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Yang L, Gong Y, Liu F, Chen W, Wang X, Long G, Li H, Xiao F, Lu M, Hu Y, Tong X, Zuo J. A novel phthalazinone derivative as a capsid assembly modulator inhibits hepatitis B virus expression. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105763. [PMID: 38008192 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Development of new anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) drugs that target viral capsid assembly is a very active research field. We identify a novel phthalazinone derivative, compound 5832, as a potent HBV inhibitor. In this study, we intend to elaborate the antiviral effect and mechanism of 5832 against HBV in vitro and in vivo. Compound 5832 treatment induces the formation of genome-free empty capsid by interfering with the core protein assembly domain, which significantly decreases the extracellular and intracellular HBV DNA. In the AAV-HBV transduced mouse model, 5832 suppresses serum HBV DNA after 4-week treatment, and decreases HBsAg and HBeAg levels. 5832 treatment also reduces intrahepatic HBV RNA, DNA and HBcAg levels. During the follow-up period after treatment withdrawal, serum antigen levels demonstrated no increase. We demonstrate 5832 treatment could active apoptotic signaling by elevating the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5), which participated in corresponding HBcAg-positive hepatocyte eradication. Phthalazinone derivative 5832 may serve as a promising anti-HBV drug candidate to improve the treatment options for chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200000,China
| | - Ying Gong
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wuhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guozhang Long
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Heng Li
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fuling Xiao
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - MengJi Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Youhong Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Xiankun Tong
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jianping Zuo
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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2
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Konevtsova OV, Chalin DV, Rochal SB. Theory of density waves and organization of proteins in icosahedral virus capsids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:569-580. [PMID: 38086647 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05384a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the physical principles underlying the structural organization of the proteinaceous viral shells is of major importance to advance antiviral strategies. Here, we develop a phenomenological thermodynamic theory, which considers structures of small and middle-size icosahedral viral shells as a result of condensation of a minimum number of protein density waves on a spherical surface. Each of these irreducible critical waves has icosahedral symmetry and can be expressed as a specific series of the spherical harmonics Ylm with the same wave number l. As we demonstrate, in small viral shells self-assembled from individual proteins, the maxima of one critical density wave determine the positions of proteins, while the spatial derivatives of the second one control the protein orientations on the shell surface. In contrast to the small shells, the middle-size ones are always formed from pentamers and hexamers (referred to as capsomers). Considering all such structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank, we unexpectedly found that the positions of capsomeres in these shells correspond to the maxima of interference patterns produced by no more than two critical waves with close wave numbers. This fact allows us to explain the observed limit size of the icosahedral shells assembled from pentamers and hexamers. We also construct nonequilibrium thermodynamic potentials describing the protein crystallization and discuss the reasons behind the specific handedness of the viral shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Konevtsova
- Faculty of Physics, Southern Federal University, 5 Zorge str., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Dmitrii V Chalin
- Faculty of Physics, Southern Federal University, 5 Zorge str., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Sergei B Rochal
- Faculty of Physics, Southern Federal University, 5 Zorge str., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
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3
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Kim C, Schlicksup CJ, Pérez-Segura C, Hadden-Perilla JA, Wang JCY, Zlotnick A. Structure of the Hepatitis B virus capsid quasi-6-fold with a trapped C-terminal domain reveals capsid movements associated with domain exit. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105104. [PMID: 37517693 PMCID: PMC10463254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses undergo transient conformational change to surveil their environments for receptors and host factors. In Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, after the virus enters the cell, it is transported to the nucleus by interaction of the HBV capsid with an importin α/β complex. The interaction between virus and importins is mediated by nuclear localization signals on the capsid protein's C-terminal domain (CTD). However, CTDs are located inside the capsid. In this study, we asked where does a CTD exit the capsid, are all quasi-equivalent CTDs created equal, and does the capsid structure deform to facilitate CTD egress from the capsid? Here, we used Impβ as a tool to trap transiently exposed CTDs and examined this complex by cryo-electron microscopy. We examined an asymmetric reconstruction of a T = 4 icosahedral capsid and a focused reconstruction of a quasi-6-fold vertex (3.8 and 4.0 Å resolution, respectively). Both approaches showed that a subset of CTDs extended through a pore in the center of the quasi-6-fold complex. CTD egress was accompanied by enlargement of the pore and subtle changes in quaternary and tertiary structure of the quasi-6-fold. When compared to molecular dynamics simulations, structural changes were within the normal range of capsid flexibility. Although pore diameter was enlarged in the Impβ-bound reconstruction, simulations indicate that CTD egress does not exclusively depend on enlarged pores. In summary, we find that HBV surveillance of its environment by transient exposure of its CTD requires only modest conformational change of the capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Carolina Pérez-Segura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jodi A Hadden-Perilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Joseph Che-Yen Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
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4
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Lee GS, Purdy MA, Choi Y. Cell Culture Systems for Studying Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Virus Infections. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1527. [PMID: 37511902 PMCID: PMC10381383 DOI: 10.3390/life13071527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections cause liver disease, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV infection remains a major global health problem. In 2019, 296 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B and about 5% of them were co-infected with HDV. In vitro cell culture systems are instrumental in the development of therapeutic targets. Cell culture systems contribute to identifying molecular mechanisms for HBV and HDV propagation, finding drug targets for antiviral therapies, and testing antiviral agents. Current HBV therapeutics, such as nucleoside analogs, effectively suppress viral replication but are not curative. Additionally, no effective treatment for HDV infection is currently available. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop therapies to treat both viral infections. A robust in vitro cell culture system supporting HBV and HDV infections (HBV/HDV) is a critical prerequisite to studying HBV/HDV pathogenesis, the complete life cycle of HBV/HDV infections, and consequently identifying new therapeutics. However, the lack of an efficient cell culture system hampers the development of novel antiviral strategies for HBV/HDV infections. In vitro cell culture models have evolved with significant improvements over several decades. Recently, the development of the HepG2-NTCP sec+ cell line, expressing the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide receptor (NTCP) and self-assembling co-cultured primary human hepatocytes (SACC-PHHs) has opened new perspectives for a better understanding of HBV and HDV lifecycles and the development of specific antiviral drug targets against HBV/HDV infections. We address various cell culture systems along with different cell lines and how these cell culture systems can be used to provide better tools for HBV and HDV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Sanghee Lee
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Michael A Purdy
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Youkyung Choi
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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5
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Pfister S, Rabl J, Wiegand T, Mattei S, Malär AA, Lecoq L, Seitz S, Bartenschlager R, Böckmann A, Nassal M, Boehringer D, Meier BH. Structural conservation of HBV-like capsid proteins over hundreds of millions of years despite the shift from non-enveloped to enveloped life-style. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1574. [PMID: 36949039 PMCID: PMC10033635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of nackednaviruses provided new insight into the evolutionary history of the hepatitis B virus (HBV): The common ancestor of HBV and nackednaviruses was non-enveloped and while HBV acquired an envelope during evolution, nackednaviruses remained non-enveloped. We report the capsid structure of the African cichlid nackednavirus (ACNDV), determined by cryo-EM at 3.7 Å resolution. This enables direct comparison with the known capsid structures of HBV and duck HBV, prototypic representatives of the mammalian and avian lineages of the enveloped Hepadnaviridae, respectively. The sequence identity with HBV is 24% and both the ACNDV capsid protein fold and the capsid architecture are very similar to those of the Hepadnaviridae and HBV in particular. Acquisition of the hepadnaviral envelope was thus not accompanied by a major change in capsid structure. Dynamic residues at the spike tip are tentatively assigned by solid-state NMR, while the C-terminal domain is invisible due to dynamics. Solid-state NMR characterization of the capsid structure reveals few conformational differences between the quasi-equivalent subunits of the ACNDV capsid and an overall higher capsid structural disorder compared to HBV. Despite these differences, the capsids of ACNDV and HBV are structurally highly similar despite the 400 million years since their separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pfister
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julius Rabl
- Cryo-EM Knowledge hub, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simone Mattei
- EMBL Imaging Centre, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Heidelberg, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Stefan Seitz
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France.
| | - Michael Nassal
- Department of Medicine II / Molecular Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | | | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Depta PN, Dosta M, Wenzel W, Kozlowska M, Heinrich S. Hierarchical Coarse-Grained Strategy for Macromolecular Self-Assembly: Application to Hepatitis B Virus-Like Particles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314699. [PMID: 36499027 PMCID: PMC9740473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular self-assembly is at the basis of many phenomena in material and life sciences that find diverse applications in technology. One example is the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs) that act as stable empty capsids used for drug delivery or vaccine fabrication. Similarly to the capsid of a virus, VLPs are protein assemblies, but their structural formation, stability, and properties are not fully understood, especially as a function of the protein modifications. In this work, we present a data-driven modeling approach for capturing macromolecular self-assembly on scales beyond traditional molecular dynamics (MD), while preserving the chemical specificity. Each macromolecule is abstracted as an anisotropic object and high-dimensional models are formulated to describe interactions between molecules and with the solvent. For this, data-driven protein-protein interaction potentials are derived using a Kriging-based strategy, built on high-throughput MD simulations. Semi-automatic supervised learning is employed in a high performance computing environment and the resulting specialized force-fields enable a significant speed-up to the micrometer and millisecond scale, while maintaining high intermolecular detail. The reported generic framework is applied for the first time to capture the formation of hepatitis B VLPs from the smallest building unit, i.e., the dimer of the core protein HBcAg. Assembly pathways and kinetics are analyzed and compared to the available experimental observations. We demonstrate that VLP self-assembly phenomena and dependencies are now possible to be simulated. The method developed can be used for the parameterization of other macromolecules, enabling a molecular understanding of processes impossible to be attained with other theoretical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Nicolas Depta
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology (SPE), Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Maksym Dosta
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology (SPE), Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co Kg., 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mariana Kozlowska
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Heinrich
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology (SPE), Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Mohajerani F, Tyukodi B, Schlicksup CJ, Hadden-Perilla JA, Zlotnick A, Hagan MF. Multiscale Modeling of Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly and Its Dimorphism. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13845-13859. [PMID: 36054910 PMCID: PMC10273259 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an endemic, chronic virus that leads to 800000 deaths per year. Central to the HBV lifecycle, the viral core has a protein capsid assembled from many copies of a single protein. The capsid protein adopts different (quasi-equivalent) conformations to form icosahedral capsids containing 180 or 240 proteins: T = 3 or T = 4, respectively, in Caspar-Klug nomenclature. HBV capsid assembly has become an important target for recently developed antivirals; nonetheless, the assembly pathways and mechanisms that control HBV dimorphism remain unclear. We describe computer simulations of the HBV assembly, using a coarse-grained model that has parameters learned from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of a complete HBV capsid and yet is computationally tractable. Dynamical simulations with the resulting model reproduce experimental observations of HBV assembly pathways and products. By constructing Markov state models and employing transition path theory, we identify pathways leading to T = 3, T = 4, and other experimentally observed capsid morphologies. The analysis shows that capsid polymorphism is promoted by the low HBV capsid bending modulus, where the key factors controlling polymorphism are the conformational energy landscape and protein-protein binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Mohajerani
- Martin A. Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts02453, United States
| | - Botond Tyukodi
- Martin A. Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts02453, United States
- Department of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Christopher J Schlicksup
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - Jodi A Hadden-Perilla
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware19716, United States
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - Michael F Hagan
- Martin A. Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts02453, United States
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8
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Zhang M, Harms ZD, Greibe T, Starr CA, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC. In-Plane, In-Series Nanopores with Circular Cross Sections for Resistive-Pulse Sensing. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7352-7360. [PMID: 35500295 PMCID: PMC9626396 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Resistive-pulse sensing with solid-state nanopores is a sensitive, label-free technique for analyzing single molecules in solution. To add functionality to resistive-pulse measurements, direct coupling of the nanopores to other pores and nanoscale fluidic elements, e.g., reactors, separators, and filters, in the same device is an important next step. One approach is monolithic fabrication of the fluidic elements in the plane of the substrate, but methods to generate pores with circular cross sections are needed to improve sensing performance with in-plane devices. Here, we report a fabrication method that directly patterns nanopores with circular cross sections in series and in plane with the substrate. A focused ion beam instrument is used to mill a lamella in a nanochannel and, subsequently, bore a nanopore through the lamella. The diameter and geometry of the nanopore are controlled by the current and dose of the ion beam and by the tilt angle and thickness of the lamella. We fabricated devices with vertical and tilted lamellae and nanopores with diameters from 40 to 90 nm in cylindrical and conical geometries. To test device performance, we conducted resistive-pulse measurements of hepatitis B virus capsids. Current pulses from T = 3 capsids (∼31 nm diameter) and T = 4 capsids (∼35 nm diameter) were well resolved and exhibited relative pulse amplitudes (Δi/i) up to 5 times higher than data obtained on nanopores with rectangular cross sections. For smaller pore diameters (<45 nm), which approach the diameters of the capsids, a dramatic increase in the pulse amplitude was observed for both T = 3 and T = 4 capsids. Two and three pores fabricated in series further improved the resolution between the relative pulse amplitude distributions for the T = 3 and T = 4 capsids by up to 2-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, United States of America
| | - Zachary D. Harms
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, United States of America
| | - Tine Greibe
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, United States of America
| | - Caleb A. Starr
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7003, United States of America
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7003, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, United States of America
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9
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Prevention of HBV Reactivation in Hemato-Oncologic Setting during COVID-19. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050567. [PMID: 35631088 PMCID: PMC9144674 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Onco-hematologic patients are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and, once infected, frequently develop COVID-19 due to the immunosuppression caused by tumor growth, chemotherapy and immunosuppressive therapy. In addition, COVID-19 has also been recognized as a further cause of HBV reactivation, since its treatment includes the administration of corticosteroids and some immunosuppressive drugs. Consequently, onco-hematologic patients should undergo SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and comply with the rules imposed by lockdowns or other forms of social distancing. Furthermore, onco-hematologic facilities should be adapted to new needs and provided with numerically adequate health personnel vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Onco-hematologic patients, both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive, may develop HBV reactivation, made possible by the support of the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) persisting in the hepatocytic nuclei of patients with an ongoing or past HBV infection. This occurrence must be prevented by administering high genetic barrier HBV nucleo(t)side analogues before and throughout the antineoplastic treatment, and then during a long-term post-treatment follow up. The prevention of HBV reactivation during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is the topic of this narrative review.
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10
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Kumar R. Review on hepatitis B virus precore/core promoter mutations and their correlation with genotypes and liver disease severity. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:708-718. [PMID: 35646275 PMCID: PMC9099108 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i4.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Of 350 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and are at risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) later in life. HBV is the most diverse DNA virus, and its genome is composed of four open reading frames: Presurface antigen/surface antigen gene (preS/S), precore/core gene (preC/C), polymerase gene (P), and the X gene (X). HBV produces quasispecies naturally or in response to antiviral agents because of the absence of proofreading activity amid reverse transcription and a high replication rate. The virus has 10 genotypes (A to J) with different geographical distributions. There are various HBV mutations in the HBV genome, including preC/C mutations, preS/S mutations, P gene mutations, and X gene mutations. The core promoter region plays a vital part in the replication, morphogenesis and pathogenesis of the virus. The precore region also plays a crucial role in viral replication. Both core promoter and precore mutations rescue the virus from host immune surveillance and result in the formation of mutated strains that may have altered pathogenicity. preC/C mutations are associated with liver disease progression. Precore mutations stop hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) production and basal core promoter mutations downregulate HBeAg production. Mutations in the basal core promoter are also associated with increased HBV replication and an increased incidence of advanced liver diseases such as cirrhosis and HCC. The emergence of antiviral-resistant mutations is the main reason for treatment failure. This review focuses mainly on preC/C promoter mutations and their correlation with genotypes and liver disease severity. Thorough perception and knowledge of HBV genetic variety and mutants could be vital to discover techniques for the prognosis and control of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of School Education, Haryana Government, Panchkula 134109, Haryana, India
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11
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Araujo NM, Osiowy C. Hepatitis B Virus Genotype G: The Odd Cousin of the Family. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:872766. [PMID: 35432294 PMCID: PMC9009205 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.872766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With a widespread distribution but low prevalence worldwide, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype G (HBV/G) is a recently described genotype for which the origin and biology are poorly understood. Some unique features make HBV/G the most peculiar of all genotypes. In this review, we reflect on the major milestones in HBV/G research, highlighting the main aspects of its discovery, molecular epidemiology, and virological and clinical characteristics. We also illustrate common pitfalls in the routine detection, which may lead to underestimated rates of HBV/G infection. Large-scale analysis of data from dozens of articles was further performed, with the aim of gaining comprehensive insights into the epidemiological aspects of HBV/G. Finally, we point out recent findings on HBV/G origins and discuss new perspectives regarding the evolutionary history of HBV/G and the plausibility of an African geographic re-emergence of this genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M. Araujo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Osiowy
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Carla Osiowy,
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12
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Alexander LT, Lepore R, Kryshtafovych A, Adamopoulos A, Alahuhta M, Arvin AM, Bomble YJ, Böttcher B, Breyton C, Chiarini V, Chinnam NB, Chiu W, Fidelis K, Grinter R, Gupta GD, Hartmann MD, Hayes CS, Heidebrecht T, Ilari A, Joachimiak A, Kim Y, Linares R, Lovering AL, Lunin VV, Lupas AN, Makbul C, Michalska K, Moult J, Mukherjee PK, Nutt W(S, Oliver SL, Perrakis A, Stols L, Tainer JA, Topf M, Tsutakawa SE, Valdivia‐Delgado M, Schwede T. Target highlights in CASP14: Analysis of models by structure providers. Proteins 2021; 89:1647-1672. [PMID: 34561912 PMCID: PMC8616854 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The biological and functional significance of selected Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction 14 (CASP14) targets are described by the authors of the structures. The authors highlight the most relevant features of the target proteins and discuss how well these features were reproduced in the respective submitted predictions. The overall ability to predict three-dimensional structures of proteins has improved remarkably in CASP14, and many difficult targets were modeled with impressive accuracy. For the first time in the history of CASP, the experimentalists not only highlighted that computational models can accurately reproduce the most critical structural features observed in their targets, but also envisaged that models could serve as a guidance for further studies of biologically-relevant properties of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila T. Alexander
- Biozentrum, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Computational Structural BiologySIB Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBaselSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Athanassios Adamopoulos
- Oncode Institute and Division of BiochemistryNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Markus Alahuhta
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy LaboratoryGoldenColoradoUSA
| | - Ann M. Arvin
- Department of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yannick J. Bomble
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy LaboratoryGoldenColoradoUSA
| | - Bettina Böttcher
- Biocenter and Rudolf Virchow Center, Julius‐Maximilians Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Cécile Breyton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural BiologyGrenobleFrance
| | - Valerio Chiarini
- Program in Structural Biology and BiophysicsInstitute of Biotechnology, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Naga babu Chinnam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular OncologyThe University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Wah Chiu
- Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- BioengineeringStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Cryo‐EM and Bioimaging SSRLSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMenlo ParkCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Rhys Grinter
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of MicrobiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Gagan D. Gupta
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences DivisionBhabha Atomic Research CentreMumbaiIndia
| | - Marcus D. Hartmann
- Department of Protein EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Christopher S. Hayes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering ProgramUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tatjana Heidebrecht
- Oncode Institute and Division of BiochemistryNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR)RomeItaly
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Youngchang Kim
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
| | - Romain Linares
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural BiologyGrenobleFrance
| | | | - Vladimir V. Lunin
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy LaboratoryGoldenColoradoUSA
| | - Andrei N. Lupas
- Department of Protein EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Cihan Makbul
- Biocenter and Rudolf Virchow Center, Julius‐Maximilians Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Karolina Michalska
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
| | - John Moult
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular GeneticsInstitute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of MarylandRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology DivisionBhabha Atomic Research CentreMumbaiIndia
| | - William (Sam) Nutt
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
| | - Stefan L. Oliver
- Department of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Oncode Institute and Division of BiochemistryNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lucy Stols
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
| | - John A. Tainer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular OncologyThe University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Cancer BiologyUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University College LondonLondonUK
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz‐Institut für Experimentelle VirologieHamburgGermany
| | - Susan E. Tsutakawa
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated BioimagingLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Torsten Schwede
- Biozentrum, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Computational Structural BiologySIB Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBaselSwitzerland
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13
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Niklasch M, Zimmermann P, Nassal M. The Hepatitis B Virus Nucleocapsid-Dynamic Compartment for Infectious Virus Production and New Antiviral Target. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1577. [PMID: 34829806 PMCID: PMC8615760 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small enveloped DNA virus which replicates its tiny 3.2 kb genome by reverse transcription inside an icosahedral nucleocapsid, formed by a single ~180 amino acid capsid, or core, protein (Cp). HBV causes chronic hepatitis B (CHB), a severe liver disease responsible for nearly a million deaths each year. Most of HBV's only seven primary gene products are multifunctional. Though less obvious than for the multi-domain polymerase, P protein, this is equally crucial for Cp with its multiple roles in the viral life-cycle. Cp provides a stable genome container during extracellular phases, allows for directed intracellular genome transport and timely release from the capsid, and subsequent assembly of new nucleocapsids around P protein and the pregenomic (pg) RNA, forming a distinct compartment for reverse transcription. These opposing features are enabled by dynamic post-transcriptional modifications of Cp which result in dynamic structural alterations. Their perturbation by capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) is a promising new antiviral concept. CAMs inappropriately accelerate assembly and/or distort the capsid shell. We summarize the functional, biochemical, and structural dynamics of Cp, and discuss the therapeutic potential of CAMs based on clinical data. Presently, CAMs appear as a valuable addition but not a substitute for existing therapies. However, as part of rational combination therapies CAMs may bring the ambitious goal of a cure for CHB closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Nassal
- Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.N.); (P.Z.)
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14
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Binding of a Pocket Factor to Hepatitis B Virus Capsids Changes the Rotamer Conformation of Phenylalanine 97. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112115. [PMID: 34834922 PMCID: PMC8618838 DOI: 10.3390/v13112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: During maturation of the Hepatitis B virus, a viral polymerase inside the capsid transcribes a pre-genomic RNA into a partly double stranded DNA-genome. This is followed by envelopment with surface proteins inserted into a membrane. Envelopment is hypothetically regulated by a structural signal that reports the maturation state of the genome. NMR data suggest that such a signal can be mimicked by the binding of the detergent Triton X 100 to hydrophobic pockets in the capsid spikes. (2) Methods: We have used electron cryo-microscopy and image processing to elucidate the structural changes that are concomitant with the binding of Triton X 100. (3) Results: Our maps show that Triton X 100 binds with its hydrophobic head group inside the pocket. The hydrophilic tail delineates the outside of the spike and is coordinated via Lys-96. The binding of Triton X 100 changes the rotamer conformation of Phe-97 in helix 4, which enables a π-stacking interaction with Trp-62 in helix 3. Similar changes occur in mutants with low secretion phenotypes (P5T and L60V) and in a mutant with a pre-mature secretion phenotype (F97L). (4) Conclusion: Binding of Triton X 100 is unlikely to mimic structural maturation because mutants with different secretion phenotypes show similar structural responses.
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15
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Fujimoto K, Yamaguchi Y, Urano R, Shinoda W, Ishikawa T, Omagari K, Tanaka Y, Nakagawa A, Okazaki S. All-atom molecular dynamics study of hepatitis B virus containing pregenome RNA in solution. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:145101. [PMID: 34654297 DOI: 10.1063/5.0065765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immature hepatitis B virus (HBV) captures nucleotides in its capsid for reverse transcription. The nucleotides and nucleotide analog drugs, which are triphosphorylated and negatively charged in the cell, approach the capsid via diffusion and are absorbed into it. In this study, we performed a long-time molecular dynamics calculation of the entire HBV capsid containing pregenome RNA to investigate the interactions between the capsid and negatively charged substances. Electric field analysis demonstrated that negatively charged substances can approach the HBV capsid by thermal motion, avoiding spikes. The substances then migrate all over the floor of the HBV capsid. Finally, they find pores through which they can pass through the HBV capsid shell. Free energy profiles were calculated along these pores for small ions to understand their permeability through the pores. Anions (Cl-) showed higher free energy barriers than cations (Na+ and K+) through all pores, and the permeation rate of Cl- was eight times slower than that of K+ or Na+. Furthermore, the ions were more stable in the capsid than in the bulk water. Thus, the HBV capsid exerts ion selectivity for uptake and provides an environment for ions, such as nucleotides and nucleotide analog drugs, to be stabilized within the capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Fujimoto
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Youhei Yamaguchi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryo Urano
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wataru Shinoda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishikawa
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Susumu Okazaki
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Vaillant A. HBsAg, Subviral Particles, and Their Clearance in Establishing a Functional Cure of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1351-1368. [PMID: 33302622 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In diverse viral infections, the production of excess viral particles containing only viral glycoproteins (subviral particles or SVP) is commonly observed and is a commonly evolved mechanism for immune evasion. In hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, spherical particles contain the hepatitis B surface antigen, outnumber infectious virus 10 000-100 000 to 1, and have diverse inhibitory effects on the innate and adaptive immune response, playing a major role in the chronic nature of HBV infection. The current goal of therapies in development for HBV infection is a clinical outcome called functional cure, which signals a persistent and effective immune control of the infection. Although removal of spherical SVP (and the HBsAg they carry) is an important milestone in achieving functional cure, this outcome is rarely achieved with current therapies due to distinct mechanisms for assembly, secretion, and persistence of SVP, which are poorly targeted by direct acting antivirals or immunotherapies. In this Review, the current understanding of the distinct mechanisms involved in the production and persistence of spherical SVP in chronic HBV infection and their immunoinhibitory activity will be reviewed as well as current therapies in development with the goal of clearing spherical SVP and achieving functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Vaillant
- Replicor Inc., 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H8Y 3E6, Canada
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17
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Maravelia P, Frelin L, Ni Y, Caro Pérez N, Ahlén G, Jagya N, Verch G, Verhoye L, Pater L, Johansson M, Pasetto A, Meuleman P, Urban S, Sällberg M. Blocking Entry of Hepatitis B and D Viruses to Hepatocytes as a Novel Immunotherapy for Treating Chronic Infections. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:128-138. [PMID: 31994701 PMCID: PMC7781452 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic hepatitis B and D virus (HBV/HDV) infections can cause cancer. Current HBV therapy using nucleoside analogues (NAs) is life-long and reduces but does not eliminate the risk of cancer. A hallmark of chronic hepatitis B is a dysfunctional HBV-specific T-cell response. We therefore designed an immunotherapy driven by naive healthy T cells specific for the HDV antigen (HDAg) to bypass the need for HBV-specific T cells in order to prime PreS1-specific T cells and PreS1 antibodies blocking HBV entry. Methods Ten combinations of PreS1 and/or HDAg sequences were evaluated for induction of PreS1 antibodies and HBV- and HDV-specific T cells in vitro and in vivo. Neutralization of HBV by PreS1-specific murine and rabbit antibodies was evaluated in cell culture, and rabbit anti-PreS1 were tested for neutralization of HBV in mice repopulated with human hepatocytes. Results The best vaccine candidate induced T cells to PreS1 and HDAg, and PreS1 antibodies blocking HBV entry in vitro. Importantly, adoptive transfer of PreS1 antibodies prevented, or modulated, HBV infection after a subsequent challenge in humanized mice. Conclusions We here describe a novel immunotherapy for chronic HBV/HDV that targets viral entry to complement NAs and coming therapies inhibiting viral maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Maravelia
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Frelin
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yi Ni
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Noelia Caro Pérez
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Ahlén
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Neetu Jagya
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georg Verch
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lieven Verhoye
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lena Pater
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Johansson
- Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Pasetto
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matti Sällberg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Prifti GM, Moianos D, Giannakopoulou E, Pardali V, Tavis JE, Zoidis G. Recent Advances in Hepatitis B Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:417. [PMID: 34062711 PMCID: PMC8147224 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus infection affects over 250 million chronic carriers, causing more than 800,000 deaths annually, although a safe and effective vaccine is available. Currently used antiviral agents, pegylated interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues, have major drawbacks and fail to completely eradicate the virus from infected cells. Thus, achieving a "functional cure" of the infection remains a real challenge. Recent findings concerning the viral replication cycle have led to development of novel therapeutic approaches including viral entry inhibitors, epigenetic control of cccDNA, immune modulators, RNA interference techniques, ribonuclease H inhibitors, and capsid assembly modulators. Promising preclinical results have been obtained, and the leading molecules under development have entered clinical evaluation. This review summarizes the key steps of the HBV life cycle, examines the currently approved anti-HBV drugs, and analyzes novel HBV treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia-Myrto Prifti
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.-M.P.); (D.M.); (E.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Dimitrios Moianos
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.-M.P.); (D.M.); (E.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Erofili Giannakopoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.-M.P.); (D.M.); (E.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Pardali
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.-M.P.); (D.M.); (E.G.); (V.P.)
| | - John E. Tavis
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA;
| | - Grigoris Zoidis
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.-M.P.); (D.M.); (E.G.); (V.P.)
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19
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Conformational Plasticity of Hepatitis B Core Protein Spikes Promotes Peptide Binding Independent of the Secretion Phenotype. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050956. [PMID: 33946808 PMCID: PMC8145704 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus is a major human pathogen, which forms enveloped virus particles. During viral maturation, membrane-bound hepatitis B surface proteins package hepatitis B core protein capsids. This process is intercepted by certain peptides with an “LLGRMKG” motif that binds to the capsids at the tips of dimeric spikes. With microcalorimetry, electron cryo microscopy and peptide microarray-based screens, we have characterized the structural and thermodynamic properties of peptide binding to hepatitis B core protein capsids with different secretion phenotypes. The peptide “GSLLGRMKGA” binds weakly to hepatitis B core protein capsids and mutant capsids with a premature (F97L) or low-secretion phenotype (L60V and P5T). With electron cryo microscopy, we provide novel structures for L60V and P5T and demonstrate that binding occurs at the tips of the spikes at the dimer interface, splaying the helices apart independent of the secretion phenotype. Peptide array screening identifies “SLLGRM” as the core binding motif. This shortened motif binds only to one of the two spikes in the asymmetric unit of the capsid and induces a much smaller conformational change. Altogether, these comprehensive studies suggest that the tips of the spikes act as an autonomous binding platform that is unaffected by mutations that affect secretion phenotypes.
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20
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Fatehi F, Bingham RJ, Dykeman EC, Patel N, Stockley PG, Twarock R. An Intracellular Model of Hepatitis B Viral Infection: An In Silico Platform for Comparing Therapeutic Strategies. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010011. [PMID: 33374798 PMCID: PMC7823939 DOI: 10.3390/v13010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major focus of antiviral research worldwide. The International Coalition to Eliminate HBV, together with the World Health Organisation (WHO), have prioritised the search for a cure, with the goal of eliminating deaths from viral hepatitis by 2030. We present here a comprehensive model of intracellular HBV infection dynamics that includes all molecular processes currently targeted by drugs and agrees well with the observed outcomes of several clinical studies. The model reveals previously unsuspected kinetic behaviour in the formation of sub-viral particles, which could lead to a better understanding of the immune responses to infection. It also enables rapid comparative assessment of the impact of different treatment options and their potential synergies as combination therapies. A comparison of available and currently developed treatment options reveals that combinations of multiple capsid assembly inhibitors perform best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Fatehi
- York Cross-Disciplinary Centre for Systems Analysis, University of York, York YO10 5GE, UK; (F.F.); (R.J.B.); (E.C.D.)
- Department of Mathematics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Richard J. Bingham
- York Cross-Disciplinary Centre for Systems Analysis, University of York, York YO10 5GE, UK; (F.F.); (R.J.B.); (E.C.D.)
- Department of Mathematics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Eric C. Dykeman
- York Cross-Disciplinary Centre for Systems Analysis, University of York, York YO10 5GE, UK; (F.F.); (R.J.B.); (E.C.D.)
- Department of Mathematics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Nikesh Patel
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT UK;
| | - Peter G. Stockley
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT UK;
- Correspondence: (P.G.S.); (R.T.)
| | - Reidun Twarock
- York Cross-Disciplinary Centre for Systems Analysis, University of York, York YO10 5GE, UK; (F.F.); (R.J.B.); (E.C.D.)
- Department of Mathematics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
- Correspondence: (P.G.S.); (R.T.)
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21
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Glebe D, Goldmann N, Lauber C, Seitz S. HBV evolution and genetic variability: Impact on prevention, treatment and development of antivirals. Antiviral Res 2020; 186:104973. [PMID: 33166575 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) poses a major global health burden with 260 million people being chronically infected and 890,000 dying annually from complications in the course of the infection. HBV is a small enveloped virus with a reverse-transcribed DNA genome that infects hepatocytes and can cause acute and chronic infections of the liver. HBV is endemic in humans and apes representing the prototype member of the viral family Hepadnaviridae and can be divided into 10 genotypes. Hepadnaviruses have been found in all vertebrate classes and constitute an ancient viral family that descended from non-enveloped progenitors more than 360 million years ago. The de novo emergence of the envelope protein gene was accompanied with the liver-tropism and resulted in a tight virus-host association. The oldest HBV genomes so far have been isolated from human remains of the Bronze Age and the Neolithic (~7000 years before present). Despite the remarkable stability of the hepadnaviral genome over geological eras, HBV is able to rapidly evolve within an infected individual under pressure of the immune response or during antiviral treatment. Treatment with currently available antivirals blocking intracellular replication of HBV allows controlling of high viremia and improving liver health during long-term therapy of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but they are not sufficient to cure the disease. New therapy options that cover all HBV genotypes and emerging viral variants will have to be developed soon. In addition to the antiviral treatment of chronically infected patients, continued efforts to expand the global coverage of the currently available HBV vaccine will be one of the key factors for controlling the rising global spread of HBV. Certain improvements of the vaccine (e.g. inclusion of PreS domains) could counteract known problems such as low or no responsiveness of certain risk groups and waning anti-HBs titers leading to occult infections, especially with HBV genotypes E or F. But even with an optimal vaccine and a cure for hepatitis B, global eradication of HBV would be difficult to achieve because of an existing viral reservoir in primates and bats carrying closely related hepadnaviruses with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen, Heidelberg, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Nora Goldmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Chris Lauber
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Computational Virology, Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen, Heidelberg, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Seitz
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen, Heidelberg, Hannover, Germany.
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22
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Intracellular Trafficking of HBV Particles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092023. [PMID: 32887393 PMCID: PMC7563130 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hepatitis B virus (HBV), that is causative for more than 240 million cases of chronic liver inflammation (hepatitis), is an enveloped virus with a partially double-stranded DNA genome. After virion uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis, the viral nucleocapsid is transported towards the nuclear pore complex. In the nuclear basket, the nucleocapsid disassembles. The viral genome that is covalently linked to the viral polymerase, which harbors a bipartite NLS, is imported into the nucleus. Here, the partially double-stranded DNA genome is converted in a minichromosome-like structure, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The DNA virus HBV replicates via a pregenomic RNA (pgRNA)-intermediate that is reverse transcribed into DNA. HBV-infected cells release apart from the infectious viral parrticle two forms of non-infectious subviral particles (spheres and filaments), which are assembled by the surface proteins but lack any capsid and nucleic acid. In addition, naked capsids are released by HBV replicating cells. Infectious viral particles and filaments are released via multivesicular bodies; spheres are secreted by the classic constitutive secretory pathway. The release of naked capsids is still not fully understood, autophagosomal processes are discussed. This review describes intracellular trafficking pathways involved in virus entry, morphogenesis and release of (sub)viral particles.
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23
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Conzelmann C, Groß R, Zou M, Krüger F, Görgens A, Gustafsson MO, El Andaloussi S, Münch J, Müller JA. Salivary extracellular vesicles inhibit Zika virus but not SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1808281. [PMID: 32939236 PMCID: PMC7480612 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1808281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is mainly transmitted via mosquitos, but human-to-human transmissions also occur. The virus is shed into various body fluids including saliva, which represents a possible source of viral transmission. Thus, we here explored whether human saliva affects ZIKV infectivity. We found that physiological concentrations of pooled saliva dose-dependently inhibit ZIKV infection of monkey and human cells by preventing viral attachment to target cells. The anti-ZIKV activity in saliva could not be abrogated by boiling, suggesting the antiviral factor is not a protein. Instead, we found that purified extracellular vesicles (EVs) from saliva inhibit ZIKV infection. Salivary EVs (saEVs) express typical EV markers such as tetraspanins CD9, CD63 and CD81 and prevent ZIKV attachment to and infection of target cells at concentrations that are naturally present in saliva. The anti-ZIKV activity of saliva is conserved but the magnitude of inhibition varies between individual donors. In contrast to ZIKV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), predominantly spreading via respiratory droplets, is not affected by saliva or saEVs. Our findings provide a plausible explanation for why ZIKV transmission via saliva, i.e. by deep kissing have not been recorded and establish a novel oral innate immune defence mechanism against some viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Conzelmann
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Min Zou
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Franziska Krüger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - André Görgens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.,Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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24
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Makbul C, Nassal M, Böttcher B. Slowly folding surface extension in the prototypic avian hepatitis B virus capsid governs stability. eLife 2020; 9:e57277. [PMID: 32795390 PMCID: PMC7455244 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important but difficult to study human pathogen. Most basics of the hepadnaviral life-cycle were unraveled using duck HBV (DHBV) as a model although DHBV has a capsid protein (CP) comprising ~260 rather than ~180 amino acids. Here we present high-resolution structures of several DHBV capsid-like particles (CLPs) determined by electron cryo-microscopy. As for HBV, DHBV CLPs consist of a dimeric α-helical frame-work with protruding spikes at the dimer interface. A fundamental new feature is a ~ 45 amino acid proline-rich extension in each monomer replacing the tip of the spikes in HBV CP. In vitro, folding of the extension takes months, implying a catalyzed process in vivo. DHBc variants lacking a folding-proficient extension produced regular CLPs in bacteria but failed to form stable nucleocapsids in hepatoma cells. We propose that the extension domain acts as a conformational switch with differential response options during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Makbul
- Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Department of Biochemistry and Rudolf Virchow CentreWürzburgGermany
| | - Michael Nassal
- University Hospital Freiburg, Internal Medicine 2/Molecular BiologyFreiburgGermany
| | - Bettina Böttcher
- Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Department of Biochemistry and Rudolf Virchow CentreWürzburgGermany
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25
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Seitz S, Habjanič J, Schütz AK, Bartenschlager R. The Hepatitis B Virus Envelope Proteins: Molecular Gymnastics Throughout the Viral Life Cycle. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:263-288. [PMID: 32600157 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New hepatitis B virions released from infected hepatocytes are the result of an intricate maturation process that starts with the formation of the nucleocapsid providing a confined space where the viral DNA genome is synthesized via reverse transcription. Virion assembly is finalized by the enclosure of the icosahedral nucleocapsid within a heterogeneous envelope. The latter contains integral membrane proteins of three sizes, collectively known as hepatitis B surface antigen, and adopts multiple conformations in the course of the viral life cycle. The nucleocapsid conformation depends on the reverse transcription status of the genome, which in turn controls nucleocapsid interaction with the envelope proteins for virus exit. In addition, after secretion the virions undergo a distinct maturation step during which a topological switch of the large envelope protein confers infectivity. Here we review molecular determinants for envelopment and models that postulate molecular signals encoded in the capsid scaffold conducive or adverse to the recruitment of envelope proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Seitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Jelena Habjanič
- Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anne K Schütz
- Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; .,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Expression of quasi-equivalence and capsid dimorphism in the Hepadnaviridae. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007782. [PMID: 32310951 PMCID: PMC7192502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a leading cause of liver disease. The capsid is an essential component of the virion and it is therefore of interest how it assembles and disassembles. The capsid protein is unusual both for its rare fold and that it polymerizes according to two different icosahedral symmetries, causing the polypeptide chain to exist in seven quasi-equivalent environments: A, B, and C in AB and CC dimers in T = 3 capsids, and A, B, C, and D in AB and CD dimers in T = 4 capsids. We have compared the two capsids by cryo-EM at 3.5 Å resolution. To ensure a valid comparison, the two capsids were prepared and imaged under identical conditions. We find that the chains have different conformations and potential energies, with the T = 3 C chain having the lowest. Three of the four quasi-equivalent dimers are asymmetric with respect to conformation and potential energy; however, the T = 3 CC dimer is symmetrical and has the lowest potential energy although its intra-dimer interface has the least free energy of formation. Of all the inter-dimer interfaces, the CB interface has the least area and free energy, in both capsids. From the calculated energies of higher-order groupings of dimers discernible in the lattices we predict early assembly intermediates, and indeed we observe such structures by negative stain EM of in vitro assembly reactions. By sequence analysis and computational alanine scanning we identify key residues and motifs involved in capsid assembly. Our results explain several previously reported observations on capsid assembly, disassembly, and dimorphism. Hepatitis B virus has infected approximately one third of the human population and causes almost 1 million deaths from liver disease annually. The capsid is a defining feature of a virus, distinct from host components, and therefore a target for intervention. Unusually for a virus, Hepatitis B assembles two capsids, with different geometries, from the same dimeric protein. Geometric principles dictate that the subunits in this system occupy seven different environments. From comparing the two capsids by cryo-electron microscopy at high resolution under the exact same conditions we find that the polypeptide chains adopt seven different conformations. We use these structures to calculate potential energies (analogous to elastic deformation or strain) for the individual chains, dimers, and several higher-order groupings discernible in the two lattices. We also calculate the binding energies between chains. We find that some groupings have substantially lower energy and are therefore potentially more stable, allowing us to predict likely intermediates on the two assembly pathways. We also observe such intermediates by electron microscopy of in vitro capsid assembly reactions. This is the first structural characterization of the early assembly intermediates of this important human pathogen.
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27
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Ho JKT, Jeevan-Raj B, Netter HJ. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Subviral Particles as Protective Vaccines and Vaccine Platforms. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020126. [PMID: 31973017 PMCID: PMC7077199 DOI: 10.3390/v12020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B remains one of the major global health problems more than 40 years after the identification of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) as the causative agent. A critical turning point in combating this virus was the development of a preventative vaccine composed of the HBV surface (envelope) protein (HBsAg) to reduce the risk of new infections. The isolation of HBsAg sub-viral particles (SVPs) from the blood of asymptomatic HBV carriers as antigens for the first-generation vaccines, followed by the development of recombinant HBsAg SVPs produced in yeast as the antigenic components of the second-generation vaccines, represent landmark advancements in biotechnology and medicine. The ability of the HBsAg SVPs to accept and present foreign antigenic sequences provides the basis of a chimeric particulate delivery platform, and resulted in the development of a vaccine against malaria (RTS,S/AS01, MosquirixTM), and various preclinical vaccine candidates to overcome infectious diseases for which there are no effective vaccines. Biomedical modifications of the HBsAg subunits allowed the identification of strategies to enhance the HBsAg SVP immunogenicity to build potent vaccines for preventative and possibly therapeutic applications. The review provides an overview of the formation and assembly of the HBsAg SVPs and highlights the utilization of the particles in key effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Kha-Tu Ho
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; (J.K.-T.H.); (B.J.-R.)
| | - Beena Jeevan-Raj
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; (J.K.-T.H.); (B.J.-R.)
| | - Hans-Jürgen Netter
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; (J.K.-T.H.); (B.J.-R.)
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, School of Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Correspondence:
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28
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Pastor F, Herrscher C, Patient R, Eymieux S, Moreau A, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Seigneuret F, de Rocquigny H, Roingeard P, Hourioux C. Direct interaction between the hepatitis B virus core and envelope proteins analyzed in a cellular context. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16178. [PMID: 31700077 PMCID: PMC6838148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) production requires intricate interactions between the envelope and core proteins. Analyses of mutants of these proteins have made it possible to map regions involved in the formation and secretion of virions. Tests of binding between core and envelope peptides have also been performed in cell-free conditions, to study the interactions potentially underlying these mechanisms. We investigated the residues essential for core-envelope interaction in a cellular context in more detail, by transiently producing mutant or wild-type L, S, or core proteins separately or in combination, in Huh7 cells. The colocalization and interaction of these proteins were studied by confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation, respectively. The L protein was shown to constitute a molecular platform for the recruitment of S and core proteins in a perinuclear environment. Several core amino acids were found to be essential for direct interaction with L, including residue Y132, known to be crucial for capsid formation, and residues L60, L95, K96 and I126. Our results confirm the key role of L in the tripartite core-S-L interaction and identify the residues involved in direct core-L interaction. This model may be valuable for studies of the potential of drugs to inhibit HBV core-envelope interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Pastor
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Charline Herrscher
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Romuald Patient
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sebastien Eymieux
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Alain Moreau
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Florian Seigneuret
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France. .,Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Christophe Hourioux
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France. .,Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France.
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29
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Abstract
LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Jiang et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15381 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15452.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pasetto
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Gustaf Ahlén
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Matti Sällberg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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30
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Stass R, Ng WM, Kim YC, Huiskonen JT. Structures of enveloped virions determined by cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography. Adv Virus Res 2019; 105:35-71. [PMID: 31522708 PMCID: PMC7112279 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses enclose their genomes inside a lipid bilayer which is decorated by membrane proteins that mediate virus entry. These viruses display a wide range of sizes, morphologies and symmetries. Spherical viruses are often isometric and their envelope proteins follow icosahedral symmetry. Filamentous and pleomorphic viruses lack such global symmetry but their surface proteins may display locally ordered assemblies. Determining the structures of enveloped viruses, including the envelope proteins and their protein-protein interactions on the viral surface, is of paramount importance. These structures can reveal how the virions are assembled and released by budding from the infected host cell, how the progeny virions infect new cells by membrane fusion, and how antibodies bind surface epitopes to block infection. In this chapter, we discuss the uses of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) in elucidating structures of enveloped virions. Starting from a detailed outline of data collection and processing strategies, we highlight how cryo-EM has been successfully utilized to provide unique insights into enveloped virus entry, assembly, and neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stass
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Weng M Ng
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Young Chan Kim
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE and Research Programme in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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31
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Yang L, Liu F, Tong X, Hoffmann D, Zuo J, Lu M. Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection Using Small Molecule Modulators of Nucleocapsid Assembly: Recent Advances and Perspectives. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:713-724. [PMID: 30896149 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of the recent advance of basic research on molecular biology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, novel antiviral drugs targeting various steps of the HBV life cycle have been developed in recent years. HBV nucleocapsid assembly is now recognized as a hot target for anti-HBV drug development. Structural and functional analysis of HBV nucleocapsid allowed rational design and improvement of small molecules with the ability to interact with the components of HBV nucleocapsid and modulate the viral nucleocapsid assembly process. Prototypes of small molecule modulators targeting HBV nucleocapsid assembly are being preclinically tested or have moved forward in clinical trials, with promising results. This Review summarizes the recent advances in the approach to develop antiviral drugs based on the modulation of HBV nucleocapsid assembly. The antiviral mechanisms of small molecule modulators beyond the capsid formation and the potential implications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech
Park, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech
Park, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiankun Tong
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech
Park, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Duisburg Essen, Universitätsstraße 1, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Jianping Zuo
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech
Park, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45122, Germany
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32
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Guo J, Zhou A, Sun X, Sha W, Ai K, Pan G, Zhou C, Zhou H, Cong H, He S. Immunogenicity of a Virus-Like-Particle Vaccine Containing Multiple Antigenic Epitopes of Toxoplasma gondii Against Acute and Chronic Toxoplasmosis in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:592. [PMID: 30984177 PMCID: PMC6449433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no effective protective vaccine against human toxoplasmosis, which is a potential threat to nearly a third of the world population. Vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs) have been highly successful in humans for many years, but have rarely been applied against Toxoplasma gondii infection. In this study, we inserted a B cell epitope (SAG182−102 or SAG1301−320), a CD8+ cell epitope (HF10 or ROP7), and a CD4+ cell epitope (AS15) of T. gondii into a truncated HBcΔ(amino acids1–149) particle to construct four chimeric VLP vaccine formulations, i.e., HBcΔH82, HBcΔH301, HBcΔ R82, and HBcΔ R301. When these chimeric HBc particles were expressed in Escherichia coli, they showed icosahedral morphology similar to that of the original VLPs and were evaluated as vaccine formulations against acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in a mouse model (BALB/c mice (H-2d). All these chimeric HBc VLPs induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses with high IgG antibody titers and interferon(IFN)-γ production. Only the mice immunized with HBcΔH82 showed prolonged survival time (15.6 ± 3.8 vs. 5.6 ± 0.8 days) against acute infection with RH tachyzoites and decrease in brain parasite load (1,454 ± 239 vs. 2,091 ± 263) against chronic infection with Prugniuad cysts, as compared to the findings for the control group. These findings suggest that HBc VLPs would act as an effective carrier for delivering effective multiple antigenic epitopes and would be beneficial for developing a safe and long-acting vaccine against toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Guo
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Aihua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiahui Sun
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenchao Sha
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kang Ai
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ge Pan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunxue Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huaiyu Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hua Cong
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shenyi He
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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33
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Liu K, Hu J. Secretion of empty or complete hepatitis B virions: envelopment of empty capsids versus mature nucleocapsids. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
HBV replicates its DNA genome, a partially double-stranded, relaxed circular DNA, via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate called pre-genomic RNA by its reverse transcriptase. A major characteristic of HBV replication is the selective envelopment and secretion of relaxed circular DNA-containing mature capsids and empty capsids with no DNA or RNA, but not those containing pre-genomic RNA or the single-stranded DNA replication intermediate. In this review, the potential mechanisms of HBV virion morphogenesis will be discussed, with a focus on key determinants of both the capsid and envelope proteins for the selective secretion of complete and empty virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuancheng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Jianming Hu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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34
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McNaughton AL, D’Arienzo V, Ansari MA, Lumley SF, Littlejohn M, Revill P, McKeating JA, Matthews PC. Insights From Deep Sequencing of the HBV Genome-Unique, Tiny, and Misunderstood. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:384-399. [PMID: 30268787 PMCID: PMC6347571 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a unique, tiny, partially double-stranded, reverse-transcribing DNA virus with proteins encoded by multiple overlapping reading frames. The substitution rate is surprisingly high for a DNA virus, but lower than that of other reverse transcribing organisms. More than 260 million people worldwide have chronic HBV infection, which causes 0.8 million deaths a year. Because of the high burden of disease, international health agencies have set the goal of eliminating HBV infection by 2030. Nonetheless, the intriguing HBV genome has not been well characterized. We summarize data on the HBV genome structure and replication cycle, explain and quantify diversity within and among infected individuals, and discuss advances that can be offered by application of next-generation sequencing technology. In-depth HBV genome analyses could increase our understanding of disease pathogenesis and allow us to better predict patient outcomes, optimize treatment, and develop new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. McNaughton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina D’Arienzo
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, NDM Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M. Azim Ansari
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila F. Lumley
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Littlejohn
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne. Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne. Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, NDM Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom,Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Philippa C. Matthews, BMBS, PhD, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom.
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35
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Abstract
The capsid protein is a promising target for the development of therapeutic anti-virus agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Yi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Ya-Rong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
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36
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Kondylis P, Schlicksup CJ, Brunk NE, Zhou J, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC. Competition between Normative and Drug-Induced Virus Self-Assembly Observed with Single-Particle Methods. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:1251-1260. [PMID: 30537810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of virus capsid assembly has compelling antiviral potential that has been applied to hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV core protein assembly can be modulated by heteroaryldihydropyrimidines (HAPs), and such molecules are collectively termed core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs). Although the antiviral effects of CpAMs are acknowledged, the mechanism of action remains an open question. Challenging aspects of characterizing misdirected assembly are the large size and nonuniform nature of the final particles. In this study of HBV assembly, we observed a competition between normative and CpAM-induced aberrant assembly with electron microscopy and resistive-pulse sensing on nanofluidic devices. This competition was a function of the strength of the association energy between individual core proteins, which is proportional to ionic strength. At strong association energy, assembly reactions primarily yielded morphologically normal HBV capsids, despite the presence of HAP-TAMRA. At weak association energy, HAP-TAMRA led to increased assembly product size and disrupted morphology. The smallest particles were T = 4 icosahedra, whereas the larger particles were defective spheres, ellipsoids, and bacilliform cylinders, with regions of T = 4 geometry interspersed with flat regions. Deviation from spherical geometry progressively increased with particle size, which is consistent with the interpretation of a competition between two alternative assembly pathways.
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Heger-Stevic J, Zimmermann P, Lecoq L, Böttcher B, Nassal M. Hepatitis B virus core protein phosphorylation: Identification of the SRPK1 target sites and impact of their occupancy on RNA binding and capsid structure. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007488. [PMID: 30566530 PMCID: PMC6317823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replicates its 3 kb DNA genome through capsid-internal reverse transcription, initiated by assembly of 120 core protein (HBc) dimers around a complex of viral pregenomic (pg) RNA and polymerase. Following synthesis of relaxed circular (RC) DNA capsids can be enveloped and secreted as stable virions. Upon infection of a new cell, however, the capsid disintegrates to release the RC-DNA into the nucleus for conversion into covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA. HBc´s interactions with nucleic acids are mediated by an arginine-rich C terminal domain (CTD) with intrinsically strong non-specific RNA binding activity. Adaptation to the changing demands for nucleic acid binding during the viral life cycle is thought to involve dynamic phosphorylation / dephosphorylation events. However, neither the relevant enzymes nor their target sites in HBc are firmly established. Here we developed a bacterial coexpression system enabling access to definably phosphorylated HBc. Combining Phos-tag gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and mutagenesis we identified seven of the eight hydroxy amino acids in the CTD as target sites for serine-arginine rich protein kinase 1 (SRPK1); fewer sites were phosphorylated by PKA and PKC. Phosphorylation of all seven sites reduced nonspecific RNA encapsidation as drastically as deletion of the entire CTD and altered CTD surface accessibility, without major structure changes in the capsid shell. The bulk of capsids from human hepatoma cells was similarly highly, yet non-identically, phosphorylated as by SRPK1. While not proving SRPK1 as the infection-relevant HBc kinase the data suggest a mechanism whereby high-level HBc phosphorylation principally suppresses RNA binding whereas one or few strategic dephosphorylation events enable selective packaging of the pgRNA/polymerase complex. The tools developed in this study should greatly facilitate the further deciphering of the role of HBc phosphorylation in HBV infection and its evaluation as a potential new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Heger-Stevic
- University Hospital Freiburg, Department of Medicine II / Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Biological Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Zimmermann
- University Hospital Freiburg, Department of Medicine II / Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Biological Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, University of Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Bettina Böttcher
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Nassal
- University Hospital Freiburg, Department of Medicine II / Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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38
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Cryo-EM structure of native spherical subviral particles isolated from HBV carriers. Virus Res 2018; 259:90-96. [PMID: 30391399 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) contains 3 types of particles, i.e., 22-nm-diameter spherical and tubular subviral particles (SVPs) and 44-nm-diameter Dane particles. The SVPs are non-infectious and present strong immunogenicity, while Dane particles are infectious. In this study, we isolated spherical SVPs from HBV carriers' sera and determined their 3D structure at the resolution of ∼30 Å by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) single-particle reconstruction. Our cryo-EM structure suggests that the native HBV spherical SVP is irregularly organized, where spike-like features are arranged in a crystalline-like pattern on the surface. Strikingly, the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the native spherical SVPs folds as protrusions on the surface, as those on the native tubular SVPs and Dane particles, but is largely different from that in the recombinant octahedral SVPs. These results suggest a universal folding shape of HBsAg on the native HBV viral and subviral particles.
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39
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Structure of Mutant Hepatitis B Core Protein Capsids with Premature Secretion Phenotype. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4941-4954. [PMID: 30539760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus is a major human pathogen that consists of a viral genome surrounded by an icosahedrally ordered core protein and a polymorphic, lipidic envelope that is densely packed with surface proteins. A point mutation in the core protein in which a phenylalanine at position 97 is exchanged for a smaller leucine leads to premature envelopment of the capsid before the genome maturation is fully completed. We have used electron cryo-microscopy and image processing to investigate how the point mutation affects the structure of the capsid at 2.6- to 2.8 Å-resolution. We found that in the mutant the smaller side chain at position 97 is displaced, increasing the size of an adjacent pocket in the center of the spikes of the capsid. In the mutant, this pocket is filled with an unknown density. Phosphorylation of serine residues in the unresolved C-terminal domain of the mutant leaves the structure of the ordered capsid largely unchanged. However, we were able to resolve several previously unresolved residues downstream of proline 144 that precede the phosphorylation-sites. These residues pack against the neighboring subunits and increase the inter-dimer contact suggesting that the C-termini play an important role in capsid stabilization and provide a much larger interaction interface than previously observed.
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40
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Wagatsuma T, Kuno A, Angata K, Tajiri K, Takahashi J, Korenaga M, Mizokami M, Narimatsu H. Highly Sensitive Glycan Profiling of Hepatitis B Viral Particles and a Simple Method for Dane Particle Enrichment. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10196-10203. [PMID: 30074767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus composed of three types of viral particles. The virions are called Dane particles and the others are noninfectious subviral particles (SVPs). In blood, SVPs are detected in abundance, about 1000-10000 fold higher than Dane particles. Dane particles are hazardous because of their strong infectivity, unlike SVPs. Dane particles are covered with an envelope of glycoprotein called HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). HBsAg glycosylation is involved in viral particle formation and secretion. In this study, we established a novel and highly sensitive method for viral glycan profiling of HBsAg using small aliquots of patient serum. Our lectin microarray system could sensitively profile the glycans exposed on HBV while retaining the intact viral particle structure under nonreducing conditions. Several typical lectins were chosen from the lectin microarray results. Specifically, jacalin, which recognizes O-glycan, showed specific and strong reactivity to the M-HBsAg required for Dane particle secretion. Employing the lectin-fractionation method using jacalin, HBV particles were fractionated into jacalin-bound and unbound fractions from patient serum. We measured HBsAg titer and viral DNA load in each fraction using clinical tests. Interestingly, the jacalin-bound fraction contained a major fraction of the HBV viral DNA load. Thus, in this study we have presented a glycan profiling method for HBsAg on the intact HBV particle and an easy and simple method to enrich Dane particles from patient serum by jacalin fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Wagatsuma
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience (RCMG) , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , AIST Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1, Umezono , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8568 , Japan
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology , National Center for Global Health and Medicine , 1-7-1, Kohnodai , Ichikawa , Chiba 272-8516 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience (RCMG) , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , AIST Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1, Umezono , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8568 , Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Angata
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience (RCMG) , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , AIST Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1, Umezono , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8568 , Japan
| | - Kazuto Tajiri
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science , University of Toyama , 2630, Sugitani , Toyama , Toyama 930-0194 , Japan
| | - Junko Takahashi
- Japanese Red Cross Kinki Block Blood Center , Japanese Red Cross Society , 7-5-17, Saitoasagi , Ibaraki-city , Osaka 567-0085 , Japan
| | - Masaaki Korenaga
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology , National Center for Global Health and Medicine , 1-7-1, Kohnodai , Ichikawa , Chiba 272-8516 , Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology , National Center for Global Health and Medicine , 1-7-1, Kohnodai , Ichikawa , Chiba 272-8516 , Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience (RCMG) , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , AIST Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1, Umezono , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8568 , Japan
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41
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Qazi SA, Schlicksup CJ, Rittichier J, VanNieuwenhze M, Zlotnick A. An Assembly-Activating Site in the Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Protein Can Also Trigger Disassembly. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2114-2120. [PMID: 29920071 PMCID: PMC6407610 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) core protein homodimers self-assemble to form an icosahedral capsid that packages the viral genome. Disassembly occurs in the nuclear basket to release the mature genome to the nucleus. Small molecules have been developed that bind to a pocket at the interdimer interface to accelerate assembly and strengthen interactions between subunits; these are under development as antiviral agents. Here, we explore the role of the dimer-dimer interface by mutating sites in the drug-binding pocket to cysteine and examining the effect of covalently linking small molecules to them. We find that ligands bound to the pocket may trigger capsid disassembly in a dose-dependent manner. This result indicates that, at least transiently, the pocket adopts a destabilizing conformation. We speculate that this pocket also plays a role in virus disassembly and genome release by binding ligands that are incompatible with virus stability, "unwanted guests." Investigating protein-protein interactions, especially large protein polymers, offers new and unique challenges. By using an engineered addressable thiol, we provide a means to examine the effects of modifying an interface without requiring drug-like properties for the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefah A. Qazi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana
University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington,
Indiana, 47405, USA
| | - Christopher J. Schlicksup
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana
University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
| | - Jonathan Rittichier
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington,
Indiana, 47405, USA
| | | | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana
University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
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42
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Common and Distinct Capsid and Surface Protein Requirements for Secretion of Complete and Genome-Free Hepatitis B Virions. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00272-18. [PMID: 29743374 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00272-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the morphogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV), an enveloped virus, two types of virions are secreted: (i) a minor population of complete virions containing a mature nucleocapsid with the characteristic, partially double-stranded, relaxed circular DNA genome and (ii) a major population containing an empty capsid with no DNA or RNA (empty virions). Secretion of both types of virions requires interactions between the HBV capsid or core protein (HBc) and the viral surface or envelope proteins. We have studied the requirements from both HBc and envelope proteins for empty virion secretion in comparison with those for secretion of complete virions. Substitutions within the N-terminal domain of HBc that block secretion of DNA-containing virions reduced but did not prevent secretion of empty virions. The HBc C-terminal domain was not essential for empty virion secretion. Among the three viral envelope proteins, the smallest, S, alone was sufficient for empty virion secretion at a basal level. The largest protein, L, essential for complete virion secretion, was not required but could stimulate empty virion secretion. Also, substitutions in L that eliminated secretion of complete virions reduced but did not eliminate empty virion secretion. S mutations that blocked secretion of the hepatitis D virus (HDV), an HBV satellite, did not block secretion of either empty or complete HBV virions. Together, these results indicate that both common and distinct signals on empty capsids and mature nucleocapsids interact with the S and L proteins during the formation of complete and empty virions.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of severe liver diseases, including cirrhosis and cancer. In addition to the complete infectious virion particle, which contains an outer envelope layer and an interior capsid that, in turn, encloses a DNA genome, HBV-infected cells also secrete noninfectious, incomplete viral particles in large excess over the number of complete virions. In particular, the empty (or genome-free) virion shares with the complete virion the outer envelope and interior capsid but contains no genome. We have carried out a comparative study on the capsid and envelope requirements for the secretion of these two types of virion particles and uncovered both shared and distinct determinants on the capsid and envelope for their secretion. These results provide new information on HBV morphogenesis and have implications for efforts to develop empty HBV virions as novel biomarkers and a new generation of HBV vaccine.
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43
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Liu K, Luckenbaugh L, Ning X, Xi J, Hu J. Multiple roles of core protein linker in hepatitis B virus replication. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007085. [PMID: 29782550 PMCID: PMC5983865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein (HBc) contains an N-terminal domain (NTD, assembly domain) and a C-terminal domain (CTD), which are linked by a flexible linker region. HBc plays multiple essential roles in viral replication, including capsid assembly, packaging of the viral pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) into nucleocapsids, viral reverse transcription that converts pgRNA to the genomic DNA, and secretion of DNA-containing (complete) virions or genome-free (empty) virions. The HBc linker is generally assumed to act merely as a spacer between NTD and CTD but some results suggest that the linker may affect NTD assembly. To determine its role in viral replication, we have made a number of deletion and substitution mutants in the linker region, in either the presence or absence of CTD, and tested their abilities to support capsid assembly and viral replication in human cells. Our results indicate that the linker could indeed impede NTD assembly in the absence of CTD, which could be partially relieved by partial linker deletion. In contrast, when CTD was present, the linker deletions or substitutions did not affect capsid assembly. Deletion of the entire linker or its C-terminal part resulted in a partial defect in pgRNA packaging and severely impaired viral DNA synthesis. In contrast, deletion of the N-terminal part of the linker, or substitutions of the linker sequence, had little to no effect on RNA packaging or first-strand DNA synthesis. However, the N-terminal linker deletion and two linker substitution mutants were defective in the production of mature double-stranded viral DNA. Secretion of empty virions was blocked by all the linker deletions and substitutions tested. In particular, a conservative linker substitution that allowed mature viral DNA synthesis and secretion of complete virions severely impaired the secretion of empty virions, thus increasing the ratio of complete to empty virions that were secreted. Together, these results demonstrate that the HBc linker region plays critical and complex roles at multiple stages of HBV replication. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen that infects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and represents a major cause of viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer. The HBV capsid protein (HBc) plays multiple roles in the viral life cycle and has emerged recently as a major target for developing antiviral therapies against HBV infection. HBc is divided into three separate regions, an N-terminal domain (NTD) responsible for capsid assembly, a C-terminal domain (CTD) that plays critical roles in the specific packaging of the viral pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) into replication-competent nucleocapsids and the subsequent reverse transcription of the pgRNA into the viral genomic DNA, and a linker region between the NTD and CTD. In contrast to the prevailing assumption that the linker merely serves to connect the NTD and CTD, we have discovered here that it plays a critical role in almost every stage of HBV replication. The linker likely exerted its pleiotropic effects via affecting the NTD and CTD as well as via direct interactions with other viral factors independent of the NTD or CTD. Our results thus not only deepen understanding of HBc structure and functions but also implicate the linker as a potential novel target for antiviral development against HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuancheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Laurie Luckenbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Xiaojun Ning
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Ji Xi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Jianming Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Chen JY, Gan CY, Cai XF, Zhang WL, Long QX, Wei XF, Hu Y, Tang N, Chen J, Guo H, Huang AL, Hu JL. Fluorescent protein tagged hepatitis B virus capsid protein with long glycine-serine linker that supports nucleocapsid formation. J Virol Methods 2018; 255:52-59. [PMID: 29447911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fusion core proteins of Hepatitis B virus can be used to study core protein functions or capsid trafficking. A problem in constructing fusion core proteins is functional impairment of the individual domains in these fusion proteins, might due to structural interference. We reported a method to construct fusion proteins of Hepatitis B virus core protein (HBc) in which the functions of fused domains were partially kept. This method follows two principles: (1) fuse heterogeneous proteins at the N terminus of HBc; (2) use long Glycine-serine linkers between the two domains. Using EGFP and RFP as examples, we showed that long flexible G4S linkers can effectively separate the two domains in function. Among these fusion proteins constructed, GFP-G4S186-HBc and RFP-G4S47-HBc showed the best efficiency in rescuing the replication of an HBV replicon deficient in the core protein expression, though both of the two fusion proteins failed to support the formation of the relaxed circular DNA. These fluorescent protein-tagged HBcs might help study related to HBc or capsids tracking in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (CCID), Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Yang Gan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Fei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan-Xin Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia-Fei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Ai-Long Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (CCID), Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jie-Li Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (CCID), Hangzhou, China.
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45
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Lutomski CA, Lyktey NA, Pierson EE, Zhao Z, Zlotnick A, Jarrold MF. Multiple Pathways in Capsid Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5784-5790. [PMID: 29672035 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
For a three-dimensional structure to spontaneously self-assemble from many identical components, the steps on the pathway must be kinetically accessible. Many virus capsids are icosahedral and assembled from hundreds of identical proteins, but how they navigate the assembly process is poorly understood. Capsid assembly is thought to involve stepwise addition of subunits to a growing capsid fragment. Coarse-grained models suggest that the reaction occurs on a downhill energy landscape, so intermediates are expected to be fleeting. In this work, charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) has been used to track assembly of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid in real time. The icosahedral T = 4 capsid of HBV is assembled from 120 capsid protein dimers. Our results indicate that there are multiple pathways for assembly. Under conditions that favor a modest association energy there is no accumulation of large intermediates, which indicates that available pathways include ones on a downhill energy surface. Under higher salt conditions, where subunit interactions are strengthened, around half of the products of the initial assembly reaction have masses close to the T = 4 capsid and the other half are stalled intermediates which emerge abruptly at around 90 dimers, indicating a bifurcation in the ensemble of assembly paths. When incubated at room temperature, the 90-dimer intermediates accumulate dimers and gradually shift to higher mass and merge with the capsid peak. Though free subunits are present in solution, the stalled intermediates indicate the presence of a local minima on the energy landscape. Some intermediates may result from hole closure, where the growing capsid distorts to close the hole due to the missing capsid proteins or from a species where subsequent additions are particularly labile.
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46
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Lecoq L, Wang S, Wiegand T, Bressanelli S, Nassal M, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Solid-state [ 13C- 15N] NMR resonance assignment of hepatitis B virus core protein. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2018; 12:205-214. [PMID: 29450824 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-018-9810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Each year, nearly 900,000 deaths are due to serious liver diseases caused by chronic hepatitis B virus infection. The viral particle is composed of an outer envelope and an inner icosahedral nucleocapsid formed by multiple dimers of a ~ 20 kDa self-assembling core protein (Cp). Here we report the solid-state 13C and 15N resonance assignments of the assembly domain, Cp149, of the core protein in its capsid form. A secondary chemical shift analysis of the 140 visible residues suggests an overall alpha-helical three-dimensional fold matching that derived for Cp149 from the X-ray crystallography of the capsid, and from solution-state NMR of the Cp149 dimer. Interestingly, however, at three distinct regions the chemical shifts in solution differ significantly between core proteins in the capsid state versus in the dimer state, strongly suggesting the respective residues to be involved in capsid assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Lecoq
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Shishan Wang
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Bressanelli
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Michael Nassal
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France.
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47
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Li Y, Sun Y, Sun F, Hua R, Li C, Chen L, Guo D, Mu J. Mechanisms and Effects on HBV Replication of the Interaction between HBV Core Protein and Cellular Filamin B. Virol Sin 2018; 33:162-172. [PMID: 29594956 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major problems that threatens global health. There have been many studies on HBV, but the relationship between HBV and host factors is largely unexplored and more studies are needed to clarify these interactions. Filamin B is an actin-binding protein that acts as a cytoskeleton protein, and it is involved in cell development and several signaling pathways. In this study, we showed that filamin B interacted with HBV core protein, and the interaction promoted HBV replication. The interaction between filamin B and core protein was observed in HEK 293T, Huh7 and HepG2 cell lines by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization immnofluoresence. Overexpression of filamin B increased the levels of HBV total RNAs and pre-genome RNA (pgRNA), and improved the secretion level of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). In contrast, filamin B knockdown inhibited HBV replication, decreased the level of HBV total RNAs and pgRNA, and reduced the secretion level of HBsAg and HBeAg. In addition, we found that filamin B and core protein may interact with each other via four blocks of argentine residues at the C-terminus of core protein. In conclusion, we identify filamin B as a novel host factor that can interact with core protein to promote HBV replication in hepatocytes. Our study provides new insights into the relationship between HBV and host factors and may provide new strategies for the treatment of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yishuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fuyun Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Rong Hua
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chenlin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lang Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Deyin Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,School of Basic Medicine (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510081, China.
| | - Jingfang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Rath SL, Liu H, Okazaki S, Shinoda W. Identification of Factors Promoting HBV Capsid Self-Assembly by Assembly-Promoting Antivirals. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:328-337. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Lipsa Rath
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Huihui Liu
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Susumu Okazaki
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Wataru Shinoda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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49
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Novel therapies and potential therapeutic targets in the management of chronic hepatitis B. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 29:987-993. [PMID: 28538269 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B is a persistent and progressive inflammatory liver disease caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). More than 240 million individuals are infected with HBV worldwide and hepatitis B accounts for an estimated 650 000 deaths annually. Approximately up to 30% of chronically infected patients will develop complications of HBV infection including, but not limited to, liver cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently approved therapies have improved clinical outcomes, but have a considerable side-effect profile, elevated cost, and a finite course of treatment. This has led to a growing interest in research for new therapies. As the mechanisms for HBV replication are becoming better understood, new potential targets have been discovered, leading to the development of new therapies. In this article, we describe the promising therapies that are under evaluation, showing their mechanisms of action, effects, and stage of development.
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50
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Konopleva MV, Sokolova MV, Shevlyagina NV, Bazhenov AI, Fel'Dsherova AA, Krymskij MA, Borisova VN, Semenenko TA, Nesterenko VG, Suslov AP. MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS WITH ESCAPE MUTATIONS IN S-gene G145R AND S143L. Vopr Virusol 2017; 62:119-128. [PMID: 36494979 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-3-119-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In terms of serological properties and immunization, the wild type of HBsAg HBV and its G145R mutant behave as different antigens. This testifies to serious structural changes, which presumably could have a significant impact on the morphogenesis of virions and subviral particles. Nevertheless, morphological and ultrastructural investigations of HBV with G145R mutation have not been carried yet. OBJECTIVES Research of structural and morphological organization of HBV in the presence of the G145R escape mutation. METHODS Studies of sera, purified viruses and recombinant HBsAg were carried out by transmission electron microscopy by the method of negative staining and indirect reaction of immunelabeling using monoclonal antibodies of different specificity. Specimens of wild type HBV and HBV with S143L mutation obtained in an identical manner were used as the control. RESULTS The presence of typical virus particles of HBV was shown in the specimens of wild strain and HBV with S143L mutation. Specimens of HBV with G145R mutation were characterized by expressed morphological heterogeneity. In the initial serum and in the specimen of purified virus containing G145R mutant, large oval particles 60-70 nm and up to 200 nm in size, respectively, were found. The presence of antigen structures of HBV in all heterogeneous forms was confirmed. It was shown that forming of subviral particles in the process of expression of the recombinant HBsAg with G145R mutation depends on conditions of expression and purification of the protein. They can vary from well-formed circular and oval particles to practically unstructured fine-grained masses. CONCLUSION Direct data on the impact of G145R escape-mutation in S-gene, in contrast to S143L mutation, on the morphogenesis of virions and subviral particles of HBV were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Konopleva
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - M V Sokolova
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - N V Shevlyagina
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - A I Bazhenov
- N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine of Moscow Healthcare Department
| | - A A Fel'Dsherova
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | | | | | - T A Semenenko
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - V G Nesterenko
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - A P Suslov
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
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