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Weidemann H, Feger D, Ehlert JE, Menger MM, Krempien RC. Markedly divergent effects of Ouabain on a Temozolomide-resistant (T98G) vs. a Temozolomide-sensitive (LN229) Glioblastoma cell line. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:27. [PMID: 36840822 PMCID: PMC9968366 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor with poor prognosis. GMB are highly recurrent mainly because of radio- and chemoresistance. Radiotherapy with Temozolomide (TMZ) is until today the golden standard adjuvant therapy, however, the optimal treatment of recurrent glioblastoma remains controversial. Ouabain belongs to the Cardiotonic Steroids (CTS) the natural ligands of the Na/K-ATPase (NKA). It is established that the NKA represents a signal transducer with either stimulating or inhibiting cell growth, apoptosis, migration and angiogenesis. Over the last decade evidence grew that CTS have anti-tumor properties especially in GBM. AIM Proceeding from recent studies we wanted to further demonstrate a divergent effect of Ouabain on a TMZ-resistant (T98G) as compared to a TMZ-sensitive (LN229) GBM cell line. METHODS We analyzed the effect of Ouabain on cell migration and plasma cell membrane potential (PCMP) in the LN229 and T98G GBM cell line as well as underlying mechanisms (Bcl-2 and p-Akt/pan-Akt expression). Moreover, we analyzed the anti-angiogenic effect of Ouabain on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS T98G cells showed a significant inhibition of cell migration and a significant depolarization of the PCMP at similar Ouabain concentrations (IC50 = 1.67 × 10-7 M) resp. (IC50 = 2.72 × 10-7 M) with a strong inverse correlation (R2 = 0.95). In contrast, LN229 cells did not respond to Ouabain in these assays at all. Similarly, only T98G but not LN229 cells revealed Bcl-2 down-regulation at nanomolar Ouabain concentrations. This unique response to Ouabain is associated with a down-regulation of pan-Akt in T98G cells 24 h after Ouabain (1.0 × 10-6 M) treatment. For the first time, the anti-angiogenic effect of Ouabain on HUVEC cells (IC50 = 5.49 × 10-8 M) was demonstrated which correlated strongly with the anti-migratory effect (R2 = 0.85). CONCLUSION The TMZ-resistant T98G cell line as compared to the TMZ-sensitive LN229 cell line shows a high sensitivity towards Ouabain. We consider it as a promising new compound especially in recurrent GBM to overcome the resistance to TMZ and irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Weidemann
- Clinic for Radiotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Berlin-Buch, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Feger
- Reaction Biology Europe GmbH, Engesserstr.4, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan E. Ehlert
- Reaction Biology Europe GmbH, Engesserstr.4, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcus M. Menger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert C. Krempien
- Clinic for Radiotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Berlin-Buch, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Nucleic acid drug vectors for diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:39. [PMID: 36650130 PMCID: PMC9844208 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid drugs have the advantages of rich target selection, simple in design, good and enduring effect. They have been demonstrated to have irreplaceable superiority in brain disease treatment, while vectors are a decisive factor in therapeutic efficacy. Strict physiological barriers, such as degradation and clearance in circulation, blood-brain barrier, cellular uptake, endosome/lysosome barriers, release, obstruct the delivery of nucleic acid drugs to the brain by the vectors. Nucleic acid drugs against a single target are inefficient in treating brain diseases of complex pathogenesis. Differences between individual patients lead to severe uncertainties in brain disease treatment with nucleic acid drugs. In this Review, we briefly summarize the classification of nucleic acid drugs. Next, we discuss physiological barriers during drug delivery and universal coping strategies and introduce the application methods of these universal strategies to nucleic acid drug vectors. Subsequently, we explore nucleic acid drug-based multidrug regimens for the combination treatment of brain diseases and the construction of the corresponding vectors. In the following, we address the feasibility of patient stratification and personalized therapy through diagnostic information from medical imaging and the manner of introducing contrast agents into vectors. Finally, we take a perspective on the future feasibility and remaining challenges of vector-based integrated diagnosis and gene therapy for brain diseases.
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3
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Lopes DV, de Fraga Dias A, Silva LFL, Scholl JN, Sévigny J, Battastini AMO, Figueiró F. Influence of NSAIDs and methotrexate on CD73 expression and glioma cell growth. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:273-284. [PMID: 33745072 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant and deadly brain tumor. GBM cells overexpress the CD73 enzyme, which controls the level of extracellular adenosine, an immunosuppressive molecule. Studies have shown that some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and methotrexate (MTX) have antiproliferative and modulatory effects on CD73 in vitro and in vivo. However, it remains unclear whether the antiproliferative effects of MTX and NSAIDS in GBM cells are mediated by increases in CD73 expression and adenosine formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the NSAIDs, naproxen, piroxicam, meloxicam, ibuprofen, sodium diclofenac, acetylsalicylic acid, nimesulide, and ketoprofen on CD73 expression in GBM and mononuclear cells. In addition, we sought to understand whether the effects of MTX may be mediated by CD73 expression and activity. Cell viability and CD73 expression were evaluated in C6 and mononuclear cells after exposure to NSAIDs. For analysis of the mechanism of action of MTX, GBM cells were treated with APCP (CD73 inhibitor), dipyridamole (inhibitor of adenosine uptake), ABT-702 (adenosine kinase enzyme inhibitor), or caffeine (P1 adenosine receptor antagonist), before treatment with MTX and AMP, in the presence or not of mononuclear cells. In summary, only MTX increased the expression of CD73 in GBM cells decreasing cells viability by mechanisms independent of the adenosinergic system. Further studies are needed to understand the role of MTX in the GBM microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vasconcelos Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Fraga Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Lopes Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliete Nathali Scholl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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4
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Fu W, Wang W, Li H, Jiao Y, Weng J, Huo R, Yan Z, Wang J, Xu H, Wang S, Wang J, Chen D, Cao Y, Zhao J. High Dimensional Mass Cytometry Analysis Reveals Characteristics of the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Diffuse Astrocytomas. Front Oncol 2020; 10:78. [PMID: 32117733 PMCID: PMC7010913 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays a pivotal role in tumor development, progression, and prognosis. However, the characteristics of the TIME in diffuse astrocytoma (DA) are still unclear. Leveraging mass cytometry with a panel of 33 markers, we analyzed the infiltrating immune cells from 10 DA and 4 oligodendroglioma (OG) tissues and provided a single cell-resolution landscape of the intricate immune microenvironment. Our study profiled the composition of the TIME in DA and confirmed the presence of immune cells, such as glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs), CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and natural killer cells. Increased percentages of PD-1+ CD8+ T cells, TIM-3+ CD4+ T cell subpopulations, Tregs and pro-tumor phenotype GAMs substantially contribute to the local immunosuppressive microenvironment in DA. DAs and OGs share similar compositions in terms of immune cells, while GAMs in DA exhibit more inhibitory characteristics than those in OG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilun Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing You'an Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiancong Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Dexi Chen
- Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing You'an Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jizong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
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5
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Zhou Y, Wang X, Huang X, Li XD, Cheng K, Yu H, Zhou YJ, Lv P, Jiang XB. High expression of COPB2 predicts adverse outcomes: A potential therapeutic target for glioma. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:309-318. [PMID: 31710183 PMCID: PMC7081167 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To evaluate the clinical significance of coatomer protein complex subunit beta 2 (COPB2) in patients with glioma using a bioinformatics analysis. Methods Oncomine, GEO, and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases were used to examine the COPB2 transcript levels in glioma tissues. Gene expression profiles with clinical information from low‐grade glioma and glioblastoma (GBM) projects were analyzed for associations between COPB2 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics. Kaplan‐Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were used for survival analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to screen the pathways involved in COPB2 expression. Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) and correlograms were performed to verify the correlations between COPB2 and inflammatory responses. Canonical correlation analyses examined whether COPB2‐high patients have more infiltrating inflammatory and immune cells. Results COPB2 was highly expressed in gliomas and high COPB2 expression correlated with shorter overall survival time and several poor clinical prognostic variables. GSEA indicated that some immune‐related pathways and other signaling pathways in cancer were associated with the COPB2‐high phenotype. The GSVA and canonical correlation analysis demonstrated that COPB2 expression was closely linked to inflammatory and immune responses, and higher immune cell infiltration. Conclusions COPB2 may be a potential prognostic biomarker and an immunotherapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Dong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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6
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Yelton CJ, Ray SK. Histone deacetylase enzymes and selective histone deacetylase inhibitors for antitumor effects and enhancement of antitumor immunity in glioblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5. [PMID: 30701185 PMCID: PMC6348296 DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2018.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which is the most common primary central nervous system malignancy in adults, has long presented a formidable challenge to researchers and clinicians alike. Dismal 5-year survival rates of the patients with these tumors and the ability of the recurrent tumors to evade primary treatment strategies have prompted a need for alternative therapies in the treatment of GBM. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are currently a potential epigenetic therapy modality under investigation for use in GBM with mixed results. While these agents show promise through a variety of proposed mechanisms in the pre-clinical realm, only several of these agents have shown this same promise when translated into the clinical arena, either as monotherapy or for use in combination regimens. This review will examine the current state of use of HDAC inhibitors in GBM, the mechanistic rationale for use of HDAC inhibitors in GBM, and then examine an exciting new mechanistic revelation of certain HDAC inhibitors that promote antitumor immunity in GBM. The details of this antitumor immunity will be discussed with an emphasis on application of this antitumor immunity towards developing alternative therapies for treatment of GBM. The final section of this article will provide an overview of the current state of immunotherapy targeted specifically to GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Yelton
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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7
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Qiao C, Yang J, Shen Q, Liu R, Li Y, Shi Y, Chen J, Shen Y, Xiao Z, Weng J, Zhang X. Traceable Nanoparticles with Dual Targeting and ROS Response for RNAi-Based Immunochemotherapy of Intracranial Glioblastoma Treatment. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705054. [PMID: 29577457 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemotherapy of glioblastoma is severely hindered by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, especially the tumor growth factor β (TGF-β), an immunosuppressive cytokine. In this study, it is proposed to employ RNAi-based immunomodulation to modify the tumor immune microenvironment and improve the effect of chemotherapy. Herein, a nanotheranostic system (Angiopep LipoPCB(Temozolomide+BAP/siTGF-β), ALBTA) with dual targeting and ROS response is established for intracranial glioblastoma treatment. The traceable nanoparticles exhibit strong siRNA condensation, high drug loading efficiency, good serum stability, and magnetic property. They can efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier and target to glioblastoma cells via receptor-mediated transcytosis. The zwitterionic lipid (distearoyl phosphoethanol-amine-polycarboxybetaine lipid) in ALBTA promotes endosomal/lysosomal escape, and thus enhances the cytotoxicity of temozolomide and improves gene silencing efficiency of siTGF-β. ALBTA significantly improves the immunosuppressive microenvironment and prolongs the survival time of glioma-bearing mice. Moreover, ALBTA can be accurately traced by MRI in brain tumors. The study indicates that this immunochemotherapeutic platform can serve as a flexible and powerful synergistic system for treatment with brain tumors as well as other brain diseases in central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmeng Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yanqin Shen
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zuobing Xiao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, P. R. China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Fragrance and Flavor Industry, Shanghai, 200232, P. R. China
| | - Jie Weng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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8
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DiDomenico J, Lamano JB, Oyon D, Li Y, Veliceasa D, Kaur G, Ampie L, Choy W, Lamano JB, Bloch O. The immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 induces and maintains regulatory T cells in glioblastoma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1448329. [PMID: 29900065 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1448329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) promotes immunosuppression through upregulation of PD-L1 and regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion, but the association of these suppressive factors has not been well elucidated. Here, we investigate a role of PD-L1 in expanding Tregs and the value of targeting the PD-1 receptor to inhibit Treg expansion. Quantitative RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas were evaluated for an association between CD274 and FOXP3 transcript expressions and impact of FOXP3 on clinical outcomes. Peripheral leukocytes from patients with newly diagnosed GBM were profiled for PD-L1+ myeloid expressions and Treg abundance. Healthy lymphocytes were assessed for impact of recombinant PD-L1 on expansion of the inducible Treg (iTreg) population. iTreg function was evaluated by the capacity to suppress effector T cell proliferation. Specificity of responses were confirmed by pharmacologic inhibition of the PD-1 receptor. Increased PD-L1 mRNA expression in GBM corresponded to increased FOXP3 mRNA (p = 0.028). FOXP3 elevation had a negative impact on overall survival (HR = 2.0; p < 0.001). Peripheral PD-L1 positivity was associated with an increased Treg fraction (p = 0.008). Lymphocyte activation with PD-L1 co-stimulation resulted in greater iTreg expansion compared to activation alone (18.3% vs. 6.5%; p < 0.001) and improved preservation of the Treg phenotype. Suppressive capacity on naïve T cell proliferation was sustained. Nivolumab inhibited PD-L1-induced Treg expansion (p < 0.001). These results suggest that PD-L1 may expand and maintain immunosuppressive Tregs, which are associated with decreased survival in glioma patients. Blockade of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis may reduce Treg expansion and further improve T cell function beyond the direct impact on effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph DiDomenico
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Jonathan B Lamano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Daniel Oyon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Yuping Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Dorina Veliceasa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Gurvinder Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Leonel Ampie
- Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Winward Choy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jason B Lamano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Orin Bloch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
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9
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Roy A, Attarha S, Weishaupt H, Edqvist PH, Swartling FJ, Bergqvist M, Siebzehnrubl FA, Smits A, Pontén F, Tchougounova E. Serglycin as a potential biomarker for glioma: association of serglycin expression, extent of mast cell recruitment and glioblastoma progression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:24815-24827. [PMID: 28445977 PMCID: PMC5421891 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serglycin is an intracellular proteoglycan with a unique ability to adopt highly divergent structures by glycosylation with variable types of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) when expressed by different cell types. Serglycin is overexpressed in aggressive cancers suggesting its protumorigenic role. In this study, we explored the expression of serglycin in human glioma and its correlation with survival and immune cell infiltration. We demonstrate that serglycin is expressed in glioma and that increased expression predicts poor survival of patients. Analysis of serglycin expression in a large cohort of low- and high-grade human glioma samples reveals that its expression is grade dependent and is positively correlated with mast cell (MC) infiltration. Moreover, serglycin expression in patient-derived glioma cells is significantly increased upon MC co-culture. This is also accompanied by increased expression of CXCL12, CXCL10, as well as markers of cancer progression, including CD44, ZEB1 and vimentin.In conclusion, these findings indicate the importance of infiltrating MCs in glioma by modulating signaling cascades involving serglycin, CD44 and ZEB1. The present investigation reveals serglycin as a potential prognostic marker for glioma and demonstrates an association with the extent of MC recruitment and glioma progression, uncovering potential future therapeutic opportunities for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Roy
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sanaz Attarha
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Holger Weishaupt
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Henrik Edqvist
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik J Swartling
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Florian A Siebzehnrubl
- Cardiff University School of Biosciences, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Smits
- Uppsala University, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elena Tchougounova
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Felthun J, Reddy R, McDonald KL. How immunotherapies are targeting the glioblastoma immune environment. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 47:20-27. [PMID: 29042147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of glioblastoma remains one of the most dismal in medical practice, with current standard care only providing a median survival of 14.6 months. The need for new therapies is desperately clear. Components of the tumour microenvironment are demonstrating growing importance in the field, given they allow the tumour to utilise pathways involved in autoimmune prevention, something that enables the tumour's establishment and growth. As with many different cancers, the search for a new standard has progressed to the design of immunotherapies, which aim to counteract the immune changes within this microenvironment. Serotherapy, adoptive lymphocyte transfer, peptide and dendritic cell vaccines and a range of other methods are currently under investigation, while intracranial infection has also been researched for its capacity to reverse glioblastoma mediated immunosuppression. Some of these new therapies have shown promise, but it is a long road ahead before their incorporation into glioblastoma standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Felthun
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Rajesh Reddy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kerrie Leanne McDonald
- Cure Brain Cancer Foundation Biomarkers & Translational Research Group, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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da Fonseca ACC, Amaral R, Garcia C, Geraldo LH, Matias D, Lima FRS. Microglia in Cancer: For Good or for Bad? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 949:245-261. [PMID: 27714693 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a malignant tumor of astrocytic origin that is highly invasive, proliferative and angiogenic. Despite current advances in multimodal therapies, such as surgery, radio- and chemotherapy, the outcome for patients with glioblastoma is nearly always fatal. The glioblastoma microenvironment has a tremendous influence over the tumor growth and spread. Microglia and macrophages are abundant cells in the tumor mass. Increasing evidence indicates that glioblastoma recruits these cell populations and signals in a way that microglia and macrophages are subverted to promote tumor progression. In this chapter, we discuss some aspects of the interaction between microglia and glioblastoma, consequences of this interaction for tumor progression and the possibility of microglial cells being used as therapeutic vectors, which opens up new alternatives for the development of GBM therapies targeting microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carolina Carvalho da Fonseca
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Rackele Amaral
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Celina Garcia
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Geraldo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Diana Matias
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil.
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12
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Chang N, Ahn SH, Kong DS, Lee HW, Nam DH. The role of STAT3 in glioblastoma progression through dual influences on tumor cells and the immune microenvironment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 451:53-65. [PMID: 28089821 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of cancer that begins within the brain; generally, the patient has a dismal prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a critical mediator of tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and suppression of anti-tumor immunity in GBM. In a high percentage of GBM cells and tumor microenvironments, persistent activation of STAT3 induces cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, glioma stem cell maintenance, tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. This makes STAT3 an attractive therapeutic target and a prognostic indicator in GBM. Targeting STAT3 affords an opportunity to disrupt multiple pro-oncogenic pathways at a single molecular hub. Unfortunately, there are no successful STAT3 inhibitors currently in clinical trials. However, strong clinical evidence implicating STAT3 as a major factor in GBM justifies the identification of safe and effective strategies for inhibiting STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakho Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Sun Hee Ahn
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Doo-Sik Kong
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea.
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Departments of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea.
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13
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Han S, Wang C, Qin X, Xia J, Wu A. LPS alters the immuno-phenotype of glioma and glioma stem-like cells and induces in vivo antitumor immunity via TLR4. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017. [PMID: 28641579 PMCID: PMC5480420 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the ability of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to affect glioma and glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) in vitro and to induce antitumor immunity in vivo and the role of TLR4 in these processes. METHODS Using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, we examined the expression of TLR4 in 34 glioblastoma clinical samples. Using real time-PCR, western blot and ELISA analyses, the effect of LPS stimulation on the expression of immune related molecules was evaluated in RG2 and U87 GSCs. Control or LPS-pretreated RG2 GSCs were intracranially or subcutaneously implanted into wild-type or nude Fisher 344 rats. Histopathological examinations were used to assess tumor progression and immune infiltration and Kaplan-Meier analyses to compare survival times of the animal models. RESULTS TLR4 was highly expressed in glioblastoma clinical samples. In vitro LPS stimulation for 6 h significantly altered expression of immune related molecules in RG2 and U87 GSCs. However, prolonged LPS stimulation diminished this effect. Rats inoculated intracranially with LPS-pretreated RG2 GSCs survived significantly longer than rats inoculated with control RG2 GSCs. In vivo, LPS-pretreated RG2 GSCs expressed higher levels of MHC molecules, CXCL10 and TNF-α and recruited more CD8+ lymphocytes. However, intratumoral LPS treatment was not equally beneficial. Furthermore, the in vitro and in vivo effects of LPS stimulation appeared to be largely TLR4-dependent. CONCLUSION LPS pretreatment promotes the recognition and eradication of tumor GSCs in vivo when the immune function of the tumor-bearing host is intact. In addition, our data indicate a complex relationship between bacterial infection and glioma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing Street 155, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing Street 155, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiaofei Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing Street 155, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Junzhe Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing Street 155, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing Street 155, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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14
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Abstract
Malignant brain tumors represent one of the most devastating forms of cancer with abject survival rates that have not changed in the past 60years. This is partly because the brain is a critical organ, and poses unique anatomical, physiological, and immunological barriers. The unique interplay of these barriers also provides an opportunity for creative engineering solutions. Cancer immunotherapy, a means of harnessing the host immune system for anti-tumor efficacy, is becoming a standard approach for treating many cancers. However, its use in brain tumors is not widespread. This review discusses the current approaches, and hurdles to these approaches in treating brain tumors, with a focus on immunotherapies. We identify critical barriers to immunoengineering brain tumor therapies and discuss possible solutions to these challenges.
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15
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Perillyl alcohol, a pleiotropic natural compound suitable for brain tumor therapy, targets free radicals. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:285-297. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Immune checkpoint inhibition and its relationship with hypermutation phenoytype as a potential treatment for Glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2017; 132:359-372. [PMID: 28293764 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumour in adults. Current prognosis with standard treatment is poor. Immunotherapy is a new paradigm in tumour management. Specifically, recent advances in the field of immune checkpoint molecules have led to dramatic results in many cancers. Inhibition of one particular, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) has recently been shown to be highly effective in melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. There has also been recent data to suggest potential benefit in GBM. There also appears to be a relationship between immune checkpoint inhibition and hypermutation, in particular with the mismatch repair process. In this review we look at the current knowledge of immune checkpoint inhibitors with a focus on the PD-1 pathway. We will also review the evidence of PD-1 inhibition in GBM and the role of hypermutation in PD-1 inhibition.
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17
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Vasefi F, MacKinnon N, Farkas DL, Kateb B. Review of the potential of optical technologies for cancer diagnosis in neurosurgery: a step toward intraoperative neurophotonics. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:011010. [PMID: 28042588 PMCID: PMC5184765 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.1.011010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in image-guided therapy enable physicians to obtain real-time information on neurological disorders such as brain tumors to improve resection accuracy. Image guidance data include the location, size, shape, type, and extent of tumors. Recent technological advances in neurophotonic engineering have enabled the development of techniques for minimally invasive neurosurgery. Incorporation of these methods in intraoperative imaging decreases surgical procedure time and allows neurosurgeons to find remaining or hidden tumor or epileptic lesions. This facilitates more complete resection and improved topology information for postsurgical therapy (i.e., radiation). We review the clinical application of recent advances in neurophotonic technologies including Raman spectroscopy, thermal imaging, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescence spectroscopy, highlighting the importance of these technologies in live intraoperative tissue mapping during neurosurgery. While these technologies need further validation in larger clinical trials, they show remarkable promise in their ability to help surgeons to better visualize the areas of abnormality and enable safe and successful removal of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fartash Vasefi
- Spectral Molecular Imaging Inc., 13412 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 250, Sherman Oaks, California 91423, United States
- Brain Mapping Foundation, 8159 Santa Monica Boulevard, Suite 200, West Hollywood, California 90046, United States
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), 8159 Santa Monica Boulevard, Suite 200, West Hollywood, California 90046, United States
| | - Nicholas MacKinnon
- Spectral Molecular Imaging Inc., 13412 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 250, Sherman Oaks, California 91423, United States
| | - Daniel L. Farkas
- Spectral Molecular Imaging Inc., 13412 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 250, Sherman Oaks, California 91423, United States
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Babak Kateb
- Brain Mapping Foundation, 8159 Santa Monica Boulevard, Suite 200, West Hollywood, California 90046, United States
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), 8159 Santa Monica Boulevard, Suite 200, West Hollywood, California 90046, United States
- California Neurosurgical Institute, 25751 McBean Pkwy #305, Santa Clarita, California 91355, United States
- National Center for Nano-Bio-Electronics (NCNBE), NASA Research Park, P.O.Box 23, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
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18
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Roy A, Coum A, Marinescu VD, Põlajeva J, Smits A, Nelander S, Uhrbom L, Westermark B, Forsberg-Nilsson K, Pontén F, Tchougounova E. Glioma-derived plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) regulates the recruitment of LRP1 positive mast cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23647-61. [PMID: 26164207 PMCID: PMC4695142 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a high-grade glioma with a complex microenvironment, including various inflammatory cells and mast cells (MCs) as one of them. Previously we had identified glioma grade-dependent MC recruitment. In the present study we investigated the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in MC recruitment. PAI-1, a primary regulator in the fibrinolytic cascade is capable of forming a complex with fibrinolytic system proteins together with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). We found that neutralizing PAI-1 attenuated infiltration of MCs. To address the potential implication of LRP1 in this process, we used a LRP1 antagonist, receptor-associated protein (RAP), and demonstrated the attenuation of MC migration. Moreover, a positive correlation between the number of MCs and the level of PAI-1 in a large cohort of human glioma samples was observed. Our study demonstrated the expression of LRP1 in human MC line LAD2 and in MCs in human high-grade glioma. The activation of potential PAI-1/LRP1 axis with purified PAI-1 promoted increased phosphorylation of STAT3 and subsequently exocytosis in MCs. These findings indicate the influence of the PAI-1/LRP1 axis on the recruitment of MCs in glioma. The connection between high-grade glioma and MC infiltration could contribute to patient tailored therapy and improve patient stratification in future therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Roy
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Antoine Coum
- Department of Engineering, Nanoscience Centre, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Voichita D Marinescu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anja Smits
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Present address: Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Sven Nelander
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lene Uhrbom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Westermark
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elena Tchougounova
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Pavon LF, Sibov TT, de Oliveira DM, Marti LC, Cabral FR, de Souza JG, Boufleur P, Malheiros SM, de Paiva Neto MA, da Cruz EF, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM, Cavalheiro S. Mesenchymal stem cell-like properties of CD133+ glioblastoma initiating cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:40546-40557. [PMID: 27244897 PMCID: PMC5130027 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is composed of dividing tumor cells, stromal cells and tumor initiating CD133+ cells. Recent reports have discussed the origin of the glioblastoma CD133+ cells and their function in the tumor microenvironment. The present work sought to investigate the multipotent and mesenchymal properties of primary highly purified human CD133+ glioblastoma-initiating cells. To accomplish this aim, we used the following approaches: i) generation of tumor subspheres of CD133+ selected cells from primary cell cultures of glioblastoma; ii) analysis of the expression of pluripotency stem cell markers and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers in the CD133+ glioblastoma-initiating cells; iii) side-by-side ultrastructural characterization of the CD133+ glioblastoma cells, MSC and CD133+ hematopoietic stem cells isolated from human umbilical cord blood (UCB); iv) assessment of adipogenic differentiation of CD133+ glioblastoma cells to test their MSC-like in vitro differentiation ability; and v) use of an orthotopic glioblastoma xenograft model in the absence of immune suppression. We found that the CD133+ glioblastoma cells expressed both the pluripotency stem cell markers (Nanog, Mush-1 and SSEA-3) and MSC markers. In addition, the CD133+ cells were able to differentiate into adipocyte-like cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the CD133+ glioblastoma-initiating cells had ultrastructural features similar to those of undifferentiated MSCs. In addition, when administered in vivo to non-immunocompromised animals, the CD133+ cells were also able to mimic the phenotype of the original patient's tumor. In summary, we showed that the CD133+ glioblastoma cells express molecular signatures of MSCs, neural stem cells and pluripotent stem cells, thus possibly enabling differentiation into both neural and mesodermal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Favaro Pavon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), Experimental Research, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Tais Sibov
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana C. Marti
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), Experimental Research, São Paulo, Brazil
- Allergy and Immunopathology Graduate Program, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Romero Cabral
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), Experimental Research, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da São Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Gabriel de Souza
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Neuro-Oncology Program, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pamela Boufleur
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Neuro-Oncology Program, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzana M.F. Malheiros
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), Neuro-Oncology Program, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel A. de Paiva Neto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgard Ferreira da Cruz
- Discipline of Nephrology, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio Cavalheiro
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Xue H, Yuan G, Guo X, Liu Q, Zhang J, Gao X, Guo X, Xu S, Li T, Shao Q, Yan S, Li G. A novel tumor-promoting mechanism of IL6 and the therapeutic efficacy of tocilizumab: Hypoxia-induced IL6 is a potent autophagy initiator in glioblastoma via the p-STAT3-MIR155-3p-CREBRF pathway. Autophagy 2016; 12:1129-52. [PMID: 27163161 PMCID: PMC4990999 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1178446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia induces protective autophagy in glioblastoma cells and new therapeutic avenues that target this process may improve the outcome for glioblastoma patients. Recent studies have suggested that the autophagic process is upregulated in glioblastomas in response to extensive hypoxia. Hypoxia also induces the upregulation of a specific set of proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) in a variety of cell types. IL6 (interleukin 6), an inflammatory autocrine and paracrine cytokine that is overexpressed in glioblastoma, has been reported to be a biomarker for poor prognosis because of its tumor-promoting effects. Here, we describe a novel tumor-promoting mechanism of IL6, whereby hypoxia-induced IL6 acts as a potent initiator of autophagy in glioblastoma via the phosphorylated (p)-STAT3-MIR155-3p pathway. IL6 and p-STAT3 levels correlated with the abundance of autophagic cells and HIF1A levels in human glioma tissues and with the grade of human glioma, whereas inhibition of exogenous or endogenous IL6 repressed autophagy in glioblastoma cells in vitro. Knockdown of endogenous MIR155-3p inhibited IL6-induced autophagy, and enforced expression of MIR155-3p restored the anti-autophagic activity of IL6 inhibitors. We show that the hypoxia-IL6-p-STAT3-MIR155-3p-CREBRF-CREB3-ATG5 pathway plays a central role in malignant glioma progression, with blockade of the IL6 receptor by tocilizumab demonstrating a certain level of therapeutic efficacy in a xenograft model in vivo, especially in combination with temozolomide. Moreover, tocilizumab inhibits autophagy by promoting tumor apoptosis. Collectively, our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced glioma cell autophagy and point toward a possible efficacious adjuvant therapy for glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xue
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Guang Yuan
- c Department of Neurosurgery , Central Hospital of Zibo City , Zibo , Shandong Province , China
| | - Xing Guo
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Qinglin Liu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Jinsen Zhang
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Xiao Gao
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Shugang Xu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,d Department of Neurosurgery , Dezhou People's Hospital , Dezhou , Shandong Province , China
| | - Tong Li
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Qianqian Shao
- e Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Shaofeng Yan
- b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Gang Li
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
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21
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Figueiró F, de Oliveira CP, Bergamin LS, Rockenbach L, Mendes FB, Jandrey EHF, Moritz CEJ, Pettenuzzo LF, Sévigny J, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR, Battastini AMO. Methotrexate up-regulates ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 and reduces the frequency of T lymphocytes in the glioblastoma microenvironment. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:303-12. [PMID: 26910734 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a deadly cancer characterized by a pro-tumoral immune response. T-regulatory (Treg) lymphocytes suppress effector immune cells through cytokine secretion and the adenosinergic system. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 plays a crucial role in Treg-mediated immunosuppression in the GBM microenvironment (GME). Methotrexate (MTX) is an immunosuppressive drug that can increase the extracellular concentration of adenosine. In this manuscript, C6 GBM cells were treated with 1.0 μM MTX, and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 expression and extracellular AMP metabolism were analyzed in vitro. For in vivo studies, rats with implanted GBM were treated for 10 days with MTX-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules (MTX-LNCs, 1 mg/kg/day). The activity of ectonucleotidase and the expression of NTPDase1/CD39 and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 were measured. The frequencies of T lymphocytes (CD3(+)CD4(+), CD3(+)CD8(+), and CD4(+)CD25(high)CD39(+)) were quantified. In vitro, treatment with MTX increased CD73 expression and activity in C6 cells, which is in agreement with higher levels of extracellular adenosine. In vivo, MTX-LNC treatment increased CD39 expression on CD3(+)CD8(+) lymphocytes. In addition, MTX-LNC treatment up-regulated CD73 expression in tissue isolated from GBM, a finding that is in agreement with the higher activity of this enzyme. More specifically, the treatment increased CD73 expression on CD3(+)CD4(+) and CD3(+)CD8(+) lymphocytes. Treatment with MTX-LNCs decreased the frequencies of T-cytotoxic, T-helper, and Treg lymphocytes in the GME. Although more studies are necessary to better understand the complex cross-talk mediated by supra-physiological concentrations of adenosine in the GME, these studies demonstrate that MTX treatment increases CD73 enzyme expression and AMP hydrolysis, leading to an increase in adenosine production and immunosuppressive capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Figueiró
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Catiúscia P de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia S Bergamin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Liliana Rockenbach
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciane B Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elisa Helena F Jandrey
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cesar Eduardo J Moritz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia F Pettenuzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Silvia S Guterres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana R Pohlmann
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria O Battastini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Abstract
The dogma of the central nervous system (CNS) as an immune-privileged site has been substantially revised in recent years. CNS is an immunocompetent organ and actively interacts with the immune system. Microglia plays a leading role in a CNS immune response. However, in malignant gliomas, there is M2-polarization of microglia acquiring immunosuppressive and tumor-supportive properties. It occurs under the influence of tumor cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-10, and prostaglandin E2. M2-polarized microglia exhibits reduced phagocytic activity, changes in the expression of many cellular determinants, or inverse of their functions, STAT3 activation, and production of immunosuppressive cytokines that suppress the function of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T-helper cells type I. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T-lymphocytes, which have been recruited from peripheral blood into tumor tissue, also have immunosuppressive properties. The development of new treatment options for malignant gliomas must consider the role of the microenvironment in maintaining tumor vitality and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Borisov
- Republican Clinical Oncology Dispensary, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Russia
| | - D D Sakaeva
- Republican Clinical Oncology Dispensary, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Russia
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23
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The limited capacity of malignant glioma-derived exosomes to suppress peripheral immune effectors. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 290:103-8. [PMID: 26711578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-derived microvesicular exosomes permit intercellular communication both locally and systemically by delivering a snapshot of the tumor cell's constituents. We thus investigated whether exosomes mediate malignant glioma's facility for inducing peripheral immunosuppression. In Western blot and RT-PCR analyses, glioma-derived exosomes displayed exosome-specific markers, but failed to recapitulate the antigen-presentation machinery, surface co-modulatory signals, or immunosuppressive mediator status of their parent tumor cells. Treatment with glioma-derived exosomes promoted immunosuppressive HLA-DR(low) monocytic phenotypes, but failed to induce monocytic PD-L1 expression or alter the activation of cytotoxic T-cells from patients' peripheral blood by FACS and RT-PCR analyses. Our results suggest that malignant glioma-derived exosomes are restricted in their capacity to directly prime peripheral immunosuppression.
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common intracranial malignancy that constitutes about 50 % of all gliomas. Despite aggressive, multimodal therapy consisting of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the outcome of patients with glioblastoma remains poor with 5-year survival rates of <10 %. Resistance to conventional therapies is most likely caused by several factors. Alterations in the functions of local immune mediators may represent a critical contributor to this resistance. The tumor microenvironment contains innate and adaptive immune cells in addition to the cancer cells and their surrounding stroma. These various cells communicate with each other by means of direct cell-cell contact or by soluble factors including cytokines and chemokines, and act in autocrine and paracrine manners to modulate tumor growth. There are dynamic interactions among the local immune elements and the tumor cells, where primarily the protective immune cells attempt to overcome the malignant cells. However, by developing somatic mutations and epigenetic modifications, the glioblastoma tumor cells acquire the capability of counteracting the local immune responses, and even exploit the immune cells and products for their own growth benefits. In this review, we survey those immune mechanisms that likely contribute to glioblastoma pathogenesis and may serve as a basis for novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Eder
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital, Markusovszky Street 5, Szombathely, 9700, Hungary.
| | - Bernadette Kalman
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital, Markusovszky Street 5, Szombathely, 9700, Hungary
- University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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25
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Samaha H, El Naggar S, Ahmed N. Armed hunter killers: discerning the role of adoptive T-cell transfer for glioblastoma. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:481-5. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heba Samaha
- Basic Research Department Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt (CCHE 57357), 1 Seket el Emam, Sayeda Zeinab, Cairo, Egypt, 11441
| | - Shahenda El Naggar
- Basic Research Department Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt (CCHE 57357), 1 Seket el Emam, Sayeda Zeinab, Cairo, Egypt, 11441
| | - Nabil Ahmed
- Center for Cell & Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Cancer & Hematology Centers, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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26
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Ferguson SD, Srinivasan VM, Heimberger AB. The role of STAT3 in tumor-mediated immune suppression. J Neurooncol 2015; 123:385-94. [PMID: 25700834 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of tumor-induced immune modulation in cancer progression is currently a focus of investigation. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an established molecular hub of immunosuppression, and its signaling pathways are classically overactivated within malignancies. This article will review STAT3 operational mechanisms within the immune system and the tumor microenvironment, with a focus on therapeutic strategies that may impact outcomes for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherise D Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 442, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,
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27
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Emerging Strategies for the Treatment of Tumor Stem Cells in Central Nervous System Malignancies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 853:167-87. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16537-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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28
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Esen H, Erdi F, Kaya B, Feyzioglu B, Keskin F, Demir LS. Tissue thioredoxin reductase-1 expression in astrocytomas of different grades. J Neurooncol 2014; 121:451-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Belcaid Z, Phallen JA, Zeng J, See AP, Mathios D, Gottschalk C, Nicholas S, Kellett M, Ruzevick J, Jackson C, Albesiano E, Durham NM, Ye X, Tran PT, Tyler B, Wong JW, Brem H, Pardoll DM, Drake CG, Lim M. Focal radiation therapy combined with 4-1BB activation and CTLA-4 blockade yields long-term survival and a protective antigen-specific memory response in a murine glioma model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101764. [PMID: 25013914 PMCID: PMC4094423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults and is associated with a poor prognosis. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen -4 (CTLA-4) blocking antibodies have demonstrated an ability to generate robust antitumor immune responses against a variety of solid tumors. 4-1BB (CD137) is expressed by activated T lymphocytes and served as a co-stimulatory signal, which promotes cytotoxic function. Here, we evaluate a combination immunotherapy regimen involving 4-1BB activation, CTLA-4 blockade, and focal radiation therapy in an immune-competent intracranial GBM model. Methods GL261-luciferace cells were stereotactically implanted in the striatum of C57BL/6 mice. Mice were treated with a triple therapy regimen consisted of 4-1BB agonist antibodies, CTLA-4 blocking antibodies, and focal radiation therapy using a small animal radiation research platform and mice were followed for survival. Numbers of brain-infiltrating lymphocytes were analyzed by FACS analysis. CD4 or CD8 depleting antibodies were administered to determine the relative contribution of T helper and cytotoxic T cells in this regimen. To evaluate the ability of this immunotherapy to generate an antigen-specific memory response, long-term survivors were re-challenged with GL261 glioma en B16 melanoma flank tumors. Results Mice treated with triple therapy had increased survival compared to mice treated with focal radiation therapy and immunotherapy with 4-1BB activation and CTLA-4 blockade. Animals treated with triple therapy exhibited at least 50% long-term tumor free survival. Treatment with triple therapy resulted in a higher density of CD4+ and CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Mechanistically, depletion of CD4+ T cells abrogated the antitumor efficacy of triple therapy, while depletion of CD8+ T cells had no effect on the treatment response. Conclusion Combination therapy with 4-1BB activation and CTLA-4 blockade in the setting of focal radiation therapy improves survival in an orthotopic mouse model of glioma by a CD4+ T cell dependent mechanism and generates antigen-specific memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zineb Belcaid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jillian A. Phallen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alfred P. See
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dimitrios Mathios
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Gottschalk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah Nicholas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Meghan Kellett
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacob Ruzevick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emilia Albesiano
- Department of Oncology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicholas M. Durham
- Department of Oncology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaobu Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Phuoc T. Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Betty Tyler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John W. Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Henry Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Drew M. Pardoll
- Department of Oncology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles G. Drake
- Department of Oncology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Zhang Y, Luo F, Li A, Qian J, Yao Z, Feng X, Chu Y. Systemic injection of TLR1/2 agonist improves adoptive antigen-specific T cell therapy in glioma-bearing mice. Clin Immunol 2014; 154:26-36. [PMID: 24928324 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy is an attractive strategy for glioma treatment. However, some obstacles still need be overcome. In this study, GL261-bearing mice treated with adoptively transferred antigen-specific T cells and systemic injection of bacterial lipoprotein (BLP), a TLR1/2 agonist, got a long-term survival and even immune protection. By analyzing adoptive T cells, it was found that BLP maintained T cell survival, proliferation and anti-tumor efficacy in the brains of tumor-bearing hosts. Moreover, tumor microenvironment was modified by up-regulating IFN-γ-secreting CD8+ T cells and down-regulating MDSC, which might be related with high CXCL10 and low CCL2 expression. In addition, TLR2 deficiency abrogated therapeutic effect with increased MDSC accumulation and decreased IFN-γ-secreting CD8+ T cells in the brains. Thus, the systemic injection of BLP could improve the adoptive T cell therapy by maintaining T cell persistence, modifying the tumor microenvironment and even inducing systemic anti-tumor immunity, which might offer a clinically promising immunotherapeutic strategy for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anning Li
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Qian
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenwei Yao
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Feng
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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31
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Immunological challenges for peptide-based immunotherapy in glioblastoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:248-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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32
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STAT3 Activation in Glioblastoma: Biochemical and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:376-95. [PMID: 24518612 PMCID: PMC3980601 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a potent regulator of gliomagenesis through its induction of angiogenesis, host immunosuppression, and tumor invasion. Gain of function mutations result in constitutive activation of STAT3 in glioma cells, making STAT3 an attractive target for inhibition in cancer therapy. Nevertheless, some studies show that STAT3 also participates in terminal differentiation and apoptosis of various cell lines and in glioma with phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-deficient genetic backgrounds. In light of these findings, the utility of STAT3 as a prognostic indicator and as a target of drug therapies will be contingent on a more nuanced understanding of its pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects.
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Krebs S, Rodríguez-Cruz TG, Derenzo C, Gottschalk S. Genetically modified T cells to target glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2013; 3:322. [PMID: 24427741 PMCID: PMC3876295 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in surgical procedures, radiation, and chemotherapy the outcome for patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains poor. While GBM cells express antigens that are potentially recognized by T cells, GBMs prevent the induction of GBM-specific immune responses by creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment. The advent of gene transfer has allowed the rapid generation of antigen-specific T cells as well as T cells with enhanced effector function. Here we review recent advances in the field of cell therapy with genetically modified T cells and how these advances might improve outcomes for patients with GBM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Krebs
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA ; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Tania G Rodríguez-Cruz
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA ; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Christopher Derenzo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA ; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA ; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA
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Põlajeva J, Bergström T, Edqvist PH, Lundequist A, Sjösten A, Nilsson G, Smits A, Bergqvist M, Pontén F, Westermark B, Pejler G, Forsberg Nilsson K, Tchougounova E. Glioma-derived macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes mast cell recruitment in a STAT5-dependent manner. Mol Oncol 2013; 8:50-8. [PMID: 24091309 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, glioma research has increased its focus on the diverse types of cells present in brain tumors. We observed previously that gliomas are associated with a profound accumulation of mast cells (MCs) and here we investigate the underlying mechanism. Gliomas express a plethora of chemoattractants. First, we demonstrated pronounced migration of human MCs toward conditioned medium from cultures of glioma cell lines. Subsequent cytokine array analyses of media from cells, cultured in either serum-containing or -free conditions, revealed a number of candidates which were secreted in high amounts in both cell lines. Among these, we then focused on macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which has been reported to be pro-inflammatory and -tumorigenic. Infiltration of MCs was attenuated by antibodies that neutralized MIF. Moreover, a positive correlation between the number of MCs and the level of MIF in a large cohort of human glioma tissue samples was observed. Further, both glioma-conditioned media and purified MIF promoted differential phosphorylation of a number of signaling molecules, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), in MCs. Inhibition of pSTAT5 signaling significantly attenuated the migration of MCs toward glioma cell-conditioned medium shown to contain MIF. In addition, analysis of tissue microarrays (TMAs) of high-grade gliomas revealed a direct correlation between the level of pSTAT5 in MCs and the level of MIF in the medium. In conclusion, these findings indicate the important influence of signaling cascades involving MIF and STAT5 on the recruitment of MCs to gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Põlajeva
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Tobias Bergström
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Per-Henrik Edqvist
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anders Lundequist
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, BMC, Box 575, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna Sjösten
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anja Smits
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Michael Bergqvist
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Bengt Westermark
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, BMC, Box 575, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Karin Forsberg Nilsson
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Elena Tchougounova
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Westphal M, Ylä-Herttuala S, Martin J, Warnke P, Menei P, Eckland D, Kinley J, Kay R, Ram Z. Adenovirus-mediated gene therapy with sitimagene ceradenovec followed by intravenous ganciclovir for patients with operable high-grade glioma (ASPECT): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14:823-33. [PMID: 23850491 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides the use of temozolomide and radiotherapy for patients with favourable methylation status, little progress has been made in the treatment of adult glioblastoma. Local control of the disease by complete removal increases time to progression and survival. We assessed the efficacy and safety of a locally applied adenovirus-mediated gene therapy with a prodrug converting enzyme (herpes-simplex-virus thymidine kinase; sitimagene ceradenovec) followed by intravenous ganciclovir in patients with newly diagnosed resectable glioblastoma. METHODS For this international, open-label, randomised, parallel group multicentre phase 3 clinical trial, we recruited patients from 38 sites in Europe. Patients were eligible if they were aged 18-70 years, had newly diagnosed supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme amenable to complete resection, and had a Karnofsky score of 70 or more at screening. We used a computer-generated randomisation sequence to allocate patients in a one-to-one ratio (with block sizes of four) to receive either surgical resection of the tumour and intraoperative perilesional injection of sitimagene ceradenovec (1 × 10(12) viral particles) followed by ganciclovir (postoperatively, 5 mg/kg intravenously twice a day) in addition to standard care or resection and standard care alone. Temozolomide, not being standard in all participating countries at the time of the study, was allowed at the discretion of the treating physician. The primary endpoint was a composite of time to death or re-intervention, adjusted for temozolamide use, assessed by intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. This trial is registered with EudraCT, number 2004-000464-28. FINDINGS Between Nov 3, 2005, and April 16, 2007, 250 patients were recruited and randomly allocated: 124 to the experimental group and 126 to the standard care group, of whom 119 and 117 patients, respectively, were included in the ITT analyses. Median time to death or re-intervention was longer in the experimental group (308 days, 95% CI 283-373) than in the control group (268 days, 210-313; hazard ratio [HR] 1·53, 95% CI 1·13-2·07; p=0·006). In a subgroup of patients with non-methylated MGMT, the HR was 1·72 (95% CI 1·15-2·56; p=0·008). However, there was no difference between groups in terms of overall survival (median 497 days, 95% CI 369-574 for the experimental group vs 452 days, 95% CI 437-558 for the control group; HR 1·18, 95% CI 0·86-1·61, p=0·31). More patients in the experimental group had one or more treatment-related adverse events those in the control group (88 [71%] vs 51 [43%]). The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were hemiparesis (eight in the experimental group vs three in the control group) and aphasia (six vs two). INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that use of sitimagene ceradenovec and ganciclovir after resection can increase time to death or re-intervention in patients with newly diagnosed supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme, although the intervention did not improve overall survival. Locally delivered gene therapy for glioblastoma should be further developed, especially for patients who are unlikely to respond to standard chemotherapy. FUNDING Ark Therapeutics Ltd.
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Microglia and macrophages in malignant gliomas: recent discoveries and implications for promising therapies. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:264124. [PMID: 23864876 PMCID: PMC3707269 DOI: 10.1155/2013/264124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. Their deadliest manifestation, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), accounts for 15% of all primary brain tumors and is associated with a median survival of only 15 months even after multimodal therapy. There is substantial presence of microglia and macrophages within and surrounding brain tumors. These immune cells acquire an alternatively activated phenotype with potent tumor-tropic functions that contribute to glioma growth and invasion. In this review, we briefly summarize recent data that has been reported on the interaction of microglia/macrophages with brain tumors and discuss potential application of these findings to the development of future antiglioma therapies.
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Xu S, Shao QQ, Sun JT, Yang N, Xie Q, Wang DH, Huang QB, Huang B, Wang XY, Li XG, Qu X. Synergy between the ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73 contributes to adenosinergic immunosuppression in human malignant gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1160-72. [PMID: 23737488 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73 in mediating adenosinergic immunosuppression has been recognized, but their roles in human malignant glioma-associated immunosuppression remain largely unknown. METHODS In this study, the ectoenzyme characteristics of malignant glioma cells and infiltrating CD4(+) T lymphocytes isolated from newly diagnosed malignant glioma patients were investigated. The ectoenzyme activities of both cell populations were determined by nucleotide hydrolysis assay. The immunosuppressive property of the CD39-CD73 synergic effect was evaluated via responder T-cell proliferation assay. RESULTS We observed that CD39(-)CD73(+) glioma cells and infiltrating CD4(+)CD39(high)CD73(low) T lymphocytes exhibited 2 distinct but complementary ectoenzyme phenotypes, which were further verified by enzyme activity assay. The nucleotide hydrolysis cascade was incomplete unless CD39 derived from T lymphocytes and CD73 collaborated synergistically. We demonstrated that increased suppression of responder CD4(+) T-cell proliferation suppression was induced by CD4(+)CD39(+) T cells in the presence of CD73(+) glioma cells, which could be alleviated by the CD39 inhibitor ARL67156, the CD73 inhibitor APCP, or the adenosine receptor A2aR antagonist SCH58261. In addition, survival analysis suggested that CD73 downregulation was a positive prognostic factor related to the extended disease-free survival of glioblastoma patients. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that glioma-derived CD73 contributes to local adenosine-mediated immunosuppression in synergy with CD39 from infiltrating CD4(+)CD39(+) T lymphocytes, which could become a potential therapeutic target for treatment of malignant glioma and other immunosuppressive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Sequential immunotherapy by vaccination with GM-CSF-expressing glioma cells and CTLA-4 blockade effectively treats established murine intracranial tumors. J Immunother 2013; 35:385-9. [PMID: 22576343 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3182562d59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Malignant glioma is an incurable disease with a relatively short median survival. Several clinical trials have demonstrated that immunotherapy with vaccination is a safe and possibly effective way of prolonging survival. Antibody-based blockade of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) ligation on T lymphocytes is associated with enhanced antitumor immunity in animal models of cancer and in patients with advanced melanoma. We hypothesized that sequential therapy with granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing whole-glioma-cell vaccination and CTLA-4 blockade is an effective strategy for treating established intracranial gliomas. GL261 glioma cells were injected into the right frontal lobes of syngeneic C57/BL6 mice. At days 3, 6, and 9 after tumor implantation, mice were treated with subcutaneous injection of irradiated GM-CSF-expressing GL261 cells. Mice were also treated with intraperitoneal injection of anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), either at days 3, 6, and 9 or days 12, 15, and 18. Animals were followed for survival. Splenocytes were harvested at day 22 for use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays. Early treatment of established intracranial gliomas with high-dose CTLA-4 blockade was associated with increased survival in GL261-bearing mice. Later treatment with anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies did not significantly improve survival compared with control-treated mice. Early vaccination followed by subsequent CTLA-4 blockade was associated with significantly improved survival versus either treatment alone and intensified tumor-specific immunity as measured by interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. Sequential immunotherapy with GM-CSF-expressing irradiated glioma cells and CTLA-4 blockade synergistically prolongs survival in mice bearing established intracranial gliomas.
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Glioma stem cells and immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:673793. [PMID: 23762610 PMCID: PMC3671309 DOI: 10.1155/2013/673793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell research has led to the discovery of glioma stem cells (GSCs), and because these cells are resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, analysis of their properties has been rapidly pursued for targeted treatment of malignant glioma. Recent studies have also revealed complex crosstalk between GSCs and their specialized environment (niche). Therefore, targeting not only GSCs but also their niche may be a principle for novel therapies of malignant glioma. One possible novel strategy for targeting GSCs and their niches is immunotherapy with different antitumor mechanism(s) from those of conventional therapy. Recent clinical studies of immunotherapy using peptide vaccines and antibodies have shown promising results. This review describes the recent findings related to GSCs and their niches, as well as immunotherapies for glioma, followed by discussion of immunotherapies that target GSCs for the treatment of malignant glioma.
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Bovenberg MSS, Degeling MH, Tannous BA. Cell-based immunotherapy against gliomas: from bench to bedside. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1297-305. [PMID: 23648695 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) comprises 51% of all gliomas and is the most malignant form of brain tumors with a median survival of 18-21 months. Standard-of-care treatment includes maximal surgical resection of the tumor mass in combination with radiation and chemotherapy. However, as the poor survival rate indicates, these treatments have not been effective in preventing disease progression. Cellular immunotherapy is currently being explored as therapeutic approach to treat malignant brain tumors. In this review, we discuss advances in active, passive, and vaccine-based immunotherapeutic strategies for gliomas both at the bench and in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sarah S Bovenberg
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kushchayev SV, Kushchayeva YS, Wiener PC, Scheck AC, Badie B, Preul MC. Monocyte-derived cells of the brain and malignant gliomas: the double face of Janus. World Neurosurg 2012. [PMID: 23178919 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monocyte-derived cells of the brain (MDCB) are a diverse group of functional immune cells that are also highly abundant in gliomas. There is growing evidence that MDCB play essential roles in the pathogenesis of gliomas. The aim of this review was to collate and systematize contemporary knowledge about these cells as they relate to glioma progression and antiglioblastoma therapeutic modalities with a view toward improved effectiveness of therapy. METHODS We reviewed relevant studies to construct a summary of different MDCB subpopulations in steady state and in malignant gliomas and discuss their role in the development of malignant gliomas and potential future therapies. RESULTS Current studies suggest that MDCB subsets display different phenotypes and differentiation potentials depending on their milieu in the brain and exposure to tumoral influences. MDCB possess specific and unique functions, including those that are protumoral and those that are antitumoral. CONCLUSIONS Elucidating the role of mononuclear-derived cells associated with gliomas is crucial in designing novel immunotherapy strategies. Much progress is needed to characterize markers to identify cell subsets and their specific regulatory roles. Investigation of MDCB can be clinically relevant. Specific MDCB populations potentially can be used for glioma therapy as a target or as cell vehicles that might deliver cytotoxic substances or processes to the glioma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy V Kushchayev
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Yevgeniya S Kushchayeva
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Department of Surgery, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Philip C Wiener
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Adrienne C Scheck
- Neuro-oncology Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mark C Preul
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
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Hunn MK, Farrand KJ, Broadley KWR, Weinkove R, Ferguson P, Miller RJ, Field CS, Petersen T, McConnell MJ, Hermans IF. Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells pulsed with an adjuvant that stimulates NKT cells is an effective treatment for glioma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6446-59. [PMID: 23147997 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prognosis for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains extremely poor despite recent treatment advances. There is an urgent need to develop novel therapies for this disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used the implantable GL261 murine glioma model to investigate the therapeutic potential of a vaccine consisting of intravenous injection of irradiated whole tumor cells pulsed with the immuno-adjuvant α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). RESULTS Vaccine treatment alone was highly effective in a prophylactic setting. In a more stringent therapeutic setting, administration of one dose of vaccine combined with depletion of regulatory T cells (Treg) resulted in 43% long-term survival and the disappearance of mass lesions detected by MRI. Mechanistically, the α-GalCer component was shown to act by stimulating "invariant" natural killer-like T cells (iNKT cells) in a CD1d-restricted manner, which in turn supported the development of a CD4(+) T-cell-mediated adaptive immune response. Pulsing α-GalCer onto tumor cells avoided the profound iNKT cell anergy induced by free α-GalCer. To investigate the potential for clinical application of this vaccine, the number and function of iNKT cells was assessed in patients with GBM and shown to be similar to age-matched healthy volunteers. Furthermore, irradiated GBM tumor cells pulsed with α-GalCer were able to stimulate iNKT cells and augment a T-cell response in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Injection of irradiated tumor cells loaded with α-GalCer is a simple procedure that could provide effective immunotherapy for patients with high-grade glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Hunn
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, University of Otago, New Zealand.
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Babu R, Adamson DC. Rindopepimut: an evidence-based review of its therapeutic potential in the treatment of EGFRvIII-positive glioblastoma. CORE EVIDENCE 2012; 7:93-103. [PMID: 23055947 PMCID: PMC3459544 DOI: 10.2147/ce.s29001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and is universally fatal. Despite surgical resection, radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy, the median overall survival is less than 15 months. As current therapies are not tumor-specific, treatment commonly results in toxicity. The epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) is a naturally occurring mutant of EGFR and is expressed on approximately 20% to 30% of GBMs. As it is not expressed on normal cells, it is an ideal therapeutic target. Rindopepimut is a peptide vaccine which elicits EGFRvIII-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Phase I and II clinical trials have demonstrated significantly higher progression-free and overall survival times in vaccinated patients with EGFRvIII-expressing GBM tumors. Side effects are minimal and mainly consist of hypersensitivity reactions. Due to the efficacy and safety of rindopepimut, it is a promising therapy for patients with GBM. Currently, rindopepimut is undergoing clinical testing in an international Phase III trial for newly diagnosed GBM and a Phase II trial for relapsed GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Babu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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The curry spice curcumin selectively inhibits cancer cells growth in vitro and in preclinical model of glioblastoma. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:591-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
The outcome for patients with the most common primary brain tumor, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), remains poor. Several immunotherapeutic approaches are actively being pursued including antibodies and cell-based therapies. While the blood-brain barrier protects brain tumor cells from therapeutic antibodies, immune cells have the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier and migrate into GBM tumors to exert their therapeutic function. Results of Phase I clinical studies with vaccines to induce GBM-specific T cells are encouraging and Phase II clinical trials are in progress. Nonvaccine-based cell therapy for GBM has been actively explored over the last four decades. Here we will review past clinical experience with adoptive cell therapies for GBM and summarize current strategies on how to improve these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Chow
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Wind JJ, Young R, Saini A, Sherman JH. The role of adjuvant radiation therapy in the management of high-grade gliomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2012; 23:247-58, viii. [PMID: 22440868 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to update the neurosurgical community on the role of adjuvant radiation therapy in the management of patients with high-grade glioma. This information guides clinicians in the multidisciplinary management of these patients via a review of the literature describing current treatment paradigms as well as new avenues of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Wind
- Department of Neurological Surgery, George Washington University Medical Center, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Suite 7420, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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47
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. The development of this malignant glial lesion involves a multi-faceted process that results in a loss of genetic or epigenetic gene control, un-regulated cell growth, and immune tolerance. Of interest, atopic diseases are characterized by a lack of immune tolerance and are inversely associated with glioma risk. One cell type that is an established effector cell in the pathobiology of atopic disease is the eosinophil. In response to various stimuli, the eosinophil is able to produce cytotoxic granules, neuromediators, and pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as pro-fibrotic and angiogenic factors involved in pathogen clearance and tissue remodeling and repair. These various biological properties reveal that the eosinophil is a key immunoregulatory cell capable of influencing the activity of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Of central importance to this report is the observation that eosinophil migration to the brain occurs in response to traumatic brain injury and following certain immunotherapeutic treatments for GBM. Although eosinophils have been identified in various central nervous system pathologies, and are known to operate in wound/repair and tumorstatic models, the potential roles of eosinophils in GBM development and the tumor immunological response are only beginning to be recognized and are therefore the subject of the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Curran
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Paul J Bertics
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Nieto-Sampedro M, Valle-Argos B, Gómez-Nicola D, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Nieto-Díaz M. Inhibitors of Glioma Growth that Reveal the Tumour to the Immune System. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2011; 5:265-314. [PMID: 22084619 PMCID: PMC3201112 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s7685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Treated glioblastoma patients survive from 6 to 14 months. In the first part of this review, we describe glioma origins, cancer stem cells and the genomic alterations that generate dysregulated cell division, with enhanced proliferation and diverse response to radiation and chemotherapy. We review the pathways that mediate tumour cell proliferation, neo-angiogenesis, tumor cell invasion, as well as necrotic and apoptotic cell death. Then, we examine the ability of gliomas to evade and suppress the host immune system, exhibited at the levels of antigen recognition and immune activation, limiting the effective signaling between glioma and host immune cells.The second part of the review presents current therapies and their drawbacks. This is followed by a summary of the work of our laboratory during the past 20 years, on oligosaccharide and glycosphingolipid inhibitors of astroblast and astrocytoma division. Neurostatins, the O-acetylated forms of gangliosides GD1b and GT1b naturally present in mammalian brain, are cytostatic for normal astroblasts, but cytotoxic for rat C6 glioma cells and human astrocytoma grades III and IV, with ID50 values ranging from 200 to 450 nM. The inhibitors do not affect neurons or fibroblasts up to concentrations of 4 μM or higher.At least four different neurostatin-activated, cell-mediated antitumoral processes, lead to tumor destruction: (i) inhibition of tumor neovascularization; (ii) activation of microglia; (iii) activation of natural killer (NK) cells; (iv) activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL). The enhanced antigenicity of neurostatin-treated glioma cells, could be related to their increased expression of connexin 43. Because neurostatins and their analogues show specific activity and no toxicity for normal cells, a clinical trial would be the logical next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nieto-Sampedro
- Instituto Cajal de Neurobiología, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Valle-Argos
- Instituto Cajal de Neurobiología, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Diego Gómez-Nicola
- Instituto Cajal de Neurobiología, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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Li F, Cheng Y, Lu J, Hu R, Wan Q, Feng H. Photodynamic therapy boosts anti-glioma immunity in mice: A dependence on the activities of T cells and complement C3. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:3035-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Binello E, Germano IM. Targeting glioma stem cells: a novel framework for brain tumors. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1958-66. [PMID: 21848914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in stem cell research that focuses on glioma stem cells (GSC) and their mechanisms of action, revealing multiple potential targets for primary malignant brain tumors. Herein, we present a novel framework for considering GSC targets based on direct and indirect strategies. Direct strategies target GSC molecular pathways to overcome their resistance to radiation and chemotherapy, block their function or induce their differentiation. Indirect strategies target the microenvironment of the GSC, namely the perivascular, hypoxic and immune niches. Progress made on GSC targets is reviewed in detail and specific pathways are identified in context of the proposed framework. The potential barriers for translation to the clinical setting are also discussed. Overall, targeting GSC provides an unprecedented opportunity for revolutionary approaches to treat high-grade gliomas that continue to have a poor patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Binello
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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