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Hargett S, Lahiri S, Kowalski GM, Corley S, Nelson ME, Lackner C, Olzomer EM, Aleksovska I, Hearn BA, Shrestha R, Janitz M, Gorrell MD, Bruce CR, Wilkins M, Hoehn KL, Byrne FL. Bile acids mediate fructose-associated liver tumour growth in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167029. [PMID: 38325224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
High fructose diets are associated with an increased risk of liver cancer. Previous studies in mice suggest increased lipogenesis is a key mechanism linking high fructose diets to liver tumour growth. However, these studies administered fructose to mice at supraphysiological levels. The aim of this study was to determine whether liver tumour growth and lipogenesis were altered in mice fed fructose at physiological levels. To test this, we injected male C57BL/6 mice with the liver carcinogen diethylnitrosamine and then fed them diets without fructose or fructose ranging from 10 to 20 % total calories. Results showed mice fed diets with ≥15 % fructose had significantly increased liver tumour numbers (2-4-fold) and total tumour burden (∼7-fold) vs mice fed no-fructose diets. However, fructose-associated tumour burden was not associated with lipogenesis. Conversely, unbiased metabolomic analyses revealed bile acids were elevated in the sera of mice fed a 15 % fructose diet vs mice fed a no-fructose diet. Using a syngeneic ectopic liver tumour model, we show that ursodeoxycholic acid, which decreases systemic bile acids, significantly reduced liver tumour growth in mice fed the 15 % fructose diet but not mice fed a no-fructose diet. These results point to a novel role for systemic bile acids in mediating liver tumour growth associated with a high fructose diet. Overall, our study shows fructose intake at or above normal human consumption (≥15 %) is associated with increased liver tumour numbers and growth and that modulating systemic bile acids inhibits fructose-associated liver tumour growth in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hargett
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
| | - Sujoy Lahiri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Susan Corley
- School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Marin E Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
| | - Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ellen M Olzomer
- School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Isabella Aleksovska
- School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Brandon A Hearn
- School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Riya Shrestha
- School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael Janitz
- School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Liver Enzymes in Metabolism and Inflammation Program, Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Clinton R Bruce
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Marc Wilkins
- School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kyle L Hoehn
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA; School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Frances L Byrne
- School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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2
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Chimoriya R, Ho V, Wang ZV, Chang R, Boumelhem BB, Simmons D, Kormas N, Gorrell MD, Piya MK. Application and Diagnostic Performance of Two-Dimensional Shear Wave Elastography and Liver Fibrosis Scores in Adults with Class 3 Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 16:74. [PMID: 38201904 PMCID: PMC10780854 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
There are no ideal non-invasive tests for assessing the severity of liver fibrosis in people with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and class 3 obesity, where body habitus often makes imaging technically challenging. This study aimed to assess the applicability and diagnostic performance of two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE), alongside several serum-based liver fibrosis scoring methods, in individuals with class 3 obesity. A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients aged ≥18 years and with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2 who were participants in a publicly funded multidisciplinary weight management program in South Western Sydney. The 2D-SWE was performed using the ElastQ Imaging (EQI) procedure with the Phillips EPIQ Elite series ultrasound. An EQI Median value of ≥6.43 kPa was taken as a cutoff score for significant fibrosis, and the scan was considered valid when the liver EQI IQR/Med value was <30%. The Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index, AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), and circulating fibroblast activation protein index (FAP index) were calculated from fasting blood samples. The participants (n = 116; 67.2% female) were aged 47.2 ± 12.9 years, with BMI 54.5 ± 11.0 kg/m2. EQI Median values were obtained for 97.4% (113/116) of the 2D-SWE scans, and 91.4% (106/116) of the scans were considered valid. The EQI Median values exhibited a moderately positive correlation with the FIB-4 index (r = 0.438; p < 0.001) and a weakly positive correlation with the APRI (r = 0.388; p < 0.001), NFS (r = 0.210; p = 0.036) and FAP index (r = 0.226; p = 0.020). All liver fibrosis scores were positively correlated with one another. Among those referred for a liver biopsy based on the 2D-SWE and serum scores, half (11/22) underwent liver biopsy, and their 2D-SWE scores exhibited 72.7% accuracy (sensitivity: 71.4%; specificity: 75%) in detecting significant fibrosis. Our results show that 2D-SWE is a feasible, non-invasive test to assess liver fibrosis among people with class 3 obesity. Further research is needed to assess how 2D-SWE can be used alongside existing serum-based risk scores to reliably detect significant fibrosis, which would potentially reduce the need for invasive liver biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Chimoriya
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (R.C.); (V.H.); (D.S.)
| | - Vincent Ho
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (R.C.); (V.H.); (D.S.)
- Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (R.C.); (N.K.)
| | - Ziqi Vincent Wang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (Z.V.W.); (B.B.B.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Ruby Chang
- Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (R.C.); (N.K.)
| | - Badwi B. Boumelhem
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (Z.V.W.); (B.B.B.); (M.D.G.)
| | - David Simmons
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (R.C.); (V.H.); (D.S.)
- Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (R.C.); (N.K.)
| | - Nic Kormas
- Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (R.C.); (N.K.)
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (Z.V.W.); (B.B.B.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Milan K. Piya
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (R.C.); (V.H.); (D.S.)
- Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (R.C.); (N.K.)
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3
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Bolgi O, Silva-Garcia M, Ross B, Pilla E, Kari V, Killisch M, Spitzner M, Stark N, Lenz C, Weiss K, Donzelli L, Gorrell MD, Grade M, Riemer J, Urlaub H, Dobbelstein M, Huber R, Geiss-Friedlander R. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 triggers BRCA2 degradation and promotes DNA damage repair. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54136. [PMID: 35912982 PMCID: PMC9535758 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
N-terminal sequences are important sites for post-translational modifications that alter protein localization, activity, and stability. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a serine aminopeptidase with the rare ability to cleave off N-terminal dipeptides with imino acid proline in the second position. Here, we identify the tumor-suppressor BRCA2 as a DPP9 substrate and show this interaction to be induced by DNA damage. We present crystallographic structures documenting intracrystalline enzymatic activity of DPP9, with the N-terminal Met1-Pro2 of a BRCA21-40 peptide captured in its active site. Intriguingly, DPP9-depleted cells are hypersensitive to genotoxic agents and are impaired in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination. Mechanistically, DPP9 targets BRCA2 for degradation and promotes the formation of RAD51 foci, the downstream function of BRCA2. N-terminal truncation mutants of BRCA2 that mimic a DPP9 product phenocopy reduced BRCA2 stability and rescue RAD51 foci formation in DPP9-deficient cells. Taken together, we present DPP9 as a regulator of BRCA2 stability and propose that by fine-tuning the cellular concentrations of BRCA2, DPP9 alters the BRCA2 interactome, providing a possible explanation for DPP9's role in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Bolgi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Silva-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Breyan Ross
- Max Planck Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany.,Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Esther Pilla
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vijayalakshmi Kari
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Killisch
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Spitzner
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Stark
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christof Lenz
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Weiss
- Institute of Biochemistry, Redox Biochemistry, and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Donzelli
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marian Grade
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Riemer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Redox Biochemistry, and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Dobbelstein
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Huber
- Max Planck Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany.,Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Ruth Geiss-Friedlander
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Harapas CR, Robinson KS, Lay K, Wong J, Traspas RM, Nabavizadeh N, Rass-Rothschild A, Boisson B, Drutman SB, Laohamonthonkul P, Bonner D, Xiong JR, Gorrell MD, Davidson S, Yu CH, Fleming MD, Gudera J, Stein J, Ben-Harosh M, Groopman E, Shimamura A, Tamary H, Kayserili H, Hatipoğlu N, Casanova JL, Bernstein JA, Zhong FL, Masters SL, Reversade B. DPP9 deficiency: An inflammasomopathy that can be rescued by lowering NLRP1/IL-1 signaling. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabi4611. [PMID: 36112693 PMCID: PMC9844213 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abi4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a direct inhibitor of NLRP1, but how it affects inflammasome regulation in vivo is not yet established. Here, we report three families with immune-associated defects, poor growth, pancytopenia, and skin pigmentation abnormalities that segregate with biallelic DPP9 rare variants. Using patient-derived primary cells and biochemical assays, these variants were shown to behave as hypomorphic or knockout alleles that failed to repress NLRP1. The removal of a single copy of Nlrp1a/b/c, Asc, Gsdmd, or Il-1r, but not Il-18, was sufficient to rescue the lethality of Dpp9 mutant neonates in mice. Similarly, dpp9 deficiency was partially rescued by the inactivation of asc, an obligate downstream adapter of the NLRP1 inflammasome, in zebrafish. These experiments suggest that the deleterious consequences of DPP9 deficiency were mostly driven by the aberrant activation of the canonical NLRP1 inflammasome and IL-1β signaling. Collectively, our results delineate a Mendelian disorder of DPP9 deficiency driven by increased NLRP1 activity as demonstrated in patient cells and in two animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra R. Harapas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim S. Robinson
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), A*STAR, Singapore
- Skin Research Laboratories (ASRL), A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Lay
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Jasmine Wong
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Ricardo Moreno Traspas
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Nasrin Nabavizadeh
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Annick Rass-Rothschild
- The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Disease, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Scott B. Drutman
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Pawat Laohamonthonkul
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Devon Bonner
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophia Davidson
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chien-Hsiung Yu
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark D. Fleming
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Gudera
- Dana Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU Klinikum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jerry Stein
- The Rina Zaizov Hematology-Oncology Division, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Felsenstain Medical Research Center, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Miriam Ben-Harosh
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Emily Groopman
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akiko Shimamura
- Dana Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Tamary
- The Rina Zaizov Hematology-Oncology Division, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Felsenstain Medical Research Center, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nevin Hatipoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Infection, Health Science University, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Disease, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, USA
| | | | - Franklin L. Zhong
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), A*STAR, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Seth L. Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, Singapore
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore
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5
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Ly M, wang C, Lau NS, Xiang M, Gorrell MD, McCaughan G, Majumdar A, Crawford M, Pulitano C. 246.5: How Much Is Too Much? Determining the Optimal Oxygen Concentration for Early Hypothermic Oxygenation of Liver Grafts in Rodents. Transplantation 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000886168.57540.f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Ren J, Wang X, Yee C, Gorrell MD, McLennan SV, Twigg SM. Sitagliptin Is More Effective Than Gliclazide in Preventing Pro-Fibrotic and Pro-Inflammatory Changes in a Rodent Model of Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030727. [PMID: 35163991 PMCID: PMC8838637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model causing obesity in rodents was used to examine whether sitagliptin and gliclazide therapies have similar protective effects on pathological liver change. Methods: Male mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or standard chow (Chow) ad libitum for 25 weeks and randomly allocated to oral sitagliptin or gliclazide treatment for the final 10 weeks. Fasting blood glucose and circulating insulin were measured. Inflammatory and fibrotic liver markers were assessed by qPCR. The second messenger ERK and autophagy markers were examined by Western immunoblot. F4/80, collagens and CCN2 were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: At termination, HFD mice were obese, hyperinsulinemic and insulin-resistant but non-diabetic. The DPP4 inhibitor sitagliptin prevented intrahepatic induction of pro-fibrotic markers collagen-IV, collagen-VI, CCN2 and TGF-β1 and pro-inflammatory markers TNF-α and IL-1β more effectively than sulfonylurea gliclazide. By IHC, liver collagen-VI and CCN2 induction by HFD were inhibited only by sitagliptin. Sitagliptin had a greater ability than gliclazide to normalise ERK-protein liver dysregulation. Conclusion: These data indicate that sitagliptin, compared with gliclazide, exhibits greater inhibition of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory changes in an HFD-induced NAFLD model. Sitagliptin therapy, even in the absence of diabetes, may have specific benefits in diet-induced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ren
- Greg Brown Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Laboratories, Sydney Medical School (Central), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.R.); (X.W.); (C.Y.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Greg Brown Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Laboratories, Sydney Medical School (Central), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.R.); (X.W.); (C.Y.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Christine Yee
- Greg Brown Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Laboratories, Sydney Medical School (Central), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.R.); (X.W.); (C.Y.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Liver Enzymes in Metabolism and Inflammation Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia;
- A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Susan V. McLennan
- Greg Brown Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Laboratories, Sydney Medical School (Central), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.R.); (X.W.); (C.Y.); (S.V.M.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology (Eastern), Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Twigg
- Greg Brown Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Laboratories, Sydney Medical School (Central), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.R.); (X.W.); (C.Y.); (S.V.M.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +612-8627-1890; Fax: +612-8627-1604
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7
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Jaenisch SE, Abbott CA, Gorrell MD, Bampton P, Butler RN, Yazbeck R. Circulating Dipeptidyl Peptidase Activity Is a Potential Biomarker for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2022; 13:e00452. [PMID: 35060938 PMCID: PMC8806366 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 is part of a larger family of proteases referred to as DPPs. DPP4 has been suggested as a possible biomarker for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Circulating DPP4 (cDPP4) enzyme activity was investigated as a potential biomarker for IBD. In addition, DPP enzyme activity and gene expression were quantified in colonic tissue of patients with IBD and non-IBD. METHODS In study 1, DPP enzyme activity was quantified in plasma samples from 220 patients with IBD (Crohn's disease [CD] n = 130 and ulcerative colitis [UC] n = 90) and non-IBD controls (n = 26) using a colorimetric assay. In study 2, tissue and plasma samples were collected from 26 patients with IBD and 20 non-IBD controls. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) was quantified in all patients. Colonic DPP4, DPP8, DPP9, and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) gene expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. cDPP and cFAP enzyme activity was also measured. Sensitivity and specificity were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS In study 1, total cDPP activity was found to differentiate patients with CD with active disease (n = 18) from those in remission (n = 19; sensitivity 78% and specificity 63%). In study 2, total cDPP and cFAP activity was 28% and 48% lower in patients with elevated CRP (>10 mg/L), respectively, compared with patients with normal CRP. Gene expression of DPP4, FAP, and DPP8 was also significantly higher in colonic biopsies from patients with IBD compared with non-IBD patients (P < 0.05). DISCUSSION Our findings implicate the DPP enzyme family in intestinal inflammation and suggest future biomarker applications to differentiate the pathophysiological aspects of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone E. Jaenisch
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Abbott
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Liver Enzymes in Metabolism and Inflammation Program, Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Bampton
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ross N. Butler
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roger Yazbeck
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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8
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Chen H, Li G, Chan YL, Zhang HE, Gorrell MD, Pollock CA, Saad S, Oliver BG. Differential Effects of 'Vaping' on Lipid and Glucose Profiles and Liver Metabolic Markers in Obese Versus Non-obese Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:755124. [PMID: 34803738 PMCID: PMC8599937 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.755124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking increases the risk of metabolic disorders due to the combination of harmful chemicals, whereas pure nicotine can improve glucose tolerance. E-cigarette vapour contains nicotine and some of the harmful chemicals found in cigarette smoke at lower levels. To investigate how e-vapour affects metabolic profiles, male Balb/c mice were exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD, 43% fat, 20kJ/g) for 16weeks, and e-vapour in the last 6weeks. HFD alone doubled fat mass and caused dyslipidaemia and glucose intolerance. E-vapour reduced fat mass in HFD-fed mice; only nicotine-containing e-vapour improved glucose tolerance. In chow-fed mice, e-vapour increased lipid content in both blood and liver. Changes in liver metabolic markers may be adaptive responses rather than causal. Future studies can investigate how e-vapour differentially affects metabolic profiles with different diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerard Li
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yik Lung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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9
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Huang JC, Emran AA, Endaya JM, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD, Zhang HE. DPP9: Comprehensive In Silico Analyses of Loss of Function Gene Variants and Associated Gene Expression Signatures in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1637. [PMID: 33915844 PMCID: PMC8037973 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 9, DPP8, DPP4 and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) are the four enzymatically active members of the S9b protease family. Associations of DPP9 with human liver cancer, exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DPP9 and loss of function (LoF) variants have not been explored. Human genomic databases, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), were interrogated to identify DPP9 LoF variants and associated cancers. Survival and gene signature analyses were performed on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) data. We found that DPP9 and DPP8 are intolerant to LoF variants. DPP9 exonic LoF variants were most often associated with uterine carcinoma and lung carcinoma. All four DPP4-like genes were overexpressed in liver tumors and their joint high expression was associated with poor survival in HCC. Increased DPP9 expression was associated with obesity in HCC patients. High expression of genes that positively correlated with overexpression of DPP4, DPP8, and DPP9 were associated with very poor survival in HCC. Enriched pathways analysis of these positively correlated genes featured Toll-like receptor and SUMOylation pathways. This comprehensive data mining suggests that DPP9 is important for survival and that the DPP4 protease family, particularly DPP9, is important in the pathogenesis of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Carrie Huang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.C.H.); (A.A.E.); (J.M.E.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Abdullah Al Emran
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.C.H.); (A.A.E.); (J.M.E.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Justine Moreno Endaya
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.C.H.); (A.A.E.); (J.M.E.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Geoffrey W. McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.C.H.); (A.A.E.); (J.M.E.); (G.W.M.)
- AW Morrow GE & Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.C.H.); (A.A.E.); (J.M.E.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (J.C.H.); (A.A.E.); (J.M.E.); (G.W.M.)
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10
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Stein S, Weber J, Nusser-Stein S, Pahla J, Zhang HE, Mohammed SA, Oppi S, Gaul DS, Paneni F, Tailleux A, Staels B, von Meyenn F, Ruschitzka F, Gorrell MD, Lüscher TF, Matter CM. Deletion of fibroblast activation protein provides atheroprotection. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1060-1069. [PMID: 32402085 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is upregulated at sites of tissue remodelling including chronic arthritis, solid tumours, and fibrotic hearts. It has also been associated with human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Yet, the causal role of FAP in atherosclerosis remains unknown. To investigate the cause-effect relationship of endogenous FAP in atherogenesis, we assessed the effects of constitutive Fap deletion on plaque formation in atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E (Apoe) or low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) knockout mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Using en face analyses of thoraco-abdominal aortae and aortic sinus cross-sections, we demonstrate that Fap deficiency decreased plaque formation in two atherosclerotic mouse models (-46% in Apoe and -34% in Ldlr knockout mice). As a surrogate of plaque vulnerability fibrous cap thickness was used; it was increased in Fap-deficient mice, whereas Sirius red staining demonstrated that total collagen content remained unchanged. Using polarized light, atherosclerotic lesions from Fap-deficient mice displayed increased FAP targets in terms of enhanced collagen birefringence in plaques and increased pre-COL3A1 expression in aortic lysates. Analyses of the Stockholm Atherosclerosis Gene Expression data revealed that FAP expression was increased in human atherosclerotic compared to non-atherosclerotic arteries. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide causal evidence that constitutive Fap deletion decreases progression of experimental atherosclerosis and increases features of plaque stability with decreased collagen breakdown. Thus, inhibition of FAP expression or activity may not only represent a promising therapeutic target in atherosclerosis but appears safe at the experimental level for FAP-targeted cancer therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/enzymology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/prevention & control
- Atherosclerosis/enzymology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Case-Control Studies
- Collagen/genetics
- Collagen/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Endopeptidases/genetics
- Fibrosis
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Lipids/blood
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Proteome
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Transcriptome
- Vascular Remodeling
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokrates Stein
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julien Weber
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Nusser-Stein
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Pahla
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Hui E Zhang
- Liver Enzymes in Metabolism and Inflammation Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW 2050, Liver Enzymes in Metabolism and Inflammation Program, Centenary Institute, Australia
| | - Shafeeq A Mohammed
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sara Oppi
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S Gaul
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Tailleux
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, Lille, 42 Rue Paul Duez, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, Lille, 42 Rue Paul Duez, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Ferdinand von Meyenn
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16 CH-8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Frank Ruschitzka
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Liver Enzymes in Metabolism and Inflammation Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW 2050, Liver Enzymes in Metabolism and Inflammation Program, Centenary Institute, Australia
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Cardiology, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospital Trust, Imperial College London, 77 Wimpole Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Christian M Matter
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Xi CR, Di Fazio A, Nadvi NA, Xiang MSW, Zhang HE, Deshpande C, Chen Y, Tabar MS, Wang XM, Bailey CG, McCaughan GW, Church WB, Gorrell MD. An improved production and purification protocol for recombinant soluble human fibroblast activation protein alpha. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 181:105833. [PMID: 33524496 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP) is a cell-surface expressed type II glycoprotein that has a unique proteolytic activity. FAP has active soluble forms that retain the extracellular portion but lack the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail. FAP expression is normally very low in adult tissue but is highly expressed by activated fibroblasts in sites of tissue remodelling. Thus, FAP is a potential biomarker and pharmacological target in liver fibrosis, atherosclerosis, cardiac fibrosis, arthritis and cancer. Understanding the biological significance of FAP by investigating protein structure, interactions and activities requires reliable methods for the production and purification of abundant pure and stable protein. We describe an improved production and purification protocol for His6-tagged recombinant soluble human FAP. A modified baculovirus expression construct was generated using the pFastBac1 vector and the gp67 secretion signal to produce abundant active soluble recombinant human FAP (residues 27-760) in insect cells. The FAP purification protocol employed ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, immobilised metal affinity chromatography and ultrafiltration. High purity was achieved, as judged by gel electrophoresis and specific activity. The purified 82 kDa FAP protein was specifically inhibited by a FAP selective inhibitor, ARI-3099, and was inhibited by zinc with an IC50 of 25 μM. Our approach could be adopted for producing the soluble portions of other type II transmembrane glycoproteins to study their structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecy R Xi
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Arianna Di Fazio
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Nadvi
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia; Research Portfolio Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Michelle Sui Wen Xiang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Chandrika Deshpande
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, UK; Drug Discovery, Sydney Analytical, Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Yiqian Chen
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mehdi Sharifi Tabar
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Xin Maggie Wang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia; AW Morrow GE & Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - W Bret Church
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
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12
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Wilson AL, Moffitt LR, Wilson KL, Bilandzic M, Wright MD, Gorrell MD, Oehler MK, Plebanski M, Stephens AN. DPP4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin Enhances Lymphocyte Recruitment and Prolongs Survival in a Syngeneic Ovarian Cancer Mouse Model. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030487. [PMID: 33513866 PMCID: PMC7865851 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The role of immunity in the development and progression of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is well established. Poor T-cell infiltration is associated with mortality in EOC patients, and recent evidence has suggested that the enzyme DPP4 plays a role in this process. The aim of our study was to evaluate the potential of the clinically-approved DPP4-inhibitor sitagliptin to improve immune responses in mice with EOC. We showed that sitagliptin improved CD8+ T-cell responses in an EOC mouse model, consequently reducing metastatic burden and prolonging survival. These data provide a rationale for the use of DPP4-inhibitors as a second-line treatment for EOC. Abstract Immunity plays a key role in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) progression with a well-documented correlation between patient survival and high intratumoral CD8+ to T regulatory cell (Treg) ratios. We previously identified dysregulated DPP4 activity in EOCs as a potentially immune-disruptive influence contributing to a reduction in CXCR3-mediated T-cell infiltration in solid tumours. We therefore hypothesized that inhibition of DPP4 activity by sitagliptin, an FDA-approved inhibitor, would improve T-cell infiltration and function in a syngeneic ID8 mouse model of EOC. Daily oral sitagliptin at 50 mg/kg was provided to mice with established primary EOCs. Sitagliptin treatment decreased metastatic tumour burden and significantly increased overall survival and was associated with significant changes to the immune landscape. Sitagliptin increased overall CXCR3-mediated CD8+ T-cell trafficking to the tumour and enhanced the activation and proliferation of CD8+ T-cells in tumour tissue and the peritoneal cavity. Substantial reductions in suppressive cytokines, including CCL2, CCL17, CCL22 and IL-10, were also noted and were associated with reduced CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg recruitment in the tumour. Combination therapy with paclitaxel, however, typical of standard-of-care for patients in palliative care, abolished CXCR3-specific T-cell recruitment stimulated by sitagliptin. Our data suggest that sitagliptin may be suitable as an adjunct therapy for patients between chemotherapy cycles as a novel approach to enhance immunity, optimise T-cell-mediated function and improve overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Wilson
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton 3168, Australia; (A.L.W.); (L.R.M.); (M.B.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash Health, Clayton 3168, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;
| | - Laura R. Moffitt
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton 3168, Australia; (A.L.W.); (L.R.M.); (M.B.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash Health, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Kirsty L. Wilson
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia;
| | - Maree Bilandzic
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton 3168, Australia; (A.L.W.); (L.R.M.); (M.B.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash Health, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Mark D. Wright
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia;
| | - Martin K. Oehler
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Andrew N. Stephens
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton 3168, Australia; (A.L.W.); (L.R.M.); (M.B.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash Health, Clayton 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (A.N.S.)
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13
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Huang JC, Al Emran A, Endaya JM, Mccaughan GW, Gorrell MD, Zhang HE. Associations Between DPP9 Expression, Survival and Gene Expression Signature in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Comprehensive In Silico Analyses.. [DOI: 10.20944/preprints202101.0244.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 9, DPP8, DPP4 and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) are the four enzymatically active members of the S9b protease family. Associations of DPP9 with human liver cancer, exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DPP9 and loss of function (LoF) variants have not been explored. Human genomic databases including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were interrogated to identify DPP9 LoF variants and associated cancers. Survival and gene signature analyses were performed on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) data. We found that DPP9 and DPP8 are intolerant to LoF variants. DPP9 LoF variants were most often associated with uterine carcinoma. Two DPP9 intronic SNPs that have been associated with lung fibrosis and COVID-19 were not associated with liver fibrosis or cancer. All four DPP4-like genes were overexpressed in liver tumours and their joint high expression was associated with poor survival in HCC. Increased DPP9 expression was associated with obesity in HCC patients.. High expression of genes that positively correlated with overexpression of DPP4, DPP8, and DPP9 were associated with very poor survival in HCC. Enriched pathways analysis of these positively correlated genes featured Toll-like receptor and SUMOylation pathways. This comprehensive data mining suggests that DPP9 is essential for human survival and the DPP4 protease family is important in cancer pathogenesis.
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14
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Xi CR, Di Fazio A, Nadvi NA, Patel K, Xiang MSW, Zhang HE, Deshpande C, Low JKK, Wang XT, Chen Y, McMillan CLD, Isaacs A, Osborne B, Vieira de Ribeiro AJ, McCaughan GW, Mackay JP, Church WB, Gorrell MD. A Novel Purification Procedure for Active Recombinant Human DPP4 and the Inability of DPP4 to Bind SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225392. [PMID: 33218025 PMCID: PMC7698748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases catalyse irreversible posttranslational modifications that often alter a biological function of the substrate. The protease dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a pharmacological target in type 2 diabetes therapy primarily because it inactivates glucagon-like protein-1. DPP4 also has roles in steatosis, insulin resistance, cancers and inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. In addition, DPP4 binds to the spike protein of the MERS virus, causing it to be the human cell surface receptor for that virus. DPP4 has been identified as a potential binding target of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, so this question requires experimental investigation. Understanding protein structure and function requires reliable protocols for production and purification. We developed such strategies for baculovirus generated soluble recombinant human DPP4 (residues 29–766) produced in insect cells. Purification used differential ammonium sulphate precipitation, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, dye affinity chromatography in series with immobilised metal affinity chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. The binding affinities of DPP4 to the SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) were measured using surface plasmon resonance and ELISA. This optimised DPP4 purification procedure yielded 1 to 1.8 mg of pure fully active soluble DPP4 protein per litre of insect cell culture with specific activity >30 U/mg, indicative of high purity. No specific binding between DPP4 and CoV-2 spike protein was detected by surface plasmon resonance or ELISA. In summary, a procedure for high purity high yield soluble human DPP4 was achieved and used to show that, unlike MERS, SARS-CoV-2 does not bind human DPP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecy R Xi
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Arianna Di Fazio
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Naveed Ahmed Nadvi
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
- Research Portfolio Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Karishma Patel
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.P.); (C.D.); (J.K.K.L.)
| | - Michelle Sui Wen Xiang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Chandrika Deshpande
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.P.); (C.D.); (J.K.K.L.)
- Drug Discovery, Sydney Analytical, Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Jason K K Low
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.P.); (C.D.); (J.K.K.L.)
| | - Xiaonan Trixie Wang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Yiqian Chen
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Christopher L D McMillan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.L.D.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Ariel Isaacs
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.L.D.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Brenna Osborne
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Ana Júlia Vieira de Ribeiro
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
- AW Morrow GE & Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Joel P Mackay
- Drug Discovery, Sydney Analytical, Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - W Bret Church
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9565-6156; Fax: +61-2-9565-6101
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15
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Johansen MD, Irving A, Montagutelli X, Tate MD, Rudloff I, Nold MF, Hansbro NG, Kim RY, Donovan C, Liu G, Faiz A, Short KR, Lyons JG, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD, Cole A, Moreno C, Couteur D, Hesselson D, Triccas J, Neely GG, Gamble JR, Simpson SJ, Saunders BM, Oliver BG, Britton WJ, Wark PA, Nold-Petry CA, Hansbro PM. Animal and translational models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:877-891. [PMID: 32820248 PMCID: PMC7439637 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is causing a major once-in-a-century global pandemic. The scientific and clinical community is in a race to define and develop effective preventions and treatments. The major features of disease are described but clinical trials have been hampered by competing interests, small scale, lack of defined patient cohorts and defined readouts. What is needed now is head-to-head comparison of existing drugs, testing of safety including in the background of predisposing chronic diseases, and the development of new and targeted preventions and treatments. This is most efficiently achieved using representative animal models of primary infection including in the background of chronic disease with validation of findings in primary human cells and tissues. We explore and discuss the diverse animal, cell and tissue models that are being used and developed and collectively recapitulate many critical aspects of disease manifestation in humans to develop and test new preventions and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Johansen
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Irving
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, ZJU International Campus, Haining, China
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Montagutelli
- Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - M D Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - I Rudloff
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - M F Nold
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - N G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - R Y Kim
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - C Donovan
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - G Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - A Faiz
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - K R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J G Lyons
- Centenary Institute and Dermatology, The University of Sydney and Cancer Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - M D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Cole
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Moreno
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, and Faculty of Medicine and Health, Concord Clinical School, ANZAC Research Institute and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Sydney, Australia
| | - D Hesselson
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Triccas
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - G G Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J R Gamble
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, and Faculty of Medicine and Health, Concord Clinical School, ANZAC Research Institute and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Sydney, Australia
| | - B M Saunders
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - B G Oliver
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - W J Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney and Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P A Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - C A Nold-Petry
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - P M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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16
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Moffitt LR, Bilandzic M, Wilson AL, Chen Y, Gorrell MD, Oehler MK, Plebanski M, Stephens AN. Hypoxia Regulates DPP4 Expression, Proteolytic Inactivation, and Shedding from Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218110. [PMID: 33143089 PMCID: PMC7672561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of ovarian cancer has not significantly changed in decades and it remains one of the most lethal malignancies in women. The serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) plays key roles in metabolism and immunity, and its expression has been associated with either pro- or anti-tumour effects in multiple tumour types. In this study, we provide the first evidence that DPP4 expression and enzyme activity are uncoupled under hypoxic conditions in ovarian cancer cells. Whilst we identified strong up-regulation of DPP4 mRNA expression under hypoxic growth, the specific activity of secreted DPP4 was paradoxically decreased. Further investigation revealed matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-dependent inactivation and proteolytic shedding of DPP4 from the cell surface, mediated by at least MMP10 and MMP13. This is the first report of uncoupled DPP4 expression and activity in ovarian cancer cells, and suggests a previously unrecognized, cell- and tissue-type-dependent mechanism for the regulation of DPP4 in solid tumours. Further studies are necessary to identify the functional consequences of DPP4 processing and its potential prognostic or therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Moffitt
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (L.R.M.); (M.B.); (A.L.W.); (Y.C.)
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Maree Bilandzic
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (L.R.M.); (M.B.); (A.L.W.); (Y.C.)
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Amy L. Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (L.R.M.); (M.B.); (A.L.W.); (Y.C.)
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Yiqian Chen
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (L.R.M.); (M.B.); (A.L.W.); (Y.C.)
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Martin K. Oehler
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
- Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3082, Australia;
| | - Andrew N. Stephens
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (L.R.M.); (M.B.); (A.L.W.); (Y.C.)
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-8572-2686
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17
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Bassendine MF, Bridge SH, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD. COVID-19 and comorbidities: A role for dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) in disease severity? J Diabetes 2020; 12:649-658. [PMID: 32394639 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a novel betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), similar to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), which cause acute respiratory distress syndrome and case fatalities. COVID-19 disease severity is worse in older obese patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and chronic lung disease. Cell binding and entry of betacoronaviruses is via their surface spike glycoprotein; SARS-CoV binds to the metalloprotease angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), MERS-CoV utilizes dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), and recent modeling of the structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein predicts that it can interact with human DPP4 in addition to ACE2. DPP4 is a ubiquitous membrane-bound aminopeptidase that circulates in plasma; it is multifunctional with roles in nutrition, metabolism, and immune and endocrine systems. DPP4 activity differentially regulates glucose homeostasis and inflammation via its enzymatic activity and nonenzymatic immunomodulatory effects. The importance of DPP4 for the medical community has been highlighted by the approval of DPP4 inhibitors, or gliptins, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review discusses the dysregulation of DPP4 in COVID-19 comorbid conditions; DPP4 activity is higher in older individuals and increased plasma DPP4 is a predictor of the onset of metabolic syndrome. DPP4 upregulation may be a determinant of COVID-19 disease severity, which creates interest regarding the use of gliptins in management of COVID-19. Also, knowledge of the chemistry and biology of DPP4 could be utilized to develop novel therapies to block viral entry of some betacoronaviruses, potentially including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret F Bassendine
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon H Bridge
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
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18
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Stein S, Weber J, Nusser-Stein S, Pahla J, Zhang H, Oppi S, Staels B, Gorrell MD, Luscher TF, Matter CM. P715Deletion of fibroblast activation protein decreases experimental atherosclerotic plaque formation and vulnerability. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz747.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a serine protease that is upregulated in sites of tissue remodeling, including arthritis, tumors and atherosclerosis. We have reported that FAP degrades type I collagen in human thin-cap fibroatheromata; its expression is enhanced in advanced human plaques and induced by inflammation. However, the role of endogenous FAP in atherosclerosis remains unknown.
Purpose
To investigate the effects of constitutive Fap loss-of-function on atherosclerotic plaque formation and vulnerability.
Methods and results
Male 8-week-old Apoe−/− Fap+/+ and Apoe−/− Fap−/− mice were fed a high-cholesterol diet (1.25% chol) for 12 weeks. En face analyses of thoracoabdominal aortae using Oil Red O (ORO) revealed decreased plaques in Apoe−/− Fap−/− mice (5.7±0.5%; n=21) compared to Apoe−/− Fap+/+ mice (10.7±0.7%; n=24; p<0.0001). In parallel, ORO analyses of serial aortic root cross sections showed diminished plaques in Fap-deficient mice (18.4±3.4% vs 27.6±2.1%). As a surrogate of plaque vulnerability, fibrous cap thickness was increased in Apoe−/− Fap−/− mice (65±6 mm vs 35±3 mm; p<0.01), whereas necrotic core size, plaque macrophages (CD68) and T cells (CD3) accumulation, as well as VCAM1 expression did not differ. These changes were independent of plasma triglycerides, total and LDL-cholesterol levels. Plasma of Fap-deficient mice showed decreased FAP activity compared to Fap wildtype controls. Notably, second harmonics generation in cross sections of aortic root plaques showed that the deposition and density of fibrillar collagens was enhanced in Fap-deficient (25.5±4.4%) compared to control plaques (13.8±2.5%; p<0.05). Consistently, Fap deletion led to an accumulation of uncleaved pre-COL3A1, a proteolytic target of FAP.
Conclusions
Constitutive Fap deletion decreases experimental atherosclerosis and features of plaque vulnerability. Thus, inhibition of FAP expression or activity may be a promising therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
Acknowledgement/Funding
Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Heart Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stein
- University of Zurich, Center for Molecular Cardiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Weber
- University of Zurich, Center for Molecular Cardiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Nusser-Stein
- University of Zurich, Center for Molecular Cardiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Pahla
- University of Zurich, Center for Molecular Cardiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Zhang
- Institute Pasteur of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - S Oppi
- University of Zurich, Center for Molecular Cardiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Staels
- Institute Pasteur of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - M D Gorrell
- University of Sydney, Centenary Institute and the Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - T F Luscher
- University of Zurich, Center for Molecular Cardiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C M Matter
- University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Gall MG, Zhang HE, Lee Q, Jolly CJ, McCaughan GW, Cook A, Roediger B, Gorrell MD. Immune regeneration in irradiated mice is not impaired by the absence of DPP9 enzymatic activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7292. [PMID: 31086209 PMCID: PMC6513830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43739-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous intracellular protease dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) has roles in antigen presentation and B cell signaling. To investigate the importance of DPP9 in immune regeneration, primary and secondary chimeric mice were created in irradiated recipients using fetal liver cells and adult bone marrow cells, respectively, using wild-type (WT) and DPP9 gene-knockin (DPP9S729A) enzyme-inactive mice. Immune cell reconstitution was assessed at 6 and 16 weeks post-transplant. Primary chimeric mice successfully regenerated neutrophils, natural killer, T and B cells, irrespective of donor cell genotype. There were no significant differences in total myeloid cell or neutrophil numbers between DPP9-WT and DPP9S729A-reconstituted mice. In secondary chimeric mice, cells of DPP9S729A-origin cells displayed enhanced engraftment compared to WT. However, we observed no differences in myeloid or lymphoid lineage reconstitution between WT and DPP9S729A donors, indicating that hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment and self-renewal is not diminished by the absence of DPP9 enzymatic activity. This is the first report on transplantation of bone marrow cells that lack DPP9 enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Quintin Lee
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher J Jolly
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Cook
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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20
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Zhang HE, Hamson EJ, Koczorowska MM, Tholen S, Chowdhury S, Bailey CG, Lay AJ, Twigg SM, Lee Q, Roediger B, Biniossek ML, O'Rourke MB, McCaughan GW, Keane FM, Schilling O, Gorrell MD. Identification of Novel Natural Substrates of Fibroblast Activation Protein-alpha by Differential Degradomics and Proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:65-85. [PMID: 30257879 PMCID: PMC6317473 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein-alpha (FAP) is a cell-surface transmembrane-anchored dimeric protease. This unique, constitutively active serine protease has both dipeptidyl aminopeptidase and endopeptidase activities and can hydrolyze the post-proline bond. FAP expression is very low in adult organs but is upregulated by activated fibroblasts in sites of tissue remodeling, including fibrosis, atherosclerosis, arthritis and tumors. To identify the endogenous substrates of FAP, we immortalized primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from FAP gene knockout embryos and then stably transduced them to express either enzymatically active or inactive FAP. The MEF secretomes were then analyzed using degradomic and proteomic techniques. Terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS)-based degradomics identified cleavage sites in collagens, many other extracellular matrix (ECM) and associated proteins, and lysyl oxidase-like-1, CXCL-5, CSF-1, and C1qT6, that were confirmed in vitro In addition, differential metabolic labeling coupled with quantitative proteomic analysis also implicated FAP in ECM-cell interactions, as well as with coagulation, metabolism and wound healing associated proteins. Plasma from FAP-deficient mice exhibited slower than wild-type clotting times. This study provides a significant expansion of the substrate repertoire of FAP and provides insight into the physiological and potential pathological roles of this enigmatic protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Emma Zhang
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Hamson
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | | | - Stefan Tholen
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sumaiya Chowdhury
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Angelina J Lay
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen M Twigg
- §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;; ‖Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Quintin Lee
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Roediger
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Martin L Biniossek
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthew B O'Rourke
- ‖Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;; **Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Oliver Schilling
- ‡‡Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;; §§BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;; ¶¶German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;; ‖Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;.
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21
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Roediger B, Lee Q, Tikoo S, Cobbin JCA, Henderson JM, Jormakka M, O'Rourke MB, Padula MP, Pinello N, Henry M, Wynne M, Santagostino SF, Brayton CF, Rasmussen L, Lisowski L, Tay SS, Harris DC, Bertram JF, Dowling JP, Bertolino P, Lai JH, Wu W, Bachovchin WW, Wong JJL, Gorrell MD, Shaban B, Holmes EC, Jolly CJ, Monette S, Weninger W. An Atypical Parvovirus Drives Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephropathy and Kidney Fibrosis. Cell 2018; 175:530-543.e24. [PMID: 30220458 PMCID: PMC6800251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of a spontaneous nephropathy with intranuclear inclusions in laboratory mice has puzzled pathologists for over 4 decades, because its etiology remains elusive. The condition is more severe in immunodeficient animals, suggesting an infectious cause. Using metagenomics, we identify the causative agent as an atypical virus, termed "mouse kidney parvovirus" (MKPV), belonging to a divergent genus of Parvoviridae. MKPV was identified in animal facilities in Australia and North America, is transmitted via a fecal-oral or urinary-oral route, and is controlled by the adaptive immune system. Detailed analysis of the clinical course and histopathological features demonstrated a stepwise progression of pathology ranging from sporadic tubular inclusions to tubular degeneration and interstitial fibrosis and culminating in renal failure. In summary, we identify a widely distributed pathogen in laboratory mice and establish MKPV-induced nephropathy as a new tool for elucidating mechanisms of tubulointerstitial fibrosis that shares molecular features with chronic kidney disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Quintin Lee
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Shweta Tikoo
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Joanna C A Cobbin
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James M Henderson
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Mika Jormakka
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Matthew B O'Rourke
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Natalia Pinello
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Marisa Henry
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Laboratory Animal Services, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Wynne
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Laboratory Animal Services, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sara F Santagostino
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Leszek Lisowski
- Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Szun S Tay
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - David C Harris
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - John F Bertram
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - John P Dowling
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Patrick Bertolino
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Jack H Lai
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Wengen Wu
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - William W Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Justin J-L Wong
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Babak Shaban
- Australian Genomics Research Facility, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia; Melbourne Integrative Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Christopher J Jolly
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Sébastien Monette
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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22
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Zhang HE, Henderson JM, Gorrell MD. Animal models for hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:993-1002. [PMID: 31007176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents ~90% of all cases of primary liver cancer and occurs predominantly in patients with underlying chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Establishing appropriate animal models for HCC is required for basic and translational studies, especially the models that can recapitulate one of the human disease settings. Current animal models can be categorized as chemically-induced, genetically-engineered, xenograft, or a combination of these with each other or with a metabolic insult. A single approach to resemble human HCC in animals is not sufficient. Combining pathogenic insults in animal models may more realistically recapitulate the multiple etiologic agents occurring in humans. Combining chemical injury with metabolic disorder or alcohol consumption in mice reduces the time taken to hepatocarcinogenesis. Genetically-engineering weak activation of HCC-promoting pathways combined with disease-specific injury models will possibly mimic the pathophysiology of human HCC in distinct clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia; The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - James M Henderson
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia; The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia; The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
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23
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Cook SJ, Lee Q, Wong ACH, Spann BC, Vincent JN, Wong JJL, Schlitzer A, Gorrell MD, Weninger W, Roediger B. Differential chemokine receptor expression and usage by pre-cDC1 and pre-cDC2. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:1131-1139. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Cook
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Quintin Lee
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Alex CH Wong
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Benjamin C Spann
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Jonathan N Vincent
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Justin JL Wong
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Myeloid Cell Biology; LIMES-Institute; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology; Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; NSW Australia
- Department of Dermatology; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
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24
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Henderson JM, Polak N, Chen J, Roediger B, Weninger W, Kench JG, McCaughan GW, Zhang HE, Gorrell MD. Multiple liver insults synergize to accelerate experimental hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10283. [PMID: 29980757 PMCID: PMC6035229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The urgent unmet need for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapies is addressed here by characterising a novel mouse model of HCC in the context of ongoing liver damage and overnutrition. Male C57Bl/6J mice were treated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and thioacetamide (TAA), and some were provided with an atherogenic high fat diet (HFD). Inflammation, steatosis, fibrosis, 87 genes, liver lesions and intratumoural leukocyte subsets were quantified up to 24 weeks of age. Adding HFD to DEN/TAA increased fibrosis, steatosis and inflammation, and the incidence of both HCC and non-HCC dysplastic lesions. All lesions contained α-SMA positive fibroblasts. Macrophage marker F4/80 was not significantly different between treatment groups, but the macrophage-associated genes Arg-1 and Cd47 were differentially expressed. Fibrosis, cancer and cell death associated genes were upregulated in DEN/TAA/HFD livers. Fewer Kupffer cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were in tumours compared to control liver. In conclusion, combining a hepatotoxin with an atherogenic diet produced more intrahepatic tumours, dysplastic lesions and fibrosis compared to hepatotoxin alone. This new HCC model provides a relatively rapid means of examining primary HCC and potential therapies in the context of multiple hepatotoxins including those derived from overnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Henderson
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Natasa Polak
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Jinbiao Chen
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - James G Kench
- The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia.,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia. .,The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia. .,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
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25
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Jayawickrama GS, Nematollahi A, Sun G, Gorrell MD, Church WB. Inhibition of human kynurenine aminotransferase isozymes by estrogen and its derivatives. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17559. [PMID: 29242525 PMCID: PMC5730616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) enzymes are pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent homodimers that catalyse the irreversible transamination of kynurenine into kynurenic acid (KYNA) in the tryptophan metabolic pathway. Kynurenic acid is implicated in cognitive diseases such as schizophrenia, and several inhibitors have been reported that selectively target KAT-II as it is primarily responsible for kynurenic acid production in the human brain. Not only is schizophrenia a sexually dimorphic condition, but women that have schizophrenia have reduced estrogen levels in their serum. Estrogens are also known to interact in the kynurenine pathway therefore exploring these interactions can yield a better understanding of the condition and improve approaches in ameliorating its effects. Enzyme inhibitory assays and binding studies showed that estradiol disulfate is a strong inhibitor of KAT-I and KAT-II (IC50: 291.5 μM and 26.3 μM, respectively), with estradiol, estradiol 3-sulfate and estrone sulfate being much weaker (IC50 > 2 mM). Therefore it is possible that estrogen levels can dictate the balance of kynurenic acid in the brain. Inhibition assay results and modelling suggests that the 17-sulfate moiety in estradiol disulfate is very important in improving its potency as an inhibitor, increasing the inhibition by approximately 10–100 fold compared to estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayan S Jayawickrama
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alireza Nematollahi
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Guanchen Sun
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - W Bret Church
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute and the Medical School of The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute and the Medical School of The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and the Medical School of The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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27
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Uitte de Willige S, Keane FM, Bowen DG, Malfliet JJMC, Zhang HE, Maneck B, McCaughan GW, Leebeek FWG, Rijken DC, Gorrell MD. Circulating fibroblast activation protein activity and antigen levels correlate strongly when measured in liver disease and coronary heart disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178987. [PMID: 28582421 PMCID: PMC5459491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Circulating fibroblast activation protein (cFAP) is a constitutively active enzyme expressed by activated fibroblasts that has both dipeptidyl peptidase and endopeptidase activities. We aimed to assess the correlation between cFAP activity and antigen levels and to compare variations in levels. METHODS In plasma of 465 control individuals, 368 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 102 hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients with severe liver disease before and after liver transplant, cFAP activity levels were measured with a newly developed cFAP activity assay. In the same samples, cFAP antigen levels were measured using a commercially available cFAP ELISA. Correlation analyses between activity and antigen levels were performed by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient (ρ). Additionally, normal ranges, determinants and differences between cohorts and between anticoagulants were investigated. RESULTS cFAP activity and antigen levels significantly correlated in controls (ρ: 0.660, p<0.001) and in CHD patients (ρ: 0.709, p<0.001). cFAP activity and antigen levels in the HCV cohort were significantly lower in the samples taken after liver transplantation (p<0.001) and normalized toward levels of healthy individuals. Furthermore, cFAP activity and antigen levels were higher in men and significantly associated with body mass index. Also, cFAP activity and antigen levels were higher in EDTA plasma as compared to the levels in citrated plasma from the same healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS For analyzing cFAP levels, either activity levels or antigen levels can be measured to investigate differences between individuals. However, it is of importance that blood samples are collected in the same anticoagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Uitte de Willige
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Fiona M. Keane
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David G. Bowen
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - H. Emma Zhang
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bharvi Maneck
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W. McCaughan
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank W. G. Leebeek
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dingeman C. Rijken
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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28
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Nadvi NA, Salam NK, Park J, Akladios FN, Kapoor V, Collyer CA, Gorrell MD, Church WB. High resolution crystal structures of human kynurenine aminotransferase-I bound to PLP cofactor, and in complex with aminooxyacetate. Protein Sci 2017; 26:727-736. [PMID: 28097769 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report two high-resolution structures of the pyridoxal 5' phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme kynurenine aminotransferase-I (KAT-I). One is the native structure with the cofactor in the PLP form bound to Lys247 with the highest resolution yet available for KAT-I at 1.28 Å resolution, and the other with the general PLP-dependent aminotransferase inhibitor, aminooxyacetate (AOAA) covalently bound to the cofactor at 1.54 Å. Only small conformational differences are observed in the vicinity of the aldimine (oxime) linkage with which the PLP forms the Schiff base with Lys247 in the 1.28 Å resolution native structure, in comparison to other native PLP-bound structures. We also report the inhibition of KAT-1 by AOAA and aminooxy-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP), with IC50s of 13.1 and 5.7 μM, respectively. The crystal structure of the enzyme in complex with the inhibitor AOAA revealed that the cofactor is the PLP form with the external aldimine linkage. The location of this oxime with the PLP, which forms in place of the native internal aldimine linkage of PLP of the native KAT-I, is away from the position of the native internal aldimine, with the free Lys247 substantially retaining the orientation of the native structure. Tyr101, at the active site, was observed in two conformations in both structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed A Nadvi
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Noeris K Salam
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joohong Park
- Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fady N Akladios
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vimal Kapoor
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western, Australia, Australia
| | - Charles A Collyer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William Bret Church
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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29
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Tan SY, Chowdhury S, Polak N, Gorrell MD, Weninger W. Fibroblast activation protein is dispensable in the anti-influenza immune response in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171194. [PMID: 28158223 PMCID: PMC5291439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP) is a unique dual peptidase of the S9B serine protease family, being capable of both dipeptidyl peptidase and endopeptidase activities. FAP is expressed at low level in healthy adult organs including the pancreas, cervix, uterus, submaxillary gland and the skin, and highly upregulated in embryogenesis, chronic inflammation and tissue remodelling. It is also expressed by cancer-associated stromal fibroblasts in more than 90% of epithelial tumours. FAP has enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions in the growth, immunosuppression, invasion and cell signalling of tumour cells. FAP deficient mice are fertile and viable with no gross abnormality, but little data exist on the role of FAP in the immune system. FAP is upregulated in association with microbial stimulation and chronic inflammation, but its function in infection remains unknown. We showed that major populations of immune cells including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and neutrophils are generated and maintained normally in FAP knockout mice. Upon intranasal challenge with influenza virus, FAP mRNA was increased in the lungs and lung-draining lymph nodes. Nonetheless, FAP deficient mice showed similar pathologic kinetics to wildtype controls, and were capable of supporting normal anti-influenza T and B cell responses. There was no evidence of compensatory upregulation of other DPP4 family members in influenza-infected FAP-deficient mice. FAP appears to be dispensable in anti-influenza adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sioh-Yang Tan
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sumaiya Chowdhury
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natasa Polak
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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30
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Sinnathurai P, Lau W, Vieira de Ribeiro AJ, Bachovchin WW, Englert H, Howe G, Spencer D, Manolios N, Gorrell MD. Circulating fibroblast activation protein and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis. Int J Rheum Dis 2016; 21:1915-1923. [PMID: 27990763 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM To quantify circulating fibroblast activation protein (cFAP) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (cDPP4) protease activities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and a control group with mechanical back pain and to correlate plasma levels with disease characteristics. METHODS Plasma was collected from patients with RA (n = 73), SSc (n = 37) and control subjects (n = 26). DPP4 and FAP were quantified using specific enzyme activity assays. RESULTS Median cDPP4 was significantly lower in the RA group (P = 0.02), and SSc group (P = 0.002) compared with controls. There were no significant differences in median cFAP between the three groups. DPP4 and FAP demonstrated a negative correlation with inflammatory markers and duration of disease. There were no associations with disease subtypes in RA, including seropositive and erosive disease. Decreased cDPP4 was found in SSc patients with myositis. Plasma FAP was lower in RA patients receiving prednisone (P = 0.001) or leflunomide (P = 0.04), but higher with biologic agents (P = 0.01). RA patients receiving leflunomide also had decreased cDPP4 (P = 0.014). SSc patients receiving prednisone (P = 0.02) had lower cDPP4 but there was no association with cFAP. CONCLUSIONS No association was found between cFAP and RA or SSc. Plasma DPP4 was decreased in RA and SSc when compared with controls. cDPP4 and cFAP correlated negatively with inflammatory markers and there were no significant correlations with disease characteristics in this RA cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Lau
- Rheumatology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ana Julia Vieira de Ribeiro
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William W Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen Englert
- Rheumatology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graydon Howe
- Rheumatology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Spencer
- Rheumatology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas Manolios
- Rheumatology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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31
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Wang XM, Holz LE, Chowdhury S, Cordoba SP, Evans KA, Gall MG, Vieira de Ribeiro AJ, Zheng YZ, Levy MT, Yu DM, Yao TW, Polak N, Jolly CJ, Bertolino P, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD. The pro-fibrotic role of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 in carbon tetrachloride-induced experimental liver injury. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:443-453. [PMID: 27899813 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a progressive pathological process involving inflammation and extracellular matrix deposition. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), also known as CD26, is a cell surface glycoprotein and serine protease. DPP4 binds to fibronectin, can inactivate specific chemokines, incretin hormone and neuropeptides, and influences cell adhesion and migration. Such properties suggest a pro-fibrotic role for this peptidase but this hypothesis needs in vivo examination. Experimental liver injury was induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in DPP4 gene knockout (gko) mice. DPP4 gko had less liver fibrosis and inflammation and fewer B cell clusters than wild type mice in the fibrosis model. DPP4 inhibitor-treated mice also developed less liver fibrosis. DNA microarray and PCR showed that many immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and some metabolism-associated transcripts were differentially expressed in the gko strain compared with wild type. CCl4-treated DPP4 gko livers had more IgM+ and IgG+ intrahepatic lymphocytes, and fewer CD4+, IgD+ and CD21+ intrahepatic lymphocytes. These data suggest that DPP4 is pro-fibrotic in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and that the mechanisms of DPP4 pro-fibrotic action include energy metabolism, B cells, NK cells and CD4+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin M Wang
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lauren E Holz
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sumaiya Chowdhury
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shaun P Cordoba
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Evans
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Yuan Zhou Zheng
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miriam T Levy
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denise Mt Yu
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tsun-Wen Yao
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natasa Polak
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher J Jolly
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick Bertolino
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Wilson CH, Zhang HE, Gorrell MD, Abbott CA. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 substrates and their discovery: current progress and the application of mass spectrometry-based approaches. Biol Chem 2016; 397:837-56. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The enzyme members of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) gene family have the very unusual capacity to cleave the post-proline bond to release dipeptides from the N-terminus of peptide/protein substrates. DPP4 and related enzymes are current and potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of type II diabetes, inflammatory conditions and cancer. Despite this, the precise biological function of individual dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs), other than DPP4, and knowledge of their in vivo substrates remains largely unknown. For many years, identification of physiological DPP substrates has been difficult due to limitations in the available tools. Now, with advances in mass spectrometry based approaches, we can discover DPP substrates on a system wide-scale. Application of these approaches has helped reveal some of the in vivo natural substrates of DPP8 and DPP9 and their unique biological roles. In this review, we provide a general overview of some tools and approaches available for protease substrate discovery and their applicability to the DPPs with a specific focus on DPP9 substrates. This review provides comment upon potential approaches for future substrate elucidation.
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Jayawickrama GS, Sadig RR, Sun G, Nematollahi A, Nadvi NA, Hanrahan JR, Gorrell MD, Church WB. Kynurenine Aminotransferases and the Prospects of Inhibitors for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. Curr Med Chem 2016; 22:2902-18. [PMID: 26051411 DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666150608094054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with limited treatment options and highly debilitating symptoms, leading to poor personal, social, and occupational outcomes for an afflicted individual. Our current understanding of schizophrenia suggests that dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems have a significant role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Kynurenic acid, an endogenous glutamate antagonist, is found in elevated concentrations in the prefrontal cortex and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia, and this affects neurotransmitter release in a similar manner to previously observed psychotomimetic agents, such as phencyclidine, underlining the molecular basis to its link in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Kynurenic acid is a breakdown product of tryptophan degradation, through a transamination process mediated by kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) enzymes. There are four KAT homologues reported, all of which are pyridoxal 5'- phosphate-dependent enzymes. All four KAT isoforms have been analysed structurally and biochemically, however the most extensive research is on KAT-I and KAT-II. These two enzymes have been targeted in structure-based drug design as a means of normalising raised kynurenic acid levels. The most potent KAT-I inhibitors and KAT-II inhibitors include phenylhydrazone hexanoic acid derivatives and a pyrazole series of compounds, respectively. KAT inhibitors have been shown to be effective in reducing kynurenic acid production, with accompanying changes in neurotransmitter release and pro-cognitive effects seen in animal studies. This review will discuss the characteristics pertaining to the different KAT isoforms, and will highlight the development of significant KAT inhibitors. KAT inhibitors have great potential for therapeutic application and represent a novel way in treating schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - W Bret Church
- Faculty of Pharmacy A15, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
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Henderson JM, Zhang HE, Polak N, Gorrell MD. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Mouse models and the potential roles of proteases. Cancer Lett 2016; 387:106-113. [PMID: 27045475 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the second most common cause of mortality from cancer. The most common models of hepatocellular carcinoma, which use a chemical and/or metabolic insult, xenograft, or genetic manipulation, are discussed in this review. In the tumour microenvironment lymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and antigen presenting cells are important determinants of cell fate. These cells make a range of proteases that modify the biological activity of other proteins, particularly extracellular matrix proteins that alter cell migration of tumour cells, fibroblasts and leucocytes, and chemokines that alter leucocyte migration. The DPP4 family of post-proline peptidase enzymes modifies cell movement and the activities of many bioactive molecules including growth factors and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Henderson
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Natasa Polak
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006 Australia.
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Chen Y, Gall MG, Zhang H, Keane FM, McCaughan GW, Yu DMT, Gorrell MD. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 enzymatic activity influences the expression of neonatal metabolic genes. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:72-82. [PMID: 26930324 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The success of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibition as a type 2 diabetes therapy has encouraged deeper examination of the post-proline DPP enzymes. DPP9 has been implicated in immunoregulation, disease pathogenesis and metabolism. The DPP9 enzyme-inactive (Dpp9 gene knock-in; Dpp9 gki) mouse displays neonatal lethality, suggesting that DPP9 enzyme activity is essential in neonatal development. Here we present gene expression patterns in these Dpp9 gki neonatal mice. Taqman PCR arrays and sequential qPCR assays on neonatal liver and gut revealed differential expression of genes involved in cell growth, innate immunity and metabolic pathways including long-chain-fatty-acid uptake and esterification, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA binding, trafficking and transport into mitochondria, lipoprotein metabolism, adipokine transport and gluconeogenesis in the Dpp9 gki mice compared to wild type. In a liver cell line, Dpp9 knockdown increased AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, which suggests a potential mechanism. DPP9 protein levels in liver cells were altered by treatment with EGF, HGF, insulin or palmitate, suggesting potential natural DPP9 regulators. These gene expression analyses of a mouse strain deficient in DPP9 enzyme activity show, for the first time, that DPP9 enzyme activity regulates metabolic pathways in neonatal liver and gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Chen
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Zhang
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denise M T Yu
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Wong PF, Gall MG, Bachovchin WW, McCaughan GW, Keane FM, Gorrell MD. Neuropeptide Y is a physiological substrate of fibroblast activation protein: Enzyme kinetics in blood plasma and expression of Y2R and Y5R in human liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Peptides 2016; 75:80-95. [PMID: 26621486 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) and endopeptidase that is weakly expressed in normal adult human tissues but is greatly up-regulated in activated mesenchymal cells of tumors and chronically injured tissue. The identities and locations of target substrates of FAP are poorly defined, in contrast to the related protease DPP4. This study is the first to characterize the physiological substrate repertoire of the DPP activity of endogenous FAP present in plasma. Four substrates, neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY, B-type natriuretic peptide and substance P, were analyzed by mass spectrometry following proteolysis in human or mouse plasma, and by in vivo localization in human liver tissues with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NPY was the most efficiently cleaved substrate of both human and mouse FAP, whereas all four peptides were efficiently cleaved by endogenous DPP4, indicating that the in vivo degradomes of FAP and DPP4 differ. All detectable DPP-specific proteolysis and C-terminal processing of these neuropeptides was attributable to FAP and DPP4, and plasma kallikrein, respectively, highlighting their combined physiological significance in the regulation of these neuropeptides. In cirrhotic liver and HCC, NPY and its receptor Y2R, but not Y5R, were increased in hepatocytes near the parenchymal-stromal interface where there is an opportunity to interact with FAP expressed on nearby activated mesenchymal cells in the stroma. These novel findings provide insights into the substrate specificity of FAP, which differs greatly from DPP4, and reveal a potential function for FAP in neuropeptide regulation within liver and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pok Fai Wong
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - William W Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Williams KH, Vieira De Ribeiro AJ, Prakoso E, Veillard AS, Shackel NA, Brooks B, Bu Y, Cavanagh E, Raleigh J, McLennan SV, McCaughan GW, Keane FM, Zekry A, Gorrell MD, Twigg SM. Circulating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity correlates with measures of hepatocyte apoptosis and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: A dual cohort cross-sectional study. J Diabetes 2015; 7:809-19. [PMID: 25350950 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrahepatic expression of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), and circulating DPP4 (cDPP4) levels and its enzymatic activity, are increased in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and in type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or obesity. DPP4 has been implicated as a causative factor in NAFLD progression but few studies have examined associations between cDPP4 activity and NAFLD severity in humans. This study aimed to examine the relationship of cDPP4 activity with measures of liver disease severity in NAFLD in subjects with diabetes and/or obesity. METHODS cDPP4 was measured in 106 individuals with type 2 diabetes who had transient elastography (Cohort 1) and 145 individuals with morbid obesity who had liver biopsy (Cohort 2). Both cohorts had caspase-cleaved keratin-18 (ccK18) measured as a marker of apoptosis. RESULTS Natural log increases in cDPP4 activity were associated with increasing quartiles of ccK18 (Cohorts 1 and 2) and with median liver stiffness ≥10.3 kPa (Cohort 1) and significant fibrosis (F ≥ 2) on liver biopsy (Cohort 2). CONCLUSIONS In diabetes and/or obesity, cDPP4 activity is associated with current apoptosis and liver fibrosis. Given the pathogenic mechanisms by which DPP4 may progress NAFLD, measurement of cDPP4 activity may have utility to predict disease progression and DPP4 inhibition may improve liver histology over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Williams
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ana Júlia Vieira De Ribeiro
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emilia Prakoso
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne-Sophie Veillard
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Shackel
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Belinda Brooks
- Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yangmin Bu
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erika Cavanagh
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jim Raleigh
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan V McLennan
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amany Zekry
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen M Twigg
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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38
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Zhang H, Maqsudi S, Rainczuk A, Duffield N, Lawrence J, Keane FM, Justa-Schuch D, Geiss-Friedlander R, Gorrell MD, Stephens AN. Identification of novel dipeptidyl peptidase 9 substrates by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis. FEBS J 2015; 282:3737-57. [PMID: 26175140 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a member of the S9B/DPPIV (DPP4) serine protease family, which cleaves N-terminal dipeptides at an Xaa-Pro consensus motif. Cytoplasmic DPP9 has roles in epidermal growth factor signalling and in antigen processing, whilst the role of the recently discovered nuclear form of DPP9 is unknown. Mice lacking DPP9 proteolytic activity die as neonates. We applied a modified 2D differential in-gel electrophoresis approach to identify novel DPP9 substrates, using mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking endogenous DPP9 activity. A total of 111 potential new DPP9 substrates were identified, with nine proteins/peptides confirmed as DPP9 substrates by MALDI-TOF or immunoblotting. Moreover, we also identified the dipeptide Val-Ala as a consensus site for DPP9 cleavage that was not recognized by DPP8, suggesting different in vivo roles for these closely related enzymes. The relative kinetics for the cleavage of these nine candidate substrates by DPP9, DPP8 and DPP4 were determined. This is the first identification of DPP9 substrates from cells lacking endogenous DPP9 activity. These data greatly expand the potential roles of DPP9 and suggest different in vivo roles for DPP9 and DPP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Molecular Hepatology, Liver Injury and Cancer Group, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Sadiqa Maqsudi
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Adam Rainczuk
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nadine Duffield
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Josie Lawrence
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Molecular Hepatology, Liver Injury and Cancer Group, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniela Justa-Schuch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Geiss-Friedlander
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Molecular Hepatology, Liver Injury and Cancer Group, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew N Stephens
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Epworth Research Institute, Epworth HealthCare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
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39
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Williams KH, Viera de Ribeiro AJ, Prakoso E, Veillard AS, Shackel NA, Bu Y, Brooks B, Cavanagh E, Raleigh J, McLennan SV, McCaughan GW, Bachovchin WW, Keane FM, Zekry A, Twigg SM, Gorrell MD. Lower serum fibroblast activation protein shows promise in the exclusion of clinically significant liver fibrosis due to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetes and obesity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 108:466-72. [PMID: 25836944 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common in diabetes and obesity but few have clinically significant liver fibrosis. Improved risk-assessment is needed as the commonly used clinical-risk algorithm, the NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), is often inconclusive. AIMS To determine whether circulating fibroblast activation protein (cFAP), which is elevated in cirrhosis, has value in excluding significant fibrosis, particularly combined with NFS. METHODS cFAP was measured in 106 with type 2 diabetes who had transient elastography (Cohort 1) and 146 with morbid obesity who had liver biopsy (Cohort 2). RESULTS In Cohort 1, cFAP (per SD) independently associated with median liver stiffness (LSM) ≥ 10.3 kPa with OR of 2.0 (95% CI 1.2-3.4), p=0.006. There was 0.12 OR (95% CI 0.03-0.61) of LSM ≥ 10.3 kPa for those in the lowest compared with the highest FAP tertile (p=0.010). FAP levels below 730 pmol AMC/min/mL had 95% NPV for LSM ≥ 10.3 kPa and reclassified 41% of 64 subjects from NFS 'indeterminate-risk' to 'low-risk'. In Cohort 2, cFAP (per SD), associated with 1.7 fold (95% CI 1.1-2.8) increased odds of significant fibrosis (F ≥ 2), p=0.021, and low cFAP reclassified 49% of 73 subjects from 'indeterminate-risk' to 'low-risk'. CONCLUSIONS Lower cFAP, when combined with NFS, may have clinical utility in excluding significant fibrosis in diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Williams
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; The Charles Perkins Centre, Building D17, Johns Hopkins Drive, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 77, Camperdown, NSW 1450, Australia.
| | - A J Viera de Ribeiro
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - E Prakoso
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - A S Veillard
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 77, Camperdown, NSW 1450, Australia.
| | - N A Shackel
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - Y Bu
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Wallace Wurth Building, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - B Brooks
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Nursing School, Building M02, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - E Cavanagh
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - J Raleigh
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - S V McLennan
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; The Charles Perkins Centre, Building D17, Johns Hopkins Drive, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - G W McCaughan
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - W W Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - F M Keane
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - A Zekry
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Wallace Wurth Building, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; The St George Hospital, Gray Street, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.
| | - S M Twigg
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; The Charles Perkins Centre, Building D17, Johns Hopkins Drive, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - M D Gorrell
- Sydney Medical School, The Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
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40
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Zhang H, Chen Y, Wadham C, McCaughan GW, Keane FM, Gorrell MD. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 subcellular localization and a role in cell adhesion involving focal adhesion kinase and paxillin. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1853:470-80. [PMID: 25486458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the DPP4 gene and protease family. Deciphering the biological functions of DPP9 and its roles in pathogenesis has implicated DPP9 in tumor biology, the immune response, apoptosis, intracellular epidermal growth factor-dependent signaling and cell adhesion and migration. We investigated the intracellular distribution of DPP9 chimeric fluorescent proteins and consequent functions of DPP9. We showed that while some DPP9 is associated with mitochondria, the strongest co-localization was with microtubules. Under steady state conditions, DPP9 was not seen at the plasma membrane, but upon stimulation with either phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or epidermal growth factor, some DPP9 re-distributed towards the ruffling membrane. DPP9 was seen at the leading edge of the migrating cell and co-localized with the focal adhesion proteins, integrin-β1 and talin. DPP9 gene silencing and treatment with a DPP8/DPP9 specific inhibitor both reduced cell adhesion and migration. Expression of integrin-β1 and talin was decreased in DPP9-deficient and DPP9-enzyme-inactive cells. There was a concomitant decrease in the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin, indicating that DPP9 knockdown or enzyme inhibition suppressed the associated adhesion signaling pathway, causing impaired cell movement. These novel findings provide mechanistic insights into the regulatory role of DPP9 in cell movement, and may thus implicate DPP9 in tissue and tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiqian Chen
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol Wadham
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Osborne B, Yao TW, Wang XM, Chen Y, Kotan LD, Nadvi NA, Herdem M, McCaughan GW, Allen JD, Yu DM, Topaloglu AK, Gorrell MD. A rare variant in human fibroblast activation protein associated with ER stress, loss of enzymatic function and loss of cell surface localisation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2014; 1844:1248-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hamson EJ, Keane FM, Tholen S, Schilling O, Gorrell MD. Understanding fibroblast activation protein (FAP): Substrates, activities, expression and targeting for cancer therapy. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:454-63. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Hamson
- Molecular Hepatology; Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Fiona M. Keane
- Molecular Hepatology; Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Stefan Tholen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Molecular Hepatology; Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
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Nematollahi A, Church WB, Nadvi NA, Gorrell MD, Sun G. Homology modeling of human kynurenine aminotransferase III and observations on inhibitor binding using molecular docking. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2014; 14:2-9. [PMID: 24739074 DOI: 10.2174/1871524914666140416095523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) isozymes are responsible for catalyzing the conversion of kynurenine (KYN) to kynurenic acid (KYNA), which is considered to play a key role in central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including schizophrenia. The levels of KYNA in the postmortem prefrontal cortex and in the Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of schizophrenics are greater than normal brain. A basic strategy to decrease kynurenic acid levels is to promote the inhibition of the biosynthetic KAT isozymes. As there is no crystallographic model for human kynurenine aminotransferase III (KAT III), therefore, homology modeling has been performed based on the Mus musculus kynurenine aminotransferase III crystal structure (PDB ID: 3E2Y) as a template, and the model of the human KAT III was refined and optimized with molecular dynamics simulations. Further evaluation of the model quality was accomplished by investigating the interaction of KAT III inhibitors with the modeled enzyme. Such interactions were determined employing the AutoDock 4.2 program using the MGLTools 1.5.6 package. The most important interactions for the binding of the inhibitors, which are probably also central components of the active site of KAT III, were identified as Ala134, Tyr135, Lys 280, Lys 288, Thr285 and Arg429, which provide hydrogen bond interactions. Additionally, Tyr135 and Arg429 have good electrostatic interactions with inhibitors consistent with these residues also being essential for inhibition of the enzyme activity. We expect that this model and these docking data will be a useful resource for the rational design of novel drugs for treating neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guanchen Sun
- Faculty of Pharmacy A15, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
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Keane FM, Yao TW, Seelk S, Gall MG, Chowdhury S, Poplawski SE, Lai JH, Li Y, Wu W, Farrell P, Vieira de Ribeiro AJ, Osborne B, Yu DMT, Seth D, Rahman K, Haber P, Topaloglu AK, Wang C, Thomson S, Hennessy A, Prins J, Twigg SM, McLennan SV, McCaughan GW, Bachovchin WW, Gorrell MD. Quantitation of fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-specific protease activity in mouse, baboon and human fluids and organs. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 4:43-54. [PMID: 24371721 PMCID: PMC3871272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The protease fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a specific marker of activated mesenchymal cells in tumour stroma and fibrotic liver. A specific, reliable FAP enzyme assay has been lacking. FAP's unique and restricted cleavage of the post proline bond was exploited to generate a new specific substrate to quantify FAP enzyme activity. This sensitive assay detected no FAP activity in any tissue or fluid of FAP gene knockout mice, thus confirming assay specificity. Circulating FAP activity was ∼20- and 1.3-fold less in baboon than in mouse and human plasma, respectively. Serum and plasma contained comparable FAP activity. In mice, the highest levels of FAP activity were in uterus, pancreas, submaxillary gland and skin, whereas the lowest levels were in brain, prostate, leukocytes and testis. Baboon organs high in FAP activity included skin, epididymis, bladder, colon, adipose tissue, nerve and tongue. FAP activity was greatly elevated in tumours and associated lymph nodes and in fungal-infected skin of unhealthy baboons. FAP activity was 14- to 18-fold greater in cirrhotic than in non-diseased human liver, and circulating FAP activity was almost doubled in alcoholic cirrhosis. Parallel DPP4 measurements concorded with the literature, except for the novel finding of high DPP4 activity in bile. The new FAP enzyme assay is the first to be thoroughly characterised and shows that FAP activity is measurable in most organs and at high levels in some. This new assay is a robust tool for specific quantitation of FAP enzyme activity in both preclinical and clinical samples, particularly liver fibrosis. A novel synthetic fluorogenic substrate is proven to be FAP-specific. Mice have higher levels of circulating FAP activity compared to baboons or humans. No FAP activity was detected in urine or bile but bile contained high DPP4 activity. FAP activity is greatest in pancreas, uterus, salivary gland, skin and lymph node. FAP activity and protein is elevated in both serum and liver in human liver disease.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- AMC, amino-4-methylcoumarin
- Biomarker
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4
- Dipeptidyl peptidase
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
- FAP, fibroblast activation protein-α
- Fibroblast
- Fibrosis
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- LDS, lithium dodecyl sulphate
- LN, lymph node
- Liver disease
- ND, non-diseased
- PBC, primary biliary cirrhosis
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PEP, prolyl endopeptidase
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- Protease activity
- Protease substrates
- STLV, simian T-cell lymphotrophic virus
- gko, gene knock out
- het, heterozygous
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- wt, wild type
- yrs, years
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tsun-Wen Yao
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sumaiya Chowdhury
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah E Poplawski
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack H Lai
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Youhua Li
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wengen Wu
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Penny Farrell
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ana Julia Vieira de Ribeiro
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brenna Osborne
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Denise M T Yu
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Devanshi Seth
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Khairunnessa Rahman
- Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Haber
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - A Kemal Topaloglu
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Chuanmin Wang
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Collaborative Transplantation Research Group, Bosch Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sally Thomson
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Annemarie Hennessy
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John Prins
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, and Department of Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen M Twigg
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan V McLennan
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William W Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Gall MG, Chen Y, Vieira de Ribeiro AJ, Zhang H, Bailey CG, Spielman DS, Yu DMT, Gorrell MD. Targeted inactivation of dipeptidyl peptidase 9 enzymatic activity causes mouse neonate lethality. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78378. [PMID: 24223149 PMCID: PMC3819388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl Peptidase (DPP) 4 and related dipeptidyl peptidases are emerging as current and potential therapeutic targets. DPP9 is an intracellular protease that is regulated by redox status and by SUMO1. DPP9 can influence antigen processing, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated signaling and tumor biology. We made the first gene knock-in (gki) mouse with a serine to alanine point mutation at the DPP9 active site (S729A). Weaned heterozygote DPP9 (wt/S729A) pups from 110 intercrosses were indistinguishable from wild-type littermates. No homozygote DPP9 (S729A/S729A) weaned mice were detected. DPP9 (S729A/S729A) homozygote embryos, which were morphologically indistinguishable from their wild-type littermate embryos at embryonic day (ED) 12.5 to ED 17.5, were born live but these neonates died within 8 to 24 hours of birth. All neonates suckled and contained milk spots and were of similar body weight. No gender differences were seen. No histological or DPP9 immunostaining pattern differences were seen between genotypes in embryos and neonates. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from DPP9 (S729A/S729A) ED13.5 embryos and neonate DPP9 (S729A/S729A) mouse livers collected within 6 hours after birth had levels of DPP9 protein and DPP9-related proteases that were similar to wild-type but had less DPP9/DPP8-derived activity. These data confirmed the absence of DPP9 enzymatic activity due to the presence of the serine to alanine mutation and no compensation from related proteases. These novel findings suggest that DPP9 enzymatic activity is essential for early neonatal survival in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G. Gall
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiqian Chen
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ana Julia Vieira de Ribeiro
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Zhang
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charles G. Bailey
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Derek S. Spielman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denise M. T. Yu
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
DPP8 and DPP9 are recently identified members of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) enzyme family, which is characterized by the rare ability to cleave a post-proline bond two residues from the N-terminus of a substrate. DPP8 and DPP9 have unique cellular localization patterns, are ubiquitously expressed in tissues and cell lines, and evidence suggests important contributions to various biological processes including: cell behavior, cancer biology, disease pathogenesis, and immune responses. Importantly, functional differences between these two proteins have emerged, such as DPP8 may be more associated with gut inflammation whereas DPP9 is involved in antigen presentation and intracellular signaling. Similarly, the DPP9 connections with H-Ras and SUMO1, and its role in AKT1 pathway downregulation provide essential insights into the molecular mechanisms of DPP9 action. The recent discovery of novel natural substrates of DPP8 and DPP9 highlights the potential role of these proteases in energy metabolism and homeostasis. This review focuses on the recent progress made with these post-proline dipeptidyl peptidases and underscores their emerging importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Locked Bag No. 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
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Harstad EB, Rosenblum JS, Gorrell MD, Achanzar WE, Minimo L, Wu J, Rosini-Marthaler L, Gullo R, Ordway ND, Kirby MS, Chadwick KD, Cosma GN, Moyer CF. DPP8 and DPP9 expression in cynomolgus monkey and Sprague Dawley rat tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 186:26-35. [PMID: 23850796 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs) are proteolytic enzymes that regulate many physiological systems by degrading signaling peptides. DPP8 and DPP9 are distinct from DPP4 in sequence, cellular localization and expression levels, thus implying distinct functions. However, DPP8 and DPP9 expression needs further delineation. We evaluated DPP4, DPP8 and DPP9 expression using three independent methods at the mRNA, protein, and functional levels to better understand the local physiological contribution of each enzyme. Sprague Dawley rats and cynomolgus monkeys were selected for DPP4, DPP8 and DPP9 expression profiling to represent animal species commonly utilized for drug preclinical safety evaluation. A novel Xhibit assay of DPP protease activity was applied in addition to newly available antibodies for immunohistochemical localization. This combined approach can facilitate a functional evaluation of protease expression, which is important for understanding physiological relevance. Few inter-species differences were observed. Tissue mRNA and protein levels generally correlated to functional DPP4 and DPP8/9 enzymatic activity. All three proteins were seen in epithelial cells, lymphoid cells and some endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Combined DPP8/DPP9 enzymatic activity was uniformly intracellular across tissues at approximately 10-fold lower levels than non-renal DPP4. Consistent levels of each DPP were detected among most non-renal tissues in rats and monkeys. DPP4 was ubiquitous, principally detected on cell membranes of epithelial and endothelial cells and was greatest in the kidney. The expression patterns suggest that DPP8 and DPP9 may act similarly across tissues, and that their actions might in part overlap with DPP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Harstad
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Chowdhury S, Chen Y, Yao TW, Ajami K, Wang XM, Popov Y, Schuppan D, Bertolino P, McCaughan GW, Yu DMT, Gorrell MD. Regulation of dipeptidyl peptidase 8 and 9 expression in activated lymphocytes and injured liver. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:2883-93. [PMID: 23704821 PMCID: PMC3660813 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i19.2883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 8 and DPP9 in lymphocytes and various models of liver fibrosis. METHODS DPP8 and DPP9 expression were measured in mouse splenic CD4⁺ T-cells, CD8⁺ T-cells and B-cells (B220⁺), human lymphoma cell lines and mouse splenocytes stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and in dithiothreitol (DTT) and mitomycin-C treated Raji cells. DPP8 and DPP9 expression were measured in epidermal growth factor (EGF) treated Huh7 hepatoma cells, in fibrotic liver samples from mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and from multidrug resistance gene 2 (Mdr2/Abcb4) gene knockout (gko) mice with biliary fibrosis, and in human end stage primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). RESULTS All three lymphocyte subsets expressed DPP8 and DPP9 mRNA. DPP8 and DPP9 expression were upregulated in both PWM and LPS stimulated mouse splenocytes and in both Jurkat T- and Raji B-cell lines. DPP8 and DPP9 were downregulated in DTT treated and upregulated in mitomycin-C treated Raji cells. DPP9-transfected Raji cells exhibited more annexin V⁺ cells and associated apoptosis. DPP8 and DPP9 mRNA were upregulated in CCl₄ induced fibrotic livers but not in the lymphocytes isolated from such livers, while DPP9 was upregulated in EGF stimulated Huh7 cells. In contrast, intrahepatic DPP8 and DPP9 mRNA expression levels were low in the Mdr2 gko mouse and in human PBC compared to non-diseased livers. CONCLUSION These expression patterns point to biological roles for DPP8 and DPP9 in lymphocyte activation and apoptosis and in hepatocytes during liver disease pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/deficiency
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Carbon Tetrachloride
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/enzymology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/etiology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/genetics
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/immunology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Dipeptidases/genetics
- Dipeptidases/metabolism
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/deficiency
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/genetics
- Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases/genetics
- Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases/metabolism
- Endopeptidases
- Female
- Gelatinases/deficiency
- Gelatinases/genetics
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Liver/enzymology
- Liver/innervation
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/enzymology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/enzymology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Serine Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Time Factors
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Abstract
Recent data increasingly support a complex interplay between the metabolic condition diabetes mellitus and the pathologically defined nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD predicts the development of type 2 diabetes and vice versa, and each condition may serve as a progression factor for the other. Although the association of diabetes and NAFLD is likely to be partly the result of a "common soil," it is also probable that diabetes interacts with NAFLD through specific pathogenic mechanisms. In particular, through interrelated metabolic pathways currently only partly understood, diabetes appears to accelerate the progression of NAFLD to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, defined by the presence of necroinflammation, with varying degrees of liver fibrosis. In the research setting, obstacles that have made the identification of clinically significant NAFLD, and particularly nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, difficult are being addressed with the use of new imaging techniques combined with risk algorithms derived from peripheral blood profiling. These techniques are likely to be used in the diabetes population in the near future. This review examines the pathogenic links between NAFLD and diabetes by exploring the epidemiological evidence in humans and also through newer animal models. Emerging technology to help screen noninvasively for differing pathological forms of NAFLD and the potential role of preventive and therapeutic approaches for NAFLD in the setting of diabetes are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Williams
- Sydney Medical School and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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50
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Abstract
Diabetes therapies based on manipulation of the incretin system are now widely available, with millions of people receiving treatment. The incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 are released from endocrine cells in the small intestinal mucosa primarily in response to oral nutrient ingestion. They have various effects, but those most relevant to metabolic dysfunction include stimulation of insulin and suppression of glucagon secretion, with resultant reduction in fasting and postprandial glucose. Incretin secretion and/or action is impaired in type 2 diabetes, leading to development of strategies aimed at redressing this abnormality. These strategies include pharmacological inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, the enzyme responsible for the short half-life of endogenous incretins, and administration of long-acting dipeptidyl peptidase-4-resistant peptides that bind to and activate the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. In this review, we address aspects of incretin biology and pharmacotherapy with a view to highlighting potentially clinically relevant issues and areas of basic research that may impinge on these.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Martin
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland and Clinical Pharmacologist, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland.
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