mutations in the IFT-A gene IFT144 have been described in patients with Sensenbrenner and Jeune syndromes, which are associated with short ribs and limbs, polydactyly and craniofacial defects. Here, we describe an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-derived mouse mutant with a hypomorphic missense mutation in the Ift144 gene. The mutant twinkle-toes (Ift144(twt)) phenocopies a number of the skeletal and craniofacial anomalies seen in patients with human skeletal ciliopathies. Like other IFT-A mouse mutants, Ift144 mutant embryos display a generalized ligand-independent expansion of hedgehog (Hh) signalling, in spite of defective ciliogenesis and an attenuation of the ability of mutant cells to respond to upstream stimulation of the pathway. This enhanced Hh signalling is consistent with cleft palate and polydactyly phenotypes in the Ift144(twt) mutant, although extensive rib branching, fusion and truncation phenotypes correlate with defects in early somite patterning and may reflect contributions from multiple signalling pathways. Analysis of embryos harbouring a second allele of Ift144 which represents a functional null, revealed a dose-dependent effect on limb outgrowth consistent with the short-limb phenotypes characteristic of these ciliopathies. This allelic series of mouse mutants provides a unique opportunity to uncover the underlying mechanistic basis of this intriguing subset of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Ashe
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute for Medical Research, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
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47
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Andersson ER, Sandberg R, Lendahl U. Notch signaling: simplicity in design, versatility in function. Development 2011; 138:3593-612. [PMID: 21828089 DOI: 10.1242/dev.063610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is evolutionarily conserved and operates in many cell types and at various stages during development. Notch signaling must therefore be able to generate appropriate signaling outputs in a variety of cellular contexts. This need for versatility in Notch signaling is in apparent contrast to the simple molecular design of the core pathway. Here, we review recent studies in nematodes, Drosophila and vertebrate systems that begin to shed light on how versatility in Notch signaling output is generated, how signal strength is modulated, and how cross-talk between the Notch pathway and other intracellular signaling systems, such as the Wnt, hypoxia and BMP pathways, contributes to signaling diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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48
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Town L, McGlinn E, Davidson TL, Browne CM, Chawengsaksophak K, Koopman P, Richman JM, Wicking C. Tmem26 is dynamically expressed during palate and limb development but is not required for embryonic survival. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25228. [PMID: 21980401 PMCID: PMC3182993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tmem26 gene encodes a novel protein that we have previously shown to be regulated by hedgehog signalling in the mouse limb. We now report that Tmem26 expression is spatially and temporally restricted in other regions of the mouse embryo, most notably the facial primordia. In particular, Tmem26 expression in the mesenchyme of the maxillary and nasal prominences is coincident with fusion of the primary palate. In the secondary palate, Tmem26 is expressed in the palatal shelves during their growth and fusion but is downregulated once fusion is complete. Expression was also detected at the midline of the expanding mandible and at the tips of the eyelids as they migrate across the cornea. Given the spatio-temporally restricted expression of Tmem26, we sought to uncover a functional role in embryonic development through targeted gene inactivation in the mouse. However, ubiquitous inactivation of Tmem26 led to no overt phenotype in the resulting embryos or adult mice, suggesting that TMEM26 function is dispensable for embryonic survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Town
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Edwina McGlinn
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tara-Lynne Davidson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Catherine M. Browne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Peter Koopman
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joy M. Richman
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carol Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Gli zinc-finger proteins are transcription factors involved in the intracellular signal transduction controlled by the Hedgehog family of secreted molecules. They are frequently mutated in human congenital malformations, and their abnormal regulation leads to tumorigenesis. Genetic studies in several model systems indicate that their activity is tightly regulated by Hedgehog signaling through various posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitin-mediated degradation, and proteolytic processing, as well as through nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. In vertebrate cells, primary cilia are required for the sensing of Hedgehog pathway activity and involved in the processing and activation of Gli proteins. Two evolutionarily conserved Hedgehog pathway components, Suppressor of fused and Kif7, are core intracellular regulators of mammalian Gli proteins. Recent studies revealed that Gli proteins are also regulated transcriptionally and posttranslationally through noncanonical mechanisms independent of Hedgehog signaling. In this review, we describe the regulation of Gli proteins during development and discuss possible mechanisms for their abnormal activation during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
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50
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A novel interaction between hedgehog and Notch promotes proliferation at the anterior-posterior organizer of the Drosophila wing. Genetics 2010; 187:485-99. [PMID: 21098717 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.110.125138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch has multiple roles in the development of the Drosophila melanogaster wing imaginal disc. It helps specify the dorsal-ventral compartment border, and it is needed for the wing margin, veins, and sensory organs. Here we present evidence for a new role: stimulating growth in response to Hedgehog. We show that Notch signaling is activated in the cells of the anterior-posterior organizer that produce the region between wing veins 3 and 4, and we describe strong genetic interactions between the gene that encodes the Hedgehog pathway activator Smoothened and the Notch pathway genes Notch, presenilin, and Suppressor of Hairless and the Enhancer of split complex. This work thus reveals a novel collaboration by the Hedgehog and Notch pathways that regulates proliferation in the 3-4 intervein region independently of Decapentaplegic.
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