1
|
Walimbwa SI, Maly P, Kafkova LR, Raska M. Beyond glycan barriers: non-cognate ligands and protein mimicry approaches to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV-1. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:83. [PMID: 39169357 PMCID: PMC11337606 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine immunogens capable of inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) remain obscure. HIV-1 evades immune responses through enormous diversity and hides its conserved vulnerable epitopes on the envelope glycoprotein (Env) by displaying an extensive immunodominant glycan shield. In elite HIV-1 viremic controllers, glycan-dependent bNAbs targeting conserved Env epitopes have been isolated and are utilized as vaccine design templates. However, immunological tolerance mechanisms limit the development of these antibodies in the general population. The well characterized bNAbs monoclonal variants frequently exhibit extensive levels of somatic hypermutation, a long third heavy chain complementary determining region, or a short third light chain complementarity determining region, and some exhibit poly-reactivity to autoantigens. This review elaborates on the obstacles to engaging and manipulating the Env glycoprotein as an effective immunogen and describes an alternative reverse vaccinology approach to develop a novel category of bNAb-epitope-derived non-cognate immunogens for HIV-1 vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ian Walimbwa
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Olomouc, Zdravotníků 248/7, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Maly
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Leona Raskova Kafkova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Olomouc, Zdravotníků 248/7, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mahomed S. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention: a comprehensive review and future perspectives. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0015222. [PMID: 38687039 PMCID: PMC11324036 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00152-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic remains a formidable global health concern, with 39 million people living with the virus and 1.3 million new infections reported in 2022. Despite anti-retroviral therapy's effectiveness in pre-exposure prophylaxis, its global adoption is limited. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) offer an alternative strategy for HIV prevention through passive immunization. Historically, passive immunization has been efficacious in the treatment of various diseases ranging from oncology to infectious diseases. Early clinical trials suggest bNAbs are safe, tolerable, and capable of reducing HIV RNA levels. Although challenges such as bNAb resistance have been noted in phase I trials, ongoing research aims to assess the additive or synergistic benefits of combining multiple bNAbs. Researchers are exploring bispecific and trispecific antibodies, and fragment crystallizable region modifications to augment antibody efficacy and half-life. Moreover, the potential of other antibody isotypes like IgG3 and IgA is under investigation. While promising, the application of bNAbs faces economic and logistical barriers. High manufacturing costs, particularly in resource-limited settings, and logistical challenges like cold-chain requirements pose obstacles. Preliminary studies suggest cost-effectiveness, although this is contingent on various factors like efficacy and distribution. Technological advancements and strategic partnerships may mitigate some challenges, but issues like molecular aggregation remain. The World Health Organization has provided preferred product characteristics for bNAbs, focusing on optimizing their efficacy, safety, and accessibility. The integration of bNAbs in HIV prophylaxis necessitates a multi-faceted approach, considering economic, logistical, and scientific variables. This review comprehensively covers the historical context, current advancements, and future avenues of bNAbs in HIV prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharana Mahomed
- Centre for the AIDS
Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical
Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Niu J, Wang Q, Zhao W, Meng B, Xu Y, Zhang X, Feng Y, Qi Q, Hao Y, Zhang X, Liu Y, Xiang J, Shao Y, Yang B. Structures and immune recognition of Env trimers from two Asia prevalent HIV-1 CRFs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4676. [PMID: 37542068 PMCID: PMC10403546 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Structure-guided immunofocusing HIV-1 vaccine design entails a comprehensive understanding of Envs from diverse HIV-1 subtypes, including circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). Here, we present the cryo-EM structures of Envs from two Asia prevalent CRFs (CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC) at 3.0 and 3.5 Å. We compare the structures and glycosylation patterns of Envs from different subtypes and perform cross-clade statistical analyses to reveal the unique features of CRF01_AE V1 region, which are associated with the resistance to certain bNAbs. We also solve a 4.1 Å cryo-EM structure of CRF01_AE Env in complex with F6, the first bNAb from CRF01_AE-infected individuals. F6 recognizes a gp120-gp41 spanning epitope to allosterically destabilize the Env trimer apex and weaken inter-protomer packing, which in turn hinders the receptor binding and induces Env trimer disassembly, demonstrating a dual mechanism of neutralization. These findings broaden our understanding of CRF Envs and shed lights on immunofocusing HIV-1 vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Niu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Bing Meng
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Youwei Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xianfang Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qilian Qi
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yanling Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiangchao Xiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Bei Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Griffith SA, McCoy LE. To bnAb or Not to bnAb: Defining Broadly Neutralising Antibodies Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708227. [PMID: 34737737 PMCID: PMC8560739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, antibodies capable of broad neutralisation have been at the forefront of HIV-1 research and are of particular interest due to in vivo passive transfer studies demonstrating their potential to provide protection. Currently an exact definition of what is required for a monoclonal antibody to be classed as a broadly neutralising antibody (bnAb) has not yet been established. This has led to hundreds of antibodies with varying neutralisation breadth being studied and has given insight into antibody maturation pathways and epitopes targeted. However, even with this knowledge, immunisation studies and vaccination trials to date have had limited success in eliciting antibodies with neutralisation breadth. For this reason there is a growing need to identify factors specifically associated with bnAb development, yet to do this a set of criteria is necessary to distinguish bnAbs from non-bnAbs. This review aims to define what it means to be a HIV-1 bnAb by comparing neutralisation breadth, genetic features and epitopes of bnAbs, and in the process highlights the challenges of comparing the array of antibodies that have been isolated over the years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Griffith
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chikaev AN, Chikaev AN, Rudometov AP, Merkulyeva YA, Karpenko LI. Phage display as a tool for identifying HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:562-572. [PMID: 34595378 PMCID: PMC8453360 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial biology methods offer a good solution for targeting interactions of specif ic molecules
by a high-throughput screening and are widely used for drug development, diagnostics, identif ication of novel
monoclonal antibodies, search for linear peptide mimetics of discontinuous epitopes for the development of
immunogens or vaccine components. Among all currently available techniques, phage display remains one of
the most popular approaches. Despite being a fairly old method, phage display is still widely used for studying
protein-protein, peptide-protein and DNA-protein interactions due to its relative simplicity and versatility. Phage
display allows highly representative libraries of peptides, proteins or their fragments to be created. Each phage
particle in a library displays peptides or proteins fused to its coat protein and simultaneously carries the DNA
sequence encoding the displayed peptide/protein in its genome. The biopanning procedure allows isolation of
specif ic clones for almost any target, and due to the physical link between the genotype and the phenotype of
recombinant phage particles it is possible to determine the structure of selected molecules. Phage display technology
continues to play an important role in HIV research. A major obstacle to the development of an effective
HIV vaccine is an extensive genetic and antigenic variability of the virus. According to recent data, in order to provide
protection against HIV infection, the so-called broadly neutralizing antibodies that are cross-reactive against
multiple viral strains of HIV must be induced, which makes the identif ication of such antibodies a key area of HIV
vaccinology. In this review, we discuss the use of phage display as a tool for identif ication of HIV-specif ic antibodies
with broad neutralizing activity. We provide an outline of phage display technology, brief ly describe the
design of antibody phage libraries and the affinity selection procedure, and discuss the biology of HIV-1-specif ic
broadly neutralizing antibodies. Finally, we summarize the studies aimed at identif ication of broadly neutralizing
antibodies using various types of phage libraries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A N Chikaev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A P Rudometov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - Yu A Merkulyeva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - L I Karpenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tolbert WD, Nguyen DN, Tehrani ZR, Sajadi MM, Pazgier M. Near-Pan-neutralizing, Plasma Deconvoluted Antibody N49P6 Mimics Host Receptor CD4 in Its Quaternary Interactions with the HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. mBio 2021; 12:e0127421. [PMID: 34281393 PMCID: PMC8406290 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01274-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in HIV-1 entry is the attachment of the envelope (Env) trimer to target cell CD4. As such, the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) remains one of the few universally accessible sites for antibodies (Abs). We recently described a method of isolating Abs directly from the circulating plasma and described a panel of broadly neutralizing Abs (bnAbs) from an HIV-1 "elite neutralizer" referred to as patient N49 (N49 Ab lineage [M. M. Sajadi, A. Dashti, Z. R. Tehrani, W. D. Tolbert, et al., Cell 173:1783-1795.e14, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.061]). Here, we describe the molecular details of antigen recognition by N49P6, an Ab of the N49 lineage that recapitulates most of the neutralization breadth and potency of the donor's plasma IgG. Our studies done in the context of monomeric and trimeric antigens indicate that N49P6 combines many characteristics of known CD4bs-specific bnAbs with features that are unique to the N49 Ab lineage to achieve its remarkable neutralization breadth. These include the omission of the CD4 Phe43 cavity and dependence instead on interactions with highly conserved gp120 inner domain layer 3. Interestingly, when bound to BG505 SOSIP, N49P6 closely mimics the initial contact of host receptor CD4 to the adjacent promoter of the HIV-1 Env trimer to lock the trimer in the closed conformation. Altogether, N49P6 defines a new class of near-pan-neutralizing, plasma deconvoluted CD4bs Abs that we refer to as the N49P series. The details of the mechanisms of action of this new Ab class pave the way for the next generation of HIV-1 bnAbs that can be used as vaccine components of therapeutics. IMPORTANCE Binding to target cell CD4 is the first crucial step required for HIV-1 infection. Thus, the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) is one of the most accessible sites for antibodies (Abs). However, due to steric constraints, only a few Abs are capable of targeting this site. Here, we show that the exceptional neutralization breadth and potency of N49P6, a near-pan-neutralizing Ab targeting the CD4bs isolated from the plasma of an HIV-1 "elite neutralizer," patient N49, are due to its signature combination of more typical CD4bs Ab-binding characteristics with unique interactions with the highly conserved gp120 inner domain. In addition, we also present a structural analysis of N49P6 in complex with the BG505 SOSIP trimer to show that N49P6 exhibits remarkable breadth in part by mimicking CD4's quaternary interaction with the neighboring gp120 protomer. In its mode of antigen interaction, N49P6 is unique and represents a new class of CD4bs-specific bnAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dung N. Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zahra Rikhtegaran Tehrani
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohammad M. Sajadi
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schaefer A, Lai SK. The biophysical principles underpinning muco-trapping functions of antibodies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 18:1939605. [PMID: 34314289 PMCID: PMC9116395 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1939605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the classical immunological functions such as neutralization, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and complement activation, IgG antibodies possess a little-recognized and under-utilized effector function at mucosal surfaces: trapping pathogens in mucus. IgG can potently immobilize pathogens that otherwise readily diffuse or actively swim through mucus by forming multiple low-affinity bonds between the array of pathogen-bound antibodies and the mucin mesh. Trapping in mucus can exclude pathogens from contacting target cells, and facilitate their rapid elimination by natural mucus clearance mechanisms. Despite the fact that most infections are transmitted at mucosal surfaces, this muco-trapping effector function has only been revealed within the past decade, with the evidence to date suggesting that it is a universal effector function of IgG-Fc capable of immobilizing both viral and highly motile bacterial pathogens in all major mucosal secretions. This review provides an overview of the current evidence for Fc-mucin crosslinking as an effector function for antibodies in mucus, the mechanism by which the accumulation of weak Fc-mucin bonds by IgG bound to the surface of a pathogen can result in immobilization of antibody-pathogen complexes, and how trapping in mucus can contribute to protection against foreign pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Schaefer
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel K Lai
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fischer W, Giorgi EE, Chakraborty S, Nguyen K, Bhattacharya T, Theiler J, Goloboff PA, Yoon H, Abfalterer W, Foley BT, Tegally H, San JE, de Oliveira T, Gnanakaran S, Korber B. HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2: Patterns in the evolution of two pandemic pathogens. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1093-1110. [PMID: 34242582 PMCID: PMC8173590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Humanity is currently facing the challenge of two devastating pandemics caused by two very different RNA viruses: HIV-1, which has been with us for decades, and SARS-CoV-2, which has swept the world in the course of a single year. The same evolutionary strategies that drive HIV-1 evolution are at play in SARS-CoV-2. Single nucleotide mutations, multi-base insertions and deletions, recombination, and variation in surface glycans all generate the variability that, guided by natural selection, enables both HIV-1's extraordinary diversity and SARS-CoV-2's slower pace of mutation accumulation. Even though SARS-CoV-2 diversity is more limited, recently emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants carry Spike mutations that have important phenotypic consequences in terms of both antibody resistance and enhanced infectivity. We review and compare how these mutational patterns manifest in these two distinct viruses to provide the variability that fuels their evolution by natural selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Will Fischer
- T-6: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA; New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- T-6: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA; New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Srirupa Chakraborty
- T-6: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA; Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Kien Nguyen
- T-6: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Tanmoy Bhattacharya
- T-2: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545 USA
| | - James Theiler
- ISR-3: Space Data Science and Systems, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Pablo A Goloboff
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Fundación Miguel Lillo, S. M. de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 251 4000, Argentina; Research Associate, American Museum of Natural History, New York 10024, USA
| | - Hyejin Yoon
- T-6: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Werner Abfalterer
- T-6: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Brian T Foley
- T-6: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Houriiyah Tegally
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Department of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - James Emmanuel San
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Department of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Department of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sandrasegaram Gnanakaran
- T-6: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- T-6: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA; New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kazer SW, Walker BD, Shalek AK. Evolution and Diversity of Immune Responses during Acute HIV Infection. Immunity 2021; 53:908-924. [PMID: 33207216 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the earliest immune responses following HIV infection is critical to inform future vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we review recent prospective human studies in at-risk populations that have provided insight into immune responses during acute infection, including additional relevant data from non-human primate (NHP) studies. We discuss the timing, nature, and function of the diverse immune responses induced, the onset of immune dysfunction, and the effects of early anti-retroviral therapy administration. Treatment at onset of viremia mitigates peripheral T and B cell dysfunction, limits seroconversion, and enhances cellular antiviral immunity despite persistence of infection in lymphoid tissues. We highlight pertinent areas for future investigation, and how application of high-throughput technologies, alongside targeted NHP studies, may elucidate immune response features to target in novel preventions and cures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Kazer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The functions of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing and infection-enhancing antibodies in vitro and in mice and nonhuman primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33442694 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.31.424729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) protect against COVID-19. A concern regarding SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is whether they mediate disease enhancement. Here, we isolated NAbs against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the N-terminal domain (NTD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike from individuals with acute or convalescent SARS-CoV-2 or a history of SARS-CoV-1 infection. Cryo-electron microscopy of RBD and NTD antibodies demonstrated function-specific modes of binding. Select RBD NAbs also demonstrated Fc receptor-γ (FcγR)-mediated enhancement of virus infection in vitro , while five non-neutralizing NTD antibodies mediated FcγR-independent in vitro infection enhancement. However, both types of infection-enhancing antibodies protected from SARS-CoV-2 replication in monkeys and mice. Nonetheless, three of 31 monkeys infused with enhancing antibodies had higher lung inflammation scores compared to controls. One monkey had alveolar edema and elevated bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cytokines. Thus, while in vitro antibody-enhanced infection does not necessarily herald enhanced infection in vivo , increased lung inflammation can occur in SARS-CoV-2 antibody-infused macaques.
Collapse
|
11
|
Desikan R, Antia R, Dixit NM. Physical 'strength' of the multi-protein chain connecting immune cells: Does the weakest link limit antibody affinity maturation?: The weakest link in the multi-protein chain facilitating antigen acquisition by B cells in germinal centres limits antibody affinity maturation. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000159. [PMID: 33448042 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The affinities of antibodies (Abs) for their target antigens (Ags) gradually increase in vivo following an infection or vaccination, but reach saturation at values well below those realisable in vitro. This 'affinity ceiling' could in many cases restrict our ability to fight infections and compromise vaccines. What determines the affinity ceiling has been an unresolved question for decades. Here, we argue that it arises from the strength of the chain of protein complexes that is pulled by B cells during the process of Ag acquisition. The affinity ceiling is determined by the strength of the weakest link in the chain. We identify the weakest link and show that the resulting affinity ceiling can explain the Ab affinities realized in vivo, providing a conceptual understanding of Ab affinity maturation. We explore plausible evolutionary underpinnings of the affinity ceiling, examine supporting evidence and alternative hypotheses and discuss implications for vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Desikan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Narendra M Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mogus AT, Liu L, Jia M, Ajayi DT, Xu K, Kong R, Huang J, Yu J, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Ho DD, Tsuji M, Chackerian B. Virus-Like Particle Based Vaccines Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies against the HIV-1 Fusion Peptide. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040765. [PMID: 33333740 PMCID: PMC7765226 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) isolated from HIV-infected individuals delineate vulnerable sites on the HIV envelope glycoprotein that are potential vaccine targets. A linear epitope within the N-terminal region of the HIV-1 fusion peptide (FP8) is the primary target of VRC34.01, a bnAb that neutralizes ~50% of primary HIV isolates. FP8 has attracted attention as a potential HIV vaccine target because it is a simple linear epitope. Here, platform technologies based on RNA bacteriophage virus-like particles (VLPs) were used to develop multivalent vaccines targeting the FP8 epitope. Both recombinant MS2 VLPs displaying the FP8 peptide and Qβ VLPs displaying chemically conjugated FP8 peptide induced high titers of FP8-specific antibodies in mice. Moreover, a heterologous prime-boost-boost regimen employing the two FP8-VLP vaccines and native envelope trimer was the most effective approach for eliciting HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. Given the potent immunogenicity of VLP-based vaccines, this vaccination strategy-inspired by bnAb-guided epitope mapping, VLP bioengineering, and prime-boost immunization approaches-may be a useful strategy for eliciting bnAb responses against HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alemu Tekewe Mogus
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (A.T.M.); (D.T.A.)
| | - Lihong Liu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; (L.L.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (J.Y.); (D.D.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Manxue Jia
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; (L.L.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (J.Y.); (D.D.H.)
| | - Diane T. Ajayi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (A.T.M.); (D.T.A.)
| | - Kai Xu
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.X.); (R.K.); (P.D.K.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Rui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.X.); (R.K.); (P.D.K.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Jing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; (L.L.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (J.Y.); (D.D.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; (L.L.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (J.Y.); (D.D.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.X.); (R.K.); (P.D.K.); (J.R.M.)
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.X.); (R.K.); (P.D.K.); (J.R.M.)
| | - David D. Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; (L.L.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (J.Y.); (D.D.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; (L.L.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (J.Y.); (D.D.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (B.C.); Tel.: +1-212-304-6165 (M.T.); +1-505-272-0269 (B.C.)
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (A.T.M.); (D.T.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (B.C.); Tel.: +1-212-304-6165 (M.T.); +1-505-272-0269 (B.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Urak RZ, Soemardy C, Ray R, Li S, Shevchenko G, Scott T, Lim L, Wang X, Morris KV. Conditionally Replicating Vectors Mobilize Chimeric Antigen Receptors against HIV. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 19:285-294. [PMID: 33102620 PMCID: PMC7569266 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an attractive target for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy. CAR T cells have proved remarkably potent in targeted killing of cancer cells, and we surmised that CAR T cells could prove useful in eradicating HIV-infected cells. Toward this goal, we interrogate several neutralizing single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) that target different regions of the HIV envelope glycoprotein, gp120. We find here that CAR T cells with scFv from NIH45-46 antibody demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity. Although NIH45-46 CAR T cells are capable of eliminating antigen-expressing cells, we wanted to address HIV reactivation from ex vivo culture of HIV patient-derived CAR T cells. In order to capitalize on the HIV reactivation, we developed a conditionally replicating lentiviral vector (crLV). The crLV can hijack HIV machinery, forming a chimeric lentivirus (LV) instead of HIV and delivered to uninfected cells. We find that CAR T cells generated with crLVs have similar CAR-mediated functionality as traditional CARs. We also demonstrate crLVs' capability of expanding CAR percentage and protecting CD4 CAR T cell in HIV donors. Collectively, we demonstrate here that the novel crLV NIH45-46 CAR can serve as a strategy to combat HIV, as well as overcome HIV reactivation in CD4+ CAR T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Z Urak
- Center for Gene Therapy, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.,Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Citradewi Soemardy
- Center for Gene Therapy, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Roslyn Ray
- City of Hope Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Shirley Li
- City of Hope Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Galina Shevchenko
- Center for Gene Therapy, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.,Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Tristan Scott
- Center for Gene Therapy, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Laura Lim
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Kevin V Morris
- Center for Gene Therapy, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.,Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hastie KM, Cross RW, Harkins SS, Zandonatti MA, Koval AP, Heinrich ML, Rowland MM, Robinson JE, Geisbert TW, Garry RF, Branco LM, Saphire EO. Convergent Structures Illuminate Features for Germline Antibody Binding and Pan-Lassa Virus Neutralization. Cell 2020; 178:1004-1015.e14. [PMID: 31398326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) causes hemorrhagic fever and is endemic in West Africa. Protective antibody responses primarily target the LASV surface glycoprotein (GPC), and GPC-B competition group antibodies often show potent neutralizing activity in humans. However, which features confer potent and broadly neutralizing antibody responses is unclear. Here, we compared three crystal structures of LASV GPC complexed with GPC-B antibodies of varying neutralization potency. Each GPC-B antibody recognized an overlapping epitope involved in binding of two adjacent GPC monomers and preserved the prefusion trimeric conformation. Differences among GPC-antibody interactions highlighted specific residues that enhance neutralization. Using structure-guided amino acid substitutions, we increased the neutralization potency and breadth of these antibodies to include all major LASV lineages. The ability to define antibody residues that allow potent and broad neutralizing activity, together with findings from analyses of inferred germline precursors, is critical to develop potent therapeutics and for vaccine design and assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Hastie
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie S Harkins
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michelle A Zandonatti
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - James E Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert F Garry
- Zalgen Labs, Germantown, MD, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Martinez-Navio JM, Fuchs SP, Mendes DE, Rakasz EG, Gao G, Lifson JD, Desrosiers RC. Long-Term Delivery of an Anti-SIV Monoclonal Antibody With AAV. Front Immunol 2020; 11:449. [PMID: 32256496 PMCID: PMC7089924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term delivery of anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies using adeno-associated virus (AAV) holds promise for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. We previously reported that after receiving a single administration of AAV vector coding for anti-SIV antibody 5L7, monkey 84-05 achieved high levels of AAV-delivered 5L7 IgG1 in vivo which conferred sterile protection against six successive, escalating dose, intravenous challenges with highly infectious, highly pathogenic SIVmac239, including a final challenge with 10 animal infectious doses (1). Here we report that monkey 84-05 has successfully maintained 240-350 μg/ml of anti-SIV antibody 5L7 for over 6 years. Approximately 2% of the circulating IgG in this monkey is this one monoclonal antibody. This monkey generated little or no anti-drug antibodies (ADA) to the AAV-delivered antibody for the duration of the study. Due to the nature of the high-dose challenge used and in order to rule out a potential low-level infection not detected by regular viral loads, we have used ultrasensitive techniques to detect cell-associated viral DNA and RNA in PBMCs from this animal. In addition, we have tested serum from 84-05 by ELISA against overlapping peptides spanning the whole envelope sequence for SIVmac239 (PepScan) and against recombinant p27 and gp41 proteins. No reactivity has been detected in the ELISAs indicating the absence of naturally arising anti-SIV antibodies; moreover, the ultrasensitive cell-associated viral tests yielded no positive reaction. We conclude that macaque 84-05 was effectively protected and remained uninfected. Our data show that durable, continuous antibody expression can be achieved after one single administration of AAV and support the potential for lifelong protection against HIV from a single vector administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sebastian P. Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Desiree E. Mendes
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Larijani MS, Ramezani A, Sadat SM. Updated Studies on the Development of HIV Therapeutic Vaccine. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:75-84. [PMID: 31210114 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190618160608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the various types of pharmaceuticals, vaccines have a special place. However, in the case of HIV, nearly after 40 years of its discovery, an effective vaccine still is not available. The reason lies in several facts mainly the variability and smartness of HIV as well as the complexity of the interaction between HIV and immune responses. A robust, effective, and longterm immunity is undoubtedly what a successful preventive vaccine should induce in order to prevent the infection of HIV. Failure of human trials to this end has led to the idea of developing therapeutic vaccines with the purpose of curing already infected patients by boosting their immune responses against the virus. Nevertheless, the exceptional ability of the virus to escape the immune system based on the genetically diverse envelope and variable protein products have made it difficult to achieve an efficient therapeutic vaccine. OBJECTIVE We aimed at studying and comparing different approaches to HIV therapeutic vaccines. METHODS In this review, we summarized the human trials undergoing on HIV therapeutic vaccination which are registered in the U.S. clinical trial database (clinicaltrials.gov). These attempts are divided into different tables, according to the type of formulation and application in order to classify and compare their results. RESULT/CONCLUSION Among several methods applied in studied clinical trials which are mainly divided into DNA, Protein, Peptide, Viral vectors, and Dendritic cell-based vaccines, protein vaccine strategy is based on Tat protein-induced anti-Tat Abs in 79% HIV patients. However, the studies need to be continued to achieve a durable efficient immune response against HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sadat Larijani
- Hepatitis, AIDS, and Bloodborne Diseases Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amitis Ramezani
- Hepatitis, AIDS, and Bloodborne Diseases Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Hepatitis, AIDS, and Bloodborne Diseases Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Blasi M, Fouda GG. Shortening HIV vaccine regimens to achieve high coverage. Lancet HIV 2020; 7:e377-e378. [PMID: 32078816 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(20)30039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Blasi
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Genevieve G Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Su B, Dispinseri S, Iannone V, Zhang T, Wu H, Carapito R, Bahram S, Scarlatti G, Moog C. Update on Fc-Mediated Antibody Functions Against HIV-1 Beyond Neutralization. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2968. [PMID: 31921207 PMCID: PMC6930241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) are the major component of the humoral immune response and a key player in vaccination. The precise Ab-mediated inhibitory mechanisms leading to in vivo protection against HIV have not been elucidated. In addition to the desired viral capture and neutralizing Ab functions, complex Ab-dependent mechanisms that involve engaging immune effector cells to clear infected host cells, immune complexes, and opsonized virus have been proposed as being relevant. These inhibitory mechanisms involve Fc-mediated effector functions leading to Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, cell-mediated virus inhibition, aggregation, and complement inhibition. Indeed, the decreased risk of infection observed in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial was correlated with the production of non-neutralizing inhibitory Abs, highlighting the role of Ab inhibitory functions besides neutralization. Moreover, Ab isotypes and subclasses recognizing specific HIV envelope epitopes as well as pecular Fc-receptor polymorphisms have been associated with disease progression. These findings further support the need to define which Fc-mediated Ab inhibitory functions leading to protection are critical for HIV vaccine design. Herein, based on our previous review Su & Moog Front Immunol 2014, we update the different inhibitory properties of HIV-specific Abs that may potentially contribute to HIV protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Su
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Stefania Dispinseri
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Iannone
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Raphael Carapito
- INSERM U1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- INSERM U1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM U1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
del Moral-Sánchez I, Sliepen K. Strategies for inducing effective neutralizing antibody responses against HIV-1. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1127-1143. [PMID: 31791150 PMCID: PMC6961309 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1690458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective prophylactic vaccine available against HIV-1. Currently, substantial efforts are devoted to the development of vaccines aimed at inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), which are capable of neutralizing most HIV-1 strains. All bNAbs target the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env), but Env immunizations usually only induce neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the sequence-matched virus and not against other strains.Areas covered: We describe the different strategies that have been explored to improve the breadth and potency of anti-HIV-1 NAb responses. The discussed strategies include the application of engineered Env immunogens, optimization of (bNAb) epitopes, different cocktail and sequential vaccination strategies, nanoparticles and nucleic acid-based vaccines.Expert opinion: A combination of the strategies described in this review and future approaches are probably needed to develop an effective HIV-1 vaccine that can induce broad, potent and long-lasting NAb responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván del Moral-Sánchez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,CONTACT Kwinten Sliepen Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|