1
|
Pei M, Xie X, Peng B, Chen X, Chen Y, Li Y, Wang Z, Lu G. Identification and Expression Analysis of Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Proteins Genes in Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112122. [PMID: 37299101 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The family of phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) is able to bind specific lipids to carry out various biological functions throughout different stages of plant life. But the function of PITPs in rice plant is unclear. In this study, 30 PITPs were identified from rice genome, which showed differences in physicochemical properties, gene structure, conservation domains, and subcellular localization. The promoter region of the OsPITPs genes included at least one type of hormone response element, such as methyl jasmonate (Me JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Furthermore, the expression level of OsML-1, OsSEC14-3, OsSEC14-4, OsSEC14-15, and OsSEC14-19 genes were significantly affected by infection of rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Based on these findings, it is possible that OsPITPs may be involved in rice innate immunity in response to M. oryzae infection through the Me JA and SA pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xuze Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Baoyi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinchi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang R, Chen X, Wang Y, Bai X, Yang Q, Zhong Y, Yu XQ, Jin F, Yang W. BmMD-2A responds to 20-hydroxyecdysone and regulates Bombyx mori silkworm innate immunity in larva-to-pupa metamorphosis. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:411-424. [PMID: 35871306 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
20E-hydroxyecdysone (20E) plays important roles in larval molting and metamorphosis in insects and is also involved in the insect innate immune response. Insect metamorphosis is a highly successful strategy for environmental adaptation and is the most vulnerable stage during which the insect is susceptible to various pathogens. 20E regulates a series of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) through the immunodeficiency (IMD) pathway activation in Drosophila; nevertheless, whether other immune pathways are involved in 20E-regulated insect immunity is unknown. Our previous studies showed that BmMD-2A is a member of the MD-2-related lipid recognition (ML) family of proteins that are involved in the Bombyx mori innate immunity Toll signaling pathway. In this study, we further demonstrate that BmMD-2A is also positively regulated by 20E, and the BmMD-2A neutralization experiment suggested that 20E activates some downstream immune effect factors, the AMP genes against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, through the regulation of BmMD-2A in larval metamorphosis, implying that B. mori may use the Toll-ML signaling pathway to maintain innate immune balance in the larval-pupal metamorphosis stage, which is a different innate immunity pathway regulated by 20E compared to the IMD pathway in Drosophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xu Bai
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangjin Zhong
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wanying Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bidoli C, Miccoli A, Buonocore F, Fausto AM, Gerdol M, Picchietti S, Scapigliati G. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Early Hemocyte Responses upon In Vivo Stimulation with LPS in the Stick Insect Bacillus rossius (Rossi, 1788). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070645. [PMID: 35886821 PMCID: PMC9316843 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-model insect species such as B. rossius suffer from a profound gap of knowledge regarding the temporal progression of physiological responses following the challenge with bacterial pathogens or cell wall components thereof. The reason for this mostly lies in the lack of genomic/transcriptomic resources, which would provide an unparalleled in-depth capacity in the analysis of molecular, biochemical, and metabolic mechanisms. We present a high-quality transcriptome obtained from high-coverage sequencing of hemocytes harvested from adult stick insect specimens both pre- and post-LPS stimulation. Such a resource served as the basis for a stringent differential gene expression and functional enrichment analyses, the results of which were characterized and discussed in depth. Selected transcripts encoding for C-type lectins and ML-domain containing proteins were further investigated from a phylogenetic perspective. Overall, these findings shed light on the physiological responses driven by a short-term LPS stimulation in the European stick insect. Abstract Despite a growing number of non-model insect species is being investigated in recent years, a greater understanding of their physiology is prevented by the lack of genomic resources. This is the case of the common European stick insect Bacillus rossius (Rossi, 1788): in this species, some knowledge is available on hemocyte-related defenses, but little is known about the physiological changes occurring in response to natural or experimental challenges. Here, the transcriptional signatures of adult B. rossius hemocytes were investigated after a short-term (2 h) LPS stimulation in vivo: a total of 2191 differentially expressed genes, mostly involved in proteolysis and carbohydrate and lipid metabolic processes, were identified in the de novo assembled transcriptome and in-depth discussed. Overall, the significant modulation of immune signals—such as C-type lectins, ML domain-containing proteins, serpins, as well as Toll signaling-related molecules—provide novel information on the early progression of LPS-induced responses in B. rossius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Bidoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Andrea Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song Y, Zhou K, Nan X, Qin Y, Zhao K, Li W, Wang Q. A novel ML protein functions as a pattern recognition protein in antibacterial responses in Eriocheir sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104310. [PMID: 34762938 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2)-related lipid recognition (ML) domain is present in MD-2, MD-1, GM2-activator protein (GM2A) and Niemann-Pick disease type C2 (NPC2). ML proteins function in antibacterial signal transduction and lipid metabolism in vertebrates, but the mechanism in invertebrates is unknown. In this study, we found that ML proteins were involved in bacterial resistance in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). One member, EsML3, a soluble, bacterial-induced pattern recognition protein was upregulated in hemocytes following bacterial challenge. Recombinant EsML3 bound to Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) by interaction with peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide. EsML3 showed no direct bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal activity. Pre-incubating bacteria with rEsML3 significantly promoted in vivo bacterial clearance. EsML3 also promoted phagocytic activity and plays a role against bacterial infection. In summary, EsML3 mediates cellular immune responses by recognising invasive microorganisms, promoting bacterial clearance and phagocytosis against bacterial infection in crab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaimin Zhou
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Nan
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukai Qin
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang W, Ma Y, Yang RR, Cheng X, Huang HJ, Zhang CX, Bao YY. An MD-2-related lipid-recognition protein is required for insect reproduction and integument development. Open Biol 2021; 11:210170. [PMID: 34905699 PMCID: PMC8670961 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2)-related lipid-recognition protein is involved in immune responses through recognizing bacteria lipopolysaccharide in mammals, arthropods and plants. However, the physiological roles of MD-2 in other biological processes are largely unknown. Here, we identified three homologue MD-2 genes (NlML1, NlML2 and NlML3) by searching the genome and transcriptome databases of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, a hemipteran insect species. Temporospatial analysis showed that the NlML1 gene was highly expressed in the fat body but much less so in the other tissues, while the NlML2 and NlML3 genes were highly expressed in the testis or digestive tract. RNA interference-mediated depletion of the NlML1 gene significantly downregulated the transcription of numerous integument protein genes. The NlML1 knockdown led to moulting failure and mortality at the nymph-adult transition phase, impaired egg laying and hatching, and reduced 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) production in the nymphs. 20E could rescue the deficient moulting phenotypes derived from dsNlML1 RNAi. These novel findings indicate that NlML1 is required for nymphal moulting and female reproductive success as it plays an important role in regulating 20E synthesis, lipid and chitin metabolisms in N. lugens, thus contributing to our understanding of developmental and reproductive mechanisms in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yuan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Toll9 from Bombyx mori functions as a pattern recognition receptor that shares features with Toll-like receptor 4 from mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2103021118. [PMID: 33963082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103021118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll/Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key regulators of the innate immune system in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while mammalian TLRs directly recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, the insect Toll pathway is thought to be primarily activated by binding Spätzle cytokines that are processed from inactive precursors in response to microbial infection. Phylogenetic and structural data generated in this study supported earlier results showing that Toll9 members differ from other insect Tolls by clustering with the mammalian TLR4 group, which recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through interaction with myeloid differentiation-2 (MD-2)-like proteins. Functional experiments showed that BmToll9 from the silkmoth Bombyx mori also recognized LPS through interaction with two MD-2-like proteins, previously named BmEsr16 and BmPP, that we refer to in this study as BmMD-2A and BmMD-2B, respectively. A chimeric BmToll9-TLR4 receptor consisting of the BmToll9 ectodomain and mouse TLR4 transmembrane and Toll/interleukin-1 (TIR) domains also activated LPS-induced release of inflammatory factors in murine cells but only in the presence of BmMD-2A or BmMD-2B. Overall, our results indicate that BmToll9 is a pattern recognition receptor for LPS that shares conserved features with the mammalian TLR4-MD-2-LPS pathway.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim TK, Tirloni L, Bencosme-Cuevas E, Kim TH, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Mulenga A. Borrelia burgdorferi infection modifies protein content in saliva of Ixodes scapularis nymphs. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:152. [PMID: 33663385 PMCID: PMC7930271 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme disease (LD) caused by Borrelia burgdorferi is the most prevalent tick-borne disease. There is evidence that vaccines based on tick proteins that promote tick transmission of B. burgdorferi could prevent LD. As Ixodes scapularis nymph tick bites are responsible for most LD cases, this study sought to identify nymph tick saliva proteins associated with B. burgdorferi transmission using LC-MS/MS. Tick saliva was collected using a non-invasive method of stimulating ticks (uninfected and infected: unfed, and every 12 h during feeding through 72 h, and fully-fed) to salivate into 2% pilocarpine-PBS for protein identification using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS We identified a combined 747 tick saliva proteins of uninfected and B. burgdorferi infected ticks that were classified into 25 functional categories: housekeeping-like (48%), unknown function (18%), protease inhibitors (9%), immune-related (6%), proteases (8%), extracellular matrix (7%), and small categories that account for <5% each. Notably, B. burgdorferi infected ticks secreted high number of saliva proteins (n=645) than uninfected ticks (n=376). Counter-intuitively, antimicrobial peptides, which function to block bacterial infection at tick feeding site were suppressed 23-85 folds in B. burgdorferi infected ticks. Similar to glycolysis enzymes being enhanced in mammalian cells exposed to B. burgdorferi : eight of the 10-glycolysis pathway enzymes were secreted at high abundance by B. burgdorferi infected ticks. Of significance, rabbits exposed to B. burgdorferi infected ticks acquired potent immunity that caused 40-60% mortality of B. burgdorferi infected ticks during the second infestation compared to 15-28% for the uninfected. This might be explained by ELISA data that show that high expression levels of immunogenic proteins in B. burgdorferi infected ticks. CONCLUSION Data here suggest that B. burgdorferi infection modified protein content in tick saliva to promote its survival at the tick feeding site. For instance, enzymes; copper/zinc superoxide dismutase that led to production of H2O2 that is toxic to B. burgdorferi were suppressed, while, catalase and thioredoxin that neutralize H2O2, and pyruvate kinase which yields pyruvate that protects Bb from H2O2 killing were enhanced. We conclude data here is an important resource for discovery of effective antigens for a vaccine to prevent LD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Emily Bencosme-Cuevas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tae Heung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Zhao S, Zhang B, Ma HY, Fang WH, Sheng WQ, Yang LG, Li XC. A novel ML domain-containing protein (SpMD2) functions as a potential LPS receptor involved in anti-Vibrio immune response. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103529. [PMID: 31669309 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2)-related lipid-recognition (ML) proteins display diverse biological functions in host immunity and lipid metabolism by interacting with different lipids. Human MD2, an indispensable accessory protein in TLR4 signaling pathway, specifically recognizes lipopolysaccharides (LPS), thereby leading to the activation of TLR4 signaling pathway to produce many effectors that participate in inflammatory and immuneresponses against Gram-negative bacteria. Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways are first characterized in Drosophila and are reportedly present in crustaceans, but the recognition and activation mechanism of these signaling pathways in crustaceans remains unclear. In the present study, a novel ML protein was characterized in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) and designated as SpMD2. The complete SpMD2 cDNA sequence is 1114 bp long with a 465 bp open reading frame; it encodes a protein that contains 154 amino acids (aa). In the deduced protein, a signal peptide (1-21 aa residues) and a ML domain (43-151 aa residues) were predicted. SpMD2 shared a similar three-dimensional structure and a close evolutionary relationship with human MD2. SpMD2 was highly expressed in gills, hemocytes, intestine, and hepatopancreas and was upregulated in gills and hemocytes after challenges with bacteria, thereby suggesting its involvement in antibacterial defense. Western blot assay showed that SpMD2 possesses strong binding activities to different bacteria and two fungi. ELISA demonstrated that SpMD2 exhibits binding abilities to LPS, lipid A, peptidoglycan (PGN), and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Its binding ability to LPS and lipid A were stronger than to PGN or LTA, implying that SpMD2 was an important LPS-binding protein in mud crab. Bacterial clearance assay revealed that the pre-incubation of Vibrio parahemolyticus with SpMD2 facilitates bacterial clearance in vivo and that knockdown of SpMD2 dramatically suppresses the bacterial clearance and decreases the expression of several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Furthermore, SpMD2 overexpression could enhance the promoter activity of SpALF2. These results revealed that SpMD2 affects bacterial clearance by regulating AMPs. Thus, by binding to LPS and by regulating AMPs, SpMD2 may function as a potential receptor, which is involved in the recognition and activation of a certain immune signaling pathway against Gram-negative bacteria. This study provides new insights into the diverse functions of ML proteins and into the antibacterial mechanisms of crustaceans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Business, Yantai Nanshan University, Yantai, 265706, China
| | - Hong-Yu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Wen-Quan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Li-Guo Yang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang RN, Ren FF, Zhou CB, Xu JF, Yi HY, Ye MQ, Deng XJ, Cao Y, Yu XQ, Yang WY. An ML protein from the silkworm Bombyx mori may function as a key accessory protein for lipopolysaccharide signaling. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 88:94-103. [PMID: 30009928 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common component of the outermost cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria. In mammals, LPS serves as an endotoxin that can be recognized by a receptor complex of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) and MD-2 (myeloid differentiation-2) and subsequently induce a strong immune response to signal the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In Drosophila melanogaster, no receptors for LPS have been identified, and LPS cannot activate immune responses. Here, we report a protein, BmEsr16, which contains an ML (MD-2-related lipid-recognition) domain, may function as an LPS receptor in the silkworm Bombyx mori. We showed that antibacterial activity in the hemolymph of B. mori larvae was induced by Escherichia coli, peptidoglycan (PGN) and LPS and that the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes was also induced by LPS. Furthermore, both the expression of BmEsr16 mRNA in the fat body and the expression of BmEsr16 protein in the hemolymph were induced by LPS. Recombinant BmEsr16 bound to LPS and lipid A, as well as to PGN, lipoteichoic acid, but not to laminarin or mannan. More importantly, LPS-induced immune responses in the hemolymph of B. mori larvae were blocked when the endogenous BmEsr16 protein was neutralized by polyclonal antibody specific to BmEsr16. Our results suggest that BmEsr16 may function as a key accessory protein for LPS signaling in B. mori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Nan Zhang
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fei-Fei Ren
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Zhou
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun-Feng Xu
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui-Yu Yi
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Ye
- The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Deng
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| | - Wan-Ying Yang
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cao X, He Y, Hu Y, Wang Y, Chen YR, Bryant B, Clem RJ, Schwartz LM, Blissard G, Jiang H. The immune signaling pathways of Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 62:64-74. [PMID: 25858029 PMCID: PMC4476939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways and their coordination are critically important for proper functioning of animal immune systems. Our knowledge of the constituents of the intracellular signaling network in insects mainly comes from genetic analyses in Drosophila melanogaster. To facilitate future studies of similar systems in the tobacco hornworm and other lepidopteran insects, we have identified and examined the homologous genes in the genome of Manduca sexta. Based on 1:1 orthologous relationships in most cases, we hypothesize that the Toll, Imd, MAPK-JNK-p38 and JAK-STAT pathways are intact and operative in this species, as are most of the regulatory mechanisms. Similarly, cellular processes such as autophagy, apoptosis and RNA interference probably function in similar ways, because their mediators and modulators are mostly conserved in this lepidopteran species. We have annotated a total of 186 genes encoding 199 proteins, studied their domain structures and evolution, and examined their mRNA levels in tissues at different life stages. Such information provides a genomic perspective of the intricate signaling system in a non-drosophiline insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yan He
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yingxia Hu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yun-Ru Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bart Bryant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Rollie J Clem
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Gary Blissard
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Armstrong SD, Babayan SA, Lhermitte-Vallarino N, Gray N, Xia D, Martin C, Kumar S, Taylor DW, Blaxter ML, Wastling JM, Makepeace BL. Comparative analysis of the secretome from a model filarial nematode (Litomosoides sigmodontis) reveals maximal diversity in gravid female parasites. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2527-44. [PMID: 24958169 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.038539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Filarial nematodes (superfamily Filarioidea) are responsible for an annual global health burden of ∼6.3 million disability-adjusted life-years, which represents the greatest single component of morbidity attributable to helminths affecting humans. No vaccine exists for the major filarial diseases, lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis; in part because research on protective immunity against filariae has been constrained by the inability of the human-parasitic species to complete their lifecycles in laboratory mice. However, the rodent filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis has become a popular experimental model, as BALB/c mice are fully permissive for its development and reproduction. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of excretory-secretory products from L. sigmodontis across five lifecycle stages and identifications of host proteins associated with first-stage larvae (microfilariae) in the blood. Applying intensity-based quantification, we determined the abundance of 302 unique excretory-secretory proteins, of which 64.6% were present in quantifiable amounts only from gravid adult female nematodes. This lifecycle stage, together with immature microfilariae, released four proteins that have not previously been evaluated as vaccine candidates: a predicted 28.5 kDa filaria-specific protein, a zonadhesin and SCO-spondin-like protein, a vitellogenin, and a protein containing six metridin-like ShK toxin domains. Female nematodes also released two proteins derived from the obligate Wolbachia symbiont. Notably, excretory-secretory products from all parasite stages contained several uncharacterized members of the transthyretin-like protein family. Furthermore, biotin labeling revealed that redox proteins and enzymes involved in purinergic signaling were enriched on the adult nematode cuticle. Comparison of the L. sigmodontis adult secretome with that of the human-infective filarial nematode Brugia malayi (reported previously in three independent published studies) identified differences that suggest a considerable underlying diversity of potential immunomodulators. The molecules identified in L. sigmodontis excretory-secretory products show promise not only for vaccination against filarial infections, but for the amelioration of allergy and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Armstrong
- From the ‡Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Simon A Babayan
- §Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution and Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | | | - Nick Gray
- §Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution and Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Dong Xia
- From the ‡Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Coralie Martin
- ¶UMR 7245 MCAM CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Sujai Kumar
- §Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution and Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - David W Taylor
- ‖Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Mark L Blaxter
- §Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution and Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Jonathan M Wastling
- From the ‡Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; **The National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Benjamin L Makepeace
- From the ‡Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shi XZ, Zhong X, Yu XQ. Drosophila melanogaster NPC2 proteins bind bacterial cell wall components and may function in immune signal pathways. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:545-56. [PMID: 22580186 PMCID: PMC3358802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
ML (MD-2 (myeloid differentiation factor-2)-related Lipid-recognition) is a conserved domain identified in MD-2, MD-1, NPC2 (Niemann-Pick disease type C2), and mite major allergen protein from animals, plants, and fungi. Vertebrate members of the ML family proteins, such as NPC2 and MD-2, play important roles in lipid metabolism and immune signaling pathway. MD-2 is an essential co-receptor in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. Insects contain multiple ML genes, arbitrarily named md-2- or npc2-like genes. However, whether insect ML genes have functions similar to vertebrate md-2 is unknown. In Drosophila melanogaster, there are eight npc2 genes (npc2a-h), and they can be further divided into three subgroups based on the numbers of cysteine residues (6, 7 and 8 Cys) in the mature proteins. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether any Drosophila npc2 genes may have functions in immune signaling pathways. We chose npc2a, npc2e and npc2h genes representing the three subgroups for this study. We showed that recombinant NPC2a, NPC2e and NPC2h not only bound to LPS and lipid A, but also bound to peptidoglycan (PG) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a property that has not been reported previously for vertebrate NPC2 or MD-2. More importantly, we showed that over-expression of NPC2a and NPC2e activated diptericin promoter reporter in S2 cells stimulated by PG, suggesting that NPC2e and NPC2a may play a role in the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway. This is the first in vitro study about NPC2 proteins in innate immunity of D. melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Send correspondence to: Xiao-Qiang Yu, PhD, Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, Telephone: (816)-235-6379, Fax: (816)-235-1503,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rodríguez-Segura Z, Chen J, Villalobos FJ, Gill S, Nuñez-Valdez ME. The lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis core of the Mexican pathogenic strain Serratia entomophila is associated with toxicity to larvae of Phyllophaga blanchardi. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 110:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Zhu Y, Ragan EJ, Kanost MR. Leureptin: a soluble, extracellular leucine-rich repeat protein from Manduca sexta that binds lipopolysaccharide. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 40:713-22. [PMID: 20688162 PMCID: PMC2946501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat containing proteins are involved in immune response in many capacities. In insects, these include Toll-like receptors and the Anopheles gambiae proteins APL1 and LRIM1. Here we describe the identification and characterization of leureptin, a novel extracellular protein with 13 leucine-rich repeats from hemolymph of the insect Manduca sexta. After injection of bacteria, leureptin mRNA level increased in fat body, but protein levels in plasma decreased, an indication that leureptin is consumed during the immune response. Leureptin bound to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Microscopy using leureptin antiserum showed that leureptin associates with hemocytes after injection of bacteria, an indication that leureptin is involved in hemocyte responses to bacterial infection. Sequence database searches suggest similar proteins are present in other Lepidopteran species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael R. Kanost
- Corresponding author: 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506. Tel: 785-532-6964;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rao XJ, Yu XQ. Lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide can activate antimicrobial peptide expression in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:1119-28. [PMID: 20600279 PMCID: PMC2914183 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of prophenoloxidase and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are two important innate immune mechanisms in insects. In the current study, we investigated immune responses activated by three major bacterial components, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (including rough mutants of LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and peptidoglycan (PG), in the larvae of a lepidopteran insect, Manduca sexta. We found that two DAP (diaminopimelic acid)-type PGs from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were much more potent than LPS and LTA from the respective bacteria as well as a Lysine-type PG in activation of prophenoloxidase in M. sexta larval plasma in vitro. Transcription levels of AMP genes, such as Attacin, Lebocin and Moricin genes, in the hemocytes and fat body of larvae were significantly induced by smooth LPS (TLR4grade) and rough mutants of LPS (TLRgrade), synthetic lipid A, LTA, and PG. LPS from E. coli and LTA from B. subtilis activated AMP expression to significantly higher levels than PGs from the respective bacterial strains, and smooth LPS were more potent than lipid A and rough mutants of LPS in activation of AMP expression. Our results demonstrated for the first time that LTA can activate AMP expression, and different moieties of LPS may synergistically activate AMP expression in M. sexta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Send correspondence to: Xiao-Qiang Yu, Ph.D., Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, Telephone: (816)-235-6379, Fax: (816)-235-1503,
| |
Collapse
|