1
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Akama-Garren EH, Yin X, Prestwood TR, Ma M, Utz PJ, Carroll MC. T cell help shapes B cell tolerance. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadj7029. [PMID: 38363829 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj7029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
T cell help is a crucial component of the normal humoral immune response, yet whether it promotes or restrains autoreactive B cell responses remains unclear. Here, we observe that autoreactive germinal centers require T cell help for their formation and persistence. Using retrogenic chimeras transduced with candidate TCRs, we demonstrate that a follicular T cell repertoire restricted to a single autoreactive TCR, but not a foreign antigen-specific TCR, is sufficient to initiate autoreactive germinal centers. Follicular T cell specificity influences the breadth of epitope spreading by regulating wild-type B cell entry into autoreactive germinal centers. These results demonstrate that TCR-dependent T cell help can promote loss of B cell tolerance and that epitope spreading is determined by TCR specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xihui Yin
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Minghe Ma
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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2
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Castrillon C, Simoni L, van den Broek T, van der Poel C, Akama-Garren EH, Ma M, Carroll MC. Complex subsets but redundant clonality after B cells egress from spontaneous germinal centers. eLife 2023; 12:e81012. [PMID: 37341394 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Affinity matured self-reactive antibodies are found in autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematous. Here we used fate-mapping reporter mice and single cell transcriptomics coupled to antibody repertoire analysis to characterize the post-germinal center (GC) B cell compartment in a new mouse model of autoimmunity. Antibody secreting cells (ASCs) and memory B cells (MemBs) from spontaneous GCs grouped into multiple subclusters. ASCs matured into two terminal clusters, with distinct secretion, antibody repertoire and metabolic profiles. MemBs contained FCRL5+ and CD23+ subsets, with different in vivo localization in the spleen. GC-derived FCRL5+ MemBs share transcriptomic and repertoire properties with atypical B cells found in aging and infection and localize to the marginal zone, suggesting a similar contribution to recall responses. While transcriptomically diverse, ASC and MemB subsets maintained an underlying clonal redundancy. Therefore, self-reactive clones could escape subset-targeting therapy by perpetuation of self-reactivity in distinct subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Castrillon
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Lea Simoni
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Theo van den Broek
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Cees van der Poel
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Minghe Ma
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
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3
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Miller P, Akama-Garren EH, Owen RP, Demetriou C, Carroll TM, Slee E, Al Moussawi K, Ellis M, Goldin R, O'Neill E, Lu X. p53 inhibitor iASPP is an unexpected suppressor of KRAS and inflammation-driven pancreatic cancer. Cell Death Differ 2023:10.1038/s41418-023-01168-3. [PMID: 37270580 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS activation, inflammation and p53 mutation are key drivers of pancreatic cancer (PC) development. Here we report iASPP, an inhibitor of p53, as a paradoxical suppressor of inflammation and oncogenic KRASG12D-driven PC tumorigenesis. iASPP suppresses PC onset driven by KRASG12D alone or KRASG12D in combination with mutant p53R172H. iASPP deletion limits acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) in vitro but accelerates inflammation and KRASG12D-induced ADM, pancreatitis and PC tumorigenesis in vivo. KRASG12D/iASPPΔ8/Δ8 tumours are well-differentiated classical PCs and their derivative cell lines form subcutaneous tumours in syngeneic and nude mice. Transcriptomically, either iASPP deletion or p53 mutation in the KRASG12D background altered the expression of an extensively overlapping gene set, comprised primarily of NF-κB and AP1-regulated inflammatory genes. All these identify iASPP as a suppressor of inflammation and a p53-independent oncosuppressor of PC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Miller
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Richard P Owen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Thomas M Carroll
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Slee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Khatoun Al Moussawi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Michael Ellis
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Robert Goldin
- Centre for Pathology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Eric O'Neill
- Centre for Pathology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Xin Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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4
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Akama-Garren EH, Miller P, Carroll TM, Tellier M, Sutendra G, Buti L, Zaborowska J, Goldin RD, Slee E, Szele FG, Murphy S, Lu X. Regulation of immunological tolerance by the p53-inhibitor iASPP. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:84. [PMID: 36746936 PMCID: PMC9902554 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of immunological homeostasis between tolerance and autoimmunity is essential for the prevention of human diseases ranging from autoimmune disease to cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that p53 can mitigate phagocytosis-induced adjuvanticity thereby promoting immunological tolerance following programmed cell death. Here we identify Inhibitor of Apoptosis Stimulating p53 Protein (iASPP), a negative regulator of p53 transcriptional activity, as a regulator of immunological tolerance. iASPP-deficiency promoted lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis, while iASPP-deficient mice were less susceptible to autoimmune disease. Immune responses to iASPP-deficient tumors exhibited hallmarks of immunosuppression, including activated regulatory T cells and exhausted CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, iASPP-deficient tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, CD4+, and γδ T cells expressed elevated levels of PD-1H, a recently identified transcriptional target of p53 that promotes tolerogenic phagocytosis. Identification of an iASPP/p53 axis of immune homeostasis provides a therapeutic opportunity for both autoimmune disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Paul Miller
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Thomas M Carroll
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Michael Tellier
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Gopinath Sutendra
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Ludovico Buti
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Charles River Laboratories, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Justyna Zaborowska
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Robert D Goldin
- Centre for Pathology, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Elizabeth Slee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Shona Murphy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Xin Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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5
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Akama-Garren EH, Carroll MC. T Cell Help in the Autoreactive Germinal Center. Scand J Immunol 2022; 95:e13192. [PMID: 35587582 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center serves as a site of B cell selection and affinity maturation, critical processes for productive adaptive immunity. In autoimmune disease tolerance is broken in the germinal center reaction, leading to production of autoreactive B cells that may propagate disease. Follicular T cells are crucial regulators of this process, providing signals necessary for B cell survival in the germinal center. Here we review the emerging roles of follicular T cells in the autoreactive germinal center. Recent advances in immunological techniques have allowed study of the gene expression profiles and repertoire of follicular T cells at unprecedented resolution. These studies provide insight into the potential role follicular T cells play in preventing or facilitating germinal center loss of tolerance. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of T cell help in autoreactive germinal centers provides novel therapeutic targets for diseases of germinal center dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Akama-Garren EH, Carroll MC. Lupus Susceptibility Loci Predispose Mice to Clonal Lymphocytic Responses and Myeloid Expansion. J Immunol 2022; 208:2403-2424. [PMID: 35477687 PMCID: PMC9254690 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lupus susceptibility results from the combined effects of numerous genetic loci, but the contribution of these loci to disease pathogenesis has been difficult to study due to the large cellular heterogeneity of the autoimmune immune response. We performed single-cell RNA, BCR, and TCR sequencing of splenocytes from mice with multiple polymorphic lupus susceptibility loci. We not only observed lymphocyte and myeloid expansion, but we also characterized changes in subset frequencies and gene expression, such as decreased CD8 and marginal zone B cells and increased Fcrl5- and Cd5l-expressing macrophages. Clonotypic analyses revealed expansion of B and CD4 clones, and TCR repertoires from lupus-prone mice were distinguishable by algorithmic specificity prediction and unsupervised machine learning classification. Myeloid differential gene expression, metabolism, and altered ligand-receptor interaction were associated with decreased Ag presentation. This dataset provides novel mechanistic insight into the pathophysiology of a spontaneous model of lupus, highlighting potential therapeutic targets for autoantibody-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
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7
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Ciampricotti M, Karakousi T, Richards AL, Quintanal-Villalonga À, Karatza A, Caeser R, Costa EA, Allaj V, Manoj P, Spainhower KB, Kombak FE, Sanchez-Rivera FJ, Jaspers JE, Zavitsanou AM, Maddalo D, Ventura A, Rideout WM, Akama-Garren EH, Jacks T, Donoghue MTA, Sen T, Oliver TG, Poirier JT, Papagiannakopoulos T, Rudin CM. Rlf-Mycl Gene Fusion Drives Tumorigenesis and Metastasis in a Mouse Model of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:3214-3229. [PMID: 34344693 PMCID: PMC8810895 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has limited therapeutic options and an exceptionally poor prognosis. Understanding the oncogenic drivers of SCLC may help define novel therapeutic targets. Recurrent genomic rearrangements have been identified in SCLC, most notably an in-frame gene fusion between RLF and MYCL found in up to 7% of the predominant ASCL1-expressing subtype. To explore the role of this fusion in oncogenesis and tumor progression, we used CRISPR/Cas9 somatic editing to generate a Rlf-Mycl-driven mouse model of SCLC. RLF-MYCL fusion accelerated transformation and proliferation of murine SCLC and increased metastatic dissemination and the diversity of metastatic sites. Tumors from the RLF-MYCL genetically engineered mouse model displayed gene expression similarities with human RLF-MYCL SCLC. Together, our studies support RLF-MYCL as the first demonstrated fusion oncogenic driver in SCLC and provide a new preclinical mouse model for the study of this subtype of SCLC. SIGNIFICANCE The biological and therapeutic implications of gene fusions in SCLC, an aggressive metastatic lung cancer, are unknown. Our study investigates the functional significance of the in-frame RLF-MYCL gene fusion by developing a Rlf-Mycl-driven genetically engineered mouse model and defining the impact on tumor growth and metastasis. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2945.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metamia Ciampricotti
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Triantafyllia Karakousi
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Allison L Richards
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Àlvaro Quintanal-Villalonga
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angeliki Karatza
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Caeser
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily A Costa
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Viola Allaj
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Parvathy Manoj
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle B Spainhower
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Faruk E Kombak
- Precision Pathology Biobanking Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francisco J Sanchez-Rivera
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janneke E Jaspers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Danilo Maddalo
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Current address: Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Ventura
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William M Rideout
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elliot H Akama-Garren
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark T A Donoghue
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Triparna Sen
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Trudy G Oliver
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John T Poirier
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thales Papagiannakopoulos
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Lead contact
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8
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Akama-Garren EH, Morris ZS, Sikora AG, Weichselbaum R, Schoenfeld JD. Prospective Clinical Investigation of the Efficacy of Combination Radiation Therapy With Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 111:1165-1175. [PMID: 34411638 PMCID: PMC10960630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) lead to durable responses in a subset of patients with cancer, but most patients do not respond to ICI, prompting interest in combining immunotherapy with other therapeutic regimens. Preclinical evidence supports the potential for therapeutic synergy between immunotherapy and radiation therapy through modulation of the tumor microenvironment and antitumor immune responses. Local therapy also has the potential to overcome localized sites of relative immune suppression and resistance. Prospective clinical trials have been initiated to test these hypotheses in the clinic as well as to investigate the toxicities and adverse events associated with combination immunotherapy and radiation therapy. In this review, we discuss the emerging results from prospective clinical trials of combination immunotherapy and radiation therapy, the safety and efficacy of their combination, concordance with preclinical and retrospective data, and some of the remaining open questions to be addressed by future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ralph Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jonathan D Schoenfeld
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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9
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Akama-Garren EH, van den Broek T, Simoni L, Castrillon C, van der Poel CE, Carroll MC. Follicular T cells are clonally and transcriptionally distinct in B cell-driven mouse autoimmune disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6687. [PMID: 34795279 PMCID: PMC8602266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic autoantibodies contribute to tissue damage and clinical decline in autoimmune disease. Follicular T cells are central regulators of germinal centers, although their contribution to autoantibody-mediated disease remains unclear. Here we perform single cell RNA and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of follicular T cells in a mouse model of autoantibody-mediated disease, allowing for analyses of paired transcriptomes and unbiased TCRαβ repertoires at single cell resolution. A minority of clonotypes are preferentially shared amongst autoimmune follicular T cells and clonotypic expansion is associated with differential gene signatures in autoimmune disease. Antigen prediction using algorithmic and machine learning approaches indicates convergence towards shared specificities between non-autoimmune and autoimmune follicular T cells. However, differential autoimmune transcriptional signatures are preserved even amongst follicular T cells with shared predicted specificities. These results demonstrate that follicular T cells are phenotypically distinct in B cell-driven autoimmune disease, providing potential therapeutic targets to modulate autoantibody development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Clone Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Germinal Center/cytology
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Confocal
- RNA-Seq/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Single-Cell Analysis/methods
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Theo van den Broek
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lea Simoni
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carlos Castrillon
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cees E van der Poel
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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10
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Akama-Garren EH, Shah SA, Zinzuwadia AN, Bartuska A, Hashimoto M, Chu JT, Kruse GR, Cohen MJ. Outcomes of a Student-Led Telemedicine Clinic in Response to COVID-19. J Ambul Care Manage 2021; 44:197-206. [PMID: 34016847 PMCID: PMC8148224 DOI: 10.1097/jac.0000000000000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In response to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we developed and launched a student-led telemedicine program in Chelsea. From April to November 2020, over 200 student volunteers contacted over 1000 patients to assess COVID-19 symptoms, provide counseling, and triage patients. Through a retrospective cohort study, we determined that student triage decision was associated with patient outcomes, including hospitalization status, COVID-19 test administration, and COVID-19 test result. These results quantify the outcomes of a student-led telemedicine clinic to combat the ongoing pandemic and may serve as a model for implementation of similar clinics to alleviate mounting health care system burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacqueline T Chu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gina R Kruse
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Marya J Cohen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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11
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Abstract
There is currently limited clinical ability to identify COVID-19 patients at risk for severe outcomes. To unbiasedly identify metrics associated with severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients, we conducted a retrospective study of 835 COVID-19 positive patients at a single academic medical center between March 10, 2020 and October 13, 2020. As of December 1, 2020, 656 (79%) patients required hospitalization and 149 (18%) died. Unbiased comparisons of all clinical characteristics and mortality revealed that abnormal pH (OR 8.54, 95% CI 5.34–13.6), abnormal creatinine (OR 6.94, 95% CI 4.22–11.4), and abnormal PTT (OR 4.78, 95% CI 3.11–7.33) were most significantly associated with mortality. Correlation with ordinal severity scores confirmed these associations, in addition to associations between respiratory rate (Spearman’s rho = −0.56), absolute neutrophil count (Spearman’s rho = −0.5), and C-reactive protein (Spearman’s rho = 0.59) with disease severity. Unsupervised principal component analysis and machine learning model classification of patient demographics, laboratory results, medications, comorbidities, signs and symptoms, and vitals are capable of separating patients on the basis of COVID-19 mortality (AUC 0.82). This retrospective analysis identifies laboratory and clinical metrics most relevant to predict COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan X Li
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Akama-Garren EH, Li JX. Prior immunosuppressive therapy is associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective study of 835 patients. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5768-5776. [PMID: 34042195 PMCID: PMC8242482 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Though it is widely believed that chronic immunosuppressive medications increase the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness, there is little data to support this. We performed a retrospective study of COVID-19 positive patients diagnosed at a single academic medical center between March 10, 2020 and October 13, 2020. A total of 835 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 by polymerase chain reaction were included (median age 64 years; 52% female). Of these, 46 (5.5%) had a prescription for an immunosuppressive therapy before diagnosis, most commonly oral steroids (20, 43%), mycophenolate (12, 26%), or tacrolimus (11, 24%). Patients on immunosuppressive therapy with COVID-19 had increased mortality (30% vs. 17%, p = 0.036; odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.11-4.04), which remained significant (p = 0.040) after performing multivariate logistic regression controlling for gender, age, race, and comorbidity status. Laboratory markers of inflammation were uniformly elevated in both patients on or not on immunosuppressive therapies who died, but lymphocytes and neutrophils were decreased in both COVID-19 patients on immunosuppressive therapies who died and who remained alive. These findings demonstrate that COVID-19 disease is more severe in patients taking prior immunosuppressive medications. This finding emphasizes the need for aggressive monitoring and supportive care for immunosuppressed patients who are diagnosed with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan X Li
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Castrillon CE, Simoni L, van den Broek T, van der Poel C, Akama-Garren EH, Carroll MC. Specific traits of the B cell response to self-antigens revealed by single cell transcriptomics. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.61.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In an autoimmune environment, B cells spontaneously participate and are selected in germinal centers (GC). In previous work, we investigated epitope spreading in a mixed bone marrow chimera model that combines B cells from lupus-like mice with those from wild type (WT) B6 mice (Degn et al Cell 2017). In the current study, we identify novel biomarkers of autoimmune B cells at the population and single cell level.
Cohorts of autoimmune and WT immunized chimeric mice were prepared. To track WT-derived B cells, we used the tamoxifen inducible AID-CreERT2-EYFP mice. WT chimeras were immunized and boosted. Splenic B cells were sorted based EYFP+ signal and processed for droplet-based gene expression and BCR repertoire single cell RNAseq. To detect specific traits of autoreactive B cells relative to immunized, unsupervised cluster analysis, differential gene expression and pseudotime analysis were used.
Results show higher antibody repertoire diversity in the autoimmune relative to immune B cells, but striking similarity for transcriptomic usage. However, distinct gene expression was identified for the autoreactive B cells such as CXCL10 usage by GC B cells and SLPI expression by autoreactive plasma cells. Importantly, we were able to identify DN2- and DN4-like memory B cells in both conditions. DN2 cells, presumed to derive directly from naïve B cells, have been recently pointed as a source of pathogenic extrafollicular antibody secreting cells in humans.
Overall, results reveal the variety of characteristics that B cells, in their many states, adopt in the response to self and should open the way to new approaches to control their pathogenicity in autoimmune disease.
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Akama-Garren EH, van den Broek T, Simoni L, Castrillon C, van der Poel C, Carroll MC. Follicular T cells are clonally and transcriptionally distinct in B cell-driven autoimmune disease. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.61.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Pathogenic autoantibodies contribute to tissue damage and clinical decline in autoimmune disease. Follicular T cells are central regulators of germinal centers, although their role in epitope spreading towards autoantigens remains unclear. We performed single cell RNA and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of follicular T cells in autoantibody-mediated disease, allowing for analyses of paired transcriptomes and unbiased TCRab repertoires at single cell resolution. A minority of clonotypes were preferentially shared amongst autoimmune follicular T cells, and clonotypic expansion was associated with differential gene signatures in autoimmune disease. Antigen prediction using algorithmic and machine learning approaches revealed convergence towards shared specificities between non-autoimmune and autoimmune follicular T cells. However, differential autoimmune transcriptional signatures were preserved even amongst follicular T cells with shared predicted specificities. These results demonstrate that follicular T cells are phenotypically distinct in B cell-driven autoimmune disease, providing potential therapeutic targets to modulate autoreactive epitope spreading.
Supported by grants from NIH (R01AI130307, R01AR074105, T32GM007753).
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15
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Ng SR, Rideout WM, Akama-Garren EH, Bhutkar A, Mercer KL, Schenkel JM, Bronson RT, Jacks T. CRISPR-mediated modeling and functional validation of candidate tumor suppressor genes in small cell lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:513-521. [PMID: 31871154 PMCID: PMC6955235 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821893117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive subtype of lung cancer that remains among the most lethal of solid tumor malignancies. Recent genomic sequencing studies have identified many recurrently mutated genes in human SCLC tumors. However, the functional roles of most of these genes remain to be validated. Here, we have adapted the CRISPR-Cas9 system to a well-established murine model of SCLC to rapidly model loss-of-function mutations in candidate genes identified from SCLC sequencing studies. We show that loss of the gene p107 significantly accelerates tumor progression. Notably, compared with loss of the closely related gene p130, loss of p107 results in fewer but larger tumors as well as earlier metastatic spread. In addition, we observe differences in proliferation and apoptosis as well as altered distribution of initiated tumors in the lung, resulting from loss of p107 or p130 Collectively, these data demonstrate the feasibility of using the CRISPR-Cas9 system to model loss of candidate tumor suppressor genes in SCLC, and we anticipate that this approach will facilitate efforts to investigate mechanisms driving tumor progression in this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Rong Ng
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - William M Rideout
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Elliot H Akama-Garren
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Arjun Bhutkar
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Kim L Mercer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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16
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Shankar GM, Francis JM, Rinne ML, Ramkissoon SH, Huang FW, Venteicher AS, Akama-Garren EH, Kang YJ, Lelic N, Kim JC, Brown LE, Charbonneau SK, Golby AJ, Sekhar Pedamallu C, Hoang MP, Sullivan RJ, Cherniack AD, Garraway LA, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Reardon DA, Wen PY, Brastianos PK, Curry WT, Barker FG, Hahn WC, Nahed BV, Ligon KL, Louis DN, Cahill DP, Meyerson M. Rapid Intraoperative Molecular Characterization of Glioma. JAMA Oncol 2016; 1:662-7. [PMID: 26181761 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Conclusive intraoperative pathologic confirmation of diffuse infiltrative glioma guides the decision to pursue definitive neurosurgical resection. Establishing the intraoperative diagnosis by histologic analysis can be difficult in low-cellularity infiltrative gliomas. Therefore, we developed a rapid and sensitive genotyping assay to detect somatic single-nucleotide variants in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1). OBSERVATIONS This assay was applied to tissue samples from 190 patients with diffuse gliomas, including archived fixed and frozen specimens and tissue obtained intraoperatively. Results demonstrated 96% sensitivity (95% CI, 90%-99%) and 100% specificity (95% CI, 95%-100%) for World Health Organization grades II and III gliomas. In a series of live cases, glioma-defining mutations could be identified within 60 minutes, which could facilitate the diagnosis in an intraoperative timeframe. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The genotyping method described herein can establish the diagnosis of low-cellularity tumors like glioma and could be adapted to the point-of-care diagnosis of other lesions that are similarly defined by highly recurrent somatic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh M Shankar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston2Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Joshua M Francis
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts3Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Mikael L Rinne
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts4Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts5Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts6Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts7Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Franklin W Huang
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts3Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Andrew S Venteicher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston8Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yun Jee Kang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Nina Lelic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - James C Kim
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Loreal E Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Sarah K Charbonneau
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Alexandra J Golby
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts10Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts3Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Mai P Hoang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan J Sullivan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Levi A Garraway
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts3Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts
| | | | - David A Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts5Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - William T Curry
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Fred G Barker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - William C Hahn
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts3Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Brian V Nahed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts6Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts7Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts12Center for Molecular On
| | - David N Louis
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts3Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts7Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Akama-Garren EH, Joshi NS, Tammela T, Chang GP, Wagner BL, Lee DY, Rideout WM, Papagiannakopoulos T, Xue W, Jacks T. A Modular Assembly Platform for Rapid Generation of DNA Constructs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:16836. [PMID: 26887506 PMCID: PMC4757859 DOI: 10.1038/srep16836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional cloning methods have limitations on the number of DNA fragments that can be simultaneously manipulated, which dramatically slows the pace of molecular assembly. Here we describe GMAP, a Gibson assembly-based modular assembly platform consisting of a collection of promoters and genes, which allows for one-step production of DNA constructs. GMAP facilitates rapid assembly of expression and viral constructs using modular genetic components, as well as increasingly complicated genetic tools using contextually relevant genomic elements. Our data demonstrate the applicability of GMAP toward the validation of synthetic promoters, identification of potent RNAi constructs, establishment of inducible lentiviral systems, tumor initiation in genetically engineered mouse models, and gene-targeting for the generation of knock-in mice. GMAP represents a recombinant DNA technology designed for widespread circulation and easy adaptation for other uses, such as synthetic biology, genetic screens, and CRISPR-Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Nikhil S Joshi
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tuomas Tammela
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gregory P Chang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bethany L Wagner
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Da-Yae Lee
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - William M Rideout
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thales Papagiannakopoulos
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wen Xue
- RNA Therapeutics Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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18
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Joshi NS, Akama-Garren EH, Lu Y, Lee DY, Chang GP, Li A, DuPage M, Tammela T, Kerper NR, Farago AF, Robbins R, Crowley DM, Bronson RT, Jacks T. Regulatory T Cells in Tumor-Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures Suppress Anti-tumor T Cell Responses. Immunity 2015; 43:579-90. [PMID: 26341400 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infiltration of regulatory T (Treg) cells into many tumor types correlates with poor patient prognoses. However, mechanisms of intratumoral Treg cell function remain to be elucidated. We investigated Treg cell function in a genetically engineered mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma and found that Treg cells suppressed anti-tumor responses in tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures (TA-TLSs). TA-TLSs have been described in human lung cancers, but their function remains to be determined. TLSs in this model were spatially associated with >90% of tumors and facilitated interactions between T cells and tumor-antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs). Costimulatory ligand expression by DCs and T cell proliferation rates increased in TA-TLSs upon Treg cell depletion, leading to tumor destruction. Thus, we propose that Treg cells in TA-TLSs can inhibit endogenous immune responses against tumors, and targeting these cells might provide therapeutic benefit for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil S Joshi
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yisi Lu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Da-Yae Lee
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory P Chang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amy Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michel DuPage
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tuomas Tammela
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Natanya R Kerper
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anna F Farago
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rebecca Robbins
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Denise M Crowley
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Akama-Garren EH, Bianchi MT, Leveroni C, Cole AJ, Cash SS, Westover MB. Weighing the value of memory loss in the surgical evaluation of left temporal lobe epilepsy: a decision analysis. Epilepsia 2014; 55:1844-53. [PMID: 25244498 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anterior temporal lobectomy is curative for many patients with disabling medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy, but carries an inherent risk of disabling verbal memory loss. Although accurate prediction of iatrogenic memory loss is becoming increasingly possible, it remains unclear how much weight such predictions should have in surgical decision making. Here we aim to create a framework that facilitates a systematic and integrated assessment of the relative risks and benefits of surgery versus medical management for patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS We constructed a Markov decision model to evaluate the probabilistic outcomes and associated health utilities associated with choosing to undergo a left anterior temporal lobectomy versus continuing with medical management for patients with medically refractory left temporal lobe epilepsy. Three base-cases were considered, representing a spectrum of surgical candidates encountered in practice, with varying degrees of epilepsy-related disability and potential for decreased quality of life in response to post-surgical verbal memory deficits. RESULTS For patients with moderately severe seizures and moderate risk of verbal memory loss, medical management was the preferred decision, with increased quality-adjusted life expectancy. However, the preferred choice was sensitive to clinically meaningful changes in several parameters, including quality of life impact of verbal memory decline, quality of life with seizures, mortality rate with medical management, probability of remission following surgery, and probability of remission with medical management. SIGNIFICANCE Our decision model suggests that for patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy, quantitative assessment of risk and benefit should guide recommendation of therapy. In particular, risk for and potential impact of verbal memory decline should be carefully weighed against the degree of disability conferred by continued seizures on a patient-by-patient basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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20
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Swanson CD, Akama-Garren EH, Stein EA, Petralia JD, Ruiz PJ, Edalati A, Lindstrom TM, Robinson WH. Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol 2012; 188:3513-21. [PMID: 22393153 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune synovitis characterized by the formation of pannus and the destruction of cartilage and bone in the synovial joints. Although immune cells, which infiltrate the pannus and promote inflammation, play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of RA, other cell types also contribute. Proliferation of synovial fibroblasts, for example, underlies the formation of the pannus, while proliferation of endothelial cells results in neovascularization, which supports the growth of the pannus by supplying it with nutrients and oxygen. The synovial fibroblasts also promote inflammation in the synovium by producing cytokines and chemokines. Finally, osteoclasts cause the destruction of bone. In this study, we show that erlotinib, an inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), reduces the severity of established collagen-induced arthritis, a mouse model of RA, and that it does so by targeting synovial fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and osteoclasts. Erlotinib-induced attenuation of autoimmune arthritis was associated with a reduction in number of osteoclasts and blood vessels, and erlotinib inhibited the formation of murine osteoclasts and the proliferation of human endothelial cells in vitro. Erlotinib also inhibited the proliferation and cytokine production of human synovial fibroblasts in vitro. Moreover, EGFR was highly expressed and activated in the synovium of mice with collagen-induced arthritis and patients with RA. Taken together, these findings suggest that EGFR plays a central role in the pathogenesis of RA and that EGFR inhibition may provide benefits in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Swanson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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