Topical delivery of clobetasol propionate loaded nanosponge hydrogel for effective treatment of psoriasis: Formulation, physicochemical characterization, antipsoriatic potential and biochemical estimation

Nanosponge hydrogel of octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate of Alcaligenes faecalis

Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate (ODHP) was extracted in a previous study from the culture broth of soil isolate Alcaligenes faecalis MT332429 and showed a promising antimycotic activity. This study was aimed to formulate ODHP loaded β-cyclodextrins (CD) nanosponge (NS) hydrogel (HG) to control skin fungal ailments since nanosponges augment the retention of tested agents in the skin. Box-Behnken design was used to produce the optimized NS formulation, where entrapment efficiency percent (EE%), polydispersity index (PDI), and particle size (PS) were assigned as dependent parameters, while the independent process parameters were polyvinyl alcohol % (w/v %), polymer-linker ratio, homogenization time, and speed. The carbopol 940 hydrogel was then created by incorporating the nanosponges. The hydrogel fit Higuchi's kinetic release model the best, according to in vitro drug release. Stability and photodegradation studies revealed that the NS-HG remained stable under tested conditions. The formulation also showed higher in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans compared to the control fluconazole. In vivo study showed that ODHP-NS-HG increased survival rates, wound contraction, and healing of wound gap and inhibited the inflammation process compared to the other control groups. The histopathological examinations and Masson's trichrome staining showed improved healing and higher records of collagen deposition. Moreover, the permeability of ODHP-NS-HG was higher through rats' skin by 1.5-folds compared to the control isoconazole 1%. Therefore, based on these results, NS-HG formulation is a potential carrier for enhanced and improved topical delivery of ODHP. Our study is a pioneering research on the development of a formulation for ODHP produced naturally from soil bacteria. KEY POINTS: • Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate was successfully formulated as a nanosponge hydrogel and statistically optimized. • The new formula exhibited in vitro good stability, drug release, and higher antifungal activity against C. albicans as compared to the fluconazole. • Ex vivo showed enhanced skin permeability, and in vivo analysis showed high antifungal activity as evidenced by measurement of various biochemical parameters and histopathological examination.

Novel effect of topical Roquinimex and its combination with Clobetasol on an imiquimod-induced model of psoriasis in mice

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting multiple systems and the skin, with topical therapy representing the fundamental treatment modality for psoriasis. Investigate the effect of topical Roquinimex (ROQ) alone and combined with Clobetasol propionate (CLO) on imiquimod (IMQ)-induced mouse model as a novel approach to treating psoriasis. Sixty male Swiss Albino mice were divided into six groups of ten mice; all groups except the negative control received IMQ cream 5% (62.5 mg) as a once-daily topical application for six days. On the seventh day, five groups (except negative control) received one of the following treatments for eight days: no treatment (positive control), Petrolatum gel 15% as a twice-daily topical application (Petrolatum control), CLO 0.05% ointment once daily, ROQ ointment 1% w/w twice daily topically, topical preparation of 0.025% CLO ointment combined with ROQ ointment 0.5% w/w twice daily; the total duration of the study is 14 days. The clinical, pathological, and laboratory effects were then measured. The use of ROQ ointment alone or combined with CLO resulted in significant improvement in psoriasis lesions (measured by Baker's and PASI scores) compared to positive control groups (2.15±1.08, 1.60±0.61, 9.00±0.00, and 7.60±0.84, respectively for Baker's score) (1.50±1.08, 1.30±0.95, 11.70±0.48, 9.30±0.67, respectively for PASI score), a similar improvement seen for various inflammatory markers, including interleukin (IL)-10 (140.53±60.68, 285.63±92.16, 31.83±3.03, and 92.50±27.13 pg/ml, respectively), IL-17 (126.58±40.98, 124.26±61.40, 553.04±141.32, and 278.52±100.27 pg/ml, respectively), tumor necrosis factor-α (72.34±23.40, 30.11±7.01, 807.13±500.06, and 281.79±240.17 pg/ml, respectively), and vascular endothelial growth factor (109.71±29.35, 80.96±24.58, 552.20±136.63, 209.56±73.31 pg/ml and respectively). Roquinimex exerts its antipsoriatic effect through multiple mechanisms; its combination treatment with Clobetasol is a promising therapy for managing psoriasis.

Enhancing anti-inflammatory effect of brucine nanohydrogel using rosemary oil: a promising strategy for dermal delivery in arthritic inflammation

Brucine (BRU), an active constituent of Strychnos nux-vomica L., is one of the potential agents to control subside swelling in arthritis. However, its hydrophobic nature, poor permeation, shorter half-life, narrow therapeutic window, and higher toxicity impede its clinical applications. Hence, this investigation was aimed to develop and evaluate novel BRU loaded β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) nanosponges (BRUNs) hydrogel consisting rosemary essential oil (RO), which have been tailored for delayed release, enhanced skin permeation, and reduced irritation, while retaining anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of this bioactive. Firstly, BRUNs were fabricated by melt technique and characterized appropriately. BRUNs6 demonstrated two fold enhancement in BRU solubility (441.692 ± 38.674) with minimum particle size (322.966 ± 54.456) having good PDI (0.571 ± 0.091) and zeta potential (-14.633 ± 6.357). In vitro release results demonstrated delayed release of BRU from BRUNs6 (67 ± 4.25%) over 24 h through molecular diffusion mechanism. Further, preserved anti-inflammatory (53.343 ± 0.191%) and antioxidant potential (60.269 ± 0.073%) of bioactive was observed in BRUNs6. Hence, this Ns batch was engrossed with Carbopol®934 hydrogel with RO and characterized. In vitro (release and anti-inflammatory activity), ex-vivo (skin permeability) and in vivo (carrageenan-induced inflammation) assays along with irritation study were conducted for fabricated hydrogels. Results revealed that in vitro release of BRU was further delayed from Ns hydrogel with RO (56.45 ± 3.01%) following Fickian mechanism. Considerable enhancement in skin permeability (60.221 ± 0.322 µg/cm2/h) and preservation of anti-inflammatory activity (94.736 ± 2.002%) was also observed in BRUNs6 hydrogel containing RO. The irritation of BRU was found reduced (half) after its entrapped in Ns. Further, as a proof of concept, BRUNs6 hydrogel with RO effectively reduced (75.757 ± 0.944%) carrageenan-induced inflammation in rat model in comparison to pure BRU (54.914 ± 1.081%). Hence, BRUNs hydrogel with RO can be considered as a promising alternative for dermal delivery of BRU in arthritis.

Evaluation of Emulgel and Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-Based Gel Formulations for Transdermal Administration of Ibuprofen: Characterization, Mechanical Properties, and Ex-Vivo Skin Permeation

In transdermal applications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the rheological and mechanical properties of the dosage form affect the performance of the drug. The aim of this study to develop emulgel and nanostructured lipid carrier NLC-based gel formulations containing ibuprofen, evaluate their mechanical properties, bioadhesive value and ex-vivo rabbit skin permeability. All formulations showed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior and their viscosity values are suitable for topical application. The particle size of the nanostructured lipid carrier system was found to be 468 ± 21 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was 95.58 ± 0.41%. According to the index of viscosity, consistency, firmness, and cohesiveness values obtained as a result of the back extrusion study, E2 formulation was found to be more suitable for transdermal application. The firmness and work of shear values of the E2 formulation, which has the highest viscosity value, were also found to be the highest and it was chosen as the most suitable formulation in terms of the spreadability test. The work of bioadhesion values of NLC-based gel and IBU-loaded NLC-based gel were found as 0.226 ± 0.028 and 0.181 ± 0.006 mJ/cm2 respectively. The percentages of IBU that penetrated through rabbit skin from the Ibuactive-Cream and the E2 were 87.4 ± 2.11% and 93.4 ± 2.72% after 24 h, respectively. When the penetration of ibuprofen through the skin was evaluated, it was found that the E2 formulation increased penetration due to its lipid and nanoparticle structure. As a result of these findings, it can be said that the NLC-based gel formulation will increase the therapeutic efficacy and will be a good alternative transdermal formulation.

Biodegradable calcium carbonate carriers for the topical delivery of clobetasol propionate

Inflammatory dermatoses represent a global problem with increasing prevalence and recurrence among the world population. Topical glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most commonly used anti-inflammatory drugs in dermatology due to a wide range of their therapeutic actions, which, however, have numerous local and systemic side effects. Hence, there is a growing need to create new delivery systems for GCs, ensuring the drug localization in the pathological site, thus increasing the effectiveness of therapy and lowering the risk of side effects. Here, we propose a novel topical particulate formulation for the GC clobetasol propionate (CP), based on the use of porous calcium carbonate (CaCO3) carriers in the vaterite crystalline form. The designed carriers contain a substantially higher CP amount than conventional dosage forms used in clinics (4.5% w/w vs. 0.05% w/w) and displayed a good biocompatibility and effective cellular uptake when studied in fibroblasts in vitro. Hair follicles represent an important reservoir for the GC accumulation in skin and house the targets for its action. In this study, we demonstrated successful delivery of the CP-loaded carriers (CP-CaCO3) into the hair follicles of rats in vivo using optical coherent tomography (OCT). Importantly, the OCT monitoring revealed the gradual intrafollicular degradation of the carriers within 168 h with the most abundant follicle filling occurring within the first 48 h. Biodegradability makes the proposed system especially promising when searching for new CP formulations with improved safety and release profile. Our findings evidenced the great potential of the CaCO3 carriers in improving the dermal bioavailability of this poorly water-soluble GC.

Recent Approaches for the Topical Treatment of Psoriasis Using Nanoparticles

Psoriasis (PSO) is a chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by the rapid and excessive growth of skin cells, which leads to the formation of thick, red, and scaly patches on the surface of the skin. These patches can be itchy and painful, and they may cause discomfort for patients affected by this condition. Therapies for psoriasis aim to alleviate symptoms, reduce inflammation, and slow down the excessive skin cell growth. Conventional topical treatment options are non-specific, have low efficacy and are associated with adverse effects, which is why researchers are investigating different delivery mechanisms. A novel approach to drug delivery using nanoparticles (NPs) shows promise in reducing toxicity and improving therapeutic efficacy. The unique properties of NPs, such as their small size and large surface area, make them attractive for targeted drug delivery, enhanced drug stability, and controlled release. In the context of PSO, NPs can be designed to deliver active ingredients with anti-inflammatory effect, immunosuppressants, or other therapeutic compounds directly to affected skin areas. These novel formulations offer improved access to the epidermis and facilitate better absorption, thus enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of conventional anti-psoriatic drugs. NPs increase the surface-to-volume ratio, resulting in enhanced penetration through the skin, including intracellular, intercellular, and trans-appendage routes. The present review aims to discuss the latest approaches for the topical therapy of PSO using NPs. It is intended to summarize the results of the in vitro and in vivo examinations carried out in the last few years regarding the effectiveness and safety of nanoparticles.

Electrospun Materials Based on Cellulose Acetate Loaded with Rosmarinic Acid with Antioxidant and Antifungal Properties

Fibrous cellulose acetate (CA) materials loaded with rosmarinic acid (RA) were successfully created by one-pot electrospinning. In order to improve the water solubility of the polyphenolic acid and to facilitate its release from the fibrous materials, the non-ionic water-soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added. Detailed characterization of the fabricated fibrous CA/RA and CA/PEG/RA materials was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy and water contact angle analysis. The optimal ratio between CA, RA and PEG for preparation of defect-free and uniform fibers was accomplished by varying their concentrations. Furthermore, the incorporation of the PEG improved the hydrophilicity and wettability of the fibrous CA materials. Moreover, PEG facilitated the RA release and over 360 min, the amount released from fibrous CA/PEG/RA fibers was 91%, while that released from CA/RA materials was 53%. Both of the RA-containing fibrous materials, with and without PEG, manifested high antioxidant activity as determined by the DPPH free radical-scavenging method. In addition, the electrospun CA/PEG/RA materials displayed good antifungal activity against C. albicans. These features make the fibrous CA/PEG/RA materials promising candidates for treatment of wound infections.

Nanosponge: A promising and intriguing strategy in medical and pharmaceutical Science

The complicated chemical reactions involved in the production of the newer drug delivery systems have mainly impeded efforts to build successful targeted drug delivery systems for a prolonged duration of time. Nanosponges, a recently created colloidal system, have the potential to overcome issues with medication toxicity, decreased bioavailability, and drug release over a wide area because they can be modified to work with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic types of drugs. Nanosponges are small sized with a three-dimensional network having a porous cavity. They can be prepared easily by crosslinking cyclodextrins with different compounds. Due to Cyclodextrin's outstanding biocompatibility, stability, and safety, a number of Cyclodextrin-based drug delivery systems have been developed promptly. The nanosponge drug delivery system possesses various applications in various ailments such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, theranostic applications, enhanced bioavailability, stability, etc. This review elaborates on benefits and drawbacks, preparation techniques, factors affecting their preparation, characterization techniques, applications, and most current developments in nanosponges.

Development of double crosslinked sodium alginate/chitosan based hydrogels for controlled release of metronidazole and its antibacterial activity

Double network sodium alginate/chitosan hydrogels were prepared using calcium chloride (CaCl2) and glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agents by the ionotropic interaction method for controlled metronidazole release. The effect of polymer ratios and CaCl2 amount is investigated by the developing porosity, gel fraction, and extent of swelling in simulated physiological fluids. Interaction between the polymers with the formation of crosslinked structures, good stability, phase nature, and morphology of the hydrogels is revealed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. A sodium alginate/chitosan hydrogel (weight ratio of 75:25) crosslinked with two percent CaCl2 is chosen for the in-situ loading of 200 mg of metronidazole. The drug release kinetics using different models show that the best-fit Korsmeyer-Peppas model suggests metronidazole release from the matrix follows diffusion and swelling-controlled time-dependent non-Fickian transport related to hydrogel erosion. This composition displays enhanced antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Embedded Hydrogels as a Promising Carrier for Retarding Irritation of Leflunomide

Leflunomide (LEF), a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug, has been widely explored for its anti-inflammatory potential in skin disorders such as psoriasis and melanoma. However, its poor stability and skin irritation pose challenges for topical delivery. To surmount these issues, LEF-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) integrated with hydrogels have been developed in the present investigation. SLNs developed by microemulsion techniques were found ellipsoidal with 273.1 nm particle size and -0.15 mV zeta potential. Entrapment and total drug content of LEF-SLNs were obtained as 65.25 ± 0.95% and 93.12 ± 1.72%, respectively. FTIR and XRD validated the successful fabrication of LEF-SLNs. The higher stability of LEF-SLNs (p < 0.001) compared to pure drug solution was observed in photostability studies. Additionally, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of LEF-SLNs showed good potential in comparison to pure drugs. Further, prepared LEF-SLNs loaded hydrogel showed ideal rheology, texture, occlusion, and spreadability for topical drug delivery. In vitro release from LEF-SLN hydrogel was found to follow the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. To assess the skin safety of fabricated lipidic formulation, irritation potential was performed employing the HET-CAM technique. In conclusion, the findings of this investigation demonstrated that LEF-SLN hydrogel is capable of enhancing the photostability of the entrapped drug while reducing its skin irritation with improved topical delivery characteristics.

Rheology of Complex Topical Formulations: An Analytical Quality by Design Approach to Method Optimization and Validation

Analytical method validation ensures that a method provides trustworthy information about a particular sample when applied in accordance with the predefined protocol. According to regulatory standards, the rheological characteristics of topically applied semisolid formulations are one of the key elements involved in microstructure equivalence documentation. Therefore, for generic drug product manufacturers, it is a dire need to take a step forward in rheology method development and validation procedures. This paper aims to apply Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) principles towards the development and validation of rheology methods for topical creams, as complex semisolid formulations. Risk assessment was carried out through an Ishikawa diagram and an estimate failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA). Sample application, peltier temperature control, and sample rest time were identified as critical method variables (CMVs), and a 2³ full factorial design was applied to understand their impact on rotational, creep recovery and, oscillatory measurements. The development of the method was carried out as per the ICH Q8-Q10, and Q14 guidelines and validated according to ICH Q2 (R2) guideline. The method demonstrated adequate precision (RSD < 15%), as well as selectivity. AQbD provided a comprehensive framework for developing a reliable and effective rheology method for this type of formulation.

New Insights in Topical Drug Delivery for Skin Disorders: From a Nanotechnological Perspective

Skin, the largest organ in humans, is an efficient route for the delivery of drugs as it circumvents several disadvantages of the oral and parenteral routes. These advantages of skin have fascinated researchers in recent decades. Drug delivery via a topical route includes moving the drug from a topical product to a locally targeted region with dermal circulation throughout the body and deeper tissues. Still, due to the skin's barrier function, delivery through the skin can be difficult. Drug delivery to the skin using conventional formulations with micronized active components, for instance, lotions, gels, ointments, and creams, results in poor penetration. The use of nanoparticulate carriers is one of the promising strategies, as it provides efficient delivery of drugs through the skin and overcomes the disadvantage of traditional formulations. Nanoformulations with smaller particle sizes contribute to improved permeability of therapeutic agents, targeting, stability, and retention, making nanoformulations ideal for drug delivery through a topical route. Achieving sustained release and preserving a localized effect utilizing nanocarriers can result in the effective treatment of numerous infections or skin disorders. This article aims to evaluate and discuss the most recent developments of nanocarriers as therapeutic agent vehicles for skin conditions with patent technology and a market overview that will give future directions for research. As topical drug delivery systems have shown great preclinical results for skin problems, for future research directions, we anticipate including in-depth studies of nanocarrier behavior in various customized treatments to take into account the phenotypic variability of the disease.

Synthesis and Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles of Citrus limon Extract Embedded in Nanohydrogel Formulation: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

The study aimed to synthesize non-noxious, clean, reliable, and green sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) from Citrus limon leaves. The synthesized SNPs were used to analyze particle size, zeta potential, UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, and ATR-FTIR. The prepared SNPs exhibited a globule size of 55.32 ± 2.15 nm, PDI value of 0.365 ± 0.06, and zeta potential of −12.32 ± 0.23 mV. The presence of SNPs was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy in the range of 290 nm. The SEM image showed that the particles were spherical with a size of 40 nm. The ATR-FTIR study showed no interaction, and all the major peaks were preserved in the formulations. An antimicrobial and antifungal study of SNPs was carried out against Gram-positive bacteria (Staph. aureus, Bacillus), Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and Bordetella), and fungal strains (Candida albicans). The study showed that Citrus limon extract SNPs exhibited better antimicrobial and antifungal activities against Staph. aureus, Bacillus, E. coli, Bordetella, and Candida albicans at a minimal inhibitory concentration of 50 μg/mL. Different antibiotics were used alone and in combination with SNPs of Citrus limon extract to evaluate their activity against various strains of bacteria and fungal strains. The study showed that using SNPs of Citrus limon extract with antibiotics has a synergistic effect against Staph.aureus, Bacillus, E. coli, Bordetella, and Candida albicans. SNPs were embedded in nanohydrogel formulations for in vivo (wound healing) studies. In preclinical studies, SNPs of Citrus limon extract embedded within a nanohydrogel formulation (NHGF4) have shown promising results. To be widely used in clinical settings, further studies are needed to evaluate their safety and efficacy in human volunteers.

A Comparison between the Molecularly Imprinted and Non-Molecularly Imprinted Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for the Transdermal Delivery of Melatonin

Melatonin is a neurohormone that ameliorates many health conditions when it is administered as a drug, but its drawbacks are its oral and intravenous fast release. To overcome the limitations associated with melatonin release, cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CD-based NSs) can be used. Under their attractive properties, CD-based NSs are well-known to provide the sustained release of the drug. Green cyclodextrin (CD)-based molecularly imprinted nanosponges (MIP-NSs) are successfully synthesized by reacting β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) or Methyl-β Cyclodextrin (M-βCD) with citric acid as a cross-linking agent at a 1:8 molar ratio, and melatonin is introduced as a template molecule. In addition, CD-based non-molecularly imprinted nanosponges (NIP-NSs) are synthesized following the same procedure as MIP-NSs without the presence of melatonin. The resulting polymers are characterized by CHNS-O Elemental, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Zeta Potential, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-UV) analyses, etc. The encapsulation efficiencies are 60-90% for MIP-NSs and 20-40% for NIP-NSs, whereas melatonin loading capacities are 1-1.5% for MIP-NSs and 4-7% for NIP-NSs. A better-controlled drug release performance (pH = 7.4) for 24 h is displayed by the in vitro release study of MIP-NSs (30-50% released melatonin) than NIP-NSs (50-70% released melatonin) due to the different associations within the polymeric structure. Furthermore, a computational study, through the static simulations in the gas phase at a Geometry Frequency Non-covalent interactions (GFN2 level), is performed to support the inclusion complex between βCD and melatonin with the automatic energy exploration performed by Conformer-Rotamer Ensemble Sampling Tool (CREST). A total of 58% of the CD/melatonin interactions are dominated by weak forces. CD-based MIP-NSs and CD-based NIP-NSs are mixed with cream formulations for enhancing and sustaining the melatonin delivery into the skin. The efficiency of cream formulations is determined by stability, spreadability, viscosity, and pH. This development of a new skin formulation, based on an imprinting approach, will be of the utmost importance in future research at improving skin permeation through transdermal delivery, associated with narrow therapeutic windows or low bioavailability of drugs with various health benefits.

Impact of formulation design and lyophilisation on the physicochemical characteristics of finasteride nanosystems

The fundamental purpose of this study was to develop a stable lyophilised finasteride nanosystem (FNS-NS) for topical delivery. The FNS-NS was fabricated using an ultrasonication technique. The impact of two different cryoprotectants on the physicochemical characteristics of FNS-NS before and after lyophilisation was thoroughly investigated. The lyophilised FNS-NS had spherical shape with particle size lied between 188.6 nm ± 4.4 and 298.7 nm ± 4.7, low PDI values (0.26 ± 0.02 to 0.32 ± 0.02) and zeta potential ranging from -38.3 to +53.3 mV. The confocal laser microscopy depicted a comparatively higher cellular internalisation achieved for undecorated FNS-NS with respect to its chitosan-decorated counterpart. The lyophilised FNS-NS was stable for 90 days at proper storage conditions. The FNS-NS with 15% trehalose had appropriate physicochemical attributes that could be a promising carrier for topical delivery to treat androgenic alopecia.

Comparative evaluation of dithranol-loaded nanosponges fabricated by solvent evaporation technique and melt method

Background

Dithranol, a standard drug for psoriasis, has lured keen attention by virtue of its antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its poor stability and solubility critically impair the formulation design, evaluation and administration. To improve these issues, dithranol was encased in β-cyclodextrin nanosponges using solvent evaporation technique. Previously, nanosponges containing dithranol were developed in our laboratory using melt technique. Herein, a comparison of nanosponges prepared by both techniques was also included.

Results

Different nanosponge batches were engineered using diphenyl carbonate as cross-linker with β-cyclodextrin as polymer employing solvent evaporation technique. Dithranol was loaded in nanosponges via lyophilization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning colorimeter and powdered X-ray diffraction studies confirmed successful encapsulation and complexation of this drug in β-cyclodextrin nanosponges. The effect of a variable amount of cross-linker on the solubility, encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, particle size and polydispersity index was evaluated in fabricated nanocarriers. Further, β-cyclodextrin nanosponge batches were subjected to solubility studies, photostability examination and antioxidant activity analysis and compared with previously prepared dithranol-loaded nanosponges. From the present studies results, it was concluded that dithranol-loaded nanosponges using solvent evaporation technique not only improved solubility and photostability but also preserved the antioxidant efficacy of the chosen drug.

Conclusion

The overall results emphasized moral guidance concerning encapsulation, evaluation and characterization and accredited dithranol solubilization, photostability and antioxidant potential. However, solvent evaporation and melt method are easy and promising methods to fabricate nanosponges for dithranol. This comparative study demonstrated the parameters which were affected by chosen techniques. Further, from the results of present studies, it was concluded that the formulation scientists should select the preparation technique based on the objective of their research work and requirement of desired features.

Graphical abstract

Nanosponges- Versatile Platform as Drug Carrier

BACKGROUND

Recently, nano-drug delivery systems have become an integral part of the most novel drug delivery systems and have gained considerable importance owing to various advantages such as carriers for poorly soluble drugs, targeting molecules at the desired site, protection from degradation etc. Objective: One of the most studied areas of nanotechnology is nanosponges. The objective of this review was to extensively summarize the various strategies for the preparation, characterization and applications of nanosponges.

METHODS

In the current mini-review, we conducted a systemic search of the literature and patent inventions focusing on nanosponges. The summary of the search was inclusive of various aspects of nanosponges, such as drug characteristics to be considered while incorporating in nanosponges, other crucial additives during formulation of nanosponges, methods of preparation, characterization and applications of nanosponges in pharmaceuticals.

RESULTS

Nanosponges are nanocarriers for both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. These are prepared by different methods such as emulsion-solvent evaporation, solvent method, melting method, ultrasound assisted method etc., and all these methods were less time consuming, more economical and evaluated by sophisticated techniques available for routine analysis. These are among the most feasible alternative to address several formulation difficulties associated with the physicochemical properties of the drug. The porous nature and small particle size are vital properties of the nanosponges that contribute crucially to correcting the drawbacks of the drug. The properties of the nanosponges can be enhanced when combined with cyclodextrins. Extensive research work has been carried out in past to explore cyclodextrin based nanosponges. Besides, it is also used for smart targeting of tumors and for drug release in a sustainable pattern. Nanosponges can be prepared by simple methods. These can be tuned to release the drug by different routes so as to achieve the maximum benefits of the drug.

CONCLUSION

Huge amount of research has been carried out on nanosponges as drug carrier. The method of preparation and characterization of nanosponges are quite economical and routinely available. Owing to potential benefits and probable applications, these can be used as efficient carriers for certain drugs. The authors expect that the current review will guide the investigation of the nanosponges as nanodrug delivery systems.

Chrysin-phospholipid complex-based solid dispersion for improved anti-aging and neuroprotective effects in mice

The present study aimed to improve the neuroprotective effect of chrysin (CHR) by combining two formulation techniques, phospholipid (PL) complexation and solid dispersion (SD). CHR-phospholipid complex (CHR-PLC) was prepared through solvent evaporation. The molar ratio CHR/PL (1:3), which exhibited the highest complexation efficiency, was selected for the preparation of CHR-PLC loaded SD (CHR-PLC-SD) with 2-hydroxypropyl β cyclodextrin (2-HPβCD) and polyvinylpyrrolidone 8000. CHR-PLC/2-HPβCD (1:2, w/w) displayed the highest aqueous solubility of CHR (5.86 times more than that of plain CHR). CHR-SD was also prepared using 2-HPβCD for comparison. The in vitro dissolution of CHR-PLC-SD4 revealed an enhancement in the dissolution rate over CHR-PLC (1:3), CHR-SD, and plain CHR by six times. The optimum formulations and plain CHR were evaluated for their neuroprotective effect on brain aging induced by D-galactose in mice. The results demonstrated a behavioral activity elevation, an increase of AMPK, LKB1, and PGC1α brain contents as well as a reduction of AGEs, GFAP, NT-3, TNF-α, and NF-κβ brain contents when compared with those of the D-galactose control group. Thus, the developed formulations stimulated neurogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis as well as suppressed neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The order of activity was as follows: CHR-PLC-SD4 > CHR-PLC (1:3) > CHR-SD > plain CHR.

A Review on Biomedical Application of Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels with a Focus on Drug Delivery Systems

Over the last years of research on drug delivery systems (DDSs), natural polymer-based hydrogels have shown many scientific advances due to their intrinsic properties and a wide variety of potential applications. While drug efficacy and cytotoxicity play a key role, adopting a proper DDS is crucial to preserve the drug along the route of administration and possess desired therapeutic effect at the targeted site. Thus, drug delivery technology can be used to overcome the difficulties of maintaining drugs at a physiologically related serum concentration for prolonged periods. Due to their outstanding biocompatibility, polysaccharides have been thoroughly researched as a biological material for DDS advancement. To formulate a modified DDS, polysaccharides can cross-link with different molecules, resulting in hydrogels. According to our recent findings, targeted drug delivery at a certain spot occurs due to external stimulation such as temperature, pH, glucose, or light. As an adjustable biomedical device, the hydrogel has tremendous potential for nanotech applications in involved health areas such as pharmaceutical and biomedical engineering. An overview of hydrogel characteristics and functionalities is provided in this review. We focus on discussing the various kinds of hydrogel-based systems on their potential for effectively delivering drugs that are made of polysaccharides.

A double-edged sword: ROS related therapies in the treatment of psoriasis

In the onset and progression of psoriasis, redox imbalance is a vital factor. It's widely accepted that too much reactive oxygen species (ROS) always make psoriasis worse. Recent research, however, has shown that the accumulation of ROS is not entirely detrimental, as it helps reduce psoriasis lesions by inhibiting epidermal proliferation and keratinocyte death. As a result, ROS appears to have two opposing effects on the treatment of psoriasis. In this review, the current ROS-related therapies for psoriasis, including basic and clinical research, are presented. Additionally, the design and therapeutic benefits of various drug delivery systems and therapeutic approaches are examined, and a potential balance between anti-oxidative stress and ROS accumulation is also trying to be investigated.

Quercitrin loaded cyclodextrin based nanosponge as a promising approach for management of lung cancer and COVID-19

Lung cancer and pandemic acute respiratory disease, COVID-19, are examples of the most worldwide widespread diseases. The aim of the current study is to develop cyclodextrin based nanosponge (CD-NS) for loading the flavonoid drug, quercitrin (QCT). This is to improve its solubility in an attempt to enhance its activity against lung cancer as well as SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for COVID-19. Preparation of CD-NS was performed by ultrasound-assisted synthesis method. Two CDs were employed, namely, β cyclodextrin (βCD) and 2-hydroxy propyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HPβCD) that were crosslinked with diphenyl carbonate, one at a time. QCT loaded CD-NS revealed entrapment efficiency and particle size ranged between 94.17 and 99.03% and 97.10–325.90 nm, respectively. QCT loaded 2-HPβCD-NS revealed smaller particle size compared with that of QCT loaded βCD-NS. Zeta potential absolute values of the prepared formulations were >20 mV, indicating physically stable nanosystems. The selected formulations were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy which proved the formation of QCT loaded CD-NS exhibiting porous structure. QCT exhibited partial and complete amorphization in βCD-NS and 2-HPβCD-NS, respectively. In vitro release revealed an improved release of QCT from CD-NS formulations. The biological activity of free QCT and QCT loaded CD-NS was investigated against lung cancer cell line A549 as well as SARS-CoV-2 virus. The results revealed that IC₅₀ values of free QCT against lung cancer cell line A549 and SARS-CoV-2 were higher than those exhibited by QCT loaded CD-NS by 1.57–5.35 and 5.95–26.95 folds, respectively. QCT loaded 2-HPβCD-NS revealed enhanced in vitro release and superior biological activity compared with QCT loaded βCD-NS.

Liposomes encapsulating novel antimicrobial peptide Omiganan: Characterization and its pharmacodynamic evaluation in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis mice model

Omiganan is a novel 12 amino acid synthetic cationic peptide from the cathelicidin family. Omiganan possesses antimicrobial action against a wide range of microbes, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Omiganan mainly acts by depolarizing the cytoplasmic membrane, resulting in cellular disruption and death. Apart from its antimicrobial effect, Omiganan also has anti-inflammatory activity. The present investigation aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of Omiganan liposomal gel with conventional formulations (Omiganan gel and lotion) in atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis mice animal models. Liposomes encapsulating Omiganan were prepared using the reverse-phase evaporation technique and incorporated into Carbopol 934P gel. The optimized Omiganan liposomes were then characterized for various physicochemical parameters such as vesicle size, shape and surface morphology, zeta-potential, rheological parameters, in-vitro drug release, ex-vivo skin permeation/deposition, in-vitro antimicrobial activity, proteolytic stability, and cellular toxicity and uptake studies. Liposomes exhibited 72 % encapsulation with 7.8 % loading efficacy, a vesicle size, and zeta potential of 120 nm and - 17.2 mv, respectively. Moreover, Omiganan liposomal gel demonstrated controlled release and a better permeation profile than conventional formulations. A substantial reduction in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and improvement in AD and psoriatic lesions were achieved by Omiganan liposomal gel compared to Omiganan gel and lotion-based formulations. The present study confirms that Omiganan liposomal formulation can be an effective, safe, and novel alternative treatment approach in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.

Exploring the potential of nanocarriers in antipsoriatic therapeutics

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease characterized by erythematous, scaly patches on the skin. It can be effectively managed with topical therapies since they deliver drugs to target sites of disease efficiently and can minimize systemic side-effects while ensuring high patient compliance. However, conventional topical formulations are ineffective in treating psoriasis due to their poor percutaneous penetration and inability to reach deeper layers of the skin. Thus, it is important to explore new approaches for managing psoriasis safely and effectively while also maintaining patient compliance without compromising safety. Over the last few decades, a variety of nanocarriers have been extensively investigated as a new approach to delivering drugs to the skin that are effective against psoriasis. These nanocarriers are notable for their therapeutic effectiveness, increased localization of medication in the skin, and reduced side-effects. The purpose of this review is to explore the recent advances in polymer-based, lipid-based, metallic, and microneedle-based novel nanoformulations of antipsoriatic drugs. There have been detailed discussions about several nanocarrier systems including nanoemulsions, liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, ethosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, micelles, gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, and microneedles. In a nutshell, nanoformulations are considered a promising avenue for psoriasis treatment since they offer better penetration, targeted delivery, and enhanced safety and efficacy.

Topical non-aqueous nanoemulsion of Alpinia galanga extract for effective treatment in psoriasis: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Non-aqueous nanoemulsion (NANE) of Alpinia galanga extract (AGE) was prepared using Palmester 3595 (MCT oil) as oil phase, Cremophor RH 40-Transcutol P® as surfactant-co-surfactant (S_mix), and glycerin as non-aqueous polar continuous phase. The composition was optimized by applying three-level, four factor Box-Behnken design (BBD). The mean droplet size and zeta potential of the optimized AGE NANE was found to be 60.81 ± 18.88 nm and -7.99 ± 4.14 mV, respectively. The ex vivo permeation studies of AGE NANE and AGE per se on porcine skin reported flux of 125.58 ± 8.36 µg/cm² h^-1 and 12.02 ± 1.64 µg/cm²h^-1, respectively. Therefore, the enhancement ratio has shown 10-folds increase in the flux for AGE NANE when compared to extract per se. Later, confocal laser scanning microcopy confirmed that AGE NANE were able to penetrate into skin's stratum by trans-follicular transport mechanism. The stability studies of AGE NANE confirmed its stability at 30 ± 2℃ /75 ± 5 % RH and 5 ± 3℃. The efficacy of AGE NANE was evaluated in vivo on imiquimod (IMQ) induced mouse model. The mice treated with low and high doses of AGE NANE (groups VI and VII) showed significant (p<0.05) amelioration of psoriasis. Results of histopathology indicated reduction in psoriasis area severity index in AGE NANE treated mice (group VI and group VII).

Evolving era of "sponges": Nanosponges as a versatile nanocarrier for the effective skin delivery of drugs

BACKGROUND

Nanosponge, as a carrier for skin delivery system for drugs, plays a vital role. It not only serves to administer the drug to the targeted layer of skin but also increases the drug retention and deposition on the skin.

OBJECTIVE

In this review, we aim to highlight the effects of several process and formulation variables prompting the characteristics of various nanosponges for the delivery of drugs into/ across the skin.

METHOD

In the present review article, over-all introduction of nanosponges, its preparation, characterstics features, advanatges, disadvantages, factors affecting their preparation are covered. Furthermore, an elaborative description of nanosponges for skin delivery and its toxicological perspective with some referential examples of nanosponge drugs have also been deliberated here.

RESULTS

Factors associated with the formation of nanosponges can directly or indirectly affect its efficacy in skin delivery of drugs. These nanoforms are efficient in delivering the drugs which possess lower aqueous solubility, therefore, the aqueous solubility of drugs possessing a narrow therapeutic window can easily be enhanced. It also helps in achieving targeted drug delivery, controlled release of drugs, increases bioavailability, reduces drug toxicity, decreases drug degradation, and many more.

CONCLUSION

Nanosponges have been identified as a potential drug delivery carriers into as well as across skin. Delivery of biologics such as vaccines, enzymes, peptides, proteins, and antibodies, is also gaining attention in the recent past.

Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges: Overview and Opportunities

Nanosponges are solid cross-linked polymeric nano-sized porous structures. This broad concept involves, among others, metal organic frameworks and hydrogels. The focus of this manuscript is on cyclodextrin-based nanosponges. Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligomers of glucose derived from starch. The combined external hydrophilicity with the internal hydrophobic surface constitute a unique “microenvironment”, that confers cyclodextrins the peculiar ability to form inclusion host‒guest complexes with many hydrophobic substances. These complexes may impart beneficial modifications of the properties of guest molecules such as solubility enhancement and stabilization of labile guests. These properties complemented with the possibility of using different crosslinkers and high polymeric surface, make these sponges highly suitable for a large range of applications. Despite that, in the last 2 decades, cyclodextrin-based nanosponges have been developed for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, taking advantage of the nontoxicity of cyclodextrins towards humans. This paper provides a critical and timely compilation of the contributions involving cyclodextrins nanosponges for those areas, but also paves the way for other important applications, including water and soil remediation and catalysis.

Recent progress in advanced biomaterials for long-acting reversible contraception

Unintended pregnancy is a global issue with serious ramifications for women, their families, and society, including abortion, infertility, and maternal death. Although existing contraceptive strategies have been widely used in people's lives, there have not been satisfactory feedbacks due to low contraceptive efficacy and related side effects (e.g., decreased sexuality, menstrual cycle disorder, and even lifelong infertility). In recent years, biomaterials-based long-acting reversible contraception has received increasing attention from the viewpoint of fundamental research and practical applications mainly owing to improved delivery routes and controlled drug delivery. This review summarizes recent progress in advanced biomaterials for long-acting reversible contraception via various delivery routes, including subcutaneous implant, transdermal patch, oral administration, vaginal ring, intrauterine device, fallopian tube occlusion, vas deferens contraception, and Intravenous administration. In addition, biomaterials, especially nanomaterials, still need to be improved and prospects for the future in contraception are mentioned.

Hydrogel-mediated topical delivery of steroids can effectively alleviate psoriasis via attenuating the autoimmune responses

Psoriasis is a systemic, relapsing, and chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the skin. Topical use of betamethasone, a glucocorticoid, in the form of creams is a common treatment for psoriasis. However, topical use of these creams is challenging due to the ineffective entrapment of steroids, burst release of the entrapped drugs, poor skin permeability, and high toxicity. Herein, we present the engineering of a betamethasone-loaded topical hydrogel (B-Gel) that can efficiently entrap steroids with high spreadability, and can also maintain the sustained release of drugs. We used an imiquimod (IMQ) induced ear psoriasis model, and demonstrated that topical application of B-Gel can mitigate the autoimmune inflammation reactions, and leads to a reduction in erythema, induration, scaling, and ear thickness. As interleukin 17 (IL-17) secreting T helper 17 (Th17) cells and γδ⁺ T cells are responsible for psoriasis, B-Gel treatment witnessed a reduction in the infiltration of leukocytes, CD4⁺ T cells, Th17 T cells, and dermal γδ⁺ T cells. We further demonstrated that B-Gel mediated reduction of IL-1β, IL-17, and K16 (marker for keratinocyte proliferation) is responsible for alleviation of psoriasis. Therefore, the non-greasy nature of the hydrogel with a cooling effect provides an alternative for topical application of steroids.

Novel Hydrogels for Topical Applications: An Updated Comprehensive Review Based on Source

Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) or drugs are normally not delivered as pure chemical substances (for the prevention or the treatment of any diseases). APIs are still generally administered in prepared formulations, also known as dosage forms. Topical administration is widely used to deliver therapeutic agents locally because it is convenient and cost-effective. Since earlier civilizations, several types of topical semi-solid dosage forms have been commonly used in healthcare society to treat various skin diseases. A topical drug delivery system is designed primarily to treat local diseases by applying therapeutic agents to surface level parts of the body such as the skin, eyes, nose, and vaginal cavity. Nowadays, novel semi-solids can be used safely in pediatrics, geriatrics, and pregnant women without the possibility of causing any allergy reactions. The novel hydrogels are being used in a wide range of applications. At first, numerous hydrogel research studies were carried out by simply adding various APIs in pure form or dissolved in various solvents to the prepared hydrogel base. However, numerous research articles on novel hydrogels have been published in the last five to ten years. It is expected that novel hydrogels will be capable of controlling the APIs release pattern. Novel hydrogels are made up of novel formulations such as nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, microemulsions, liposomes, self-nano emulsifying drug delivery systems, cubosomes, and so on. This review focus on some novel formulations incorporated in the hydrogel prepared with natural and synthetic polymers.

The ascension of nanosponges as a drug delivery carrier: preparation, characterization, and applications

Nanosponges are nanosized drug carriers with a three-dimensional structure created by crosslinking polymers. They have the advantage of being able to hold a wide range of drugs of various sizes. Nanosponges come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are distinguished by the research method used, the type of polymer used, and the type of drug they may contain. Nanosponges are superior to other delivery systems because they can provide a controlled drug release pattern with targeted drug delivery. The period of action, as well as the drug's residence time, may be regulated. Since it is made of biodegradable materials, it has a low toxicity and is safe to use. The efficiency of drug encapsulation is determined by the size of the drug molecule and the amount of void space available. Cancer, enzyme and biocatalyst carrier, oxygen delivery, solubility enhancement, enzyme immobilization, and poison absorbent are some of the applications for nanosponges. The method of preparation, characterization, factors affecting nanosponge development, drug loading and release mechanism, recent developments in this area, and patents filed in the area of nanosponges are all highlighted in this study. Graphical abstract.

Evaluation of solubility, photostability and antioxidant activity of ellagic acid cyclodextrin nanosponges fabricated by melt method and microwave-assisted synthesis

Ellagic acid (EA) is a polyphenolic bioactive with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Regrettably, it possesses poor solubility, stability and permeability (in the gastrointestinal tract); and first-pass metabolism. Therefore, to address these challenges, the present research was aimed to encapsulate EA in cyclodextrin nanosponges (CDNS). Herein, the melt method and microwave-assisted technique have been employed for crafting CDNS. EA was loaded in CDNS via freeze-drying, followed by appropriate characterization. EA-CDNS were also assessed for encapsulation, particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index, which presented satisfactory results. In vitro, antioxidant activity was conducted using the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The solubilization efficacy of EA was analyzed in distilled water and compared with CDNS, which demonstrated ten folds augmentation for the selected batch. A remarkable improvement in the photostability of EA was also observed after its inclusion. In nutshell, the results demonstrated the superiority of the melt method in terms of solubility, entrapment, photostability, and antioxidant potential.

Novel Dermal Delivery Cargos of Clobetasol Propionate: An Update

Dermal disorders such as psoriasis and eczema are associated with modifications in the chemical and molecular composition of the skin. Clobetasol propionate (CP), a superpotent topical glucocorticoid, is widely used for the therapeutic management of various skin conditions, owing to its strong anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, vasoconstrictive, and antiproliferative activities. Safety studies demonstrated that CP is safer for a shorter period, however, with prolonged application, it shows secondary side effects such as photosensitivity, Cushing-like syndrome, allergic contact dermatitis, osteonecrosis, hypopigmentation, steroid acne, and skin atrophy. Therefore, the US FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) has restricted the usage of CP to not more than 15 days. Research scientists addressed its several formulations and drug delivery issues, such as low water solubility, less stability, photodegradation, and poor absorption, by incorporating them into novel nanobased delivery platforms. With the utilization of these technologies, these drawbacks of CP have been resolved to a large extent to reestablish this moiety. This article explores the physicochemical properties and mechanism of action of CP. Additionally, an attempt has been made to discover and highlight the possible features of the novel nanosystems, including nanoemulsions, nanosponges, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and nanogels, reported for CP. The stability and safety concerns of CP, along with its commercial status, are also discussed.

Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutic Compounds With Nanotechnological Approaches in Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated skin disorder involving hyperproliferation of the keratinocytes in the epidermis. As complex as its pathophysiology, the optimal treatment for psoriasis remains unsatisfactorily addressed. Though systemic administration of biological agents has made an impressive stride in moderate-to-severe psoriasis, a considerable portion of psoriatic conditions were left unresolved, mainly due to adverse effects from systemic drug administration or insufficient drug delivery across a highly packed stratum corneum via topical therapies. Along with the advances in nanotechnologies, the incorporation of nanomaterials as topical drug carriers opens an obvious prospect for the development of antipsoriatic topicals. Hence, this review aims to distinguish the benefits and weaknesses of individual nanostructures when applied as topical antipsoriatics in preclinical psoriatic models. In view of specific features of each nanostructure, we propose that a proper combination of distinctive nanomaterials according to the physicochemical properties of loaded drugs and clinical features of psoriatic patients is becoming a promising option that potentially drives the translation of nanomaterials from bench to bedside with improved transdermal drug delivery and consequently therapeutic effects.

Development of Propolis (Apis trigona)-loaded Nanoemulgel for Improved Skin Penetration of Caffeic Acid: The Effect of Variation of Oleic Acid Concentration

BACKGROUND: Propolis contains caffeic acid compounds, which are proven to have pharmacological effects as an anti-inflammatory. However, its effectiveness is hampered by the poor solubility of caffeic acid. Here, we report developing the nanoemulgel approach containing propolis extract as an active ingredient and oleic acid as a permeation enhancer for transdermal delivery of caffeic acid. AIM: This study aims to determine the effect of oleic acid concentration on increasing caffeic acid permeation in the skin and obtain a nanoemulgel formula with desired physical characteristics and stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Propolis was macerated with 70% ethanol; the total phenolic content was measured by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer, and the levels of caffeic acid in the extracts and nanoemulgel preparations were finally determined using ultra-fast liquid chromatography. Formulas were made using various concentrations of oleic acid, namely, 1.25%w/w (Formula F1); 2.5%w/w (Formula F2); 5%w/w (Formula F3), respectively; and 1.25%w/w without propolis extract (Formula F4) as a comparison. RESULTS: The results obtained from analysis of variance statistical exhibited that the difference in oleic acid concentrations in four formulas significantly affected (p < 0.05) particle size, polydispersity index, spreadability, adhesion, freeze-thaw, permeation, and retention test. However, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) on pH and viscosity before and after 4 weeks of storage and zeta potential test. The highest amount of permeation and retention was found in F3 and F2, respectively, and all formulas tended to follow zero-order drug release kinetics. Furthermore, the results showed that the number of percent’s permeated in a row was 3.74% (F1); 5.58% (F2); 11.67% (F3), and F2 was the formula with the most optimal retention amount with a percentage of 43.13% at 24 h. CONCLUSION: This study shows a promising delivery system for increasing the effectiveness of natural lipophilic compounds to treat inflammation in the skin.

Lipid-based nanoparticles for psoriasis treatment: a review on conventional treatments, recent works, and future prospects

Psoriasis is a lingering inflammatory skin disease that attacks the immune system. The abnormal interactions between T cells, immune cells, and inflammatory cytokines causing the epidermal thickening. International guidelines have recommended topical treatments for mild to moderate psoriasis whilst systemic and phototherapy treatments for moderate to severe psoriasis. However, current therapeutic approaches have a wider extent to treat moderate to severe type of psoriasis especially since the emergence of diverse biologic agents. In the meantime, topical delivery of conventional treatments has prompted many unsatisfactory effects to penetrate through the skin (stratum corneum). By understanding the physiology of stratum corneum barrier functions, scientists have developed different types of lipid-based nanoparticles like solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanovesicles, and nanoemulsions. These novel drug delivery systems help the poorly solubilised active pharmaceutical ingredient reaches the targeted site seamlessly because of the bioavailability feature of the nanosized molecules. Lipid-based nanoparticles for psoriasis treatments create a paradigm for topical drug delivery due to their lipids' amphiphilic feature to efficiently encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. This review highlights different types of lipid-based nanoparticles and their recent works of nano formulated psoriasis treatments. The encapsulation of psoriasis drugs through lipid nanocarriers unfold numerous research opportunities in pharmaceutical applications but also draw challenges for the future development of nano drugs.

Gelatin/Chitosan Bilayer Patches Loaded with Cortex Phellodendron amurense/Centella asiatica Extracts for Anti-Acne Application

Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that often occurs with anaerobic Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). Anti-acne patches, made of hydrocolloid or hydrogel, have become a popular way of topical treatment. The outer water-impermeable layer of commercial patches might create hypoxic conditions and promote P. acnes growth. In this study, gelatin/chitosan (GC) bilayer patches were prepared at different temperatures that included room temperature (RT), −20 °C/RT, and −80 °C/RT. The most promising GC bilayer patch (−80 °C /RT) contained a dense upper layer for protection from bacteria and infection and a porous lower layer for absorbing pus and fluids from pimples. The anti-acne bilayer patch was loaded with Cortex Phellodendri amurensis (PA) and Centella asiatica (CA) extracts. PA extract could inhibit the growth of P. acnes and CA extract was reported to improve wound healing and reduce scar formation. Moreover, the water retention rate, weight loss rate, antibacterial activity, and in vitro cytotoxicity of the patches were investigated. The porous structure of the patches promoted water retention and contributed to absorbing the exudate when used on open acne wounds. The GC bilayer patches loaded with PA/CA extracts were demonstrated to inhibit the growth of P. acnes, and accelerate the skin fibroblast cell viability. Based on their activities and characteristics, the GC bilayer patches with PA/CA extract prepared at −80 °C/RT obtain the potential for the application of acne spot treatment.