1
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Bilge N, Kesmez Can F, Yevgi R. Immune responses following COVID-19 infection in multiple sclerosis patients using immunomodulatory therapy. Acta Neurol Belg 2023; 123:1885-1892. [PMID: 36331727 PMCID: PMC9638386 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-022-02125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly become a global pandemic. Most multiple sclerosis (MS) patients use disease-modifying treatments (DMTs), such as immunomodulators or immunosuppressants. By targeting different types of immune cells, DMTs affect cellular and/or humoral immunity. The potential effects of DMTs on the long-term immune response to COVID-19 is not fully known. Between 16.04.2020 and 15.07.2020, a total of 34 people, 17 of whom were diagnosed with MS according to the 2010 McDonald diagnostic criteria and a control group of 17 individuals who did not have a known systemic disease who were matched according to age, gender, and COVID-19 disease severity, where all received COVID-19 diagnosis with SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity in nasopharyngeal swab test and immune responses were measured (SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibody levels COVID 19 ELISA kit), were included in our study. Demographic data of MS patients and the control group, SARS-CoV-2 immune responses, antibody titers and disease year of MS patients, EDSS scores, disease type, and disease duration were determined. All patients were symptomatic for COVID-19. COVID-19 disease severity was divided into three groups as mild, moderate, and severe according to the clinical condition of the patient. Demographic data of MS patients and the control group, SARS-CoV-2 immune responses, antibody titers and disease year of MS patients, EDSS scores, disease type, and disease duration were determined. All patients were symptomatic for COVID-19. COVID-19 disease severity was divided into three groups as mild, moderate, and severe according to the clinical condition of the patient. According to our study results, IgG-type long-term immune responses were lower in MS patients using DMTs than in the healthy population. We hope that our study will provide insight into the COVID-19 vaccine immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Bilge
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatma Kesmez Can
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Recep Yevgi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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2
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Weber MS, Buttmann M, Meuth SG, Dirks P, Muros-Le Rouzic E, Eggebrecht JC, Hieke-Schulz S, Leemhuis J, Ziemssen T. Safety, Adherence and Persistence in a Real-World Cohort of German MS Patients Newly Treated With Ocrelizumab: First Insights From the CONFIDENCE Study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:863105. [PMID: 35614917 PMCID: PMC9126090 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.863105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Real-world relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) and primary progressive MS (PPMS) populations may be more diverse than in clinical trials. Here, we present a first analysis of safety, adherence and persistence data from a real-world cohort of patients newly treated with ocrelizumab. Methods CONFIDENCE (ML39632, EUPAS22951) is an ongoing multicenter, non-interventional post authorization safety study assessing patients with RMS or PPMS newly treated with ocrelizumab or other disease-modifying therapies for up to 10 years. For this analysis, patients newly treated with ocrelizumab were analyzed in subgroups by MS phenotype and age over a mean ~1 year of exposure totaling 2,329 patient years [PY]). Results At data cutoff (14 October 2020), 1,702 patients with RMS and 398 patients with PPMS were treated with ≥1 dose of ocrelizumab. At baseline, the mean ages (SD) of patients with RMS and PPMS were 41.59 (11.24) and 50.95 (9.88) years and the mean EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale) was 3.18 (1.87) and 4.41 (1.59), respectively. The most common adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs across both phenotypes were infections and infestations, with infection SAE rates of 2.8 events/100 PY and 1.5 events/100 PY in patients with RMS and PPMS, respectively. Across all phenotypes, ocrelizumab persistence was 92% at 24 months; median time between doses was ~6 months. Conclusions The ocrelizumab safety profile observed in the CONFIDENCE real-world MS population was consistent to the one observed in pivotal clinical trials. High treatment persistence and adherence were observed. Trial Registration ML39632, EUPAS22951
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Weber
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sven G Meuth
- Clinic of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra Dirks
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurological Clinic, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Money KM, Baber U, Saart E, Samaan S, Sloane JA. Blunted Post-COVID-19 Humoral Immunity in Patients With CNS Demyelinating Disorders on Anti-CD20 Treatments. Front Neurol 2022; 13:843081. [PMID: 35280260 PMCID: PMC8905651 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.843081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With unclear characteristics of post-infection and post-vaccination immunity, the multiple sclerosis community lacks evidence to guide patients on their continued coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection risk. As disease modifying treatments all modulate the immune system, we expect their use to alter acquired immunity to COVID-19, but the specific impact of individual treatments is unclear. To address this, we analyzed the patient and COVID-19 specific characteristics associated with post-infection humoral immunity in 58 patients with central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disorders in the Boston metropolitan area. Univariate analysis of variance was performed using Mann Whitney U test for continuous variables, and Chi Square or Fisher Exact test for nominal variables. Univariate and stepwise multivariate nominal logistic regression identified clinical characteristics associated with COVID-19 specific nucleocapsid IgG antibody formation post-infection. Our cohort demonstrated a 42% post-infection seropositive rate with a significantly higher rate observed with shorter duration between infection and antibody collection and use of natalizumab over no/other treatment. Use of anti-CD20 treatments compared to no/other treatment was associated with a significantly lower rate of seropositivity. However, only shorter duration between infection and antibody collection as well as use of no/other treatment compared to anti-CD20 treatment were found to be independently associated with increased likelihood of post-infection seropositivity. Additionally, we demonstrate durability of antibody response up to 9 months in a small subset of patients. Thus, our data supports that patients with CNS demyelinating disorders regardless of DMT are able to form a measurable antibody response after COVID-19 infection, and that patients on anti-CD20 treatments form less robust immunity after COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli M Money
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ursela Baber
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emma Saart
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Soleil Samaan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jacob A Sloane
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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4
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Mariottini A, Bertozzi A, Marchi L, Di Cristinzi M, Mechi C, Barilaro A, Massacesi L, Repice AM. Effect of disease-modifying treatments on antibody-mediated response to anti-COVID19 vaccination in people with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2022; 269:2840-2847. [PMID: 35239006 PMCID: PMC8891428 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Few data are available so far on the antibody-mediated immune response to anti-SARS-Cov2 vaccination in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) treated with disease-modifying treatments (DMTs), therefore this issue was explored in a real-life cohort of pwMS. Materials and methods Retrospective monocentric study on anti-spike protein antibody response in pwMS who had received vaccination for Sars-Cov2. Adverse events following vaccination were also recorded. Results One hundred and twenty pwMS were included: 83 females (69%); median age at vaccination 42 years (range 21–73); 112/120 patients (93%) were receiving DMTs at vaccination. Anti-spike protein IgG antibodies were detectable in 102/120 (85%) cases overall, being the proportion lower in pwMS receiving anti-CD20 antibodies (14/31, 45%) compared to non-depletive treatments (77/78, 99%), p < 0.0001. Median anti-spike titre was lower in anti-CD20 antibodies and fingolimod-treated pwMS compared to those receiving other DMTs, and it correlated with anti-CD20 treatment duration (R − 0.93, p < 0.0001) and with age at vaccination in pwMS not receiving depletive treatments (R − 0.25, p = 0.028). Baseline CD19+ cell count (where available) was higher in the responder group than in non-responders, p < 0.0001. Two symptomatic COVID-19 infections were diagnosed over a median follow-up of 5 months (range 2–7); adverse events were aligned with the published literature. Conclusion Antibody response to anti-COVID-19 vaccines was detected in most of the pwMS analysed, but frequency of responders was reduced in those receiving CD20 depleting therapies compared to other DMTs-treated pwMS. Investigations on cell-mediated immune response are needed to assess whether a protective immune response is elicited also in non-antibody responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mariottini
- Department of Neurosciences, Drug and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Neurology 2 and Tuscan Region Multiple Sclerosis Referral Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Bertozzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Drug and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Marchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Drug and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Di Cristinzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Drug and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Mechi
- Department of Neurology 2 and Tuscan Region Multiple Sclerosis Referral Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Barilaro
- Department of Neurology 2 and Tuscan Region Multiple Sclerosis Referral Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Massacesi
- Department of Neurosciences, Drug and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Neurology 2 and Tuscan Region Multiple Sclerosis Referral Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Repice
- Department of Neurology 2 and Tuscan Region Multiple Sclerosis Referral Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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Mahboubi Mehrabani M, Karvandi MS, Maafi P, Doroudian M. Neurological complications associated with Covid-19; molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2334. [PMID: 35138001 PMCID: PMC9111040 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the progression of investigations on the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), neurological complications have emerged as a critical aspect of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) pandemic. Besides the well‐known respiratory symptoms, many neurological manifestations such as anosmia/ageusia, headaches, dizziness, seizures, and strokes have been documented in hospitalised patients. The neurotropism background of coronaviruses has led to speculation that the neurological complications are caused by the direct invasion of SARS‐CoV‐2 into the nervous system. This invasion is proposed to occur through the infection of peripheral nerves or via systemic blood circulation, termed neuronal and haematogenous routes of invasion, respectively. On the other hand, aberrant immune responses and respiratory insufficiency associated with Covid‐19 are suggested to affect the nervous system indirectly. Deleterious roles of cytokine storm and hypoxic conditions in blood‐brain barrier disruption, coagulation abnormalities, and autoimmune neuropathies are well investigated in coronavirus infections, as well as Covid‐19. Here, we review the latest discoveries focussing on possible molecular mechanisms of direct and indirect impacts of SARS‐CoV‐2 on the nervous system and try to elucidate the link between some potential therapeutic strategies and the molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahboubi Mehrabani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sobhan Karvandi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pedram Maafi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Doroudian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Adamec I, Rogić D, Penz MG, Braun C, Habek M. Humoral and cellular immunity in convalescent COVID-19 people with multiple sclerosis treated with ofatumumab. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 362:577788. [PMID: 34922128 PMCID: PMC8667348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To report clinical outcome, development of humoral and T-cell mediated immunity in convalescent COVID-19 people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) treated with ofatumumab in the ALITHIOS study from a single center. Methods Testing for SARS-Cov2 IgG antibodies was performed on two occasions with at least three months apart between the two testing. During the second antibody testing, interferon-γ ELISpot was used to assess cellular immunity. Results All four subjects had mild COVID-19 infection without any sequelae. In all subjects except subject 2, COVID-19 was confirmed with PCR. Subjects 1, 2 and 4 had normal levels of IgM and IgG without measurable counts of CD19 cells prior to COVID-19. Subject 3 administered the last dose of ofatumumab 24 days prior to COVID-19 symptoms, but had a gap of 28 weeks of ofatumumab application beforehand due to low IgM levels. Subject 4 received COVID-19 vaccinations before second testing, so second testing and T-cell immunity testing were not performed. Subjects who were CD19 depleted did not had measurable levels of SARS-Cov2 IgG antibodies. Subject 3 had first and second SARS-COV2 titer of 118 U/ml and > 250 U/ml, respectively. All three pwMS showed T cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Quotient of basal spots divided by interferon-γ secreting spot forming units were 4, 8 and 14.7 SI in subjects 1, 2 and 3, respectively (>3 considered reactive). Conclusion While no antibody response was observed in pwMS who were CD19+ lymphocyte depleted, T cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 was observed in all three pwMS treated with ofatumumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Adamec
- University Hospital Center Zagreb, Department of Neurology, Referral Center for Autonomic Nervous System Disorders, Zagreb, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dunja Rogić
- Clinical Institute for Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika-Gabriele Penz
- Synlab MVZ Labor München Zentrum GbR, Abteilung zelluläre Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Carola Braun
- Synlab MVZ Labor München Zentrum GbR, Abteilung zelluläre Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Mario Habek
- University Hospital Center Zagreb, Department of Neurology, Referral Center for Autonomic Nervous System Disorders, Zagreb, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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7
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Razi O, Tartibian B, Teixeira AM, Zamani N, Govindasamy K, Suzuki K, Laher I, Zouhal H. Thermal dysregulation in patients with multiple sclerosis during SARS-CoV-2 infection. The potential therapeutic role of exercise. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 59:103557. [PMID: 35092946 PMCID: PMC8785368 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thermoregulation is a homeostatic mechanism that is disrupted in some neurological diseases. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are susceptible to increases in body temperature, especially with more severe neurological signs. This condition can become intolerable when these patients suffer febrile infections such as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). We review the mechanisms of hyperthermia in patients with MS, and they may encounter when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Finally, the thermoregulatory role and relevant adaptation to regular physical exercise are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Razi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bakhtyar Tartibian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- University of Coimbra, Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nastaran Zamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame-Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Karuppasamy Govindasamy
- Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Univ Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Rennes F-35000, France; Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), Irodouer 35850, France.
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Inshasi JS, Alfahad S, Alsaadi T, Hassan A, Zein T, Mifsud VA, Nouri SI, Shakra M, Shatila AO, Szolics M, Thakre M, Kumar A, Boshra A. Position of Cladribine Tablets in the Management of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: An Expert Narrative Review From the United Arab Emirates. Neurol Ther 2021; 10:435-454. [PMID: 33891277 PMCID: PMC8062252 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-021-00243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of immune reconstitution therapies (IRT) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is associated with a prolonged period of freedom from relapses in the absence of continuously applied therapy. Cladribine tablets is a disease-modifying treatment (DMT) indicated for highly active relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) as defined by clinical or imaging features. Treatment with cladribine tablets is effective and well tolerated in patients with active MS disease and have a low burden of monitoring during and following treatment. In this article, an expert group of specialist neurologists involved in the care of patients with MS in the United Arab Emirates provides their consensus recommendations for the practical use of cladribine tablets according to the presenting phenotype of patients with RRMS. The IRT approach may be especially useful for patients with highly active MS insufficiently responsive to treatment with a first-line DMT, those who are likely to adhere poorly to a continuous therapeutic regimen, treatment-naïve patients with high disease activity at first presentation, or patients planning a family who are prepared to wait until at least 6 months after the end of treatment. Information available to date does not suggest an adverse interaction between cladribine tablets and COVID-19 infection. Data are unavailable at this time regarding the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination in patients treated with cladribine tablets. Robust immunological responses to COVID-19 infection or to other vaccines have been observed in patients receiving this treatment, and treatment with cladribine tablets per se should not represent a barrier to this vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihad S Inshasi
- Neurology Department, Rashid Hospital and Dubai Medical College, Dubai Health Authority (DHA), PO Box 4545, Dubai, UAE.
| | - Sarmed Alfahad
- Neurology Department, Neurospinal Hospital, Baghdad Medical College, Dubai, UAE
| | - Taoufik Alsaadi
- Neurology Department, American Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, Dubai, UAE
| | - Ali Hassan
- Neurology Medical Clinic, Tawam Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Tayseer Zein
- Neurology Department, AlQassami Hospital, Sharjah, UAE
| | | | | | - Mustafa Shakra
- Department of Neurology, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Miklos Szolics
- Neurology Medical Clinic, Tawam Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Mona Thakre
- Neurology Department, Al Zahra Hospital, Dubai, UAE
| | - Ajit Kumar
- Neurology Department, NMC Specialty Hospital, Al Nahda, Dubai, UAE
| | - Amir Boshra
- Merck Serono Middle East FZ Ltd, Dubai, UAE
- Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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9
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De Mercanti SF, Vercellino M, Bosa C, Alteno A, Schillaci V, Clerico M, Cavalla P. Case Report: Covid-19 in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated With Ocrelizumab: A Case Series. Front Neurol 2021; 12:691616. [PMID: 34744958 PMCID: PMC8563620 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.691616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Limited data are available on the course of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). More real-world data are needed to help the MS community to manage MS treatment properly. In particular, it is important to understand the impact of immunosuppressive therapies used to treat MS on the outcome of COVID-19. Methods: We retrospectively collected data on all confirmed cases of COVID-19 in MS patients treated with ocrelizumab, followed in two MS Centers based in University Hospitals in Northern Italy from February 2020 to June 2021. Results: We identified 15 MS patients treated with ocrelizumab with confirmed COVID-19 (mean age, 50.47 ± 9.1 years; median EDSS, 3.0; range 1.0–7.0). Of these, 14 were confirmed by nasal swab and 1 was confirmed by a serological test. COVID-19 severity was mild to moderate in the majority of patients (n = 11, 73.3%; mean age, 49.73; median EDSS 3.0). Four patients (26.7%; mean age, 52.5 years; median EDSS, 6) had severe disease and were hospitalized; one of them died (age 50, EDSS 6.0, no other comorbidities). None of them had underlying respiratory comorbidities. Conclusion: This case series highlights the large variability of the course of COVID-19 in ocrelizumab-treated MS patients. The challenges encountered by the healthcare system in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic might have contributed to the case fatality ratio observed in this series. Higher MS-related disability was associated with a more severe COVID-19 course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Vercellino
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Multiple Sclerosis Center, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Bosa
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Multiple Sclerosis Center, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Anastasia Alteno
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Multiple Sclerosis Center, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Schillaci
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Multiple Sclerosis Center, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marinella Clerico
- S.S.D. Patologie Neurologiche Specialistiche, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Paola Cavalla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Multiple Sclerosis Center, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
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10
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Yarahmadi P, Alirezaei M, Forouzannia SM, Naser Moghadasi A. The Outcome of COVID-19 in Patients with a History of Taking Rituximab: A Narrative Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 46:411-419. [PMID: 34840381 PMCID: PMC8611224 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2021.88717.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recently emerging disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Notably, the safety of immunosuppressive medications
is a major concern during an infectious disease pandemic. Rituximab (RTX), as a monoclonal antibody against CD20 molecule, is widely used for the treatment of various diseases, mostly autoimmune
diseases and some malignancies. Previous studies indicated that RTX, as an immunosuppressive medication, may be associated with the increased risk of infections.
Moreover, given the wide use of RTX, a necessity of determining the different aspects of RTX use in the COVID-19 era is strongly felt. We reviewed current studies on the clinical
courses of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. It appears that the use of RTX does not increase morbidity and mortality in most patients. However, underlying diseases and other
concomitant medications may play a role in the disease course, while the concerns of vaccine efficacy in patients receiving RTX still need to be addressed.
Therefore, more controlled studies are needed for a better conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Yarahmadi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alirezaei
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Forouzannia
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Landtblom A, Berntsson SG, Boström I, Iacobaeus E. Multiple sclerosis and COVID-19: The Swedish experience. Acta Neurol Scand 2021; 144:229-235. [PMID: 34028810 PMCID: PMC8222873 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought challenges for healthcare management of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Concerns regarding vulnerability to infections and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and their complications have been raised. Recent published guidelines on the use of DMTs in relation to COVID-19 in MS patients have been diverse between countries with lack of evidence-based facts. In Sweden, there exists a particular interest in anti-CD20 therapy as a possible risk factor for severe COVID-19 due to the large number of rituximab-treated patients off-label in the country. Rapid responses from the Swedish MS Association (SMSS) and the Swedish MS registry (SMSreg) have resulted in national guidelines on DMT use for MS patients and implementation of a COVID-19 module in the SMSreg. Recently updated guidelines also included recommendations on COVID-19 vaccination with regard to the different DMTs. Social distancing policies forced implementation of telemedicine consultation to replace in-person consultations as part of regular MS health care. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in SMSreg have been useful in this respect. This paper reports our experiences on the progress of national MS health care during the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to offering an overview of the present scientific context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne‐Marie Landtblom
- Department of Neuroscience Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | | | - Inger Boström
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Ellen Iacobaeus
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Division of Neurology Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
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Reyes S, Cunningham AL, Kalincik T, Havrdová EK, Isobe N, Pakpoor J, Airas L, Bunyan RF, van der Walt A, Oh J, Mathews J, Mateen FJ, Giovannoni G. Update on the management of multiple sclerosis during the COVID-19 pandemic and post pandemic: An international consensus statement. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 357:577627. [PMID: 34139567 PMCID: PMC8183006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this consensus statement, we provide updated recommendations on multiple sclerosis (MS) management during the COVID-19 crisis and the post-pandemic period applicable to neurology services around the world. Statements/recommendations were generated based on available literature and the experience of 13 MS expert panelists using a modified Delphi approach online. The statements/recommendations give advice regarding implementation of telemedicine; use of disease-modifying therapies and management of MS relapses; management of people with MS at highest risk from COVID-19; management of radiological monitoring; use of remote pharmacovigilance; impact on MS research; implications for lowest income settings, and other key issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Reyes
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdová
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Julia Pakpoor
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Airas
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Reem F Bunyan
- Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Center, King Fahd Specialist Hospital (KFSH)-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jiwon Oh
- Division of Neurology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joela Mathews
- Department of Pharmacy, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Farrah J Mateen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
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13
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Money KM, Mahatoo A, Samaan S, Anand P, Baber U, Bailey M, Bakshi R, Bouley A, Bower A, Cahill J, Houtchens M, Katz J, Lathi E, Levit E, Longbrake EE, McAdams M, Napoli S, Raibagkar P, Wade P, Sloane JA. A New England COVID-19 Registry of Patients With CNS Demyelinating Disease: A Pilot Analysis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/5/e1046. [PMID: 34341094 PMCID: PMC8362350 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We sought to define the risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection requiring hospitalization in patients with CNS demyelinating diseases such as MS and the factors that increase the risk for severe infection to guide decisions regarding patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A pilot cohort of 91 patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection from the Northeastern United States was analyzed to characterize patient risk factors and factors associated with an increased severity of COVID-19 infection. Univariate analysis of variance was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test or analysis of variance for continuous variables and the χ2 or Fisher exact test for nominal variables. Univariate and stepwise multivariate logistic regression identified clinical characteristics or symptoms associated with hospitalization. RESULTS Our cohort demonstrated a 27.5% hospitalization rate and a 4.4% case fatality rate. Performance on Timed 25-Foot Walk before COVID-19 infection, age, number of comorbidities, and presenting symptoms of nausea/vomiting and neurologic symptoms (e.g., paresthesia or weakness) were independent risk factors for hospitalization, whereas headache predicted a milder course without hospitalization. An absolute lymphocyte count was lower in hospitalized patients during COVID-19 infection. Use of disease-modifying therapy did not increase the risk of hospitalization but was associated with an increased need for respiratory support. DISCUSSION The case fatality and hospitalization rates in our cohort were similar to those found in MS and general population COVID-19 cohorts within the region. Hospitalization was associated with increased disability, age, and comorbidities but not disease-modifying therapy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli M Money
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Ashmanie Mahatoo
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Soleil Samaan
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Pria Anand
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Ursela Baber
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Mary Bailey
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Rohit Bakshi
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Andrew Bouley
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Aaron Bower
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Jonathan Cahill
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Maria Houtchens
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Joshua Katz
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Ellen Lathi
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Elle Levit
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Erin E Longbrake
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Matthew McAdams
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Salvatore Napoli
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Pooja Raibagkar
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Peter Wade
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH
| | - Jacob A Sloane
- From the Department of Neurology (K.M.M., A.M., S.S., U.B., J.A.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; The Mandell Comprehensive MS Center (M.B., P.W.), Hartford, CT; Department of Neurology (R.B., M.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; The Elliot Lewis Center (A. Bouley, J.K., E. Lathi), Wellesley, MA; Department of Neurology (A. Bower, E. Levit, E.E.L.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Lahey Hospital, Burlington; Neurology Center of New England (S.N.), Foxboro, MA; and Department of Neurology (P.R.), Concord Hospital, Concord, NH.
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Multiple Sclerosis, Disease-Modifying Therapies and COVID-19: A Systematic Review on Immune Response and Vaccination Recommendations. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070773. [PMID: 34358189 PMCID: PMC8310076 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the risks of COVID-19 in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) receiving disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and their immune reactions is vital to analyze vaccine response dynamics. A systematic review on COVID-19 course and outcomes in patients receiving different DMTs was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Emerging data on SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was used to elaborate recommendations. Data from 4417 patients suggest that MS per se do not portend a higher risk of severe COVID-19. As for the general population, advanced age, comorbidities, and higher disability significantly impact COVID-19 outcomes. Most DMTs have a negligible influence on COVID-19 incidence and outcome, while for those causing severe lymphopenia and hypogammaglobulinemia, such as anti-CD20 therapies, there might be a tendency of increased hospitalization, worse outcomes and a higher risk of re-infection. Blunted immune responses have been reported for many DMTs, with vaccination implications. Clinical evidence does not support an increased risk of MS relapse or vaccination failure, but vaccination timing needs to be individually tailored. For cladribine and alemtuzumab, it is recommended to wait 3-6 months after the last cycle until vaccination. For the general anti-CD20 therapies, vaccination must be deferred toward the end of the cycle and the next dose administered at least 4-6 weeks after completing vaccination. Serological status after vaccination is highly encouraged. Growing clinical evidence and continuous surveillance are extremely important to continue guiding future treatment strategies and vaccination protocols.
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Sormani MP, Salvetti M, Labauge P, Schiavetti I, Zephir H, Carmisciano L, Bensa C, De Rossi N, Pelletier J, Cordioli C, Vukusic S, Moiola L, Kerschen P, Radaelli M, Théaudin M, Immovilli P, Casez O, Capobianco M, Ciron J, Trojano M, Stankoff B, Créange A, Tedeschi G, Clavelou P, Comi G, Thouvenot E, Battaglia MA, Moreau T, Patti F, De Sèze J, Louapre C. DMTs and Covid-19 severity in MS: a pooled analysis from Italy and France. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1738-1744. [PMID: 34240579 PMCID: PMC8351392 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of DMTs on Covid‐19 severity in patients with MS, with a pooled‐analysis of two large cohorts from Italy and France. The association of baseline characteristics and DMTs with Covid‐19 severity was assessed by multivariate ordinal‐logistic models and pooled by a fixed‐effect meta‐analysis. 1066 patients with MS from Italy and 721 from France were included. In the multivariate model, anti‐CD20 therapies were significantly associated (OR = 2.05, 95%CI = 1.39–3.02, p < 0.001) with Covid‐19 severity, whereas interferon indicated a decreased risk (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.18–0.99, p = 0.047). This pooled‐analysis confirms an increased risk of severe Covid‐19 in patients on anti‐CD20 therapies and supports the protective role of interferon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Sormani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Pierre Labauge
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Irene Schiavetti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Helene Zephir
- Department of Neurology, U 1172, CRC-SEP, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Luca Carmisciano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Caroline Bensa
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Nicola De Rossi
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy
| | - Jean Pelletier
- Department of Neurology, Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Cinzia Cordioli
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy
| | - Sandra Vukusic
- Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France
| | - Lucia Moiola
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marta Radaelli
- Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASST "Papa Giovanni XXIII", Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marie Théaudin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Immovilli
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Olivier Casez
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Grenoble Alpes, Neuro Inflammatory Unit, Grenoble, France
| | - Marco Capobianco
- Department of Neurology, Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Jonathan Ciron
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Neurology Department, St Antoine Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Alain Créange
- Service de Neurologie and CRC SEP, APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, UPEC Université, Créteil, France
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pierre Clavelou
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Eric Thouvenot
- Department of Neurology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France.,Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Mario Alberto Battaglia
- Research Department, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Thibault Moreau
- Department of Neurology, University hospital of Dijon, EA4184, Dijon, France
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Policlinico Catania, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Jérôme De Sèze
- Department of Neurology, CIC INSERM 1434, CHU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Celine Louapre
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Inserm, CNRS, CIC Neuroscience, Paris, France
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16
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Solmaz I, Anlar B. Immunization in multiple sclerosis and other childhood immune-mediated disorders of the central nervous system: A review of the literature. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 33:125-134. [PMID: 34214824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Childhood is a period where most vaccines are administered in order to build-up immunological memory, and immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases is an essential part of child care and health. The administration of vaccines to children with inflammatory diseases is a frequent point of concern for parents and physicians. Published information on the relation between vaccines and autoinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) consists of case and cohort studies and reviews, in great majority on adult patients. Vaccines do not have any established causative or triggering effects on these diseases. Another issue is the immunization schedule of patients with autoinflammatory CNS diseases, specifically the interactions between the disorder, the clinical status, the treatment and the vaccine. In this review, we summarize the existing information between autoinflammatory disorders of the CNS and vaccines in childhood and underline the points to be considered under various treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Solmaz
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, 06230, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Banu Anlar
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, 06230, Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Satwika MV, Sushma DS, Jaiswal V, Asha S, Pal T. The Role of Advanced Technologies Supplemented with Traditional Methods in Pharmacovigilance Sciences. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2021; 15:34-50. [PMID: 33087036 DOI: 10.2174/1872208314666201021162704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immediate automatic systemic monitoring and reporting of adverse drug reactions, improving the efficacy is the utmost need of the medical informatics community. The venturing of advanced digital technologies into the health sector has opened new avenues for rapid monitoring. In recent years, data shared through social media, mobile apps, and other social websites has increased manifolds requiring data mining techniques. OBJECTIVE The objective of this report is to highlight the role of advanced technologies together with the traditional methods to proactively aid in the early detection of adverse drug reactions concerned with drug safety and pharmacovigilance. METHODS A thorough search was conducted on papers and patents regarding pharmacovigilance. All articles with respect to the relevant subject were explored and mined from public repositories such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, Springer, ScienceDirect (Elsevier), Web of Science, etc. Results: The European Union's Innovative Medicines Initiative WEB-RADR project has emphasized the development of mobile applications and social media data for reporting adverse effects. Only relevant data has to be captured through the data mining algorithms (DMAs) as it plays an important role in timely prediction of risk with high accuracy using two popular approaches; the frequentist and Bayesian approach. Pharmacovigilance at the pre-marketing stage is useful for the prediction of adverse drug reactions in the early developmental stage of a drug. Later, post-marketing safety reports and clinical data reports are important to be monitored through electronic health records, prescription-event monitoring, spontaneous reporting databases, etc. Conclusion: The advanced technologies supplemented with traditional technologies are the need of the hour for evaluating a product's risk profile and reducing risk in population especially with comorbid conditions and on concomitant medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandali V Satwika
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Dudala S Sushma
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Varun Jaiswal
- School of Electrical and Computer Science Engineering, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India
| | - Syed Asha
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Tarun Pal
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
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18
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Inshasi J, Alroughani R, Al-Asmi A, Alkhaboury J, Alsalti A, Boshra A, Canibano B, Deleu D, Ahmed SF, Shatila A, Thakre M. Expert Consensus and Narrative Review on the Management of Multiple Sclerosis in the Arabian Gulf in the COVID-19 Era: Focus on Disease-Modifying Therapies and Vaccination Against COVID-19. Neurol Ther 2021; 10:1-17. [PMID: 34155473 PMCID: PMC8209665 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-021-00260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes consensus recommendations from an expert group of neurologists from the Arabian Gulf region on the management of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) in the COVID-19 era. MS appears not to be a risk factor for severe adverse COVID-19 outcomes (though patients with advanced disability or a progressive phenotype are at higher risk). Disease-modifying therapy (DMT)-based care appears generally safe for patients with MS who develop COVID-19 (although there may be an increased risk of adverse outcomes with anti-CD20 therapy). Interferon-β, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab and cladribine tablets are unlikely to increase the risk of infection; fingolimod, anti-CD20 agents and alemtuzumab may confer an intermediate risk. Existing DMT therapy should be continued at this time. For patients requiring initiation of a DMT, all currently available DMTs except alemtuzumab can be started safely at this time; initiate alemtuzumab subject to careful individual risk-benefit considerations. Patients should receive vaccination against COVID-19 where possible, with no interruption of existing DMT-based care. There is no need to alter the administration of interferon-β, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, fingolimod or cladribine tablets for vaccination; new starts on other DMTs should be delayed for up to 6 weeks after completion of vaccination to allow the immune response to develop. Doses of the Oxford University/AstraZeneca vaccine may be scheduled around doses of anti-CD20 or alemtuzumab. Where white cell counts are suppressed by treatment, these should be allowed to recover before vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihad Inshasi
- Neurology Department, Rashid Hospital and Dubai Medical College, Dubai Health Authority (DHA), Dubai, UAE
| | - Raed Alroughani
- Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq, Kuwait
- Division of Neurological, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Arabian Gulf Street, 13001 Sharq, Kuwait
| | - Abdullah Al-Asmi
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Neurology Unit, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Jaber Alkhaboury
- Neurology Department, Khoula Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Abdullah Alsalti
- Neurology Department, Khoula Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amir Boshra
- Merck Serono Middle East FZ Ltd, Dubai, UAE
- An Affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Beatriz Canibano
- Department of Neurology (Neuroscience Institute), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dirk Deleu
- Department of Neurology, Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait city, Kuwait
| | - Samar Farouk Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait city, Kuwait
- Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shatila
- Neurology Department, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mona Thakre
- Neurology Department, Al Zahra Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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19
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Akama-Garren EH, Li JX. Prior immunosuppressive therapy is associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective study of 835 patients. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5768-5776. [PMID: 34042195 PMCID: PMC8242482 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Though it is widely believed that chronic immunosuppressive medications increase the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness, there is little data to support this. We performed a retrospective study of COVID-19 positive patients diagnosed at a single academic medical center between March 10, 2020 and October 13, 2020. A total of 835 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 by polymerase chain reaction were included (median age 64 years; 52% female). Of these, 46 (5.5%) had a prescription for an immunosuppressive therapy before diagnosis, most commonly oral steroids (20, 43%), mycophenolate (12, 26%), or tacrolimus (11, 24%). Patients on immunosuppressive therapy with COVID-19 had increased mortality (30% vs. 17%, p = 0.036; odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.11-4.04), which remained significant (p = 0.040) after performing multivariate logistic regression controlling for gender, age, race, and comorbidity status. Laboratory markers of inflammation were uniformly elevated in both patients on or not on immunosuppressive therapies who died, but lymphocytes and neutrophils were decreased in both COVID-19 patients on immunosuppressive therapies who died and who remained alive. These findings demonstrate that COVID-19 disease is more severe in patients taking prior immunosuppressive medications. This finding emphasizes the need for aggressive monitoring and supportive care for immunosuppressed patients who are diagnosed with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan X Li
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Gibson EG, Pender M, Angerbauer M, Cook C, Jones B, Spivak AM, Spivak ES, Swaminathan S. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Illness in a Patient Receiving Ocrelizumab for Multiple Sclerosis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab176. [PMID: 34258310 PMCID: PMC8083367 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of prolonged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a patient receiving ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis. Viral RNA shedding, signs, and symptoms persisted for 69 days with resolution after administration of convalescent plasma and antiviral therapy. This case suggests risk for persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients treated with anti-CD-20 monoclonal antibodies and supports a role for humoral immunity in disease resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Gibson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Melissa Pender
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael Angerbauer
- School of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Craig Cook
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Barbara Jones
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Adam M Spivak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Emily S Spivak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Medicine, George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sankar Swaminathan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Medicine, George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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21
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Al Jumah M, Abulaban A, Aggad H, Al Bunyan R, AlKhawajah M, Al Malik Y, Almejally M, Alnajashi H, Alshamrani F, Bohlega S, Cupler EJ, ElBoghdady A, Makkawi S, Qureshi S, Shami S. Managing multiple sclerosis in the Covid19 era: a review of the literature and consensus report from a panel of experts in Saudi Arabia. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 51:102925. [PMID: 33857897 PMCID: PMC7992311 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) act on the immune system, suggesting a need for caution during the SARS-CoV2/Covid-19 pandemic. A group of experts in MS care from Saudi Arabia convened to consider the impact of Covid-19 on MS care in that country, and to develop consensus recommendations on the current application of DMT therapy. Covid-19 has led to disruption to the care of MS in Saudi Arabia as elsewhere. The Expert Panel considered a DMT's overall tolerability/safety profile to be the most important consideration on whether or not to prescribe at this time. Treatment can be started or continued with interferon beta, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, or natalizumab, as these DMTs are not associated with increased risk of infection (there was no consensus on the initiation of other DMTs). A consensus also supported continuing treatment regimens with fingolimod (or siponimod) and cladribine tablets for a patient without active Covid-19. No DMT should be imitated in a patient with active Covid-19, and (only) interferon beta could be continued in the case of Covid-19 infection. Vaccination against Covid-19 is a therapeutic priority for people with MS. New treatment should be delayed for 2–4 weeks for vaccination. Where treatment is already ongoing, vaccination against Covid-19 should be administered immediately without disruption of treatment (first-line DMTs, natalizumab, fingolimod), when lymphocytes have recovered sufficiently (cladribine tablets, alemtuzumab) or 4 months after the last dose (ocrelizumab). These recommendations will need to be refined and updated as new clinical evidence in this area emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al Jumah
- Neurology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad Abulaban
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Aggad
- Neurology Department, King Abdallah Medical Complex, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Al Bunyan
- Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona AlKhawajah
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser Al Malik
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Neurology, King Abdulaziz Medical City (National Guard Health Affairs), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mousa Almejally
- Neurology Department, Heraa General Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Alnajashi
- Neurology Division, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saeed Bohlega
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward J Cupler
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed ElBoghdady
- Merck Serono Middle East FZ LTD, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Seraj Makkawi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shireen Qureshi
- Neurology Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare (JHAH), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Shami
- Itkan Health Consulting, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic impact on people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS) continues to worry. The disease modifying therapies in pwMS can add a more severe risk of infection when compared to the general population. Alemtuzumab is an anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody and it is one of the most immunosuppressive drugs used in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). CASE DESCRIPTION We present a case of Covid-19 infection that occurred in a 24-year-old woman with MS and treated with alemtuzumab. The infection occurred 4 months after administration of the first course of alemtuzumab and had a benign course with subsequent development of antibodies. Furthermore, we present a brief review of the literature on similar published cases. DISCUSSION We reviewed 17 articles concerning COVID-19 infection in MS patients in treatment with Alemtuzumab. In our case and all screened cases no severe course of disease was noted and no fatality was observed. Systematic compilation of this observation comforts clinicians about the course of Covid-19 infection despite alemtuzumab immunosuppressive treatment CONCLUSIONS: The risk of serious COVID-19 disease in MS patients treated with alemtuzumab is unknown. Physicians need to monitor carefully pwMS treated with alemtuzumab and to consider COVID-19 infection related relapse in the MS patients. Further research is recommended to evaluate the beneficial-risk profile of alemtuzumab in pandemic era.
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23
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Gasser R, Cloutier M, Prévost J, Fink C, Ducas É, Ding S, Dussault N, Landry P, Tremblay T, Laforce-Lavoie A, Lewin A, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Laumaea A, Medjahed H, Larochelle C, Richard J, Dekaban GA, Dikeakos JD, Bazin R, Finzi A. Major role of IgM in the neutralizing activity of convalescent plasma against SARS-CoV-2. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108790. [PMID: 33596407 PMCID: PMC7874916 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is essential to help control the infection. The neutralization activity of plasma from patients with COVID-19 decreases rapidly during the first weeks after recovery. However, the specific role of each immunoglobulin isotype in the overall neutralizing capacity is still not well understood. In this study, we select plasma from a cohort of convalescent patients with COVID-19 and selectively deplete immunoglobulin A, M, or G before testing the remaining neutralizing capacity of the depleted plasma. We find that depletion of immunoglobulin M is associated with the most substantial loss of virus neutralization, followed by immunoglobulin G. This observation may help design efficient antibody-based COVID-19 therapies and may also explain the increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 of autoimmune patients receiving therapies that impair the production of immunoglobulin M (IgM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Gasser
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Marc Cloutier
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Corby Fink
- Biotherapeutics Research Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON NGA 5B7, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Éric Ducas
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Dussault
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Patricia Landry
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Tony Tremblay
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | | | - Antoine Lewin
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Montréal, QC H4R 2W7, Canada; Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Catherine Larochelle
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gregory A Dekaban
- Biotherapeutics Research Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON NGA 5B7, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jimmy D Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Renée Bazin
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada.
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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24
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Reder AT, Centonze D, Naylor ML, Nagpal A, Rajbhandari R, Altincatal A, Kim M, Berdofe A, Radhakrishnan M, Jung E, Sandrock AW, Smirnakis K, Popescu C, de Moor C. COVID-19 in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Associations with Disease-Modifying Therapies. CNS Drugs 2021; 35:317-330. [PMID: 33743151 PMCID: PMC7980129 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-021-00804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) target immunity and have the potential to increase the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and alter its clinical course. We assessed these risks in patients with MS (PwMS). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe the overall risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, severe disease course, and potential population-level predictors of COVID-19 infection in PwMS, and to provide a context using a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In addition, the association of different MS DMTs with the incidence and clinical course of COVID-19 was evaluated. Safety data from the Biogen Global Safety Database are also presented on reported cases of COVID-19 in patients treated with Biogen MS therapies. METHODS The IBM® Explorys electronic health record database of > 72,000,000 patients from US healthcare networks identified patients with MS or SLE, with and without polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19. COVID-19 cumulative incidence, hospitalization, and deaths among DMT classes were compared using logistic regression (adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, comorbidities, and race/ethnicity). As a secondary data source to assess safety data, COVID-19 reports for Biogen MS therapies were extracted and described from Biogen's Global Safety Database. RESULTS 30,478 PwMS with an open DMT prescription were identified within Explorys; 344 were COVID-19 positive. The most significant risk factors for acquiring COVID-19 were comorbidity score ≥ 1, body mass index ≥ 30, and Black/African ancestry. Similar risk factors were also identified for patients with SLE. Patients with MS were less likely to develop COVID-19 when treated with interferons (0.61%) and glatiramer acetate (0.51%), vs all other MS DMTs (both p < 0.001); anti-CD20 therapy was associated with the highest risk (3.45%; p < 0.0001). In the Biogen Global Safety Database, we identified 1217 patients who were COVID-19 positive treated with intramuscular interferon beta-1a, peginterferon beta-1a, natalizumab, dimethyl fumarate, diroximel fumarate, or fampridine. CONCLUSIONS Comorbidities, obesity, and Black/African ancestry, but not age, were associated with a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in PwMS. Interferons and glatiramer acetate were associated with a reduced COVID-19 risk, whereas anti-CD20 therapies were associated with an increased risk, within the treated MS cohort. COVID-19 safety reports for patients receiving Biogen MS therapies were consistent with the Explorys database and MS literature, illustrating the replicability and power of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Reder
- Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Diego Centonze
- Laboratory of Synaptic Immunopathology, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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25
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Sormani MP, De Rossi N, Schiavetti I, Carmisciano L, Cordioli C, Moiola L, Radaelli M, Immovilli P, Capobianco M, Trojano M, Zaratin P, Tedeschi G, Comi G, Battaglia MA, Patti F, Salvetti M. Disease-Modifying Therapies and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Severity in Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2021; 89:780-789. [PMID: 33480077 PMCID: PMC8013440 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to assess the impact of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies on the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). METHODS We retrospectively collected data of PwMS with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. All the patients had complete follow-up to death or recovery. Severe COVID-19 was defined by a 3-level variable: mild disease not requiring hospitalization versus pneumonia or hospitalization versus intensive care unit (ICU) admission or death. We evaluated baseline characteristics and MS therapies associated with severe COVID-19 by multivariate and propensity score (PS)-weighted ordinal logistic models. Sensitivity analyses were run to confirm the results. RESULTS Of 844 PwMS with suspected (n = 565) or confirmed (n = 279) COVID-19, 13 (1.54%) died; 11 of them were in a progressive MS phase, and 8 were without any therapy. Thirty-eight (4.5%) were admitted to an ICU; 99 (11.7%) had radiologically documented pneumonia; 96 (11.4%) were hospitalized. After adjusting for region, age, sex, progressive MS course, Expanded Disability Status Scale, disease duration, body mass index, comorbidities, and recent methylprednisolone use, therapy with an anti-CD20 agent (ocrelizumab or rituximab) was significantly associated (odds ratio [OR] = 2.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18-4.74, p = 0.015) with increased risk of severe COVID-19. Recent use (<1 month) of methylprednisolone was also associated with a worse outcome (OR = 5.24, 95% CI = 2.20-12.53, p = 0.001). Results were confirmed by the PS-weighted analysis and by all the sensitivity analyses. INTERPRETATION This study showed an acceptable level of safety of therapies with a broad array of mechanisms of action. However, some specific elements of risk emerged. These will need to be considered while the COVID-19 pandemic persists. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:780-789.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Sormani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola De Rossi
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy
| | - Irene Schiavetti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Carmisciano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cordioli
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy
| | - Lucia Moiola
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Radaelli
- Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Paolo Immovilli
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marco Capobianco
- Department of Neurology, Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Center, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Zaratin
- Research Department, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario A Battaglia
- Research Department, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Policlinico Catania, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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COVID-19 and disease-modifying therapies in patients with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system: A systematic review. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 50:102800. [PMID: 33578206 PMCID: PMC7845520 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to expand across the world. This pandemic has had a significant impact on patients with chronic diseases. Among patients with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) or Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD), concerns remain about the potential impact of COVID-19 on these patients given their treatment with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapies. In this study, we review the existing literature investigating the impact of disease-modifying therapies(DMT) on COVID-19 risks in this group of patients. Method For this systematic review, we searched PubMed from January 1, 2020, to December 3, 2020. The following keywords were used: “COVID-19” AND “Multiple Sclerosis” OR “Neuromyelitis Optica.” Articles evaluating COVID-19 in patients with demyelinating diseases of CNS were included. This study evaluates the different aspects of the DMTs in these patients during the COVID-19 era. Results and conclusion A total of 262 articles were found. After eliminating duplicates and unrelated research papers, a total of 84 articles met the final inclusion criteria in our study. Overall, the experiences of 2493 MS patients and 37 NMOSD patients with COVID-19 were included in this review. Among them, 46(1.8%) MS patients died(the global death-to-case ratio of Covid-19 was reported about 2.1%). Among DMTs, Rituximab had the highest mortality rate (4%). Despite controversies, especially concerning anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapies, a relation between DMT-use and COVID-19 disease- course was not found in many studies. This observation reinforces the recommendation of not stopping current DMTs. Other variables such as age, higher expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores, cardiac comorbidities, and obesity were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19. Despite the risks of infection, most patients were willing to continue their DMT during the pandemic because of more significant concern about the risk of relapse or worsening MS symptoms. After the infection, an immune response's attenuation was seen in the patients on Fingolimod and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. This may be a critical finding in future vaccinations.
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27
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Fung M, Babik JM. COVID-19 in Immunocompromised Hosts: What We Know So Far. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:340-350. [PMID: 33501974 PMCID: PMC7337668 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused significant morbidity and mortality for patients and stressed healthcare systems worldwide. The clinical features and outcomes of COVID-19 among immunosuppressed patients, who are at presumed risk of more severe disease but who may also have decreased detrimental inflammatory responses, are not well characterized. We review the existing literature on COVID-19 among immunocompromised populations ranging from patients with cancer and solid-organ transplant recipients to patients with HIV and those receiving immunomodulatory therapy for autoimmune disease. Patients with malignancy and solid-organ transplant recipients may be at increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease and death, whereas for those with other types of immunocompromise, current evidence is less clear. Overall, further prospective controlled studies are needed to determine the attributable risk of immunocompromising conditions and therapies on COVID-19 disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Fung
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer M Babik
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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28
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Mantero V, Abate L, Salmaggi A, Cordano C. Multiple sclerosis and COVID-19: How could therapeutic scenarios change during the pandemic? J Med Virol 2021; 93:1847-1849. [PMID: 33448419 PMCID: PMC8014825 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Abate
- Department of Neurology, MS Center, ASST Lariana, Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Salmaggi
- Department of Neurology, MS Center, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy
| | - Christian Cordano
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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29
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Kubota T, Kuroda N. Exacerbation of neurological symptoms and COVID-19 severity in patients with preexisting neurological disorders and COVID-19: A systematic review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 200:106349. [PMID: 33172719 PMCID: PMC7604080 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic diseases likely develop severe 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, little is known about the effects of COVID-19 on patients with neurological disorders. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the severity of COVID-19 and its effect on neurological symptoms in patients with preexisting neurological disorder and COVID-19. METHODS We searched the MEDLINE (PubMed) and medRxiv databases for reports of patients with both preexisting neurological disorders and COVID-19. Studies reporting data on changes in the symptoms of preexisting neurological disorders and/or the severity of COVID-19 were included. RESULTS Twenty-six articles with 2278 patients with preexisting neurological disorder and COVID-19 were identified. Of 232 patients, 74 (31.9 %) showed exacerbation of preexisting neurological symptoms of dementia (55/92; 59.5 %), Parkinson's disease (10/17; 58.8 %), epilepsy (1/1; 100 %), and unspecified neurological disorders (8/106; 7.5 %). Of 2168 patients, 478 (22.0 %) showed severe COVID-19 course. These included patients with cerebrovascular disease (86/445; 19.3 %), dementia (70/316; 22.2 %), Parkinson's disease (25/214; 11.7 %), multiple sclerosis (28/71; 39.4 %), spinal cord injury (5/7; 71.4 %), epilepsy (10/98; 10.2 %) and unspecified neurological disorders (254/1011; 25 %). CONCLUSIONS Patients with preexisting neurological disorders and COVID-19 may develop exacerbation of neurological symptoms and severe COVID-19. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of symptom exacerbation and severe COVID-19 in patients with preexisting neurological disease and should focus on the prevention and early care of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Kubota
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, USA; Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
| | - Naoto Kuroda
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA; Department of Epileptology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Bhise V, Dhib-Jalbut S. Potential Risks and Benefits of Multiple Sclerosis Immune Therapies in the COVID-19 Era: Clinical and Immunological Perspectives. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:244-251. [PMID: 33533012 PMCID: PMC7853164 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus SARS-CoV2 has emerged as one of the greatest infectious disease health challenges in a century. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have a particular vulnerability to infections through their use of immunosuppressive disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Specific DMTs pose particular risk based on their mechanisms of action (MOA). As a result, patients require individualized approaches to starting new treatments and continuation of therapy. Additionally, vaccinations must be considered carefully, and individuals on long-term B cell-depleting therapies may have diminished immune responses to vaccination, based on preserved T cells and diminished but present antibody titers to influenza vaccines. We review the immunology behind these treatments and their impact on COVID-19, as well as the current recommendations for best practices for use of DMTs in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Bhise
- Departments of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, Suite 2200, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Suhayl Dhib-Jalbut
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 65000, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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31
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Hughes R, Whitley L, Fitovski K, Schneble HM, Muros E, Sauter A, Craveiro L, Dillon P, Bonati U, Jessop N, Pedotti R, Koendgen H. COVID-19 in ocrelizumab-treated people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 49:102725. [PMID: 33482590 PMCID: PMC7772086 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background There are limited data on the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective To better understand SARS-CoV-2 infection in ocrelizumab-treated people with MS. Methods Internal Roche/Genentech data sources: Cases of COVID-19 from ongoing Roche/Genentech clinical trials and from post-marketing use of ocrelizumab until July 31, 2020 were identified and assessed using descriptive statistics. External real-world data (RWD) source: An MS COVID-19 cohort and an ocrelizumab-treated MS COVID-19 cohort were identified and assessed from the OPTUMⓇ de-identified COVID-19 electronic health record (EHR) database. Results Roche/Genentech clinical trial data: There were 51 (1.3%) suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19 identified from 4,000 patients ongoing in 10 Roche/Genentech clinical trials. Of these, 26 (51%) were confirmed COVID-19 and 25 (49%) were suspected COVID-19. Sixteen (31.4%) patients were hospitalized. COVID-19 severity was mild to moderate in most patients (35, 68.6%). Ten (19.6%) patients had severe disease and there were three (5.9%) fatal cases. Most patients (43, 84.3%) recovered or were recovering. There was no association apparent between duration of exposure to ocrelizumab and COVID-19. Among COVID-19 patients with previous serum immunoglobulin status (27/51, 52.9%), all (27/27, 100%) had IgG levels within the normal range. Roche/Genentech post-marketing safety database data: There were 307 post-marketing cases of COVID-19 in the Roche/Genentech global safety database. Of these, 263 (85.7%) were confirmed and 44 (14.3%) were suspected COVID-19. 100 (32.6%) patients were hospitalized. COVID-19 was asymptomatic, mild or moderate in 143 (46.6%) patients, severe in 52 (16.9%) patients, and critical in 15 (4.9%) patients. There were 17 (5.5%) fatal cases. Information on severity was not reported in 80 (26.1%) cases. Most patients (211, 68.7%) recovered or were recovering at the time of the report. External RWD data source: As of July 13, 2020, the OPTUMⓇ database included EHRs for almost 1.2 million patients with suspected COVID-19, 130,500 of whom met the criteria for confirmed/clinically diagnosed COVID-19. A total of 357 patients with MS with confirmed COVID-19 were identified. Forty-eight (13.4%) were treated with ocrelizumab, of whom 12 (25.0%) were hospitalized and one died (2.1%). Similar rates of hospitalization, invasive ventilation, and death were observed in the ocrelizumab-treated and non-ocrelizumab-treated MS cohorts. Across the Roche/Genentech and RWD sources assessed, age, male sex, and the presence of comorbidities such as hypertension were associated with a more severe disease course of COVID-19. There was a higher number of comorbidities present in hospitalized versus non-hospitalized patients. Conclusions This assessment provides evidence that COVID-19 in ocrelizumab-treated people with MS is predominantly mild to moderate in severity with most patients not requiring hospitalization; in line with data reported from the general population and MS datasets. Risk factors known to be associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes in the general population also appear to influence COVID-19 severity in ocrelizumab-treated people with MS. Case fatality rates for ocrelizumab-treated people with MS were within published ranges for the general population and other MS cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Erwan Muros
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Paul Dillon
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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32
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Fernandez-Diaz E, Perez-Vicente JA, Villaverde-Gonzalez R, Berenguer-Ruiz L, Candeliere Merlicco A, Martinez-Navarro ML, Gracia Gil J, Romero-Sanchez CM, Alfaro-Saez A, Diaz I, Gimenez-Martinez J, Mendez-Miralles MA, Millan-Pascual J, Jimenez-Pancho J, Mola S, Sempere AP. Real-world experience of ocrelizumab in multiple sclerosis in a Spanish population. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 8:385-394. [PMID: 33369288 PMCID: PMC7886031 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Pivotal trial have shown that patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving ocrelizumab had better outcomes. However, data on ocrelizumab in clinical practice are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the preliminary safety profile and effectiveness of ocrelizumab treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) in a real‐world clinical setting. Methods We conducted a retrospective study including consecutive patients from nine public hospitals in south‐eastern Spain who received ocrelizumab after it was approved. Results A total of 228 MS patients were included (144 with relapsing–remitting MS [RRMS], 25 secondary progressive MS [SPMS], and 59 primary progressive MS [PPMS]). Median follow‐up period was 12 months (range, 1‐32). No evidence of disease activity (NEDA) status at year 1 was achieved in 91.2% of the relapsing MS (RMS) population, while disability progression was detected in 37.5% of the PPMS patients (median follow‐up period, 19 months). The most common adverse events reported were infusion‐related reactions and infections, with the most common infections being urinary tract infections followed by upper respiratory infections and COVID‐19. Interpretation The preliminary results in our real‐world setting show that ocrelizumab presented excellent results in suppressing disease activity with a favorable and consistent safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fernandez-Diaz
- Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Gracia Gil
- Neurology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Arantxa Alfaro-Saez
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Vega Baja, Orihuela, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research in the Network in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Elche, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Diaz
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain
| | | | - Maria Angeles Mendez-Miralles
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Los Arcos del Mar Menor, Murcia, Spain.,Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Santiago Mola
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Vega Baja, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Angel P Sempere
- Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
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33
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Experience in Multiple Sclerosis Patients with COVID-19 and Disease-Modifying Therapies: A Review of 873 Published Cases. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9124067. [PMID: 33339436 PMCID: PMC7766122 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is a challenge for all participants in the healthcare system. At the beginning of the pandemic, many physicians asked themselves what risk their patients, especially those with chronic diseases, were exposed to. We present an overview of all patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and SARS-CoV-2 infection published in the literature so far. In total, there are publications on 873 SARS-CoV-2 positive MS patients and information on the outcome can be given for 700 patients. With regard to the different disease modifying therapies (DMTs), by far the most cases were described under anti-CD20 treatment (n = 317). The mortality rate of all MS patients was 4% and a further 3% required invasive or non-invasive ventilation. When looking at the severe and fatal cases, it is particularly noticeable that patients without DMTs, with previous cardiovascular diseases, or with a severe degree of disability are at risk. Immunosuppressive therapy itself does not appear to be a substantial risk factor. Rather, it is reasonable to assume that the therapies could be protective, either directly, by mitigating the cytokine storm, or indirectly, by reducing the disease activity of MS.
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34
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Rose DR, Cohen JA. Long-term ocrelizumab in progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:966-968. [PMID: 33129443 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deja R Rose
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44915, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Cohen
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44915, USA.
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35
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Sahraian MA, Azimi A, Navardi S, Ala S, Naser Moghadasi A. Evaluation of the rate of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization and death among Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 46:102472. [PMID: 32890817 PMCID: PMC7456295 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is increasingly expanding all over the world. People who have an underlying disease or taking immunosuppressive drugs are generally more likely to be infected than the others. Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients may also be at risk of the disease and its complications depending on the medication they are taking. In this study, we evaluated a large population of patients with MS with different disease modifying drugs to show if any of them increases the risk. In addition, this study evaluates the incidence of COVID-19 in patients with MS, the rate of hospitalization or death in these patients. METHOD This study was performed at the MS Clinic of Sina Hospital. All patients were contacted and their demographic characteristics were recorded. They were then asked about their COVID-19 symptoms. Patients with these symptoms were further evaluated. The documents were reviewed by treating neurologist and MS nurses to be sure about diagnosis of COVID19. The positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result or compatible lung computed tomography (CT) scan was acceptable for COVID-19 diagnosis. RESULTS 4647 patients answered the phone contact. Of these, 68 were infected with the COVID-19. The rate of hospitalization was 25% which is far more than general population. Two patients died from COVID-19. Rituximab was associated with increase rate of COVID-19 infection but not with hospitalization rate. There was no significant correlation between use of other drugs and rate of infection. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the incidence of COVID-19 in MS patients is not more than general population, but the risk of hospitalization in these patients is higher than estimated for the disease. This highlights the importance of communicating to patients the severity of COVID-19 and the importance of risk reduction behaviors like social distancing and mask use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Azimi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Navardi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ala
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Seery N, Li V, Nguyen AL, Roos I, Buzzard KA, Atvars R, Taylor N, Tunnell K, Carey J, Dwyer C, Taylor HFL, Baker J, Marriott MP, Kilpatrick TJ, Kalincik T, Monif M. Evaluating the perspective of patients with MS and related conditions on their DMT in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic in one MS centre in Australia. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 46:102516. [PMID: 32957057 PMCID: PMC7493747 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and on disease modifying therapies (DMTs) that can be immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory form a special group where risk of continuation of DMT needs to be taken into account with risk of contracting Covid-19. This concept can pose a degree of anxiety for patients as well as neurologists. We aimed to evaluate patient perspectives regarding the use of Natalizumab and anti-CD20 therapies (Rituximab and Ocrelizumab) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS cross-sectional study conducted via voluntary survey filled in by patients with MS and related disorders receiving their infusional treatment in one MS centre in Australia, exploring their concerns regarding their therapy, their therapy and COVID-19, precautions undertaken in response to the pandemic, and factors impacting their decision-making. RESULTS 170 patients completed the survey. Of patients on Natalizumab, the majority had either no or mild concern regarding their DMT and COVID-19, and of patients on B-cell depleting therapies, again, the majority had no or mild concern, though a slightly higher proportion had a moderate level of concern. Asked to delineate their concerns, an increased risk of contracting COVID-19 was more commonly conveyed than MS-specific factors or poor outcomes pertaining to COVID-19 if contracted, by patients in both groups. Conversely, being invited to specifically consider the possibility of contracting COVID-19 or experience a relapse of MS, almost half of the cohort rated both of equal of concern. More than half of the cohort were self-isolating more stringently than general government advice and government-related resources followed by information provided by patient's neurologist where the commonest means of information to guide decision making. CONCLUSIONS Whilst a large proportion of patients had some concern regarding the impact of their DMT on COVID-19, whether on their risk of contracting COVID-19 or a theoretical risk for more severe disease, the overall level of concern in most cases was at most mild. Patients on B-cell depleting therapies were more inclined to express a higher level of concern. A similar concern was ascribed to a risk of a relapse or worsening MS symptoms compared to the risk of contracting COVID-19. Such attitudes may underscore a willingness of patients to continue their DMT where benefits outweigh risks during future phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Seery
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Vivien Li
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ai-Lan Nguyen
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Clinical Outcomes Research Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Izanne Roos
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Clinical Outcomes Research Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Katherine A Buzzard
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Neuroscience, Eastern Health Clinical School, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Roberts Atvars
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Nicola Taylor
- Day Medical Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Kelsey Tunnell
- Day Medical Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - John Carey
- Day Medical Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Chris Dwyer
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Josephine Baker
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Mark P Marriott
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Clinical Outcomes Research Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; MS and Neuroimmunology Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
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Baker D, Roberts CAK, Pryce G, Kang AS, Marta M, Reyes S, Schmierer K, Giovannoni G, Amor S. COVID-19 vaccine-readiness for anti-CD20-depleting therapy in autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202:149-161. [PMID: 32671831 PMCID: PMC7405500 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most autoimmune diseases are considered to be CD4 T cell- or antibody-mediated, many respond to CD20-depleting antibodies that have limited influence on CD4 and plasma cells. This includes rituximab, oblinutuzumab and ofatumumab that are used in cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and off-label in a large number of other autoimmunities and ocrelizumab in multiple sclerosis. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic created concerns about immunosuppression in autoimmunity, leading to cessation or a delay in immunotherapy treatments. However, based on the known and emerging biology of autoimmunity and COVID-19, it was hypothesised that while B cell depletion should not necessarily expose people to severe SARS-CoV-2-related issues, it may inhibit protective immunity following infection and vaccination. As such, drug-induced B cell subset inhibition, that controls at least some autoimmunities, would not influence innate and CD8 T cell responses, which are central to SARS-CoV-2 elimination, nor the hypercoagulation and innate inflammation causing severe morbidity. This is supported clinically, as the majority of SARS-CoV-2-infected, CD20-depleted people with autoimmunity have recovered. However, protective neutralizing antibody and vaccination responses are predicted to be blunted until naive B cells repopulate, based on B cell repopulation kinetics and vaccination responses, from published rituximab and unpublished ocrelizumab (NCT00676715, NCT02545868) trial data, shown here. This suggests that it may be possible to undertake dose interruption to maintain inflammatory disease control, while allowing effective vaccination against SARS-CoV-29, if and when an effective vaccine is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Baker
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - C. A. K. Roberts
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - G. Pryce
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - A. S. Kang
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative MedicineInstitute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - M. Marta
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Clinical Board: Medicine (Neuroscience)The Royal London HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - S. Reyes
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Clinical Board: Medicine (Neuroscience)The Royal London HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - K. Schmierer
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Clinical Board: Medicine (Neuroscience)The Royal London HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - G. Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Clinical Board: Medicine (Neuroscience)The Royal London HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - S. Amor
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Pathology DepartmentAmsterdam UMCVUmc siteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Etemadifar M, Aghababaee A, Sedaghat N, Rayani M, Nouri H, Abhari A, Salari M, Majdinasab N, Ghiasian M, Bayati A, Nabavi SM, Mansouri A. WITHDRAWN: Incidence and mortality of COVID-19 in Iranian multiple sclerosis patients treated with disease-modifying therapies. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020:S0035-3787(20)30660-3. [PMID: 33039152 PMCID: PMC7492065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the authors and editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Etemadifar
- Department of neurosurgery, Isfahan university of medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Alzahra research institute, Isfahan university of medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - A Aghababaee
- Alzahra research institute, Isfahan university of medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - N Sedaghat
- Alzahra research institute, Isfahan university of medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - M Rayani
- Alzahra research institute, Isfahan university of medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H Nouri
- Alzahra research institute, Isfahan university of medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - A Abhari
- Alzahra research institute, Isfahan university of medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Salari
- Department of neurological diseases, Shaid Beheshti university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Majdinasab
- Department of neurology, Ahvaz Jundishapur university of medical sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - M Ghiasian
- Department of neurology, Hamadan university of medical sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - A Bayati
- Shahrekord university of medical sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - S M Nabavi
- Department of neurology and neuroregenerative, Royan institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Mansouri
- Hypertension research center, cardiovascular research institute, Isfahan university of medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Abboud H, Zheng C, Kar I, Chen CK, Sau C, Serra A. Current and emerging therapeutics for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Relevance to the COVID-19 pandemic. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 44:102249. [PMID: 32526698 PMCID: PMC7265855 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) can lead to immobility and bulbar weakness. This, in addition to the older age of onset and the higher rate of hospitalization compared to multiple sclerosis, makes this patient group a potential target for complicated COVID-19 infection. Moreover, many of the commonly used preventive therapies for NMOSD are cell-depleting immunouppsressants with increased risk of viral and bacterial infections. The emergence of several new NMOSD therapeutics, including immune-modulating agents, concurrently with the worldwide spread of the COVID-19 global pandemic call for careful therapeutic planning and add to the complexity of NMOSD management. Altering the common therapeutic approach to NMOSD during the pandemic may be necessary to balance both efficacy and safety of treatment. Selection of preventive therapy should take in consideration the viral exposure risk related to the route and frequency of administration and, most importantly, the immunological properties of each therapeutic agent and its potential impact on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity of infection. The impact of the therapeutic agent on the immune response against the future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine should also be considered in the clinical decision-making. In this review, we will discuss the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and evaluate the potential impact of the current and emerging NMOSD therapeutics on infection risk, infection severity, and future SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. We propose a therapeutic approach to NMOSD during the COVID-19 pandemic based on analysis of the mechanism of action, route of administration, and side effect profile of each therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Abboud
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Crystal Zheng
- Ohio Northern University School of Pharmacy, Ada, OH, USA
| | - Indrani Kar
- System Pharmacy Services, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Claire Kaori Chen
- System Pharmacy Services, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Crystal Sau
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; System Pharmacy Services, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alessandro Serra
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; VA Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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40
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Jack D, Nolting A, Galazka A. Favorable outcomes after COVID-19 infection in multiple sclerosis patients treated with cladribine tablets. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 46:102469. [PMID: 32919180 PMCID: PMC7450262 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Galazka
- Merck, Aubonne, Switzerland, a division of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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41
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Wurm H, Attfield K, Iversen AK, Gold R, Fugger L, Haghikia A. Recovery from COVID-19 in a B-cell-depleted multiple sclerosis patient. Mult Scler 2020; 26:1261-1264. [PMID: 32762494 PMCID: PMC7502978 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520943791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 200,000 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients worldwide receive B-cell-depleting immunotherapy with rituximab (anti-CD20), which eliminates the ability to generate an antibody response to new infections. As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–specific antibodies might help viral clearance, these patients could be at risk of severe complications if infected. Here, we report on an MS patient who had received rituximab for ~3 years. The patient was examined 5 days before the onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms and was admitted to the hospital 2 days after. She recovered 14 days after symptom onset despite having a 0% B lymphocyte count and not developing SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wurm
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kate Attfield
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Astrid Kn Iversen
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Fugger
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK/MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Iannetta M, Cesta N, Stingone C, Malagnino V, Teti E, Vitale P, De Simone G, Rossi B, Ansaldo L, Compagno M, Spalliera I, Di Lorenzo A, Landi D, Nicoletti CG, Marfia GA, Andreoni M, Sarmati L. Mild clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 related pneumonia in two patients with multiple sclerosis under treatment with ocrelizumab. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 45:102442. [PMID: 32777745 PMCID: PMC7399651 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ocrelizumab is not associated to increased severity in MS patients with COVID-19. B-cell depleting treatment could impact on virus-specific antibody production. B-cell depleting therapies can reduce IL-6 production, thus modulating inflammation.
Background Recently SARS-CoV-2 has spread worldwide causing a pandemic. Little is known about disease severity in immunocompromised hosts and people receiving disease modifying therapies (DMTs). In the last decades DMTs have been widely employed, and ocrelizumab represents one of the newest therapies for the relapsing remitting and progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Objectives to describe SARS-CoV-2 related pneumonia in two MS patients under ocrelizumab treatment. Methods Case series. Results Patients showed a mild clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 related pneumonia without complications or sequelae. Conclusion Ocrelizumab treatment is not necessarily associated to increased severity in MS patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Iannetta
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Infectious Disease Clinic, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Novella Cesta
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Christof Stingone
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Infectious Disease Clinic, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Malagnino
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Infectious Disease Clinic, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Teti
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Infectious Disease Clinic, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Vitale
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Benedetta Rossi
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ansaldo
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Compagno
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Spalliera
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Doriana Landi
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis and Research Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Gabri Nicoletti
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis and Research Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis and Research Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Infectious Disease Clinic, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Infectious Disease Clinic, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Neurological immunotherapy in the era of COVID-19 - looking for consensus in the literature. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:493-505. [PMID: 32641860 PMCID: PMC7341707 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is concerning for patients with neuroimmunological diseases who are receiving immunotherapy. Uncertainty remains about whether immunotherapies increase the risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or increase the risk of severe disease and death upon infection. National and international societies have developed guidelines and statements, but consensus does not exist in several areas. In this Review, we attempt to clarify where consensus exists and where uncertainty remains to inform management approaches based on the first principles of neuroimmunology. We identified key questions that have been addressed in the literature and collated the recommendations to generate a consensus calculation in a Delphi-like approach to summarize the information. We summarize the international recommendations, discuss them in light of the first available data from patients with COVID-19 receiving immunotherapy and provide an overview of management approaches in the COVID-19 era. We stress the principles of medicine in general and neuroimmunology in particular because, although the risk of viral infection has become more relevant, most of the considerations apply to the general management of neurological immunotherapy. We also give special consideration to immunosuppressive treatment and cell-depleting therapies that might increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection but reduce the risk of severe COVID-19. In this Review, the authors synthesize recommendations on the management of neuroimmunological disease in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. They consider these recommendations alongside the first available data from patients, and provide an overview of management approaches in the COVID-19 era. The risk that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses for people who are receiving immunotherapy for neuroimmunological disease remains unclear. Guidelines and statements have been published by societies and individuals, but the level of consensus differs for different aspects; we use a Delphi-like process to clarify where consensus exists. Without evidence, management of neuroimmunological diseases in the context of COVID-19 requires application of the first principles of immunotherapy, taking into account disease-related, patient-related, physician-related, environment-related and COVID-19-related factors. In general, corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and/or plasma exchange for the treatment of acute neuroimmunological deteriorations can be administered with low risk in the COVID-19 pandemic. In general, ongoing immunotherapy should not be stopped because of the COVID-19 pandemic; treatment initiation and optimization are also recommended. For some aspects of immunotherapy in the context of COVID-19, consensus in the literature is low, and collection of data in patient registries is important for resolving these uncertainties.
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ApÓstolos-Pereira SL, Silva GD, Disserol CCD, Feo LB, Matos ADMB, Schoeps VA, Gomes ABAGR, Boaventura M, Mendes MF, Callegaro D. Management of central nervous system demyelinating diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a practical approach. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2020; 78:430-439. [PMID: 32609290 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a potential threat to patients with autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Such patients are usually treated with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive agents, which may tamper with the organism's normal response to infections. Currently, no consensus has been reached on how to manage MS and NMOSD patients during the pandemic. OBJECTIVE To discuss strategies to manage those patients. METHODS We focus on how to 1) reduce COVID-19 infection risk, such as social distancing, telemedicine, and wider interval between laboratory testing/imaging; 2) manage relapses, such as avoiding treatment of mild relapse and using oral steroids; 3) manage disease-modifying therapies, such as preference for drugs associated with lower infection risk (interferons, glatiramer, teriflunomide, and natalizumab) and extended-interval dosing of natalizumab, when safe; 4) individualize the chosen MS induction-therapy (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, alemtuzumab, and cladribine); 5) manage NMOSD preventive therapies, including initial therapy selection and current treatment maintenance; 6) manage MS/NMOSD patients infected with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS In the future, real-world case series of MS/NMOSD patients infected with COVID-19 will help us define the best management strategies. For the time being, we rely on expert experience and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guilherme Diogo Silva
- School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Bueno Feo
- School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mateus Boaventura
- School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Mendes
- School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dagoberto Callegaro
- School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Lucchini M, Bianco A, Del Giacomo P, De Fino C, Nociti V, Mirabella M. Is serological response to SARS-CoV-2 preserved in MS patients on ocrelizumab treatment? A case report. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 44:102323. [PMID: 32593961 PMCID: PMC7307994 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The emergency represented by the COVID-19 pandemic represents a new challenge for clinicians who deal with autoimmune diseases because of patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. Few cases of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients receiving ocrelizumab who contracted COVID-19 with a benign course have recently been published. We present the case of a MS patient with mild COVID-19 who developed SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA without IgG ten weeks after infection. Patients on B-cell depleting drugs have a reduced antibody immune response to viral neoantigens. A relative sparing of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) could be responsible for IgA response in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lucchini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Assunta Bianco
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Del Giacomo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara De Fino
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Nociti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mirabella
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Guevara C, Villa E, Cifuentes M, Naves R, Grazia JD. Mild COVID-19 infection in a patient with multiple sclerosis and severe depletion of T-lymphocyte subsets due to alemtuzumab. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 44:102314. [PMID: 32593959 PMCID: PMC7305733 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guevara
- Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Clínico José Joaquín Aguirre, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 999, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Villa
- Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Clínico José Joaquín Aguirre, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 999, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Cifuentes
- Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Clínico José Joaquín Aguirre, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 999, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Naves
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - José de Grazia
- Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Clínico José Joaquín Aguirre, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 999, Santiago, Chile
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Buonomo A, Brescia Morra V, Zappulo E, Lanzillo R, Gentile I, Montella E, Triassi M, Palladino R, Moccia M. COVID-19 prevention and multiple sclerosis management: The SAFE pathway for the post-peak. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 44:102282. [PMID: 32554288 PMCID: PMC7283048 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hereby report on our experience from Naples (South Italy), where the peak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has already passed. METHODS Assuming that COVID-19 will be circulating until vaccination and/or herd immunity is achieved (possibly not earlier than 2021), we have developed a protocol for the long-term management of multiple sclerosis (MS). RESULTS We have defined a pathway for the access to the MS Centre with logistic, preventative and clinical recommendations, and have also included 14-day self-isolation and COVID-19 testing before some disease modifying treatments. DISCUSSION Overall, we believe our experience could be helpful for MS management in the upcoming months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Buonomo
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Brescia Morra
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zappulo
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Lanzillo
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
| | - Ivan Gentile
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Italy; UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
| | - Emma Montella
- Department of Hygiene, Preventive and Industrial Medicine, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Palladino
- Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, Italy; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcello Moccia
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
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Ghajarzadeh M, Mirmosayyeb O, Barzegar M, Nehzat N, Vaheb S, Shaygannejad V, Maghzi AH. Favorable outcome after COVID-19 infection in a multiple sclerosis patient initiated on ocrelizumab during the pandemic. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 43:102222. [PMID: 32464586 PMCID: PMC7245286 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ghajarzadeh
- Universal council of epidemiology (UCE), universal scientific education and research network (USERN), Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Mirmosayyeb
- Universal council of epidemiology (UCE), universal scientific education and research network (USERN), Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Barzegar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasim Nehzat
- Universal council of epidemiology (UCE), universal scientific education and research network (USERN), Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeed Vaheb
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Amir-Hadi Maghzi
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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49
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Zheng C, Kar I, Chen CK, Sau C, Woodson S, Serra A, Abboud H. Multiple Sclerosis Disease-Modifying Therapy and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications on the Risk of Infection and Future Vaccination. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:879-896. [PMID: 32780300 PMCID: PMC7417850 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is expected to linger. Decisions regarding initiation or continuation of disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis have to consider the potential relevance to the pandemic. Understanding the mechanism of action and the possible idiosyncratic effects of each therapeutic agent on the immune system is imperative during this special time. The infectious side-effect profile as well as the route and frequency of administration of each therapeutic agent should be carefully considered when selecting a new treatment or deciding on risk mitigation strategies for existing therapy. More importantly, the impact of each agent on the future severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine should be carefully considered in treatment decisions. Moreover, some multiple sclerosis therapies may have beneficial antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 while others may have beneficial immune-modulating effects against the cytokine storm and hyperinflammatory phase of the disease. Conventional injectables have a favorable immune profile without an increased exposure risk and therefore may be suitable for mild multiple sclerosis during the pandemic. However, moderate and highly active multiple sclerosis will continue to require treatment with oral or intravenous high-potency agents but a number of risk mitigation strategies may have to be implemented. Immune-modulating therapies such as the fumerates, sphinogosine-1P modulators, and natalizumab may be anecdotally preferred over cell-depleting immunosuppressants during the pandemic from the immune profile standpoint. Within the cell-depleting agents, selective (ocrelizumab) or preferential (cladribine) depletion of B cells may be relatively safer than non-selective depletion of lymphocytes and innate immune cells (alemtuzumab). Patients who develop severe iatrogenic or idiosyncratic lymphopenia should be advised to maintain social distancing even in areas where lockdown has been removed or ameliorated. Patients with iatrogenic hypogammaglobulinemia may require prophylactic intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in certain situations. When the future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine becomes available, patients with multiple sclerosis should be advised that certain therapies may interfere with mounting a protective immune response to the vaccine and that serological confirmation of a response may be required after vaccination. They should also be aware that most multiple sclerosis therapies are incompatible with live vaccines if a live SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is developed. In this article, we review and compare disease-modifying therapies in terms of their effect on the immune system, published infection rates, potential impact on SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, and vaccine-related implications. We propose risk mitigation strategies and practical approaches to disease-modifying therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Zheng
- Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Indrani Kar
- System Pharmacy Services, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Claire Kaori Chen
- Specialty Pharmacy, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Crystal Sau
- Specialty Pharmacy, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH USA ,Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland Medical Center, Bolwell, 5th Floor, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Sophia Woodson
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland Medical Center, Bolwell, 5th Floor, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Alessandro Serra
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland Medical Center, Bolwell, 5th Floor, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA ,VA Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Hesham Abboud
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland Medical Center, Bolwell, 5th Floor, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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