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Tang L, Geng H, Zhang L, Wang X, Fei M, Yang B, Sun H, Zhang Z. In-Depth Characterization for Methionine Oxidization in Complementary Domain Region by Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:2476-2483. [PMID: 39144558 PMCID: PMC11320724 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The oxidation of the complementarity-determining region (CDR) in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a critical quality attribute that can affect the clinical efficacy and safety of recombinant mAb therapeutics. In this study, a robust hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) method was developed to quantify and characterize CDR oxidation variants in mAb-A by using a Proteomix Butyl-NP5 column. The HIC analysis revealed oxidation variants that eluted earlier than the main species with weaker hydrophobicity. It was found that Met105 in the CDR was more susceptible to oxidation. Additionally, it was noted that the oxidation of Met105 on a single heavy chain resulted in elution at a distinct position compared to the oxidation on two heavy chains. This observation led to the fractionation and enrichment of the oxidized variants for further evaluation of their biofunction. The study also demonstrated that the oxidation of Met105 did not impact the antigen-binding capacity but significantly reduced the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade activity of mAb-A. The HIC method, which was employed to quantify CDR oxidation, underwent validation and was subsequently utilized for stability studies as well as for assessing the similarity between mAb-A and its reference product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Zhang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Mengdan Fei
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Boyuan Yang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Haijie Sun
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Zhongli Zhang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201616, China
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2
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Wu Y, Gardner R, Schöneich C. Near UV and Visible Light-Induced Degradation of Bovine Serum Albumin and a Monoclonal Antibody Mediated by Citrate Buffer and Fe(III): Reduction vs Oxidation Pathways. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:4060-4073. [PMID: 39013609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Light exposure during manufacturing, storage, and administration can lead to the photodegradation of therapeutic proteins. This photodegradation can be promoted by pharmaceutical buffers or impurities. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that citrate-Fe(III) complexes generate the •CO2- radical anion when photoirradiated under near UV (λ = 320-400 nm) and visible light (λ = 400-800 nm) [Subelzu, N.; Schöneich, C. Mol. Pharmaceutics 2020, 17 (11), 4163-4179; Zhang, Y. Mol. Pharmaceutics 2022, 19 (11), 4026-4042]. Here, we evaluated the impact of citrate-Fe(III) on the photostability and degradation mechanisms of disulfide-containing proteins (bovine serum albumin (BSA) and NISTmAb) under pharmaceutically relevant conditions. We monitored and localized competitive disulfide reduction and protein oxidation by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis depending on the reaction conditions. These competitive pathways were affected by multiple factors, including light dose, Fe(III) concentration, protein concentration, the presence of oxygen, and light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Reece Gardner
- Summer Undergraduate Research Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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3
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Jogdeo CM, Bhattacharya DS, Lin V, Kolhe P, Badkar A. Assessing Physicochemical Stability of Monoclonal Antibodies in a Simulated Subcutaneous Environment. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1854-1864. [PMID: 38341129 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being increasingly administered by the subcutaneous (SC) route compared to the traditional intravenous route. Despite the growing popularity of the subcutaneous route, our current knowledge regarding the intricate mechanistic changes happening in the formulation after injection in the subcutaneous space, as well as the in vivo stability of administered mAbs, remains quite limited. Changes in the protein environment as it transitions from a stabilized, formulated drug product in an appropriate container closure to the SC tissue environment can drastically impact the structural stability and integrity of the injected protein. Interactions of the protein with components of the extracellular matrix can lead to changes in its structure, potentially impacting both safety and efficacy. Investigating protein stability in the SC space can enable early assessment of risk and performance of subcutaneously administered proteins influencing clinical decisions and formulation development strategies. The Subcutaneous Injection Site Simulator (SCISSOR) is a novel in vitro system that mimics the subcutaneous injection site and models the events that a protein goes through as it transitions from a stabilized formulation environment to the dynamic physiological space. In this paper, we utilize the SCISSOR to probe for biophysical and chemical changes in seven mAbs post SC injection using a variety of analytical techniques. After 24 h, all mAbs demonstrated a relative decrease in conformational stability, an increase in fragmentation, and elevated acidic species. Higher order structure analysis revealed a deviation in the secondary structure from the standard and an increase in the number of unordered species. Our findings suggest an overall reduced stability of mAbs after subcutaneous administration. This reduced stability could have a potential impact on safety and efficacy. In vitro systems such as the SCISSOR combined with downstream analyses have potential to provide valuable information for assessing the suitability of lead molecules and aid in formulation design optimized for administration in the intended body compartment, thus improving chances of clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay M Jogdeo
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Product Design and Development Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - Deep S Bhattacharya
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Product Design and Development Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA.
| | - Vicky Lin
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Parag Kolhe
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Product Design and Development Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - Advait Badkar
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Product Design and Development Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
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4
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Nick C. Streamlining biosimilar development based on 20 years' experience. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2024; 24:571-581. [PMID: 38315062 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2024.2314612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biosimilar clinical programs could be streamlined by prudent application of improved methodologies and knowledge accumulated over the past 20 years. This review focuses on whether complex comparative efficacy trials are routinely needed and how to achieve a more tailored approach to biosimilar development. AREAS COVERED Key learnings over the past 20 years are summarized. It is noted that a one size fits all approach to biosimilar development is not appropriate: biological medicines fall within a wide spectrum of complexity, with blurring at the interface between biological products and small molecules. The interrelationship between quality, potency, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety are reviewed. Current regulatory thinking is reviewed with a look into what future challenges lie ahead. EXPERT OPINION To tailor regulatory requirements for marketing approval of biosimilars, it is proposed that a biosimilarity report be introduced. This report would integrate quality, pharmacology, immunogenicity, efficacy and safety findings and address how the clinical program could be tailored based on the totality of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecil Nick
- Parexel International, Uxbridge, Middlesex, England
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5
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Villafuerte-Vega RC, Li HW, Bergman AE, Slaney TR, Chennamsetty N, Chen G, Tao L, Ruotolo BT. Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry and Collision-Induced Unfolding Rapidly Characterize the Structural Polydispersity and Stability of an Fc-Fusion Protein. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10003-10012. [PMID: 38853531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Fc-fusion proteins are an emerging class of protein therapeutics that combine the properties of biological ligands with the unique properties of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of an immunoglobulin G (IgG). Due to their diverse higher-order structures (HOSs), Fc-fusion proteins remain challenging characterization targets within biopharmaceutical pipelines. While high-resolution biophysical tools are available for HOS characterization, they frequently demand extended time frames and substantial quantities of purified samples, rendering them impractical for swiftly screening candidate molecules. Herein, we describe the development of ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and collision-induced unfolding (CIU) workflows that aim to fill this technology gap, where we focus on probing the HOS of a model Fc-Interleukin-10 (Fc-IL-10) fusion protein engineered using flexible glycine-serine linkers. We evaluate the ability of these techniques to probe the flexibility of Fc-IL-10 in the absence of bulk solvent relative to other proteins of similar size, as well as localize structural changes of low charge state Fc-IL-10 ions to specific Fc and IL-10 unfolding events during CIU. We subsequently apply these tools to probe the local effects of glycine-serine linkers on the HOS and stability of IL-10 homodimer, which is the biologically active form of IL-10. Our data reveals that Fc-IL-10 produces significantly more structural transitions during CIU and broader IM profiles when compared to a wide range of model proteins, indicative of its exceptional structural dynamism. Furthermore, we use a combination of enzymatic approaches to annotate these intricate CIU data and localize specific transitions to the unfolding of domains within Fc-IL-10. Finally, we detect a strong positive, quadratic relationship between average linker mass and fusion protein stability, suggesting a cooperative influence between glycine-serine linkers and overall fusion protein stability. This is the first reported study on the use of IM-MS and CIU to characterize HOS of Fc-fusion proteins, illustrating the practical applicability of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry W Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Addison E Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas R Slaney
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Naresh Chennamsetty
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Guodong Chen
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Li Tao
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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6
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Gupta S, Schöneich C, Rathore AS. Assessment of change in the basic variants composition of trastuzumab during dilution in saline for administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114295. [PMID: 38636881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Postproduction handling of drug products during preparation or clinical use may affect the structure and efficacy of the drug and perhaps remain unnoticed. Since chemical modifications can impact the product's structure, stability, and biological activity, this study investigates the impact of elevated temperature and subtle shift in pH on the drug product post-dilution in saline. The mAb sample diluted in saline for administration was stressed at elevated temperature and slightly acidic pH condition. Extended stability studies were performed and monitored for size and charge heterogeneity. Size heterogeneity shows no significant changes, whereas charge heterogeneity shows an increase in basic variants and a reduction in main species. Further, basic variants were isolated and characterized to identify the type and site of chemical modification. Intact mass analysis and peptide mapping identify that the basic variants were attributed mainly to the isomerization of HC Asp102 into iso-Asp or its succinimide intermediate. Four basic variants were found to exhibit similar structural properties as the main and control samples. However, basic variants showed reduced binding affinity to HER2 receptor, while there was no significant difference in FcRn binding. The results indicate that modification in the HC Asp102, which is present in the CDR, affects antigen binding and thus can influence the potency of the drug product. Hence, with the conventional stability studies required to license the drug product, including in-use or extended stability studies to mimic the postproduction handling would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,New Delhi 110016, India
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,New Delhi 110016, India.
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7
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Feng J, Cao H, Xiang Y, Deng C, Li Y. An integrated methodology for quality assessment of therapeutic antibodies with potential long circulation half-life in harvested cell culture fluid using FcRn immobilized hydrophilic magnetic graphene. Talanta 2024; 272:125781. [PMID: 38359719 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Designing modified therapeutic antibodies with enhanced FcRn-binding affinity holds promise in the extension of circulation half-lives and potential refinement of pharmacokinetics. During the development of these new-generation therapeutic antibodies, FcRn binding affinity of IgGs is emphasized and monitored as a critical quality attribute (CQA), alongside other critical assessments including titer and aggregation level. However, the traditional workflow for assessing the overall quality of expressed IgGs in harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF) is blamed to be cumbersome and time-consuming. This study presents an integrated methodology for the rapid quality assessment of IgGs in HCCF by selectively extracting IgGs with favorable high FcRn affinity for subsequent analysis using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The approach utilizes innovative adsorbents known as FcRn immobilized hydrophilic magnetic graphene (MG@PDA@PAMAM-FcRn) in a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) process. To simulate the in vivo binding dynamics, MSPE binding and dissociation was performed at pH 6.0 and 7.4, respectively. The composite have demonstrated enhanced extraction efficiency and impurity removal ability in comparison to commercially available magnetic beads. The SEC monomer peak area value provides the output of this method, the ranking of which enabled the facile identification of superior HCCF samples with high overall quality of IgG. Optimization of MSPE parameters was performed, and the method was validated for specificity, precision, sensitivity, and accuracy. The proposed method exhibited an analytical time of 0.6 h, which is 7-22 times shortened in comparison to the conventional workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Feng
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy and MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hao Cao
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy and MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yangjiayi Xiang
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy and MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Li
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy and MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China; Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China.
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8
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Chauhan P, V R, Kumar M, Molla R, Mishra SD, Basa S, Rai V. Chemical technology principles for selective bioconjugation of proteins and antibodies. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:380-449. [PMID: 38095227 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are multifunctional large organic compounds that constitute an essential component of a living system. Hence, control over their bioconjugation impacts science at the chemistry-biology-medicine interface. A chemical toolbox for their precision engineering can boost healthcare and open a gateway for directed or precision therapeutics. Such a chemical toolbox remained elusive for a long time due to the complexity presented by the large pool of functional groups. The precise single-site modification of a protein requires a method to address a combination of selectivity attributes. This review focuses on guiding principles that can segregate them to simplify the task for a chemical method. Such a disintegration systematically employs a multi-step chemical transformation to deconvolute the selectivity challenges. It constitutes a disintegrate (DIN) theory that offers additional control parameters for tuning precision in protein bioconjugation. This review outlines the selectivity hurdles faced by chemical methods. It elaborates on the developments in the perspective of DIN theory to demonstrate simultaneous regulation of reactivity, chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, modularity, residue specificity, and protein specificity. It discusses the progress of such methods to construct protein and antibody conjugates for biologics, including antibody-fluorophore and antibody-drug conjugates (AFCs and ADCs). It also briefs how this knowledge can assist in developing small molecule-based covalent inhibitors. In the process, it highlights an opportunity for hypothesis-driven routes to accelerate discoveries of selective methods and establish new targetome in the precision engineering of proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Ragendu V
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Surya Dev Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Sneha Basa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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9
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Shah A, Cui W, Harrahy J, Ivanov AR. Characterization of charge variants, including post-translational modifications and proteoforms, of bispecific antigen-binding protein by cation-exchange chromatography coupled to native mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 266:125062. [PMID: 37566926 PMCID: PMC10528315 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Charge variant characterization of biologics is critical to ensure that product meets the required quality and regulatory requirements to ensure safety and efficacy of the biotherapeutic. Charge variants arise from post-translation modifications (PTMs) during upstream processing and due to enzymatic and non-enzymatic chemical reactions that occur during downstream processing and storage. Some of these modifications may impact therapeutic potency, efficacy, or immunogenicity of a biotherapeutic. The traditional workflow for characterizing charge variants that involves fraction enrichment is time-consuming and labor-intensive. This approach can be especially challenging if the product is manufactured at low concentrations (e.g., ≤2 mg/mL). Recent advances in pH-based elution for ion-exchange chromatography utilizing volatile buffers have enabled rapid native mass-spectrometry-based identification of PTMs and proteoforms associated with protein therapeutics. In this study, we develop a novel workflow to rapidly and unambiguously characterize modifications associated with a new class of biotherapeutics known as bispecific antigen-binding protein (BsABP), including low-level modifications. A cation-exchange separation was optimized using volatile buffers to provide online hyphenation for native mass spectrometry to profile modifications and proteoforms present at the native level of a biotherapeutic, such as deamidation, O-glycosylation, amino acid substitution, N-linked glycosylation and oxidation. Furthermore, a limited proteolysis method was developed to specifically inform about modifications in the different domains of the bispecific antibody. Using this approach, we could efficiently identify PTMs in unstressed, thermally and photo-stressed samples, and provide information about the impact of downstream purification in clearing out modified BsABP species. Furthermore, peptide mapping was performed to identify and confirm modifications at the amino acid residue level. The developed workflow is less time-consumable and reduces sample processing- and analysis-related artifacts compared to traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnik Shah
- Amgen Inc, 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, United States; Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Weidong Cui
- Amgen Inc, 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, United States
| | - John Harrahy
- Sanofi, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
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10
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Baumeister J, Meudt M, Ebert S, Rosenau F, Mizaikoff B, Blech M, Aertker KMJ, Higel F. Decoding the mannose receptor-mAb interaction: the importance of high-mannose N-glycans and glycan-pairing. MAbs 2024; 16:2400414. [PMID: 39245969 PMCID: PMC11385167 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2400414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
During the development process of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), it is crucial to control (critical) quality attributes such as N-glycosylation influencing pharmacokinetics (PK) and Fc effector functions. Previous reports have shown that mAbs containing high-mannose N-glycans are cleared faster from blood circulation, leading to reduced half-lives. The high-mannose N-glycan content of mAbs can be influenced during the cell culture process by factors such as cell lines, process conditions, and media. Furthermore, mAbs have either one high mannose N-glycan (asymmetrical high-mannose glyco-pair) or two high mannose N-glycans (symmetrical high-mannose glyco-pair). The hypothesis that the mannose receptor (MR, CD206) accelerates clearance by facilitating their internalization and subsequent lysosomal degradation is widespread. However, the interaction between MR and mAbs has not been explicitly demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate this interaction, providing the first systematic demonstration of MR binding to the Fc region of mAbs with high-mannose N-glycans. Two novel analytical methods, MR surface plasmon resonance and MR affinity chromatography, were developed and applied to investigate the MR-mAb interaction. The interaction is found to be dependent on high-mannose content, but is independent of the mAb format or sequence. However, different glyco-pairs exhibited varying binding affinities to the MR, with the symmetrical high-mannose glyco-pair showing the strongest binding properties. These findings strengthen the hypothesis for the MR-mediated mAb interaction and contribute to a deeper understanding of the MR-mAb interaction, which could affect the criticality of high-mannose containing mAbs development strategies of IgG-based molecules and improve their PK profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baumeister
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maximilian Meudt
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sybille Ebert
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Frank Rosenau
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Kristina M J Aertker
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Fabian Higel
- Global CMC Experts NBE, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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11
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Li M, Beaumont VA, Akbar S, Duncan H, Creasy A, Wang W, Sackett K, Marzilli L, Rouse JC, Kim HY. Comprehensive characterization of higher order structure changes in methionine oxidized monoclonal antibodies via NMR chemometric analysis and biophysical approaches. MAbs 2024; 16:2292688. [PMID: 38117548 PMCID: PMC10761137 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2292688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The higher order structure (HOS) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an important quality attribute with strong contribution to clinically relevant biological functions and drug safety. Due to the multi-faceted nature of HOS, the synergy of multiple complementary analytical approaches can substantially improve the understanding, accuracy, and resolution of HOS characterization. In this study, we applied one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometric analysis, as well as circular dichroism (CD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and fluorescence spectroscopy as orthogonal methods, to characterize the impact of methionine (Met) oxidation on the HOS of an IgG1 mAb. We used a forced degradation method involving concentration-dependent oxidation by peracetic acid, in which Met oxidation is site-specifically quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Conventional biophysical techniques report nuanced results, in which CD detects no change to the secondary structure and little change in the tertiary structure. Yet, DSC measurements show the destabilization of Fab and Fc domains due to Met oxidation. More importantly, our study demonstrates that 1D and 2D NMR and chemometric analysis can provide semi-quantitative analysis of chemical modifications and resolve localized conformational changes with high sensitivity. Furthermore, we leveraged a novel 15N-Met labeling technique of the antibody to directly observe structural perturbations at the oxidation sites. The NMR methods described here to probe HOS changes are highly reliable and practical in biopharmaceutical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Li
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Victor A. Beaumont
- Pfizer, Inc. Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Analytical Research and Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Shahajahan Akbar
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Duncan
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Arch Creasy
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Wenge Wang
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Sackett
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Marzilli
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Jason C. Rouse
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Hai-Young Kim
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
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12
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Amash A, Volkers G, Farber P, Griffin D, Davison KS, Goodman A, Tonikian R, Yamniuk A, Barnhart B, Jacobs T. Developability considerations for bispecific and multispecific antibodies. MAbs 2024; 16:2394229. [PMID: 39189686 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2394229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAb) and multispecific antibodies (msAb) encompass a diverse variety of formats that can concurrently bind multiple epitopes, unlocking mechanisms to address previously difficult-to-treat or incurable diseases. Early assessment of candidate developability enables demotion of antibodies with low potential and promotion of the most promising candidates for further development. Protein-based therapies have a stringent set of developability requirements in order to be competitive (e.g. high-concentration formulation, and long half-life) and their assessment requires a robust toolkit of methods, few of which are validated for interrogating bsAbs/msAbs. Important considerations when assessing the developability of bsAbs/msAbs include their molecular format, likelihood for immunogenicity, specificity, stability, and potential for high-volume production. Here, we summarize the critical aspects of developability assessment, and provide guidance on how to develop a comprehensive plan tailored to a given bsAb/msAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Amash
- AbCellera Biologics Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim Jacobs
- AbCellera Biologics Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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13
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Jiang Y, Arora T, Klakamp S, Davis J, Chandrasekher YA, Young G, Du Y, Yu B, Miller KJ. Demonstration of Physicochemical and Functional Similarity of Biosimilar Adalimumab-aqvh to Adalimumab. Drugs R D 2023; 23:377-395. [PMID: 37632627 PMCID: PMC10676336 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-023-00437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adalimumab-aqvh/CHS-1420 (YUSIMRYTM) (hereafter referred to as adalimumab-aqvh) was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as a biosimilar for adalimumab. OBJECTIVE The current study was conducted to investigate the analytical similarity of adalimumab-aqvh and the reference product, adalimumab. METHODS The structural, functional, and stability attributes of adalimumab-aqvh and adalimumab were compared using state-of-the-art assays. The primary structure, disulfide structure, glycan profile, secondary and tertiary structures, molar mass, size variants, free thiol, charge variants, hydrophobic variants, post-translational modifications, subvisible particles, host cell proteins, and protein concentration were investigated. The functional similarity between adalimumab-aqvh and adalimumab was demonstrated by comparing fragment antigen-binding (Fab)-associated and fragment crystallizable (Fc)-associated biological activities. The stability of adalimumab-aqvh and of adalimumab was compared through forced degradation. RESULTS The structural attributes of adalimumab-aqvh were identical to those of adalimumab or met the similarity criteria, with a few exceptions. Adalimumab-aqvh and adalimumab exhibited comparable stability profiles and functional activities. Any observed differences in the physiochemical attributes did not impact the conclusion of similarity because they did not influence any functional activities related to the adalimumab mechanism of action. CONCLUSION The structural, functional, and stability data provide convincing evidence of biosimilarity between adalimumab-aqvh and the reference product, adalimumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Jiang
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Taruna Arora
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
- Bristol Myers Squibb Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Scott Klakamp
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Janice Davis
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | | | - Glen Young
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Yue Du
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Bin Yu
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Karen J Miller
- Coherus BioSciences Inc., 1000 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA.
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14
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Sasso J, Tenchov R, Bird R, Iyer KA, Ralhan K, Rodriguez Y, Zhou QA. The Evolving Landscape of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: In Depth Analysis of Recent Research Progress. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1951-2000. [PMID: 37821099 PMCID: PMC10655051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are targeted immunoconjugate constructs that integrate the potency of cytotoxic drugs with the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies, minimizing damage to healthy cells and reducing systemic toxicity. Their design allows for higher doses of the cytotoxic drug to be administered, potentially increasing efficacy. They are currently among the most promising drug classes in oncology, with efforts to expand their application for nononcological indications and in combination therapies. Here we provide a detailed overview of the recent advances in ADC research and consider future directions and challenges in promoting this promising platform to widespread therapeutic use. We examine data from the CAS Content Collection, the largest human-curated collection of published scientific information, and analyze the publication landscape of recent research to reveal the exploration trends in published documents and to provide insights into the scientific advances in the area. We also discuss the evolution of the key concepts in the field, the major technologies, and their development pipelines with company research focuses, disease targets, development stages, and publication and investment trends. A comprehensive concept map has been created based on the documents in the CAS Content Collection. We hope that this report can serve as a useful resource for understanding the current state of knowledge in the field of ADCs and the remaining challenges to fulfill their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet
M. Sasso
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Robert Bird
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | | | - Yacidzohara Rodriguez
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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15
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Dyck YFK, Rehm D, Winkler K, Sandig V, Jabs W, Parr MK. Comparison of middle- and bottom-up mass spectrometry in forced degradation studies of bevacizumab and infliximab. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115596. [PMID: 37540995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used as therapeutics need comprehensive characterization for appropriate quality assurance. For analysis, cost-effective methods are of high importance, especially when it comes to biosimilar development which is based on extended physicochemical characterization. The use of forced degradation to study the occurrence of modifications for analysis is well established in drug development and may be used for the evaluation of critical quality attributes (CQAs). For mAb analysis different procedures of liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses are commonly applied. In this study the middle-up approach is compared to the more expensive bottom-up analysis in a forced oxidation biosimilar comparability study. Bevacizumab and infliximab as well as biosimilar candidates for the two mAbs were forcefully oxidized by H2O2 for 24, 48 and 72 h. For bottom-up, the reduced and alkylated trypsin or Lys-C digested samples were analysed by LC-MS with quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyser (LC-QTOF-MS) to detect susceptible residues. By middle-up analysis several species of every subunit (Fc/2, light chain and Fd') were detected which differed in the number of oxidations. For the most abundant species, results from middle-up were in line with results from bottom-up analysis, confirming the strength of middle-up analysis. However, for less abundant species of some subunits, results differed between the two approaches. In both mAbs, the Fc was extensively oxidized. In infliximab, additional extensive oxidation was found in the Fab. Assignment to specific amino acid residues was finally possible using the results from bottom-up analyses. Interestingly, the C-terminal cysteine of the light chain was partially found triply oxidized in both mAbs. The comparison of susceptibility to oxidation showed high similarity between the reference products and their biosimilar candidates. It is suggested that the findings of middle-up experiments should be complemented by bottom-up analysis to confirm the assignments of the localization of modifications. Once the consistency of results has been established, middle-up analyses are sufficient in extended forced degradation biosimilar studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Felix Karl Dyck
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Department of Life Sciences & Technology, Berlin University of Applied Science, Seestraße 64, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Rehm
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; ProBioGen AG, Herbert-Bayer-Straße 8, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Volker Sandig
- ProBioGen AG, Herbert-Bayer-Straße 8, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jabs
- Department of Life Sciences & Technology, Berlin University of Applied Science, Seestraße 64, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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16
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García-Alija M, van Moer B, Sastre DE, Azzam T, Du JJ, Trastoy B, Callewaert N, Sundberg EJ, Guerin ME. Modulating antibody effector functions by Fc glycoengineering. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108201. [PMID: 37336296 PMCID: PMC11027751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibody based drugs, including IgG monoclonal antibodies, are an expanding class of therapeutics widely employed to treat cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases. IgG antibodies have a conserved N-glycosylation site at Asn297 that bears complex type N-glycans which, along with other less conserved N- and O-glycosylation sites, fine-tune effector functions, complement activation, and half-life of antibodies. Fucosylation, galactosylation, sialylation, bisection and mannosylation all generate glycoforms that interact in a specific manner with different cellular antibody receptors and are linked to a distinct functional profile. Antibodies, including those employed in clinical settings, are generated with a mixture of glycoforms attached to them, which has an impact on their efficacy, stability and effector functions. It is therefore of great interest to produce antibodies containing only tailored glycoforms with specific effects associated with them. To this end, several antibody engineering strategies have been developed, including the usage of engineered mammalian cell lines, in vitro and in vivo glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel García-Alija
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain
| | - Berre van Moer
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Zwijnaarde, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - Diego E Sastre
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tala Azzam
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jonathan J Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Beatriz Trastoy
- Structural Glycoimmunology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Nico Callewaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Zwijnaarde, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium.
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
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17
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VanAernum ZL, Sergi JA, Dey M, Toner T, Kilgore B, Lay-Fortenbery A, Wang Y, Bian S, Kochert BA, Bothe JR, Gao X, Richardson D, Schuessler HA. Discovery and Control of Succinimide Formation and Accumulation at Aspartic Acid Residues in The Complementarity-Determining Region of a Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1411-1423. [PMID: 36627449 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Succinimide formation and isomerization alter the chemical and physical properties of aspartic acid residues in a protein. Modification of aspartic acid residues within complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be particularly detrimental to the efficacy of the molecule. The goal of this study was to characterize the site of succinimide accumulation in the CDR of a therapeutic mAb and understand its effects on potency. Furthermore, we aimed to mitigate succinimide accumulation through changes in formulation. METHODS Accumulation of succinimide was identified through intact and reduced LC-MS mass measurements. A low pH peptide mapping method was used for relative quantitation and localization of succinimide formation in the CDR. Statistical modeling was used to correlate levels of succinimide with basic variants and potency measurements. RESULTS Succinimide accumulation in Formulation A was accelerated when stored at elevated temperatures. A strong correlation between succinimide accumulation in the CDR, an increase in basic charge variants, and a decrease in potency was observed. Statistical modeling suggest that a combination of ion exchange chromatography and potency measurements can be used to predict succinimide levels in a given sample. Reformulation of the mAb to Formulation B mitigates succinimide accumulation even after extended storage at elevated temperatures. CONCLUSION Succinimide formation in the CDR of a therapeutic mAb can have a strong negative impact on potency of the molecule. We demonstrate that thorough characterization of the molecule by LC-MS, ion exchange chromatography, and potency measurements can facilitate changes in formulation that mitigate succinimide formation and the corresponding detrimental changes in potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L VanAernum
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Joseph A Sergi
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Monisha Dey
- Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Timothy Toner
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Bruce Kilgore
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Ashley Lay-Fortenbery
- Preclinical Development, Merck & Co., Inc, 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
- Biologics Process and Analytical Development, National Resilience, Inc, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Shengjie Bian
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
- CMC Regulatory & Technical Strategy, Amicus Therapeutics Inc. Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Brent A Kochert
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Jameson R Bothe
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Xinliu Gao
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Douglas Richardson
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Hillary A Schuessler
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
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18
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Fan W, Li X, Long Z, Pei D, Shi X, Wang G, Guo Y, Bo T, Zhou Y, Chen T. Integrating ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing for in-depth characterization of complex fusion proteins. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9484. [PMID: 36735852 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fc-fusion proteins represent a successful class of biopharmaceutical products, which combine the tailored pharmacological properties of biological ligands with the multiple functions of the fragment crystallizable domain of immunoglobulins. There is great diversity in terms of possible biological ligands creating highly diverse structures, therefore the analytical characterization of fusion proteins is far more complex than that of monoclonal antibodies and requires the use and development of additional product-specific methods over conventional generic/platform methods. METHODS Employing etanercept analogues as studied fusion proteins, the Orbitrap mass analyzer with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-MS) and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) were utilized for the in-depth fusion protein characterization. RESULTS The amino acid sequence coverage, peptide mapping, and post-translational modifications of etanercept analogues were analyzed by UHPLC-MS. The post-translational modification results were complemented by imaged capillary isoelectric focusing to produce quality research on etanercept analogues. CONCLUSIONS The developed workflow integrating UHPLC-MS and icIEF provided an innovative strategy for characterizing complex fusion proteins in the process of quality control and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Fan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Long
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Beijing, China
| | - Dening Pei
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchang Shi
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Guo
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Bo
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution LTD, Cambridge, Canada
| | - Yong Zhou
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution LTD, Cambridge, Canada
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19
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Samantasinghar A, Sunildutt NP, Ahmed F, Soomro AM, Salih ARC, Parihar P, Memon FH, Kim KH, Kang IS, Choi KH. A comprehensive review of key factors affecting the efficacy of antibody drug conjugate. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114408. [PMID: 36841027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody Drug Conjugate (ADC) is an emerging technology to overcome the limitations of chemotherapy by selectively targeting the cancer cells. ADC binds with an antigen, specifically over expressed on the surface of cancer cells, results decrease in bystander effect and increase in therapeutic index. The potency of an ideal ADC is entirely depending on several physicochemical factors such as site of conjugation, molecular weight, linker length, Steric hinderance, half-life, conjugation method, binding energy and so on. Inspite of the fact that there is more than 100 of ADCs are in clinical trial only 14 ADCs are approved by FDA for clinical use. However, to design an ideal ADC is still challenging and there is much more to be done. Here in this review, we have discussed the key components along with their significant role or contribution towards the efficacy of an ADC. Moreover, we also explained about the recent advancement in the conjugation method. Additionally, we spotlit the mode of action of an ADC, recent challenges, and future perspective regarding ADC. The profound knowledge regarding key components and their properties will help in the synthesis or production of different engineered ADCs. Therefore, contributes to develop an ADC with low safety concern and high therapeutic index. We hope this review will improve the understanding and encourage the practicing of research in anticancer ADCs development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Faheem Ahmed
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, the Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Pratibha Parihar
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, the Republic of Korea
| | - Fida Hussain Memon
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, the Republic of Korea
| | | | - In Suk Kang
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, the Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Choi
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, the Republic of Korea.
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20
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Schuster J, Kamuju V, Mathaes R. Protein Stability After Administration: A Physiologic Consideration. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:370-376. [PMID: 36202247 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory authorities and the scientific community have identified the need to monitor the in vivo stability of therapeutic proteins (TPs). Due to the unique physiologic conditions in patients, the stability of TPs after administration can deviate largely from their stability under drug product (DP) conditions. TPs can degrade at substantial rates once immersed in the in vivo milieu. Changes in protein stability upon administration to patients are critical as they can have implications on patient safety and clinical effectiveness of DPs. Physiologic conditions are challenging to simulate and require dedicated in vitro models for specific routes of administration. Advancements of in vitro models enable to simulate the exposure to physiologic conditions prior to resource demanding pre-clinical and clinical studies. This enables to evaluate the in vivo stability and thus may allow to improve the safety/efficacy profile of DPs. While in vitro-in vivo correlations are challenging, benchmarking DP candidates enables to identify liabilities and optimize molecules. The in vivo stability should be an integral part of holistic stability assessments during early development. Such assessments can accelerate development timelines and lead to more stable DPs for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schuster
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Vinay Kamuju
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Mathaes
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Legrand P, Dufaÿ S, Mignet N, Houzé P, Gahoual R. Modeling study of long-term stability of the monoclonal antibody infliximab and biosimilars using liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and size-exclusion chromatography-multi-angle light scattering. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:179-192. [PMID: 36449030 PMCID: PMC9709354 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent a dynamic class of biopharmaceutical products, as evidenced by an increasing number of market authorizations for mAb innovator and biosimilar products. Stability studies are commonly performed during product development, for instance, to exclude unstable molecules, optimize the formulation or determine the storage limit. Such studies are time-consuming, especially for mAbs, because of their structural complexity which requires multiple analytical techniques to achieve a detailed characterization. We report the implementation of a novel methodology based on the accelerated stability assessment program (ASAP) in order to model the long-term stability of mAbs in relation to different structural aspects. Stability studies of innovator infliximab and two different biosimilars were performed using forced degradation conditions alongside in-use administration conditions in order to investigate their similarity regarding stability. Thus, characterization of post-translational modifications was achieved using liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and the formation of aggregates and free chain fragments was characterized using size-exclusion chromatography-multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS-UV/RI) analysis. Consequently, ASAP models were investigated with regard to free chain fragmentation of mAbs concomitantly with N57 deamidation, located in the hypervariable region. Comparison of ASAP models and the long-term stability data from samples stored in intravenous bags demonstrated a relevant correlation, indicating the stability of the mAbs. The developed methodology highlighted the particularities of ASAP modeling for mAbs and demonstrated the possibility to independently consider the different types of degradation pathways in order to provide accurate and appropriate prediction of the long-term stability of this type of biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Legrand
- Université Paris Cité, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm U1267, 4, avenue de l'observatoire, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France.
- Département Recherche Et Développement Pharmaceutique, Agence Générale Des Equipements Et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, (AP-HP), Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Dufaÿ
- Département Recherche Et Développement Pharmaceutique, Agence Générale Des Equipements Et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- Université Paris Cité, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm U1267, 4, avenue de l'observatoire, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Pascal Houzé
- Université Paris Cité, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm U1267, 4, avenue de l'observatoire, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Biologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Université Paris Cité, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm U1267, 4, avenue de l'observatoire, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
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22
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Dippel A, Gallegos A, Aleti V, Barnes A, Chen X, Christian E, Delmar J, Du Q, Esfandiary R, Farmer E, Garcia A, Li Q, Lin J, Liu W, Machiesky L, Mody N, Parupudi A, Prophet M, Rickert K, Rosenthal K, Ren S, Shandilya H, Varkey R, Wons K, Wu Y, Loo YM, Esser MT, Kallewaard NL, Rajan S, Damschroder M, Xu W, Kaplan G. Developability profiling of a panel of Fc engineered SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. MAbs 2023; 15:2152526. [PMID: 36476037 PMCID: PMC9733695 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2152526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat the COVID-19 pandemic, potential therapies have been developed and moved into clinical trials at an unprecedented pace. Some of the most promising therapies are neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. In order to maximize the therapeutic effectiveness of such neutralizing antibodies, Fc engineering to modulate effector functions and to extend half-life is desirable. However, it is critical that Fc engineering does not negatively impact the developability properties of the antibodies, as these properties play a key role in ensuring rapid development, successful manufacturing, and improved overall chances of clinical success. In this study, we describe the biophysical characterization of a panel of Fc engineered ("TM-YTE") SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, the same Fc modifications as those found in AstraZeneca's Evusheld (AZD7442; tixagevimab and cilgavimab), in which the TM modification (L234F/L235E/P331S) reduce binding to FcγR and C1q and the YTE modification (M252Y/S254T/T256E) extends serum half-life. We have previously shown that combining both the TM and YTE Fc modifications can reduce the thermal stability of the CH2 domain and possibly lead to developability challenges. Here we show, using a diverse panel of TM-YTE SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, that despite lowering the thermal stability of the Fc CH2 domain, the TM-YTE platform does not have any inherent developability liabilities and shows an in vivo pharmacokinetic profile in human FcRn transgenic mice similar to the well-characterized YTE platform. The TM-YTE is therefore a developable, effector function reduced, half-life extended antibody platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dippel
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Austin Gallegos
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Vineela Aleti
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Arnita Barnes
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoru Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Jared Delmar
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Qun Du
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Reza Esfandiary
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Erika Farmer
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Garcia
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Hansoh Bio, Rockville, MD, USA,Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jia Lin
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Weiyi Liu
- Pfizer, La Jolla, CA, USA,Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - LeeAnn Machiesky
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Neil Mody
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Arun Parupudi
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Meagan Prophet
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Keith Rickert
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kim Rosenthal
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Song Ren
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Reena Varkey
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Wons
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yuling Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mark T. Esser
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Nicole L. Kallewaard
- Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sarav Rajan
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Weichen Xu
- Biopharmaceutical Development, MacroGenics, Rockville, MD, USA,Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Gilad Kaplan
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA,CONTACT Gilad Kaplan AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD20878
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23
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Mieczkowski C, Zhang X, Lee D, Nguyen K, Lv W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Way J, Gries JM. Blueprint for antibody biologics developability. MAbs 2023; 15:2185924. [PMID: 36880643 PMCID: PMC10012935 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2185924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-molecule antibody biologics have revolutionized medicine owing to their superior target specificity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, safety and toxicity profiles, and amenability to versatile engineering. In this review, we focus on preclinical antibody developability, including its definition, scope, and key activities from hit to lead optimization and selection. This includes generation, computational and in silico approaches, molecular engineering, production, analytical and biophysical characterization, stability and forced degradation studies, and process and formulation assessments. More recently, it is apparent these activities not only affect lead selection and manufacturability, but ultimately correlate with clinical progression and success. Emerging developability workflows and strategies are explored as part of a blueprint for developability success that includes an overview of the four major molecular properties that affect all developability outcomes: 1) conformational, 2) chemical, 3) colloidal, and 4) other interactions. We also examine risk assessment and mitigation strategies that increase the likelihood of success for moving the right candidate into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Mieczkowski
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Xuejin Zhang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Dana Lee
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jackie Way
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Gries
- President, Discovery Research, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
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24
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Tavella D, Ouellette DR, Garofalo R, Zhu K, Xu J, Oloo EO, Negron C, Ihnat PM. A novel method for in silico assessment of Methionine oxidation risk in monoclonal antibodies: Improvement over the 2-shell model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279689. [PMID: 36580468 PMCID: PMC9799309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have established their role as valuable agents in the treatment of various diseases ranging from cancers to infectious, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Reactive groups of the amino acids within these proteins make them susceptible to many kinds of chemical modifications during manufacturing, storage and in vivo circulation. Among these reactions, the oxidation of methionine residues to their sulfoxide form is a commonly observed chemical modification in mAbs. When the oxidized methionine is in the complementarity-determining region (CDR), this modification can affect antigen binding and thus abrogate biological activity. For these reasons, it is essential to identify oxidation liabilities during the antibody discovery and development phases. Here, we present an in silico method, based on protein modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, to predict the oxidation-liable residues in the variable region of therapeutic antibodies. Previous studies have used the 2-shell water coordination number descriptor (WCN) to identify methionine residues susceptible to oxidation. Although the WCN descriptor successfully predicted oxidation liabilities when the residue was solvent exposed, the method was much less accurate for partially buried methionine residues. Consequently, we introduce a new descriptor, WCN-OH, that improves the accuracy of prediction of methionine oxidation susceptibility by extending the theoretical framework of the water coordination number to incorporate the effects of polar amino acids side chains in close proximity to the methionine of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Tavella
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DT); (CN)
| | - David R. Ouellette
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raffaella Garofalo
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Analytical Innovation and Mass Spectrometry, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Kai Zhu
- Schrödinger, Inc., New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jianwen Xu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eliud O. Oloo
- Schrödinger, Inc., New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher Negron
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DT); (CN)
| | - Peter M. Ihnat
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
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25
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Beck A, Nowak C, Meshulam D, Reynolds K, Chen D, Pacardo DB, Nicholls SB, Carven GJ, Gu Z, Fang J, Wang D, Katiyar A, Xiang T, Liu H. Risk-Based Control Strategies of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:73. [PMID: 36412839 PMCID: PMC9703962 DOI: 10.3390/antib11040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first approval of the anti-CD3 recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb), muromonab-CD3, a mouse antibody for the prevention of transplant rejection, by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986, mAb therapeutics have become increasingly important to medical care. A wealth of information about mAbs regarding their structure, stability, post-translation modifications, and the relationship between modification and function has been reported. Yet, substantial resources are still required throughout development and commercialization to have appropriate control strategies to maintain consistent product quality, safety, and efficacy. A typical feature of mAbs is charge heterogeneity, which stems from a variety of modifications, including modifications that are common to many mAbs or unique to a specific molecule or process. Charge heterogeneity is highly sensitive to process changes and thus a good indicator of a robust process. It is a high-risk quality attribute that could potentially fail the specification and comparability required for batch disposition. Failure to meet product specifications or comparability can substantially affect clinical development timelines. To mitigate these risks, the general rule is to maintain a comparable charge profile when process changes are inevitably introduced during development and even after commercialization. Otherwise, new peaks or varied levels of acidic and basic species must be justified based on scientific knowledge and clinical experience for a specific molecule. Here, we summarize the current understanding of mAb charge variants and outline risk-based control strategies to support process development and ultimately commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 5 Avenue Napoléon III, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Christine Nowak
- Protein Characterization, Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, 100 College St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Deborah Meshulam
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kristina Reynolds
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Chen
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dennis B. Pacardo
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samantha B. Nicholls
- Protein Sciences, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory J. Carven
- Research, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Jasper Therapeutics, Inc., 2200 Bridge Pkwy Suite 102, Redwood City, CA 94065, USA
| | - Jing Fang
- Biological Drug Discovery, Biogen, 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Global Biologics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- CMC Technical Operations, Magenta Therapeutics, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- Downstream Process and Analytical Development, Boston Institute of Biotechnology, 225 Turnpike Rd., Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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26
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Zhang W, Wang H, Feng N, Li Y, Gu J, Wang Z. Developability assessment at early-stage discovery to enable development of antibody-derived therapeutics. Antib Ther 2022; 6:13-29. [PMID: 36683767 PMCID: PMC9847343 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developability refers to the likelihood that an antibody candidate will become a manufacturable, safe and efficacious drug. Although the safety and efficacy of a drug candidate will be well considered by sponsors and regulatory agencies, developability in the narrow sense can be defined as the likelihood that an antibody candidate will go smoothly through the chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC) process at a reasonable cost and within a reasonable timeline. Developability in this sense is the focus of this review. To lower the risk that an antibody candidate with poor developability will move to the CMC stage, the candidate's developability-related properties should be screened, assessed and optimized as early as possible. Assessment of developability at the early discovery stage should be performed in a rapid and high-throughput manner while consuming small amounts of testing materials. In addition to monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, multispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates, as the derivatives of monoclonal antibodies, should also be assessed for developability. Moreover, we propose that the criterion of developability is relative: expected clinical indication, and the dosage and administration route of the antibody could affect this criterion. We also recommend a general screening process during the early discovery stage of antibody-derived therapeutics. With the advance of artificial intelligence-aided prediction of protein structures and features, computational tools can be used to predict, screen and optimize the developability of antibody candidates and greatly reduce the risk of moving a suboptimal candidate to the development stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhang
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Nan Feng
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- Technology and Process Development, WuXi Biologicals, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jijie Gu
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Zhuozhi Wang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Biologics Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China, Phone number: +86-21-50518899
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27
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Kamble R, Puranik A, Narvekar A, Dandekar P, Jain R. Characterization of outcomes of amino acid modifications using a combinatorial approach to reveal physical and structural perturbations: A case study using trastuzumab biosimilar. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1209:123430. [PMID: 35988497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals, such as monoclonal antibodies, are considered as life-saving drugs for autoimmune diseases, cancer and infectious diseases. However, biotherapeutics tend to undergo chemical degradation during various stages of manufacturing. The conditions of chemical degradation, along with the physical degradation pathways, have a direct influence on the overall stability, safety and efficacy of these therapeutics. While site-specific chemical changes have been well-explored and investigated using various analytical approaches, the resulting conformational and structural changes have not been much studied. Thus, we explored various biophysical techniques for assessing the influence of three representatives forced degradation conditions viz. oxidation, deamidation, and glycation, in a model therapeutic trastuzumab biosimilar. The site-specific modifications caused by these stress conditions were analysed using high resolution mass spectrometry. While their thermodynamic and conformational consequences were investigated by using differential scanning colorimetry (Nano-DSC), circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The investigated stress conditions resulted in reduced thermodynamic stability of mAb, as confirmed using Nano-DSC. Secondary structure analysis performed with CD spectroscopy indicated detectable structural alterations in the beta sheets of stressed samples. DLS and SV-AUC studies demonstrated an enhanced level of aggregation and fragmentation in presence of all stress conditions. Thus, the biophysical analytical toolkits, when used simultaneously, could offer deeper insights into the subtle conformational changes that result from site-specific chemical modifications in mAbs. Hence, these analytical approaches may serve as significant additions to the battery of techniques used for forced degradation analysis of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Kamble
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Amita Puranik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Aditya Narvekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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28
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Gurel B, Berksoz M, Capkin E, Parlar A, Pala MC, Ozkan A, Capan Y, Daglikoca DE, Yuce M. Structural and Functional Analysis of CEX Fractions Collected from a Novel Avastin® Biosimilar Candidate and Its Innovator: A Comparative Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081571. [PMID: 36015197 PMCID: PMC9415858 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avastin® is a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody used to treat cancer by targeting VEGF-A to inhibit angiogenesis. SIMAB054, an Avastin® biosimilar candidate developed in this study, showed a different charge variant profile than its innovator. Thus, it is fractionated into acidic, main, and basic isoforms and collected physically by Cation Exchange Chromatography (CEX) for a comprehensive structural and functional analysis. The innovator product, fractionated into the same species and collected by the same method, is used as a reference for comparative analysis. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) ESI-QToF was used to analyze the modifications leading to charge heterogeneities at intact protein and peptide levels. The C-terminal lysine clipping and glycosylation profiles of the samples were monitored by intact mAb analysis. The post-translational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, and N-terminal pyroglutamic acid formation, were determined by peptide mapping analysis in the selected signal peptides. The relative binding affinities of the fractionated charge isoforms against the antigen, VEGF-A, and the neonatal receptor, FcRn, were revealed by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) studies. The results show that all CEX fractions from the innovator product and the SIMAB054 shared the same structural variants, albeit in different ratios. Common glycoforms and post-translational modifications were the same, but at different percentages for some samples. The dissimilarities were mostly originating from the presence of extra C-term Lysin residues, which are prone to enzymatic degradation in the body, and thus they were previously assessed as clinically irrelevant. Another critical finding was the presence of different glyco proteoforms in different charge species, such as increased galactosylation in the acidic and afucosylation in the basic species. SPR characterization of the isolated charge variants further confirmed that basic species found in the CEX analyses of the biosimilar candidate were also present in the innovator product, although at lower amounts. The charge variants’ in vitro antigen- and neonatal receptor-binding activities varied amongst the samples, which could be further investigated in vivo with a larger sample set to reveal the impact on the pharmacokinetics of drug candidates. Minor structural differences may explain antigen-binding differences in the isolated charge variants, which is a key parameter in a comparability exercise. Consequently, such a biosimilar candidate may not comply with high regulatory standards unless the binding differences observed are justified and demonstrated not to have any clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Gurel
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Melike Berksoz
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Eda Capkin
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Meltem Corbacioglu Pala
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Aylin Ozkan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yılmaz Capan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Duygu Emine Daglikoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
| | - Meral Yuce
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
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29
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Hashii N, Tajiri M, Ishii-Watabe A. [Quality Evaluation of Therapeutic Antibodies by Multi-attribute Method]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:731-744. [PMID: 35781502 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), it is essential to characterize the modifications causing structural heterogeneity because certain modifications are associated with safety and efficacy. However, the rapid structural analysis of mAbs remains challenging due to their structural complexity. The multi-attribute method (MAM) is a structural analytical method based on peptide mapping using LC/MS, and has drawn attention as a new quality control method for therapeutic mAbs instead of conventional structural heterogeneity analyses using several chromatographic techniques. Peptide mapping, which is regarded as an identification test method, is used to confirm that the amino acid sequence corresponds to that deduced from the gene sequence for the desired product. In contrast, MAM is used for simultaneously monitoring the modification rates of individual amino acid residues of therapeutic mAbs, indicating that MAM is used as quantitative test rather than identification test. In this review, we summarized the typical structural heterogeneities of mAbs and the general scheme of MAM. We also introduced our optimized sample preparation method for MAM, and examples of simultaneous monitoring of several modifications including deamidation, oxidation, N-terminal pyroglutamination, C-terminal clipping and glycosylation by our MAM system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Michiko Tajiri
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences
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30
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Jin L. Differentiation and verification of monoclonal antibody therapeutics by integrating accurate mass analyses at intact, subunit and subdomain levels for forensic investigation. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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Ruppen I, Beydon ME, Solís C, Sacristán D, Vandenheede I, Ortiz A, Sandra K, Adhikary L. Similarity demonstrated between isolated charge variants of MB02, a biosimilar of bevacizumab, and Avastin® following extended physicochemical and functional characterization. Biologicals 2022; 77:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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32
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Optimized Methods for Analytical and Functional Comparison of Biosimilar mAb Drugs: A Case Study for Avastin, Mvasi, and Zirabev. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bevacizumab is a humanized therapeutic monoclonal antibody used to reduce angiogenesis, a hallmark of cancer, by binding to VEGF-A. Many pharmaceutical companies have developed biosimilars of Bevacizumab in the last decade. The official reports provided by the FDA and EMA summarize the analytical performance of biosimilars as compared to the originators without giving detailed analytical procedures. In the current study, several key methods were optimized and reported for analytical and functional comparison of bevacizumab originators (Avastin, Altuzan) and approved commercial biosimilars (Zirabev and Mvasi). This case study presents a comparative analysis of a set of biosimilars under optimized analytical conditions for the first time in the literature. The chemical structure of all products was analyzed at intact protein and peptide levels by high-resolution mass spectrometry; the major glycoforms and posttranslational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, N-terminal PyroGlu addition, and C-terminal Lys clipping, were compared. The SPR technique was used to reveal antigen and some receptor binding kinetics of all products, and the ELISA technique was used for C1q binding affinity analysis. Finally, the inhibition performance of the samples was evaluated by an MTS-based proliferation assay in vitro. Major glycoforms were similar, with minor differences among the samples. Posttranslational modifications, except C-terminal Lys, were determined similarly, while unclipped Lys percentage was higher in Zirabev. The binding kinetics for VEGF, FcRn, FcγRIa, and C1q were similar or in the value range of originators. The anti-proliferative effect of Zirabev was slightly higher than the originators and Mvasi. The analysis of biosimilars under the same conditions could provide a new aspect to the literature in terms of the applied analytical techniques. Further studies in this field would be helpful to better understand the inter-comparability of the biosimilars.
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Zeunik R, Ryuzoji AF, Peariso A, Wang X, Lannan M, Spindler LJ, Knierman M, Copeland V, Patel C, Wen Y. Investigation of immune responses to oxidation, deamidation, and isomerization in therapeutic antibodies using preclinical immunogenicity risk assessment assays. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2217-2229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Studying protein structure and function by native separation–mass spectrometry. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:215-231. [PMID: 37117432 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in protein structure may have profound effects on biological function. Analytical techniques that permit characterization of proteins while maintaining their conformational and functional state are crucial for studying changes in the higher order structure of proteins and for establishing structure-function relationships. Coupling of native protein separations with mass spectrometry is emerging rapidly as a powerful approach to study these aspects in a reliable, fast and straightforward way. This Review presents the available native separation modes for proteins, covers practical considerations on the hyphenation of these separations with mass spectrometry and highlights the involvement of affinity-based separations to simultaneously obtain structural and functional information of proteins. The impact of these approaches is emphasized by selected applications addressing biomedical and biopharmaceutical research questions.
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Fevre A, Kiessig S, Bonnington L, Olaf Stracke J, Bulau P. Quantifying methionine sulfoxide in therapeutic protein formulation excipients as sensitive oxidation marker. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1189:123092. [PMID: 35026663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methionine is a common excipient used in therapeutic protein liquid formulations as stabilizer and antioxidant. The oxidation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide can be regarded as a sensitive marker of oxidative stress for drug product storage conditions. In this study, a sensitive HPLC method for the quantification of methionine sulfoxide in formulated protein product was developed and qualified according to regulatory requirements using a SIELC® Primesep 100 column with UV detection. The separation involves a mixed-mode mechanism including reversed phase and cationic exchange modalities. The operating range of the method was established between 1 µM and 35 µM of methionine sulfoxide. In this testing range, the method was shown to be linear (R2 > 0.99), accurate (Recovery 92.9 - 103.6%, average recovery = 99.8 ± 1.4%) and precise (intermediate precision at LoQ, CV = 2.9%). The developed test system was successfully applied to study the effects of temperature and storage conditions on methionine sulfoxide formation in complex therapeutic antibody formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Fevre
- Pharma Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Steffen Kiessig
- Pharma Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lea Bonnington
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jan Olaf Stracke
- Pharma Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Bulau
- Pharma Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Glover ZK, Wecksler A, Aryal B, Mehta S, Pegues M, Chan W, Lehtimaki M, Luo A, Sreedhara A, Rao VA. Physicochemical and biological impact of metal-catalyzed oxidation of IgG1 monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates via reactive oxygen species. MAbs 2022; 14:2122957. [PMID: 36151884 PMCID: PMC9519010 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2122957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotherapeutics are exposed to common transition metal ions such as Cu(II) and Fe(II) during manufacturing processes and storage. IgG1 biotherapeutics are vulnerable to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated via the metal-catalyzed oxidation reactions. Exposure to these metal ions can lead to potential changes to structure and function, ultimately influencing efficacy, potency, and potential immunogenicity of the molecules. Here, we stress four biotherapeutics of the IgG1 subclass (trastuzumab, trastuzumab emtansine, anti-NaPi2b, and anti-NaPi2b-vc-MMAE) with two common pharmaceutically relevant metal-induced oxidizing systems, Cu(II)/ ascorbic acid and Fe(II)/ H2O2, and evaluated oxidation, size distribution, carbonylation, Fc effector functions, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, cell anti-proliferation and autophaghic flux. Our study demonstrates that the extent of oxidation was metal ion-dependent and site-specific, leading to decreased FcγRIIIa and FcRn receptor binding and subsequently potentially reduced bioactivity, though antigen binding was not affected to a great extent. In general, the monoclonal antibody (mAb) and corresponding antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) showed similar impacts to product quality when exposed to the same metal ion, either Cu(II) or Fe(II). Our study clearly demonstrates that transition metal ion binding to therapeutic IgG1 mAbs and ADCs is not random and that oxidation products show unique structural and functional ramifications. A critical outcome from this study is our highlighting of key process parameters, route of degradation, especially oxidation (metal catalyzed or via ROS), on the CH1 and Fc region of full-length mAbs and ADCs. Abbreviations: DNPH 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine; ADC Antibody drug conjugate; ADCC Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; CDR Complementary determining region; DTT Dithiothreitol; HMWF high molecular weight form; LC-MS Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; LMWF low molecular weight forms; MOA Mechanism of action; MCO Metal-catalyzed oxidation; MetO Methionine sulfoxide; mAbs Monoclonal antibodies; MyBPC Myosin binding protein C; ROS Reactive oxygen species; SEC Size exclusion chromatography
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Wecksler
- Analytical Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Baikuntha Aryal
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Maryland, USA
| | - Shrenik Mehta
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Pegues
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Maryland, USA
| | - Wayman Chan
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mari Lehtimaki
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Maryland, USA
| | - Allen Luo
- Biological Technologies, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - V Ashutosh Rao
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Maryland, USA
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Hyung SJ, Leipold DD, Lee DW, Kaur S, Saad OM. Multiplexed Quantitative Analysis of Antibody-Drug Conjugates with Labile CBI-Dimer Payloads In Vivo Using Immunoaffinity LC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2021; 94:1158-1168. [PMID: 34958550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) involves cleavage of ADCs into smaller analytes representing different components and subsequent measurements from multiple assays for a more comprehensive pharmacokinetic (PK) assessment. Multiple PK analytes including the drug remaining conjugated to the antibody (or antibody-conjugated drug, acDrug) and total antibody can be accessed simultaneously using a multiplex assay by proteolytic digestion of an ADC, if the sites of conjugation are homogeneous for an ADC and the linker drug is stable to proteases. Herein, a multiplexed immunoaffinity liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS PK assay is described involving immunoaffinity enrichment, enzymatic conversion of prodrug, trypsin digestion, and LC-MS/MS as applied to next-generation ADCs constructed from linker drugs bearing dimeric cyclopropabenzindole (CBI) payloads (duocarmycin analogues). The cytotoxic payload is chemically labile, requiring extensive optimization in sample preparation steps to stabilize the drug without ex vivo modification and to convert the prodrug into a single active form of the drug. The qualification data for this assay format showed that this approach provides robust acDrug and total antibody data and can be extended to ADCs with different monoclonal antibody frameworks and linker chemistries. Applications of this multiplexed assay to support preclinical studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Joon Hyung
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Douglas D Leipold
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donna W Lee
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Surinder Kaur
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ola M Saad
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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38
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Gupta S, Jiskoot W, Schöneich C, Rathore AS. Oxidation and Deamidation of Monoclonal Antibody Products: Potential Impact on Stability, Biological Activity, and Efficacy. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:903-918. [PMID: 34890632 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role in human health of therapeutic proteins in general, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in particular, has been significant and is continuously evolving. A considerable amount of time and resources are invested first in mAb product development and then in clinical examination of the product. Physical and chemical degradation can occur during manufacturing, processing, storage, handling, and administration. Therapeutic proteins may undergo various chemical degradation processes, including oxidation, deamidation, isomerization, hydrolysis, deglycosylation, racemization, disulfide bond breakage and formation, Maillard reaction, and β-elimination. Oxidation and deamidation are the most common chemical degradation processes of mAbs, which may result in changes in physical properties, such as hydrophobicity, charge, secondary or/and tertiary structure, and may lower the thermodynamic or kinetic barrier to unfold. This may predispose the product to aggregation and other chemical modifications, which can alter the binding affinity, half-life, and efficacy of the product. This review summarizes major findings from the past decade on the impact of oxidation and deamidation on the stability, biological activity, and efficacy of mAb products. Mechanisms of action, influencing factors, characterization tools, clinical impact, and risk mitigation strategies have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India.
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Gstöttner C, Hook M, Christopeit T, Knaupp A, Schlothauer T, Reusch D, Haberger M, Wuhrer M, Domínguez-Vega E. Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry as a Tool to Unravel Proteoform-Specific Antibody-Receptor Interactions. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15133-15141. [PMID: 34739220 PMCID: PMC8600502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) pharmaceuticals consist of a plethora of different proteoforms with different functional characteristics, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, requiring their individual assessment. Current binding techniques do not distinguish between coexisting proteoforms requiring tedious production of enriched proteoforms. Here, we have developed an approach based on mobility shift-affinity capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (ACE-MS), which permitted us to determine the binding of coexisting mAb proteoforms to Fc receptors (FcRs). For high-sensitivity MS analysis, we used a sheathless interface providing adequate mAb sensitivity allowing functional characterization of mAbs with a high sensitivity and dynamic range. As a model system, we focused on the interaction with the neonatal FcR (FcRn), which determines the half-life of mAbs. Depending on the oxidation status, proteoforms exhibited different electrophoretic mobility shifts in the presence of FcRn, which could be used to determine their affinity. We confirmed the decrease of the FcRn affinity with antibody oxidation and observed a minor glycosylation effect, with higher affinities for galactosylated glycoforms. Next to relative binding, the approach permits the determination of individual KD values in solution resulting in values of 422 and 139 nM for double-oxidized and non-oxidized variants. Hyphenation with native MS provides unique capabilities for simultaneous heterogeneity assessment for mAbs, FcRn, and complexes formed. The latter provides information on binding stoichiometry revealing 1:1 and 1:2 for antibody/FcRn complexes. The use of differently engineered Fc-only constructs allowed distinguishing between symmetric and asymmetric binding. The approach opens up unique possibilities for proteoform-resolved antibody binding studies to FcRn and can be extended to other FcRs and protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gstöttner
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Michaela Hook
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Tony Christopeit
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Alexander Knaupp
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands
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Pot S, Gstöttner C, Heinrich K, Hoelterhoff S, Grunert I, Leiss M, Bathke A, Domínguez-Vega E. Fast analysis of antibody-derived therapeutics by automated multidimensional liquid chromatography - Mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1184:339015. [PMID: 34625261 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of therapeutic antibodies is commonly performed by bottom-up approaches, involving sample preparation and peptide analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Conventional sample preparation requires extensive hands-on time and can increase the risk of inducing artificial modifications as many off-line steps - denaturation, disulfide-reduction, alkylation and tryptic digestion - are performed. In this study, we developed an on-line multidimensional (mD)-LC-MS bottom-up approach for fast sample preparation and analysis of (formulated) monoclonal antibodies and antibody-derived therapeutics. This approach allows on-column reduction, tryptic digestion and subsequent peptide analysis by RP-MS. Optimization of the 1D -and 2D flow and temperature improved the trapping of small polar peptides during on-line peptide mapping analysis. These adaptations increased the sequence coverage (95-98% versus 86-94% for off-line approaches) and allowed identification of various PTMs (i.e. deamidation of asparagine, methionine oxidation and lysine glycation) within a single analysis. This workflow enables a fast (<2 h) characterization of antibody heterogeneities within a single run and a low amount of protein (10 μg). Importantly, the new mD-LC-MS bottom-up method was able to detect the polar, fast-eluting peptides: Fc oxidation at Hc-Met-252 and the Fc N-glycosylation at Hc-Asn-297, which can be challenging using mD-LC-MS. Moreover, the method showed good comparability across the different measurements (RSD of retention time in the range of 0.2-1.8% for polar peptides). The LC system was controlled by only a standard commercial software package which makes implementation for fast characterization of quality attributes relatively easy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Pot
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Gstöttner
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Katrin Heinrich
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sina Hoelterhoff
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Grunert
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Leiss
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Anja Bathke
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Similarity demonstrated between isolated charge variants of MB02, a biosimilar of bevacizumab, and Avastin® following extended physicochemical and functional characterization. Biologicals 2021; 73:41-56. [PMID: 34593306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of recombinant mAb products contain heterogeneous charge variants, commonly the result of post-translational modifications occurring during cell culture and accumulated during production, formulation and storage. MB02 is a biosimilar mAb to bevacizumab. Similarity data of charge variants for biosimilars against its reference products must be generated to demonstrate consistency in product quality and to ensure efficacy and safety. The goal of this work was to isolate seven charge variants of MB02 and Avastin® by semi-preparative cation exchange chromatography followed by purity test and extended analytical characterization to prove similarity. Although poor purity obtained for minor variants complicated data interpretation, an in-depth insight into the charge variants pattern of MB02 compared to Avastin® was obtained, contributing to a better understanding of modifications associated to microheterogeneity. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative analytical study of individual charge variants of a bevacizumab biosimilar following a head-to head approach and the most comprehensive N-glycosylation assessment of IgG1 charge variants. Although modifications related to N- and C-terminal, N-glycans, size heterogeneity or deamidation were specifically enriched among low abundant charge variants, they did not affect binding affinity to VEGF or FcRn and in vitro potency compared with the main species or unfractionated material.
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Functional in vitro assessment of modified antibodies: Impact of label on protein properties. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257342. [PMID: 34529712 PMCID: PMC8445452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Labelling of therapeutic antibodies with radionuclides or fluorophores is routinely used to study their pharmacokinetic properties. A critical assumption in utilizing labelled therapeutic antibodies is that the label has no unfavourable effects on antibody charge, hydrophobicity, or receptor affinity. Ideally, the labelled protein should not have any significant deviations from the physiological properties of the original molecule. This article describes an established quality in vitro assessment workflow for labelled antibodies that ensures better prediction of changes in antibody pharmacokinetic (PK) properties after modifications. This analysis package considers degradation and aggregation analysis by size-exclusion chromatography, changes in neonatal-Fc-receptor (FcRn) affinity, and heparin interaction. FcRn binding is important for antibody recycling and half-life extension, whereas heparin affinity provides estimates on the rate of endocytosis through unspecific cell surface binding. Additionally, mass spectrometric analysis to determine the degree of labelling (DoL) completes the package and the combined analysis data allow to predict the label contribution to the PK properties of the modified antibody. This analytical strategy for labelling 11 IgGs has been investigated using 2 different IgG1 constructs and applying 7 different types of labels. Each labelling resulted in a change in the physicochemical properties of the protein. Not only can the DoL of modified IgGs lead to a change in protein properties, but the type of label also can. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the labelling process can also influence the behaviour of labelled mAbs. An identical label on different constructs of IgG1 can cause different affinities for FcRn and heparin. Considering the assessment data, only 6 of the 11 modified antibodies from this study can be recommended for subsequent experiments. In conclusion, a suitability assessment of labelled antibodies prior to any pharmacokinetic studies is essential to reduce cost, allocate resources and reduce the number of animal experiments during pre-clinical drug development.
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Sandberg MW, Bunkenborg J, Thyssen S, Villadsen M, Kofoed T. Characterization of a novel + 70 Da modification in rhGM-CSF expressed in E. coli using chemical assays in combination with mass spectrometry. Amino Acids 2021; 54:601-613. [PMID: 34453584 PMCID: PMC9117350 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine and a white blood cell growth factor that has found usage as a therapeutic protein. During analysis of different fermentation batches of GM-CSF recombinantly expressed in E. coli, a covalent modification was identified on the protein by intact mass spectrometry. The modification gave a mass shift of + 70 Da and peptide mapping analysis demonstrated that it located to the protein N-terminus and lysine side chains. The chemical composition of C4H6O was found to be the best candidate by peptide fragmentation using tandem mass spectrometry. The modification likely contains a carbonyl group, since the mass of the modification increased by 2 Da by reduction with borane pyridine complex and it reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. On the basis of chemical and tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation behavior, the modification could be attributed to crotonaldehyde, a reactive compound formed during lipid peroxidation. A low recorded oxygen pressure in the reactor during protein expression could be linked to the formation of this compound. This study shows the importance of maintaining full control over all reaction parameters during recombinant protein production.
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Paris J, Morgan TE, Marzullo BP, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, O'Hara J, O'Connor PB. Two-Dimensional Mass Spectrometry Analysis of IgG1 Antibodies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1716-1724. [PMID: 34152763 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional mass spectrometry (2DMS) is a new, and theoretically ideal, data-independent analysis tool, which allows the characterization of a complex mixture and was used in the bottom-up analysis of IgG1 for the identification of post-translational modifications. The new peak picking algorithm allows the distinction between chimeric peaks in proteomics. In this application, the processing of 2DMS data correlates fragments to their corresponding precursors, with fragments from precursors which are <0.1 m/z at m/z 840 easily resolved, without the need for quadrupole or chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Paris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Tomos E Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan P Marzullo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - John O'Hara
- UCB, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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45
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Fieux M, Le Quellec S, Bartier S, Coste A, Louis B, Giroudon C, Nourredine M, Bequignon E. FcRn as a Transporter for Nasal Delivery of Biologics: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126475. [PMID: 34204226 PMCID: PMC8234196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FcRn plays a major role in regulating immune homeostasis, but it is also able to transport biologics across cellular barriers. The question of whether FcRn could be an efficient transporter of biologics across the nasal epithelial barrier is of particular interest, as it would allow a less invasive strategy for the administration of biologics in comparison to subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous administrations, which are often used in clinical practice. A focused systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. It was registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO, which helped in identifying articles that met the inclusion criteria. Clinical and preclinical studies involving FcRn and the nasal delivery of biologics were screened, and the risk of bias was assessed across studies using the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT). Among the 12 studies finally included in this systematic review (out of the 758 studies screened), 11 demonstrated efficient transcytosis of biologics through the nasal epithelium. Only three studies evaluated the potential toxicity of biologics’ intranasal delivery, and they all showed that it was safe. This systematic review confirmed that FcRn is expressed in the nasal airway and the olfactory epithelium, and that FcRn may play a role in IgG and/or IgG-derived molecule-transcytosis across the airway epithelium. However, additional research is needed to better characterize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of biologics after their intranasal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Fieux
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Service d’ORL, D’otoneurochirurgie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Pierre Bénite, CEDEX, F-69495 Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France; (S.L.Q.); (M.N.)
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-7266-6415
| | - Sandra Le Quellec
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France; (S.L.Q.); (M.N.)
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Cardiologique Louis Pradel, Unité D’hémostase Clinique, CEDEX, F-69500 Bron, France
- EA 4609 Hémostase et Cancer, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69372 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Service D’hématologie Biologique, CEDEX, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Sophie Bartier
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Service d’ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - André Coste
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Service d’ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Bruno Louis
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Caroline Giroudon
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de la Documentation Centrale, CEDEX, F-69424 Lyon, France;
| | - Mikail Nourredine
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France; (S.L.Q.); (M.N.)
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique et Bioinformatique, F-69003 Lyon, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emilie Bequignon
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Service d’ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France
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46
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Kaiser W, Schultz-Fademrecht T, Blech M, Buske J, Garidel P. Investigating photodegradation of antibodies governed by the light dosage. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120723. [PMID: 34022254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the photodegradation of three different monoclonal antibodies (mAb) by visible light. Several chromatographic techniques, such as size-exclusion and hydrophobic interaction chromatography as well as mass spectrometry were used to measure relative changes of various oxidation related monoclonal antibody species. The results show that visible light is indeed capable of inducing the formation of protein photo-oxidation products, such as acidic, basic, hydrophilic, and several other protein species with altered physicochemical properties. Although, the formation rate of degradants of these three protein species was dependent on the light source's intensity (I), their yield is clearly correlated to the applied light dosage (ld), which is defined as the product of light intensity I and irradiation time t (light dosage = I·t). Hence, our findings indicate that the degradation of monoclonal antibodies can be described according to the Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law. This correlation can be useful to assess the impact of photodegradation of biologics with regards to changes in light intensity and/or duration of light exposure of the protein, e.g. during the manufacturing of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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Wang B, Gallolu Kankanamalage S, Dong J, Liu Y. Optimization of therapeutic antibodies. Antib Ther 2021; 4:45-54. [PMID: 33928235 PMCID: PMC7944496 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we have summarized the current landscape of therapeutic antibody optimization for successful development. By engineering antibodies with display technology, computer-aided design and site mutagenesis, various properties of the therapeutic antibody candidates can be improved with the purpose of enhancing their safety, efficacy and developability. These properties include antigen binding affinity and specificity, biological efficacy, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity and physicochemical developability features. A best-in-class strategy may require the optimization of all these properties to generate a good therapeutic antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Ab Studio, Inc. Hayward, CA 94545, USA
| | | | | | - Yue Liu
- Ab Studio, Inc. Hayward, CA 94545, USA
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48
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Zheng K, Ren D, Wang YJ, Lilyestrom W, Scherer T, Hong JKY, Ji JA. Monoclonal Antibody Aggregation Associated with Free Radical Induced Oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083952. [PMID: 33921206 PMCID: PMC8070435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation is an important degradation pathway of protein drugs. The susceptibility to oxidation is a common concern for therapeutic proteins as it may impact product efficacy and patient safety. In this work, we used 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) as an oxidative stress reagent to evaluate the oxidation of therapeutic antibodies. In addition to the oxidation of methionine (Met) and tryptophan (Trp) residues, we also observed an increase of protein aggregation. Size-exclusion chromatography and multi-angle light scattering showed that the soluble aggregates induced by AAPH consist of dimer, tetramer, and higher-order aggregate species. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that inter-molecular disulfide bonds contributed to the protein aggregation. Furthermore, intrinsic fluorescence spectra suggested that dimerization of tyrosine (Tyr) residues could account for the non-reducible cross-links. An excipient screening study demonstrated that Trp, pyridoxine, or Tyr could effectively reduce protein aggregation due to oxidative stress. This work provides valuable insight into the mechanisms of oxidative-stress induced protein aggregation, as well as strategies to minimize such aggregate formation during the development and storage of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.J.W.); (W.L.); (T.S.); (J.A.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Diya Ren
- Oceanside Pharmaceutical Technical Development, Genentech, Oceanside, CA 92056, USA;
| | - Y. John Wang
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.J.W.); (W.L.); (T.S.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Wayne Lilyestrom
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.J.W.); (W.L.); (T.S.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.J.W.); (W.L.); (T.S.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Justin K. Y. Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Junyan A. Ji
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.J.W.); (W.L.); (T.S.); (J.A.J.)
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49
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Delmar JA, Buehler E, Chetty AK, Das A, Quesada GM, Wang J, Chen X. Machine learning prediction of methionine and tryptophan photooxidation susceptibility. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:466-477. [PMID: 33898635 PMCID: PMC8060516 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Photooxidation of methionine (Met) and tryptophan (Trp) residues is common and includes major degradation pathways that often pose a serious threat to the success of therapeutic proteins. Oxidation impacts all steps of protein production, manufacturing, and shelf life. Prediction of oxidation liability as early as possible in development is important because many more candidate drugs are discovered than can be tested experimentally. Undetected oxidation liabilities necessitate expensive and time-consuming remediation strategies in development and may lead to good drugs reaching patients slowly. Conversely, sites mischaracterized as oxidation liabilities could result in overengineering and lead to good drugs never reaching patients. To our knowledge, no predictive model for photooxidation of Met or Trp is currently available. We applied the random forest machine learning algorithm to in-house liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) datasets (Met, n = 421; Trp, n = 342) of tryptic therapeutic protein peptides to create computational models for Met and Trp photooxidation. We show that our machine learning models predict Met and Trp photooxidation likelihood with 0.926 and 0.860 area under the curve (AUC), respectively, and Met photooxidation rate with a correlation coefficient (Q2) of 0.511 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 10.9%. We further identify important physical, chemical, and formulation parameters that influence photooxidation. Improvement of biopharmaceutical liability predictions will result in better, more stable drugs, increasing development throughput, product quality, and likelihood of clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Delmar
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Eugen Buehler
- Data Sciences and AI, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Ashwin K Chetty
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Agastya Das
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jihong Wang
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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50
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Wang H, Wu L, Wang C, Xu J, Yin H, Guo H, Zheng L, Shao H, Chen G. Biosimilar or Not: Physicochemical and Biological Characterization of MabThera and Its Two Biosimilar Candidates. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:790-801. [PMID: 33860202 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic biosimilar antibodies has become an important driving force of the modern biopharmaceutical industry. In this study, physiochemical characteristics (amino acid sequence, intact/subunit molecular weight, isoelectric point, post-translation modification, and disulfide linkage pattern), purity (charge variants, high and low molecular weight variants), antigen binding activity, Fc receptor binding affinity and Fc-effector function (CDC and ADCC) were analyzed by using an extensive set of state-of-the-art and orthogonal analytical technologies to provide a comprehensive characterization of the innovative product rituximab and two biosimilar candidates. The similarity study showed that biosimilar candidate 1 (BC1) and the reference product (RP) MabThera had an identical protein amino acid sequences and highly similar primary structures along with similar purity, heterogeneity profiles, antigen binding activity, Fc receptor binding affinity, and Fc-effector functions. Biosimilar candidate 2 (BC2), which had an amino acid replacement at a constant region, a different N-glycosylation profiling, and purity, was not analytically similar to RP. Although BC2 showed improvement such as an increased level of afucose, another IgG1 allotype, and similar biological activities, it was not recommended to be applied as a biosimilar compound in drug registration because the biosimilar manufacturer must first show that its primary structure was identical to that of RP. Our physicochemical characterizations and bioassay comparability study provided a deepened understanding of the structure-function relationship of quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linping Wu
- Shanghai Frontier Health Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Can Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongrui Yin
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huaizu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Luxia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
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