1
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Huang JC, Tong XL, Xiang MSW, Boumelhem BB, Foulis DP, Zhang M, McKenzie CA, McCaughan GW, Reinheckel T, Zhang HE, Gorrell MD. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) depletion from hepatocytes in experimental primary liver cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2025; 1871:167819. [PMID: 40187163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2025.167819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/07/2025]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is an indispensable intracellular protease. Among its many molecular functions is suppression of the NLRP1 inflammasome. Inhibitors targeting all four proteases of the DPP4 family, including DPP9, can reduce tumour burden, including in mouse liver. To explore hepatocyte DPP9 in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we generated hepatocyte-specific DPP9-KO mice by crossing albumin-Cre mice with DPP9 floxed mice and treated sequentially with diethylnitrosamine, then with thioacetamide combined with an atherogenic high-fat diet until 28 weeks of age. DPP9-KO mice had less body, liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue mass, lower fasting plasma glucose and fewer small macroscopic liver nodules compared to DPP9-WT control mice. However, there were no differences in the total number of macroscopic liver nodules, or of microscopic tumour burden, inflammation, fibrosis or steatosis. Consistent with the known function of DPP9 to suppress NLRP1 activation, activated caspase-1 protein and inflammation markers Nfkbib, Cxcl10 and Ccl5 were elevated in DPP9-KO liver. The tumour suppressor protein p53 was increased and the autophagy proteins beclin1, LC3B and p62 were altered. In conclusion, hepatocyte-specific DPP9 gene deletion in experimental primary liver cancer improved energy metabolism and may reduce liver cancer initiation, via mechanisms that may include increased autophagy and tumour suppression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Hepatocytes/pathology
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/enzymology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases/genetics
- Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases/metabolism
- Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases/deficiency
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Male
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Inflammasomes/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaLi Carrie Huang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xinlin Linda Tong
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michelle Sui Wen Xiang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Badwi B Boumelhem
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Diarmid P Foulis
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - MingChang Zhang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Catriona A McKenzie
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hui E Zhang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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2
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Tsamouri LP, Hsiao JC, Bachovchin DA. The serine protease DPP9 and the redox sensor KEAP1 form a mutually inhibitory complex. J Biol Chem 2025; 301:108034. [PMID: 39615677 PMCID: PMC11773481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.108034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2024] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025] Open
Abstract
Synthetic inhibitors of the serine protease DPP9 activate the related NLRP1 and CARD8 inflammasomes and stimulate powerful innate immune responses. Thus, it seems plausible that a biomolecule similarly inhibits DPP9 and triggers inflammasome activation during infection, but one has not yet been discovered. Here, we wanted to identify and characterize DPP9-binding proteins to potentially uncover physiologically relevant mechanisms that control DPP9's activity. Notably, we found that the redox sensor protein KEAP1 binds to DPP9 in an inactive conformation and stabilizes this non-native fold. At the same time, this inactive form of DPP9 reciprocally inhibits the ability of KEAP1 to bind to and degrade the transcription factor NRF2, thereby inducing an antioxidant response. Although we discovered several experimental conditions, for example new protein expression and chemical denaturation, that force DPP9 out of its folded dimeric state and into a KEAP1-binding state, the key danger-related stimulus that causes this critical DPP9 conformational change is not yet known. Regardless, our data now reveal that an endogenous DPP9 inhibition mechanism does in fact exist, and moreover that DPP9, like the other NLRP1 regulator thioredoxin-1, is directly coupled to the intracellular redox potential. Overall, we expect this work will provide the foundation to discover additional biomolecules that regulate DPP9's activity, the DPP9-KEAP1 interaction, the intracellular redox environment, and the NLRP1 and CARD8 inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia P Tsamouri
- Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Hsiao
- Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
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3
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Tsamouri LP, Hsiao JC, Wang Q, Geeson MB, Huang HC, Nambiar DR, Zou M, Ball DP, Chui AJ, Bachovchin DA. The hydrophobicity of the CARD8 N-terminus tunes inflammasome activation. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:1699-1713.e8. [PMID: 38991619 PMCID: PMC11416329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that proteotoxic stress is a primary activator of the CARD8 inflammasome, but the complete array of signals that control this inflammasome have not yet been established. Notably, we recently discovered that several hydrophobic radical-trapping antioxidants (RTAs), including JSH-23, potentiate CARD8 inflammasome activation through an unknown mechanism. Here, we report that these RTAs directly alkylate several cysteine residues in the N-terminal disordered region of CARD8. These hydrophobic modifications destabilize the repressive CARD8 N-terminal fragment and accelerate its proteasome-mediated degradation, thereby releasing the inflammatory CARD8 C-terminal fragment from autoinhibition. Consistently, we also found that unrelated (non-RTA) hydrophobic electrophiles as well as genetic mutation of the CARD8 cysteine residues to isoleucines similarly potentiate inflammasome activation. Overall, our results not only provide further evidence that protein folding stress is a key CARD8 inflammasome-activating signal, but also indicate that the N-terminal cysteines can play key roles in tuning the response to this stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia P Tsamouri
- Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Hsiao
- Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Qinghui Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael B Geeson
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hsin-Che Huang
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Deepika R Nambiar
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mengyang Zou
- Biochemistry, Structural, Cell, Developmental and Molecular Biology Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel P Ball
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ashley J Chui
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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4
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Yap JK, Emming S, Schroder K. Oxidized thioredoxin 1 places a leash on NLRP1 inflammasome activity. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:5-7. [PMID: 37946689 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The biology of the NACHT domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) and pyrin domain-containing 1 (NLRP1) inflammasome has perplexed researchers since this inflammasome was first described about two decades ago. The identification of oxidized thioredoxin 1 (TRX1) as a suppressor of NLRP1 recently linked cellular redox homeostasis to NLRP1 inflammasome signaling. Now, Zhang et al. present a molecular structure of TRX1-bound NLRP1 with unprecedented detail. This structure gives key insight into regulatory mechanisms governing NLRP1 activation and offers enormous potential for structure-based anti-inflammatory drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Ky Yap
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Stefan Emming
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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5
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Robinson KS, Toh GA, Firdaus MJ, Tham KC, Rozario P, Lim CK, Toh YX, Lau ZH, Binder SC, Mayer J, Bonnard C, Schmidt FI, Common JE, Zhong FL. Diphtheria toxin activates ribotoxic stress and NLRP1 inflammasome-driven pyroptosis. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230105. [PMID: 37642997 PMCID: PMC10465786 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ZAKα-driven ribotoxic stress response (RSR) is activated by ribosome stalling and/or collisions. Recent work demonstrates that RSR also plays a role in innate immunity by activating the human NLRP1 inflammasome. Here, we report that ZAKα and NLRP1 sense bacterial exotoxins that target ribosome elongation factors. One such toxin, diphtheria toxin (DT), the causative agent for human diphtheria, triggers RSR-dependent inflammasome activation in primary human keratinocytes. This process requires iron-mediated DT production in the bacteria, as well as diphthamide synthesis and ZAKα/p38-driven NLRP1 phosphorylation in host cells. NLRP1 deletion abrogates IL-1β and IL-18 secretion by DT-intoxicated keratinocytes, while ZAKα deletion or inhibition additionally limits both pyroptotic and inflammasome-independent non-pyroptotic cell death. Consequently, pharmacologic inhibition of ZAKα is more effective than caspase-1 inhibition at protecting the epidermal barrier in a 3D skin model of cutaneous diphtheria. In summary, these findings implicate ZAKα-driven RSR and the NLRP1 inflammasome in antibacterial immunity and might explain certain aspects of diphtheria pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Samirah Robinson
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- The A*STAR Skin Research Labs, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gee Ann Toh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Pritisha Rozario
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chrissie K. Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Xiu Toh
- The A*STAR Skin Research Labs, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhi Heng Lau
- The A*STAR Skin Research Labs, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jacob Mayer
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Florian I. Schmidt
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Franklin L. Zhong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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6
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Slaufova M, Karakaya T, Di Filippo M, Hennig P, Beer HD. The gasdermins: a pore-forming protein family expressed in the epidermis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254150. [PMID: 37771587 PMCID: PMC10523161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins comprise a family of pore-forming proteins, which play critical roles in (auto)inflammatory diseases and cancer. They are expressed as self-inhibited precursor proteins consisting of an aminoterminal cytotoxic effector domain (NT-GSDM) and a carboxyterminal inhibitor domain (GSDM-CT) separated by an unstructured linker region. Proteolytic processing in the linker region liberates NT-GSDM, which translocates to membranes, forms oligomers, and induces membrane permeabilization, which can disturb the cellular equilibrium that can lead to cell death. Gasdermin activation and pore formation are associated with inflammation, particularly when induced by the inflammatory protease caspase-1 upon inflammasome activation. These gasdermin pores allow the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-18 and induce a lytic type of cell death, termed pyroptosis that supports inflammation, immunity, and tissue repair. However, even at the cellular level, the consequences of gasdermin activation are diverse and range from induction of programmed cell death - pyroptosis or apoptosis - to poorly characterized protective mechanisms. The specific effects of gasdermin activation can vary between species, cell types, the membrane that is being permeabilized (plasma membrane, mitochondrial membrane, etc.), and the overall biological state of the local tissue/cells. In epithelia, gasdermins seem to play crucial roles. Keratinocytes represent the main cell type of the epidermis, which is the outermost skin layer with an essential barrier function. Compared to other tissues, keratinocytes express all members of the gasdermin family, in part in a differentiation-specific manner. That raises questions regarding the specific roles of individual GSDM family members in the skin, the mechanisms and consequences of their activation, and the potential crosstalk between them. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about gasdermins with a focus on keratinocytes and the skin and discuss the possible roles of the different family members in immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Slaufova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tugay Karakaya
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michela Di Filippo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Hennig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Protein folding stress potentiates NLRP1 and CARD8 inflammasome activation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111965. [PMID: 36649711 PMCID: PMC10042216 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
NLRP1 and CARD8 are related pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect intracellular danger signals and form inflammasomes. Both undergo autoproteolysis, generating N-terminal (NT) and C-terminal (CT) fragments. The proteasome-mediated degradation of the NT releases the CT from autoinhibition, but the stimuli that trigger NT degradation have not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that several distinct agents that interfere with protein folding, including aminopeptidase inhibitors, chaperone inhibitors, and inducers of the unfolded protein response, accelerate NT degradation. However, these agents alone do not trigger inflammasome formation because the released CT fragments are physically sequestered by the serine dipeptidase DPP9. We show that DPP9-binding ligands must also be present to disrupt these complexes and allow the CT fragments to oligomerize into inflammasomes. Overall, these results indicate that NLRP1 and CARD8 detect a specific perturbation that induces both protein folding stress and DPP9 ligand accumulation.
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8
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Wang Q, Hsiao JC, Yardeny N, Huang HC, O’Mara CM, Orth-He EL, Ball DP, Zhang Z, Bachovchin DA. The NLRP1 and CARD8 inflammasomes detect reductive stress. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111966. [PMID: 36649710 PMCID: PMC9942139 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The danger signals that activate the related nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain-containing 1 (NLRP1) and caspase activation and recruitment domain-containing 8 (CARD8) inflammasomes have not been fully established. We recently reported that the oxidized form of TRX1 binds to NLRP1 and represses inflammasome activation. These findings suggested that intracellular reductive stress, which would reduce oxidized TRX1 and thereby abrogate the NLRP1-TRX1 interaction, is an NLRP1 inflammasome-activating danger signal. However, no agents that induce reductive stress were known to test this premise. Here, we identify and characterize several radical-trapping antioxidants, including JSH-23, that induce reductive stress. We show that these compounds accelerate the proteasome-mediated degradation of the repressive N-terminal fragments of both NLRP1 and CARD8, releasing the inflammasome-forming C-terminal fragments from autoinhibition. Overall, this work validates chemical probes that induce reductive stress and establishes reductive stress as a danger signal sensed by both the NLRP1 and CARD8 inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Hsiao
- Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Noah Yardeny
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hsin-Che Huang
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Claire M. O’Mara
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Orth-He
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel P. Ball
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ze Zhang
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel A. Bachovchin
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA,Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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9
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Ball DP, Tsamouri LP, Wang AE, Huang HC, Warren CD, Wang Q, Edmondson IH, Griswold AR, Rao SD, Johnson DC, Bachovchin DA. Oxidized thioredoxin-1 restrains the NLRP1 inflammasome. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabm7200. [PMID: 36332009 PMCID: PMC9850498 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm7200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The danger signals that activate the NLRP1 inflammasome have not been established. Here, we report that the oxidized, but not the reduced, form of thioredoxin-1 (TRX1) binds to NLRP1. We found that oxidized TRX1 associates with the NACHT-LRR region of NLRP1 in an ATP-dependent process, forming a stable complex that restrains inflammasome activation. Consistent with these findings, patient-derived and ATPase-inactivating mutations in the NACHT-LRR region that cause hyperactive inflammasome formation interfere with TRX1 binding. Overall, this work strongly suggests that reductive stress, the cellular perturbation that will eliminate oxidized TRX1 and abrogate the TRX1-NLRP1 interaction, is a danger signal that activates the NLRP1 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Ball
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lydia P. Tsamouri
- Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Alvin E. Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Hsin-Che Huang
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Charles D. Warren
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Qinghui Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Isabelle H. Edmondson
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Andrew R. Griswold
- Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Sahana D. Rao
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Darren C. Johnson
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Daniel A. Bachovchin
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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10
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Ferrara F, Cordone V, Pecorelli A, Benedusi M, Pambianchi E, Guiotto A, Vallese A, Cervellati F, Valacchi G. Ubiquitination as a key regulatory mechanism for O 3-induced cutaneous redox inflammasome activation. Redox Biol 2022; 56:102440. [PMID: 36027676 PMCID: PMC9425076 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRP1 is one of the major inflammasomes modulating the cutaneous inflammatory responses and therefore linked to a variety of cutaneous conditions. Although NLRP1 has been the first inflammasome to be discovered, only in the past years a significant progress was achieved in understanding the molecular mechanism and the stimuli behind its activation. In the past decades a crescent number of studies have highlighted the role of air pollutants as Particulate Matter (PM), Cigarette Smoke (CS) and Ozone (O3) as trigger stimuli for inflammasomes activation, especially via Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) mediators. However, whether NLRP1 can be modulated by air pollutants via oxidative stress and the mechanism behind its activation is still poorly understood. Here we report for the first time that O3, one of the most toxic pollutants, activates the NLRP1 inflammasome in human keratinocytes via oxidative stress mediators as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4HNE). Our data suggest that NLRP1 represents a target protein for 4HNE adduction that possibly leads to its proteasomal degradation and activation via the possible involvement of E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR2. Of note, Catalase (Cat) treatment prevented inflammasome assemble and inflammatory cytokines release as well as NLRP1 ubiquitination in human keratinocytes upon O3 exposure. The present work is a mechanistic study that follows our previous work where we have showed the ability of O3 to induce cutaneous inflammasome activation in humans exposed to this pollutant. In conclusion, our results suggest that O3 triggers the cutaneous NLRP1 inflammasome activation by ubiquitination and redox mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferrara
- Dept. of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valeria Cordone
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Sciences Dept., NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Mascia Benedusi
- Dept. of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erika Pambianchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Sciences Dept., NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.
| | - Anna Guiotto
- Dept. of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Sciences Dept., NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Vallese
- Dept. of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Franco Cervellati
- Dept. of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Sciences Dept., NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA; Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Lara-Reyna S, Caseley EA, Topping J, Rodrigues F, Jimenez Macias J, Lawler SE, McDermott MF. Inflammasome activation: from molecular mechanisms to autoinflammation. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1404. [PMID: 35832835 PMCID: PMC9262628 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are assembled by innate immune sensors that cells employ to detect a range of danger signals and respond with pro-inflammatory signalling. Inflammasomes activate inflammatory caspases, which trigger a cascade of molecular events with the potential to compromise cellular integrity and release the IL-1β and IL-18 pro-inflammatory cytokines. Several molecular mechanisms, working in concert, ensure that inflammasome activation is tightly regulated; these include NLRP3 post-translational modifications, ubiquitination and phosphorylation, as well as single-domain proteins that competitively bind to key inflammasome components, such as the CARD-only proteins (COPs) and PYD-only proteins (POPs). These diverse regulatory systems ensure that a suitable level of inflammation is initiated to counteract any cellular insult, while simultaneously preserving tissue architecture. When inflammasomes are aberrantly activated can drive excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell death, leading to tissue damage. In several autoinflammatory conditions, inflammasomes are aberrantly activated with subsequent development of clinical features that reflect the degree of underlying tissue and organ damage. Several of the resulting disease complications may be successfully controlled by anti-inflammatory drugs and/or specific cytokine inhibitors, in addition to more recently developed small-molecule inhibitors. In this review, we will explore the molecular processes underlying the activation of several inflammasomes and highlight their role during health and disease. We also describe the detrimental effects of these inflammasome complexes, in some pathological conditions, and review current therapeutic approaches as well as future prospective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lara-Reyna
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - Emily A Caseley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Joanne Topping
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St James's University Hospital University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - François Rodrigues
- AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, Service de Médecine interne Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-inflammatoires et des Amyloses d'origine inflammatoire (CEREMAIA) Paris France
| | - Jorge Jimenez Macias
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA.,Brown Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Sean E Lawler
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA.,Brown Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Michael F McDermott
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St James's University Hospital University of Leeds Leeds UK
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12
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Robinson KS, Toh GA, Rozario P, Chua R, Bauernfried S, Sun Z, Firdaus MJ, Bayat S, Nadkarni R, Poh ZS, Tham KC, Harapas CR, Lim CK, Chu W, Tay CWS, Tan KY, Zhao T, Bonnard C, Sobota R, Connolly JE, Common J, Masters SL, Chen KW, Ho L, Wu B, Hornung V, Zhong FL. ZAKα-driven ribotoxic stress response activates the human NLRP1 inflammasome. Science 2022; 377:328-335. [PMID: 35857590 PMCID: PMC7614315 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl6324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human NLRP1 (NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 1) is an innate immune sensor predominantly expressed in the skin and airway epithelium. Here, we report that human NLRP1 senses the ultraviolet B (UVB)- and toxin-induced ribotoxic stress response (RSR). Biochemically, RSR leads to the direct hyperphosphorylation of a human-specific disordered linker region of NLRP1 (NLRP1DR) by MAP3K20/ZAKα kinase and its downstream effector, p38. Mutating a single ZAKα phosphorylation site in NLRP1DR abrogates UVB- and ribotoxin-driven pyroptosis in human keratinocytes. Moreover, fusing NLRP1DR to CARD8, which is insensitive to RSR by itself, creates a minimal inflammasome sensor for UVB and ribotoxins. These results provide insight into UVB sensing by human skin keratinocytes, identify several ribotoxins as NLRP1 agonists, and establish inflammasome-driven pyroptosis as an integral component of the RSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Robinson
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), 308232 Singapore.,Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Skin Research Laboratories (ASRL), 138648 Singapore
| | - Gee Ann Toh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232 Singapore
| | - Pritisha Rozario
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232 Singapore
| | - Rae Chua
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232 Singapore
| | - Stefan Bauernfried
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Zijin Sun
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232 Singapore
| | | | - Shima Bayat
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232 Singapore
| | - Rhea Nadkarni
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Zhi Sheng Poh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232 Singapore
| | - Khek Chian Tham
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Skin Research Laboratories (ASRL), 138648 Singapore
| | - Cassandra R Harapas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Chrissie K Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 138673 Singapore.,Present address: MiroBio Limited, Oxford OX4 4GE, UK
| | - Werncui Chu
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Celest W S Tay
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232 Singapore
| | - Kiat Yi Tan
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Skin Research Laboratories (ASRL), 138648 Singapore
| | - Tianyun Zhao
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 138673 Singapore
| | - Carine Bonnard
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), 308232 Singapore.,Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Skin Research Laboratories (ASRL), 138648 Singapore
| | - Radoslaw Sobota
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 138673 Singapore
| | - John E Connolly
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 138673 Singapore
| | - John Common
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Skin Research Laboratories (ASRL), 138648 Singapore
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kaiwen W Chen
- Immunology Translational Research Programme and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Lena Ho
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 138673 Singapore
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798 Singapore
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Franklin L Zhong
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), 308232 Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232 Singapore
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13
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NLRP1 Inflammasome Activation in Keratinocytes: Increasing Evidence of Important Roles in Inflammatory Skin Diseases and Immunity. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2313-2322. [PMID: 35550825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, it was shown that DNA sequence variants of the human NLRP1 gene are associated with autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases affecting mainly the skin. However, at that time, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms were poorly characterized. Meanwhile, increasing evidence suggests that the NLRP1 inflammasome expressed by keratinocytes not only plays a part in the pathology of common inflammatory skin diseases and cancer development but also contributes to skin immunity. Understanding the mechanisms regulating NLRP1 activation in keratinocytes and the downstream events in human skin might pave the way for developing novel strategies for treating patients suffering from NLRP1-mediated skin diseases.
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14
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Churchill MJ, Mitchell PS, Rauch I. Epithelial Pyroptosis in Host Defense. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167278. [PMID: 34627788 PMCID: PMC10010195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a lytic form of cell death that is executed by a family of pore-forming proteins called gasdermins (GSDMs). GSDMs are activated upon proteolysis by host proteases including the proinflammatory caspases downstream of inflammasome activation. In myeloid cells, GSDM pore formation serves two primary functions in host defense: the selective release of processed cytokines to initiate inflammatory responses, and cell death, which eliminates a replicative niche of the pathogen. Barrier epithelia also undergo pyroptosis. However, unique mechanisms are required for the removal of pyroptotic epithelial cells to maintain epithelial barrier integrity. In the following review, we discuss the role of epithelial inflammasomes and pyroptosis in host defense against pathogens. We use the well-established role of inflammasomes in intestinal epithelia to highlight principles of epithelial pyroptosis in host defense of barrier tissues, and discuss how these principles might be shared or distinctive across other epithelial sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline J Churchill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Isabella Rauch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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15
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Rao SD, Chen Q, Wang Q, Orth-He EL, Saoi M, Griswold AR, Bhattacharjee A, Ball DP, Huang HC, Chui AJ, Covelli DJ, You S, Cross JR, Bachovchin DA. M24B aminopeptidase inhibitors selectively activate the CARD8 inflammasome. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:565-574. [PMID: 35165443 PMCID: PMC9179932 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that sense intracellular danger signals and induce pyroptosis. CARD8 and NLRP1 are related inflammasomes that are repressed by the enzymatic activities and protein structures of the dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 (DPP8/9). Potent DPP8/9 inhibitors such as Val-boroPro (VbP) activate both NLRP1 and CARD8, but chemical probes that selectively activate only one have not been identified. Here we report a small molecule called CQ31 that selectively activates CARD8. CQ31 inhibits the M24B aminopeptidases prolidase (PEPD) and Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 1 (XPNPEP1), leading to the accumulation of proline-containing peptides that inhibit DPP8/9 and thereby activate CARD8. NLRP1 is distinct from CARD8 in that it directly contacts DPP8/9's active site; these proline-containing peptides, unlike VbP, do not disrupt this repressive interaction and thus do not activate NLRP1. We expect that CQ31 will now become a valuable tool to study CARD8 biology.
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16
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Henderson JM, Xiang MSW, Huang JC, Wetzel S, Jiang L, Lai JH, Wu W, Kench JG, Bachovchin WW, Roediger B, McCaughan GW, Zhang HE, Gorrell MD. Dipeptidyl Peptidase Inhibition Enhances CD8 T Cell Recruitment and Activates Intrahepatic Inflammasome in a Murine Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5495. [PMID: 34771657 PMCID: PMC8583374 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mRNA expression of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) gene family is highly upregulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is associated with poor survival in HCC patients. Compounds that inhibit the DPP4 enzyme family, such as talabostat and ARI-4175, can mediate tumour regression by immune-mediated mechanisms that are believed to include NLRP1 activation. This study investigated the expression and activity of the DPP4 family during the development of HCC and evaluated the efficacy of ARI-4175 in the treatment of early HCC in mice. This first report on this enzyme family in HCC-bearing mice showed DPP9 upregulation in HCC, whereas intrahepatic DPP8/9 and DPP4 enzyme activity levels decreased with age. We demonstrated that ARI-4175 significantly lowered the total number of macroscopic liver nodules in these mice. In addition, ARI-4175 increased intrahepatic inflammatory cell infiltration, including CD8+ T cell numbers, into the HCC-bearing livers. Furthermore, ARI-4175 activated a critical component of the inflammasome pathway, caspase-1, in these HCC-bearing livers. This is the first evidence of caspase-1 activation by a pan-DPP inhibitor in the liver. Our data suggest that targeting the DPP4 enzyme family may be a novel and effective approach to promote anti-tumour immunity in HCC via caspase-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Henderson
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.M.H.); (M.S.W.X.); (J.C.H.); (S.W.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (G.W.M.)
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Michelle S. W. Xiang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.M.H.); (M.S.W.X.); (J.C.H.); (S.W.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Jiali Carrie Huang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.M.H.); (M.S.W.X.); (J.C.H.); (S.W.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Stefanie Wetzel
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.M.H.); (M.S.W.X.); (J.C.H.); (S.W.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Linxuan Jiang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.M.H.); (M.S.W.X.); (J.C.H.); (S.W.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Jack H. Lai
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Science, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (J.H.L.); (W.W.); (W.W.B.)
| | - Wengen Wu
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Science, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (J.H.L.); (W.W.); (W.W.B.)
| | - James G. Kench
- Tissue Pathology & Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia;
| | - William W. Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Science, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (J.H.L.); (W.W.); (W.W.B.)
| | - Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.M.H.); (M.S.W.X.); (J.C.H.); (S.W.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Geoffrey W. McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.M.H.); (M.S.W.X.); (J.C.H.); (S.W.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (G.W.M.)
- A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.M.H.); (M.S.W.X.); (J.C.H.); (S.W.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.M.H.); (M.S.W.X.); (J.C.H.); (S.W.); (L.J.); (B.R.); (G.W.M.)
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17
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Nod-Like Receptors in Host Defence and Disease at the Epidermal Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094677. [PMID: 33925158 PMCID: PMC8124564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich-repeat-containing family (NLRs) (sometimes called the NOD-like receptors, though the family contains few bona fide receptors) are a superfamily of multidomain-containing proteins that detect cellular stress and microbial infection. They constitute a critical arm of the innate immune response, though their functions are not restricted to pathogen recognition and members engage in controlling inflammasome activation, antigen-presentation, transcriptional regulation, cell death and also embryogenesis. NLRs are found from basal metazoans to plants, to zebrafish, mice and humans though functions of individual members can vary from species to species. NLRs also display highly wide-ranging tissue expression. Here, we discuss the importance of NLRs to the immune response at the epidermal barrier and summarise the known role of individual family members in the pathogenesis of skin disease.
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