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Asanomi Y, Kimura T, Shimoda N, Shigemizu D, Niida S, Ozaki K. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in cells of the late-onset Alzheimer's disease-risk variant, SHARPIN G186R, reveal reduced NF-κB pathway and accelerated Aβ secretion. J Hum Genet 2024; 69:171-176. [PMID: 38351238 PMCID: PMC11043039 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-024-01224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Asanomi
- Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Kimura
- Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Shimoda
- Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daichi Shigemizu
- Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shumpei Niida
- Center for Core Facility Administration, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ozaki
- Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
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2
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Kumari S, Kaur P, Singh AK, Ashar MS, Pradhan R, Rao A, Haldar P, Chakrawarty A, Chatterjee P, Dey S. Quantification of COX-2 Level in Alzheimer's Disease Patients to Develop Potential Blood-Based Biomarker for Early Diagnosis and Therapeutic Target. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:699-713. [PMID: 38427490 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and symptoms develop gradually over many years. The current direction for medication development in AD is focused on neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress. Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition activates microglia leading to neuro-inflammation and neurodegeneration induced by activation of COX-2 via NFκB p50 in glioblastoma cells. Objective The study aimed to evaluate the concentration of COX-2 and NFκB p50 in serum of AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and geriatric control (GC) and to establish a blood-based biomarker for early diagnosis and its therapeutic implications. Methods Proteins and their mRNA level in blood of study groups were measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), respectively. The level of protein was further validated by western blot. The binding study of designed peptide against COX-2 by molecular docking was verified by SPR. The rescue of neurotoxicity by peptide was also checked by MTT assay on SH-SY5Y cells (neuroblastoma cell line). Results Proteins and mRNA were highly expressed in AD and MCI compared to GC. However, COX-2 decreases with disease duration. The peptide showed binding affinity with COX-2 with low dissociation constant in SPR and rescued the neurotoxicity of SH-SY5Y cells by decreasing the level of Aβ, tau, and pTau proteins. Conclusions It can be concluded that COX-2 protein can serve as a potential blood-based biomarker for early detection and can be a good platform for therapeutic intervention for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Kumari
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyajit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhinay Kumar Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Suhail Ashar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashmita Pradhan
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhijit Rao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Partha Haldar
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Avinash Chakrawarty
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prasun Chatterjee
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sharmistha Dey
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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3
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Uddin MS, Hasana S, Ahmad J, Hossain MF, Rahman MM, Behl T, Rauf A, Ahmad A, Hafeez A, Perveen A, Ashraf GM. Anti-Neuroinflammatory Potential of Polyphenols by Inhibiting NF-κB to Halt Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:402-414. [PMID: 33213314 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201118092422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irrevocable chronic brain disorder featured by neuronal loss, microglial accumulation, and progressive cognitive impairment. The proper pathophysiology of this life-threatening disorder is not completely understood and no exact remedies have been found yet. Over the last few decades, research on AD has mainly highlighted pathomechanisms linked to a couple of the major pathological hallmarks, including extracellular senile plaques made of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) made of tau proteins. Aβ can induce apoptosis, trigger an inflammatory response, and inhibit the synaptic plasticity of the hippocampus, which ultimately contributes to reducing cognitive functions and memory impairment. Recently, a third disease hallmark, the neuroinflammatory reaction that is mediated by cerebral innate immune cells, has become a spotlight in the current research area, assured by pre-clinical, clinical, and genetic investigations. Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), a cytokine producer, is significantly associated with physiological inflammatory proceedings and thus shows a promising candidate for inflammation- based AD therapy. Recent data reveal that phytochemicals, mainly polyphenol compounds, exhibit potential neuroprotective functions and these may be considered as a vital resource for discovering several drug candidates against AD. Interestingly, phytochemicals can easily interfere with the signaling pathway of NF-κB. This review represents the anti-neuroinflammatory potential of polyphenols as inhibitors of NF-κB to combat AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharifa Hasana
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jamil Ahmad
- Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ausaf Ahmad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Kumar S, Phaneuf D, Julien JP. Withaferin-A Treatment Alleviates TAR DNA-Binding Protein-43 Pathology and Improves Cognitive Function in a Mouse Model of FTLD. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:286-296. [PMID: 33078279 PMCID: PMC8116414 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin-A, an active withanolide derived from the medicinal herbal plant Withania somnifera induces autophagy, reduces TDP-43 proteinopathy, and improves cognitive function in transgenic mice expressing mutant TDP-43 modelling FTLD. TDP-43 is a nuclear DNA/RNA-binding protein with cellular functions in RNA transcription and splicing. Abnormal cytoplasmic aggregates of TDP-43 occur in several neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE). To date, no effective treatment is available for TDP-43 proteinopathies. Here, we tested the effects of withaferin-A (WFA), an active withanolide extracted from the medicinal herbal plant Withania somnifera, in a transgenic mouse model of FTLD expressing a genomic fragment encoding mutant TDP-43G348C. WFA treatment ameliorated the cognitive performance of the TDP-43G348C mice, and it reduced NF-κB activity and neuroinflammation in the brain. WFA alleviated TDP-43 pathology while it boosted the levels of the autophagic marker LC3BII in the brain. These data suggest that WFA and perhaps other autophagy inducers should be considered as potential therapy for neurodegenerative diseases with TDP-43 pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Kumar
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Phaneuf
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Canada Research Chair in Neurodegeneration, Université Laval, 2601, Chemin de la Canardière, Québec City, Québec, G1J 2G3, Canada.
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Ham HJ, Han JH, Lee YS, Kim KC, Yun J, Kang SK, Park Y, Kim SH, Hong JT. Bee Venom Soluble Phospholipase A2 Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in a Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease via Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:287. [PMID: 31736738 PMCID: PMC6839038 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is important in the pathogenesis and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the AD brain, microglial activation and upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators both induce amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling have been implicated in AD development through their effects on neuroinflammation and microglial activation. The bee venom soluble phospholipase A2 (bv-sPLA2) enzyme is known to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-immune effects. Here, we investigated the inhibitory effects of bv-sPLA2 on memory deficiency in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse model of AD. We examined whether bv-sPLA2 (0.02, 0.2, and 2 mg/kg by i.p. injection three times for 1 week) could inhibit neuroinflammation and memory impairment in LPS-treated mice (250 μg/kg by i.p. injection daily for 1 week). We also assessed the effects of bv-sPLA2 administration (0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg/ml) on LPS (1 μg/ml)-treated microglial BV-2 cells. In the LPS-injected mouse brain, sPLA2 treatment rescued memory dysfunction and decreased Aβ levels, through the downregulation of amyloidogenic proteins, and decreased the expression of inflammatory proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the LPS-mediated increase in inflammatory protein expression was attenuated bv-sPLA2 treatment in BV-2 cells. Treatment with bv-sPLA2 also downregulated signaling by NF-κB, which is considered to be an important factor in the regulation of neuroinflammatory and amyloidogenic responses, both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, co-treatment with NF-κB (5 μM) and bv-sPLA2 (0.1 μg/ml) exerted more marked anti-inflammatory effects, compared to bv-sPLA2 treatment alone. These results indicate that bv-sPLA2 inhibits LPS-induced neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis via inhibition of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Joo Ham
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Ji Hye Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Yong Sun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Ki Cheon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Shin Kook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - YangSu Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- INISTst Company Limited, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, South Korea
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6
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Jha NK, Jha SK, Kar R, Nand P, Swati K, Goswami VK. Nuclear factor-kappa β as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2019; 150:113-137. [PMID: 30802950 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a typical progressive, chronic neurodegenerative disorder with worldwide prevalence. Its clinical manifestation involves the presence of extracellular plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). NFTs occur in brain tissues as a result of both Aβ agglomeration and Tau phosphorylation. Although there is no known cure for AD, research into possible cures and treatment options continues using cell-cultures and model animals/organisms. The nuclear factor-kappa β (NF-κβ) plays an active role in the progression of AD. Impairment to this signaling module triggers undesirable phenotypic changes such as neuroinflammation, activation of microglia, oxidative stress related complications, and apoptotic cell death. These imbalances further lead to homeostatic abnormalities in the brain or in initial stages of AD essentially pushing normal neurons toward the degeneration process. Interestingly, the role of NF-κβ signaling associated receptor-interacting protein kinase is currently observed in apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and has been reported in brains. Conversely, the NF-κβ signaling pathway has also been reported to be involved in normal brain functioning. This pathway plays a crucial role in maintaining synaptic plasticity and balancing between learning and memory. Since any impairment in the pathways associated with NF-κβ signaling causes altered neuronal dynamics, neurotherapeutics using compounds including, antioxidants, bioflavonoids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs against such abnormalities offer possibilities to rectify aberrant excitatory neuronal activity in AD. In this review, we have provided an extensive overview of the crucial role of NF-κβ signaling in normal brain homeostasis. We have also thoroughly outlined several established pathomechanisms associated with NF-κβ pathways in AD, along with their respective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology (NIET), Greater Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rohan Kar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Parma Nand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Kumari Swati
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
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7
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Lazic D, Sagare AP, Nikolakopoulou AM, Griffin JH, Vassar R, Zlokovic BV. 3K3A-activated protein C blocks amyloidogenic BACE1 pathway and improves functional outcome in mice. J Exp Med 2019; 216:279-293. [PMID: 30647119 PMCID: PMC6363429 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
3K3A-activated protein C (APC), a cell-signaling analogue of endogenous blood serine protease APC, exerts vasculoprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities in rodent models of stroke, brain injury, and neurodegenerative disorders. 3K3A-APC is currently in development as a neuroprotectant in patients with ischemic stroke. Here, we report that 3K3A-APC inhibits BACE1 amyloidogenic pathway in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We show that a 4-mo daily treatment of 3-mo-old 5XFAD mice with murine recombinant 3K3A-APC (100 µg/kg/d i.p.) prevents development of parenchymal and cerebrovascular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits by 40-50%, which is mediated through NFκB-dependent transcriptional inhibition of BACE1, resulting in blockade of Aβ generation in neurons overexpressing human Aβ-precursor protein. Consistent with reduced Aβ deposition, 3K3A-APC normalized hippocampus-dependent behavioral deficits and cerebral blood flow responses, improved cerebrovascular integrity, and diminished neuroinflammatory responses. Our data suggest that 3K3A-APC holds potential as an effective anti-Aβ prevention therapy for early-stage AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divna Lazic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Abhay P Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Angeliki M Nikolakopoulou
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John H Griffin
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA .,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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8
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Seo EJ, Fischer N, Efferth T. Phytochemicals as inhibitors of NF-κB for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:262-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Marwarha G, Schommer J, Lund J, Schommer T, Ghribi O. Palmitate-induced C/EBP homologous protein activation leads to NF-κB-mediated increase in BACE1 activity and amyloid beta genesis. J Neurochem 2018; 144:761-779. [PMID: 29315574 PMCID: PMC6371812 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is egregiously comprehended, but epidemiological studies have posited that diets rich in the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (palmitate) are a significant risk factor. The production and accumulation of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) is considered the core pathological molecular event in the pathogenesis of AD. The rate-limiting step in Aβ genesis from amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP) is catalyzed by the enzyme β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), the expression and enzymatic activity of which is significantly up-regulated in the AD brain. In this study, we determined the molecular mechanisms that potentially underlie the palmitate-induced up-regulation in BACE1 expression and augmented Aβ production. We demonstrate that a palmitate-enriched diet and exogenous palmitate treatment evoke an increase in BACE1 expression and activity leading to enhanced Aβ genesis in the mouse brain and SH-SY5Y-APPSwe cells, respectively, through the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays and luciferase reporter assays revealed that palmitate enhances BACE1 expression by increasing the binding of NF-κB in the BACE1 promoter followed by an enhancement in the transactivation of the BACE1 promoter. Elucidation and delineation of upstream molecular events unveiled a critical role of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated transcription factor, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in the palmitate-induced NF-κB activation, as CHOP knock-down cells and Chop-/- mice do not exhibit the same degree of NF-κB activation in response to the palmitate challenge. Our study delineates a novel CHOP-NF-κB signaling pathway that mediates palmitate-induced up-regulation of BACE1 expression and Aβ genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurdeep Marwarha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203
| | - Jared Schommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203
| | - Jonah Lund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203
| | - Trevor Schommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203
| | - Othman Ghribi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203
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Momtaz S, Hassani S, Khan F, Ziaee M, Abdollahi M. Cinnamon, a promising prospect towards Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Res 2017; 130:241-258. [PMID: 29258915 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, an exponential increase of efforts concerning the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been practiced. Phytochemicals preparations have a millenary background to combat various pathological conditions. Various cinnamon species and their biologically active ingredients have renewed the interest towards the treatment of patients with mild-to-moderate AD through the inhibition of tau protein aggregation and prevention of the formation and accumulation of amyloid-β peptides into the neurotoxic oligomeric inclusions, both of which are considered to be the AD trademarks. In this review, we presented comprehensive data on the interactions of a number of cinnamon polyphenols (PPs) with oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in the brain. In addition, we discussed the potential association between AD and diabetes mellitus (DM), vis-à-vis the effluence of cinnamon PPs. Further, an upcoming prospect of AD epigenetic pathophysiological conditions and cinnamon has been sighted. Data was retrieved from the scientific databases such as PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine, Scopus and Google Scholar without any time limitation. The extract of cinnamon efficiently inhibits tau accumulations, Aβ aggregation and toxicity in vivo and in vitro models. Indeed, cinnamon possesses neuroprotective effects interfering multiple oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory pathways. Besides, cinnamon modulates endothelial functions and attenuates the vascular cell adhesion molecules. Cinnamon PPs may induce AD epigenetic modifications. Cinnamon and in particular, cinnamaldehyde seem to be effective and safe approaches for treatment and prevention of AD onset and/or progression. However, further molecular and translational research studies as well as prolonged clinical trials are required to establish the therapeutic safety and efficacy in different cinnamon spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Hassani
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ziaee
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran Iran.
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11
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Palomino-Alonso M, Lachén-Montes M, González-Morales A, Ausín K, Pérez-Mediavilla A, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E. Network-Driven Proteogenomics Unveils an Aging-Related Imbalance in the Olfactory IκBα-NFκB p65 Complex Functionality in Tg2576 Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112260. [PMID: 29077059 PMCID: PMC5713230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is often deregulated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, and is also impaired in transgenic Tg2576 AD mice, which overexpress the Swedish mutated form of human amyloid precursor protein (APP). However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that accompany the neurodegeneration of olfactory structures in aged Tg2576 mice. For that, we have applied proteome- and transcriptome-wide approaches to probe molecular disturbances in the olfactory bulb (OB) dissected from aged Tg2576 mice (18 months of age) as compared to those of age matched wild-type (WT) littermates. Some over-represented biological functions were directly relevant to neuronal homeostasis and processes of learning, cognition, and behavior. In addition to the modulation of CAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) and APP interactomes, an imbalance in the functionality of the IκBα-NFκB p65 complex was observed during the aging process in the OB of Tg2576 mice. At two months of age, the phosphorylated isoforms of olfactory IκBα and NFκB p65 were inversely regulated in transgenic mice. However, both phosphorylated proteins were increased at 6 months of age, while a specific drop in IκBα levels was detected in 18-month-old Tg2576 mice, suggesting a transient activation of NFκB in the OB of Tg2576 mice. Taken together, our data provide a metabolic map of olfactory alterations in aged Tg2576 mice, reflecting the progressive effect of APP overproduction and β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation on the OB homeostasis in aged stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maialen Palomino-Alonso
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Group, Navarrabiomed, Departamento de Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Lachén-Montes
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Group, Navarrabiomed, Departamento de Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Departamento de Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Andrea González-Morales
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Group, Navarrabiomed, Departamento de Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Departamento de Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Karina Ausín
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Departamento de Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Alberto Pérez-Mediavilla
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Biochemistry, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Group, Navarrabiomed, Departamento de Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Departamento de Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Group, Navarrabiomed, Departamento de Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Departamento de Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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12
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Raza A, Sun H, Bano S, Zhao Y, Xu X, Tang J. Preparation, characterization, and in vitro anti-inflammatory evaluation of novel water soluble kamebakaurin/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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13
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Park SY, Kim HY, Park HJ, Shin HK, Hong KW, Kim CD. Concurrent Treatment with Taxifolin and Cilostazol on the Lowering of β-Amyloid Accumulation and Neurotoxicity via the Suppression of P-JAK2/P-STAT3/NF-κB/BACE1 Signaling Pathways. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168286. [PMID: 27977755 PMCID: PMC5158044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Taxifolin is a potent flavonoid that exerts anti-oxidative effect, and cilostazol increases intracellular cAMP levels by inhibiting phosphodiesterase 3 that shows antiinflammatory actions. BACE1 (β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1) is the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for the β-cleavage of amyloid precursor proteins to Aβ peptides. In this study, endogenous Aβ and C99 accumulation was explored in N2a Swe cells exposed to 1% FBS medium. Increased Aβ and C99 levels were significantly attenuated by taxifolin alone and in combination with cilostazol. Increased phosphorylated JAK2 at Tyr1007/1008 (P-JAK), phosphorylated STAT3 at Tyr 705 (P-STAT3) expressions and increased expressions of BACE1 mRNA and protein in the activated N2a Swe cells were significantly attenuated by taxifolin (10~50 μM), cilostazol (10~50 μM) alone and in combination at minimum concentrations. In these cells, decreased cytosol IκBα expression was elevated, and increased nuclear NF-κB p65 level and nuclear NF-κB p65 DNA binding activity were significantly reduced by taxifolin and cilostazol in a similar manner. Following STAT3 gene (~70% reduction) knockdown in N2a cells, Aβ-induced nuclear NF-κB and BACE1 expressions were not observed. Taxifolin, cilostazol, or resveratrol significantly stimulated SIRT1 protein expression. In SIRT1 gene-silenced (~50%) N2a cells, taxifolin, cilostazol, and resveratrol all failed to suppress Aβ1-42-stimulated P-STAT3 and BACE1 expression. Consequently, taxifolin and cilostazol were found to significantly decrease lipopolysaccharide (1–10 μg/ml)-induced iNOS and COX-2 expressions, and nitrite production in cultured BV-2 microglia cells and to increase N2a cell viability. In conclusion, taxifolin and cilostazol strongly inhibited amyloidogenesis in a synergistic manner by suppressing P-JAK2/P-STAT3-coupled NF-κB-linked BACE1 expression via the up-regulation of SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Youn Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Kim
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Park
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Whan Hong
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Dae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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14
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Su F, Bai F, Zhou H, Zhang Z. Reprint of: Microglial toll-like receptors and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:166-178. [PMID: 27255539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation represents an important pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and emerging data highlight the involvement of microglial toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the course of AD. TLRs have been observed to exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on AD-related pathologies, and transgenic animal models have provided direct and credible evidence for an association between TLRs and AD. Moreover, analyses of genetic polymorphisms have suggested interactions between genetic polymorphisms in TLRs and AD risk, further supporting the hypothesis that TLRs are involved in AD. In this review, we summarize the key evidence in this field. Future studies should focus on exploring the mechanisms underlying the potential roles of TLRs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Su
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
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15
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Shi ZM, Han YW, Han XH, Zhang K, Chang YN, Hu ZM, Qi HX, Ting C, Zhen Z, Hong W. Upstream regulators and downstream effectors of NF-κB in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2016; 366:127-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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16
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Su F, Bai F, Zhou H, Zhang Z. Microglial toll-like receptors and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 52:187-198. [PMID: 26526648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation represents an important pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and emerging data highlight the involvement of microglial toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the course of AD. TLRs have been observed to exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on AD-related pathologies, and transgenic animal models have provided direct and credible evidence for an association between TLRs and AD. Moreover, analyses of genetic polymorphisms have suggested interactions between genetic polymorphisms in TLRs and AD risk, further supporting the hypothesis that TLRs are involved in AD. In this review, we summarize the key evidence in this field. Future studies should focus on exploring the mechanisms underlying the potential roles of TLRs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Su
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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17
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Hong Y, Shen C, Yin Q, Sun M, Ma Y, Liu X. Effects of RAGE-Specific Inhibitor FPS-ZM1 on Amyloid-β Metabolism and AGEs-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rat Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1192-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Zhao H, Li N, Wang Q, Cheng X, Li X, Liu T. Resveratrol decreases the insoluble Aβ1–42 level in hippocampus and protects the integrity of the blood–brain barrier in AD rats. Neuroscience 2015; 310:641-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: The Molecular Connectivity between Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Alzheimer's Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:105828. [PMID: 26693205 PMCID: PMC4674598 DOI: 10.1155/2015/105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and insulin resistance are age-related conditions and increased prevalence is of public concern. Recent research has provided evidence that insulin resistance and impaired insulin signalling may be a contributory factor to the progression of diabetes, dementia, and other neurological disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common subtype of dementia. Reduced release (for T2DM) and decreased action of insulin are central to the development and progression of both T2DM and AD. A literature search was conducted to identify molecular commonalities between obesity, diabetes, and AD. Insulin resistance affects many tissues and organs, either through impaired insulin signalling or through aberrant changes in both glucose and lipid (cholesterol and triacylglycerol) metabolism and concentrations in the blood. Although epidemiological and biological evidence has highlighted an increased incidence of cognitive decline and AD in patients with T2DM, the common molecular basis of cell and tissue dysfunction is rapidly gaining recognition. As a cause or consequence, the chronic inflammatory response and oxidative stress associated with T2DM, amyloid-β (Aβ) protein accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction link T2DM and AD.
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Tang J, Sun H, Olatunji O, Ouyang Z, Chen H, Wang M. A New Diterpenoid Glucoside from Aerial Parts of Rabdosia excisa. Chem Nat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-015-1503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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von Bernhardi R, Cornejo F, Parada GE, Eugenín J. Role of TGFβ signaling in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:426. [PMID: 26578886 PMCID: PMC4623426 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the main risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD); being associated with conspicuous changes on microglia activation. Aged microglia exhibit an increased expression of cytokines, exacerbated reactivity to various stimuli, oxidative stress, and reduced phagocytosis of β-amyloid (Aβ). Whereas normal inflammation is protective, it becomes dysregulated in the presence of a persistent stimulus, or in the context of an inflammatory environment, as observed in aging. Thus, neuroinflammation can be a self-perpetuating deleterious response, becoming a source of additional injury to host cells in neurodegenerative diseases. In aged individuals, although transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is upregulated, its canonical Smad3 signaling is greatly reduced and neuroinflammation persists. This age-related Smad3 impairment reduces protective activation while facilitating cytotoxic activation of microglia through several cellular mechanisms, potentiating microglia-mediated neurodegeneration. Here, we critically discuss the role of TGFβ-Smad signaling on the cytotoxic activation of microglia and its relevance in the pathogenesis of AD. Other protective functions, such as phagocytosis, although observed in aged animals, are not further induced by inflammatory stimuli and TGFβ1. Analysis in silico revealed that increased expression of receptor scavenger receptor (SR)-A, involved in Aβ uptake and cell activation, by microglia exposed to TGFβ, through a Smad3-dependent mechanism could be mediated by transcriptional co-factors Smad2/3 over the MSR1 gene. We discuss that changes of TGFβ-mediated regulation could at least partially mediate age-associated microglia changes, and, together with other changes on inflammatory response, could result in the reduction of protective activation and the potentiation of cytotoxicity of microglia, resulting in the promotion of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommy von Bernhardi
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo E Parada
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Eugenín
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Department of Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago, Chile
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22
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A specific RAGE-binding peptide biopanning from phage display random peptide library that ameliorates symptoms in amyloid β peptide-mediated neuronal disorder. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:825-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Velagapudi R, Baco G, Khela S, Okorji U, Olajide O. Pomegranate inhibits neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis in IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1653-60. [PMID: 26155780 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pomegranate fruit, Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), and its constituents have been shown to inhibit inflammation. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of freeze-dried pomegranate (PWE) on PGE2 production in IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. METHODS An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used to measure prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production from supernatants of IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. Expression of COX-2, phospho-IκB, and phospho-IKK proteins was evaluated, while NF-κB reporter gene assay was carried out in TNFα-stimulated HEK293 cells to determine the effect of PWE on NF-κB transactivation. Levels of BACE-1 and Aβ in SK-N-SH cells stimulated with IL-1β were measured with an in cell ELISA. RESULTS PWE (25-200 μg/ml) dose dependently reduced COX-2-dependent PGE2 production in SK-N-SH cells stimulated with IL-1β. Phosphorylation of IκB and IKK was significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited by PWE (50-200 μg/ml). Our studies also show that PWE (50-200 μg/ml) significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited NF-κB transactivation in TNFα-stimulated HEK293 cells. Furthermore, PWE inhibited BACE-1 and Aβ expression in SK-N-SH cells treated with IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study demonstrates that pomegranate inhibits inflammation, as well as amyloidogenesis in IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. We propose that pomegranate is a potential nutritional strategy in slowing the progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Gina Baco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Sunjeet Khela
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Uchechukwu Okorji
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Olumayokun Olajide
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, UK.
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24
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Zhang HR, Peng JH, Cheng XB, Shi BZ, Zhang MY, Xu RX. Paeoniflorin Atttenuates Amyloidogenesis and the Inflammatory Responses in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1583-92. [PMID: 26068144 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the inflammatory response in response to amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). Previous studies have suggested that paeoniflorin (PF) shows anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in inflammation-related diseases. However, the impacts of PF on AD have not been investigated. In the present study, we showed that a 4-week treatment with PF could significantly inhibit Aβ burden, Aβ-induced over activation of astrocytes and microglia, downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. In addition, we demonstrated that chronic treatment with PF inhibited the activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and reversed neuroinflammtory-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Moreover, PF exerted inhibitory effects on NALP3 inflammasome, caspase-1, and IL-1β. Collectively, in the present study, we demonstrated that PF exhibits neuroprotective effects in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) double-transgenic (APP/PS1) mice via inhibiting neuroinflammation mediated by the GSK-3β and NF-κB signaling pathways and nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome. Thus, these results suggest that PF might be useful to intervene in development or progression of neurodegeneration in AD through its anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ri Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, China
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25
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The role of type 2 diabetes in neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 84:22-38. [PMID: 25926349 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence links type-2 diabetes (T2D) with dementia and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is the most common form of dementia and is characterised neuropathologically by the accumulation of extracellular beta amyloid (Aβ) peptide aggregates and intracellular hyper-phosphorylated tau protein, which are thought to drive and/or accelerate inflammatory and oxidative stress processes leading to neurodegeneration. Although the precise mechanism remains unclear, T2D can exacerbate these neurodegenerative processes. Brain atrophy, reduced cerebral glucose metabolism and CNS insulin resistance are features of both AD and T2D. Cell culture and animal studies have indicated that the early accumulation of Aβ may play a role in CNS insulin resistance and impaired insulin signalling. From the viewpoint of insulin resistance and impaired insulin signalling in the brain, these are also believed to initiate other aspects of brain injury, including inflammatory and oxidative stress processes. Here we review the clinical and experimental pieces of evidence that link these two chronic diseases of ageing, and discuss underlying mechanisms. The evaluation of treatments for the management of diabetes in preclinical, and clinical studies and trials for AD will also be discussed.
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26
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Li C, Zug C, Qu H, Schluesener H, Zhang Z. Hesperidin ameliorates behavioral impairments and neuropathology of transgenic APP/PS1 mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 281:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the main neuropathological hallmarks in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. However, it has become increasingly apparent that neuroinflammation plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of AD. This review summarizes the current status of neuroinflammation research related to AD, focusing on the connections between neuroinflammation and some inflammation factors in AD. Among these connections, we discuss the dysfunctional blood-brain barrier and alterations in the functional responses of microglia and astrocytes in this process. In addition, we summarize and discuss the role of intracellular signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses in astrocytes and microglia, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, nuclear factor-kappa B cascade, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma transcription factors. Finally, the dysregulation of the control and release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and classic AD pathology (amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) in AD is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China ; School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
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28
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Paris D, Ait-Ghezala G, Bachmeier C, Laco G, Beaulieu-Abdelahad D, Lin Y, Jin C, Crawford F, Mullan M. The spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) regulates Alzheimer amyloid-β production and Tau hyperphosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33927-44. [PMID: 25331948 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.608091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the L-type calcium channel (LCC) antagonist nilvadipine reduces brain amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation by affecting both Aβ production and Aβ clearance across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nilvadipine consists of a mixture of two enantiomers, (+)-nilvadipine and (-)-nilvadipine, in equal proportion. (+)-Nilvadipine is the active enantiomer responsible for the inhibition of LCC, whereas (-)-nilvadipine is considered inactive. Both nilvadipine enantiomers inhibit Aβ production and improve the clearance of Aβ across the BBB showing that these effects are not related to LCC inhibition. In addition, treatment of P301S mutant human Tau transgenic mice (transgenic Tau P301S) with (-)-nilvadipine reduces Tau hyperphosphorylation at several Alzheimer disease (AD) pertinent epitopes. A search for the mechanism of action of (-)-nilvadipine revealed that this compound inhibits the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). We further validated Syk as a target-regulating Aβ by showing that pharmacological inhibition of Syk or down-regulation of Syk expression reduces Aβ production and increases the clearance of Aβ across the BBB mimicking (-)-nilvadipine effects. Moreover, treatment of transgenic mice overexpressing Aβ and transgenic Tau P301S mice with a selective Syk inhibitor respectively decreased brain Aβ accumulation and Tau hyperphosphorylation at multiple AD relevant epitopes. We show that Syk inhibition induces an increased phosphorylation of the inhibitory Ser-9 residue of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, a primary Tau kinase involved in Tau phosphorylation, by activating protein kinase A, providing a mechanism explaining the reduction of Tau phosphorylation at GSK3β-dependent epitopes following Syk inhibition. Altogether our data highlight Syk as a promising target for preventing both Aβ accumulation and Tau hyperphosphorylation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paris
- From the Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243
| | | | | | - Gary Laco
- From the Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243
| | | | - Yong Lin
- From the Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243
| | - Chao Jin
- From the Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243
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29
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Nakamura K, Nakajima T, Aoyama T, Okitsu S, Koyama M. One-pot esterification and amidation of phenolic acids. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Wang S, Yang H, Yu L, Jin J, Qian L, Zhao H, Xu Y, Zhu X. Oridonin attenuates Aβ1-42-induced neuroinflammation and inhibits NF-κB pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104745. [PMID: 25121593 PMCID: PMC4133239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation induced by beta-amyloid (Aβ) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and inhibiting Aβ-induced neuroinflammation serves as a potential strategy for the treatment of AD. Oridonin (Ori), a compound of Rabdosia rubescens, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we demonstrated that Ori inhibited glial activation and decreased the release of inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of Aβ1–42-induced AD mice. In addition, Ori inhibited the NF-κB pathway and Aβ1–42-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, Ori could attenuate memory deficits in Aβ1–42-induced AD mice. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that Ori inhibited the neuroinflammation and attenuated memory deficits induced by Aβ1–42, suggesting that Ori might be a promising candidate for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Linjie Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Lai Qian
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YX); (XZ)
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YX); (XZ)
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Reducing Effect of IL-32α in the Development of Stroke Through Blocking of NF-κB, but Enhancement of STAT3 Pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:648-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Interaction of transactive response DNA binding protein 43 with nuclear factor κB in mild cognitive impairment with episodic memory deficits. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:37. [PMID: 24690380 PMCID: PMC4230634 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transactive response DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is detected in pathological inclusions in many cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but its pathological role in AD and MCI remains unknown. Recently, TDP-43 was reported to contribute to pathogenesis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis through its interaction with p65 nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) resulting in abnormal hyperactivation of this signaling pathway in motor neurons. Hence, we investigated the interaction of TDP-43 with p65 in the temporal cortex of subjects with a clinical diagnosis of MCI (n = 12) or AD (n = 12) as well as of age-matched controls with no cognitive impairment (NCI, n = 12). RESULTS Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence approaches revealed a robust interaction of TDP-43 with p65 in the nucleus of temporal lobe neurons in four individuals with MCI (named MCI-p). These MCI-p cases exhibited high expression levels of soluble TDP-43, p65, phosphorylated p65 and low expression levels of β-amyloid 40 when compared to AD or NCI cases. The analysis of cognitive performance tests showed that MCI-p individuals presented intermediate deficits of global cognition and episodic memory between those of AD cases and of NCI cases and MCI cases with no interaction of TDP-43 with p65. CONCLUSIONS From these results, we propose that enhanced NF-κB activation due to TDP-43 and p65 interaction may contribute to neuronal dysfunction in MCI individuals with episodic memory deficits. Accordingly, treatment with inhibitors of NF-κB activation may be considered for MCI individuals with episodic memory deficits.
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Swamidass SJ, Schillebeeckx CN, Matlock M, Hurle MR, Agarwal P. Combined Analysis of Phenotypic and Target-Based Screening in Assay Networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:782-90. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057114523068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule screens are an integral part of drug discovery. Public domain data in PubChem alone represent more than 158 million measurements, 1.2 million molecules, and 4300 assays. We conducted a global analysis of these data, building a network of assays and connecting the assays if they shared nonpromiscuous active molecules. This network spans both phenotypic and target-based screens, recapitulates known biology, and identifies new polypharmacology. Phenotypic screens are extremely important for drug discovery, contributing to the discovery of a large proportion of new drugs. Connections between phenotypic and biochemical, target-based screens can suggest strategies for repurposing both small-molecule and biologic drugs. For example, a screen for molecules that prevent cell death from a mutated version of superoxide-dismutase is linked with ALOX15. This connection suggests a therapeutic role for ALOX15 inhibitors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. An interactive version of the network is available online ( http://swami.wustl.edu/flow/assay_network.html ).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Joshua Swamidass
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Constantino N. Schillebeeckx
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew Matlock
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark R. Hurle
- Computational Biology, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Pankaj Agarwal
- Computational Biology, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, King of Prussia, PA, USA
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Ultrasound-assisted extraction of kamebakaurin from Rabdosia excisa by response surface methodology. Chem Res Chin Univ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-013-3169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang ZY, Daniels R, Schluesener HJ. Oridonin ameliorates neuropathological changes and behavioural deficits in a mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1566-76. [PMID: 24034629 PMCID: PMC3914648 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegeneration and the major cause of dementia. This multifactorial disorder is clinically defined by progressive behavioural and cognitive deficits, and neuropathologically characterized by β-amyloid aggregation, hyperphosphorylated tau and neuroinflammation. Oridonin, a diterpenoid isolated from Chinese herb Rabdosia rubescens, has multiple biological properties, especially anti-inflammatory and neuroregulatory activities. Potential therapeutic effects of Oridonin were investigated in an animal model of cerebral amyloidosis for AD, transgenic APP/PS1 mice. Oridonin was suspended in carboxymethylcellulose or loaded with a nanostructured emulsion, and was orally administrated or injected. Before, during and following the experimental treatments, behavioural tests were performed with these transgenic mice and their naive littermates. Following relatively short-term treatments of 10 days, brain tissue of mice were removed for immunohistochemical assays. The results indicate that both oral treatment and injection of Oridonin significantly attenuated β-amyloid deposition, plaque-associated APP expression and microglial activation in brain of transgenic mice. Furthermore, injection of Oridonin-nanoemulsion ameliorated deficits in nesting, an important affiliative behaviour, and in social interaction. Additional in vitro studies indicated that Oridonin effectively attenuated inflammatory reaction of macrophage and microglial cell lines. Our results suggest that Oridonin might be considered a promising therapeutic option for human AD or other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Division of Immunopathology of the Nervous System, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Sanchez A, Tripathy D, Yin X, Luo J, Martinez JM, Grammas P. Sunitinib enhances neuronal survival in vitro via NF-κB-mediated signaling and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:93. [PMID: 23880112 PMCID: PMC3726353 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is tightly linked to inflammation and cancer. Regulation of angiogenesis is mediated primarily through activation of receptor tyrosine kinases, thus kinase inhibitors represent a new paradigm in anti-cancer therapy. However, these inhibitors have broad effects on inflammatory processes and multiple cell types. Sunitinib is a multitarget receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which has shown promise for the treatment of glioblastoma, a highly vascularized tumor. However, there is little information as to the direct effects of sunitinib on brain-derived neurons. The objective of this study is to explore the effects of sunitinib on neuronal survival as well as on the expression of inflammatory protein mediators in primary cerebral neuronal cultures. METHODS Primary cortical neurons were exposed to various doses of sunitinib. The drug-treated cultures were assessed for survival by MTT assay and cell death by lactate dehydrogenase release. The ability of sunitinib to affect NF-κB, COX2 and NOS2 expression was determined by western blot. The NF-κB inhibitors dicoumarol, SN50 and BAY11-7085 were employed to assess the role of NF-κB in sunitinib-mediated effects on neuronal survival as well as COX2 and NOS2 expression. RESULTS Treatment of neuronal cultures with sunitinib caused a dose-dependent increase in cell survival and decrease in neuronal cell death. Exposure of neurons to sunitinib also induced an increase in the expression of NF-κB, COX2 and NOS2. Inhibiting NF-κB blunted the increase in cell survival and decrease in cell death evoked by sunitinib. Treatment of cell cultures with both sunitinib and NF-κB inhibitors mitigated the increase in COX2 and NOS2 caused by sunitinib. CONCLUSIONS Sunitinib increases neuronal survival and this neurotrophic effect is mediated by NF-κB. Also, the inflammatory proteins COX2 and NOS2 are upregulated by sunitinib in an NF-κB-dependent manner. These data are in agreement with a growing literature suggesting beneficial effects for inflammatory mediators such as NF-κB, COX2 and NOS2 in neurons. Further work is needed to fully explore the effects of sunitinib in the brain and its possible use as a treatment for glioblastoma. Finally, sunitinib may be useful for the treatment of a range of central nervous system diseases where neuronal injury is prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Sanchez
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Shi JQ, Zhang CC, Sun XL, Cheng XX, Wang JB, Zhang YD, Xu J, Zou HQ. Antimalarial drug artemisinin extenuates amyloidogenesis and neuroinflammation in APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice via inhibition of nuclear factor-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:262-8. [PMID: 23406388 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in neuroinflammation, which is closely linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In vivo and in vitro studies have suggested that artemisinin shows antiinflammatory effects in inflammation-related diseases. However, the impacts of artemisinin on AD have not been investigated. AIMS In this study, 5-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice were treated daily with 40 mg/kg artemisinin for 30 days by intraperitoneal injection to evaluate the effects of artemisinin on AD. RESULTS We found that artemisinin treatment (1) decreased neuritic plaque burden; (2) did not alter Aβ transport across the blood-brain barrier; (3) regulated APP processing via inhibiting β-secretase activity; (4) inhibited NF-κB activity and NALP3 inflammasome activation in APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS The in vivo study clearly demonstrates that artemisinin has protective effects on AD pathology due to its effects on suppressing NF-κB activity and NALP3 inflammasome activation. Our study suggests that targeting NF-κB activity and NALP3 inflammasome activation offers a valuable intervention for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Quan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a multiligand receptor involved in inflammatory disorders, tumor outgrowth, diabetic complications and Alzheimer's disease (AD). RAGE transports circulating amyloid-β toxins across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the brain. RAGE-amyloid-β toxin interaction at the BBB leads to oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and reduced cerebral blood flow. Thus, regulating RAGE activity at the BBB and/or within brain could be beneficial to AD patients. Herein, the structure-function relation for RAGE-ligand interaction and the role of RAGE as a potential target in the development of treatments for AD and other RAGE-associated disorders are discussed. Despite recent setbacks in the development of RAGE-based therapies for AD, a new generation of compounds that regulate RAGE activity could be efficacious. Careful studies are needed in rodent and nonrodent animal models of AD with new the generation of RAGE antagonists to ensure safety and efficacy in chronic treatment before clinical trials.
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Chami L, Buggia-Prévot V, Duplan E, Delprete D, Chami M, Peyron JF, Checler F. Nuclear factor-κB regulates βAPP and β- and γ-secretases differently at physiological and supraphysiological Aβ concentrations. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:24573-84. [PMID: 22654105 PMCID: PMC3397882 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.333054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical lesions in Alzheimer disease-affected brains mainly consist of senile plaques, inflammation stigmata, and oxidative stress. The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a stress-activated transcription factor that is activated around senile plaques. We have assessed whether NF-κB could be differentially regulated at physiological or supraphysiological levels of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. Under these experimental conditions, we delineated the putative NF-κB-dependent modulation of all cellular participants in Aβ production, namely its precursor βAPP (β-amyloid precursor protein) and the β- and γ-secretases, the two enzymatic machines involved in Aβ genesis. Under physiological conditions, NF-κB lowers the transcriptional activity of the promoters of βAPP, β-secretase (β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1, BACE1), and of the four protein components (Aph-1, Pen-2, nicastrin, presenilin-1, or presenilin-2) of the γ-secretase in HEK293 cells. This was accompanied by a reduction of both protein levels and enzymatic activities, thereby ultimately yielding lower amounts of Aβ and AICD (APP intracellular domain). In stably transfected Swedish βAPP-expressing HEK293 cells triggering supraphysiological concentrations of Aβ peptides, NF-κB activates the transcription of βAPP, BACE1, and some of the γ-secretase members and increases protein expression and enzymatic activities, resulting in enhanced Aβ production. Our pharmacological approach using distinct NF-κB kinase modulators indicates that both NF-κB canonical and alternative pathways are involved in the control of Aβ production. Overall, our data demonstrate that under physiological conditions, NF-κB triggers a repressive effect on Aβ production that contributes to maintaining its homeostasis, while NF-κB participates in a degenerative cycle where Aβ would feed its own production under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chami
- From the Équipe Labellisée “Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale” and “Excellence Laboratory Distalz”, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275 CNRS/UNSA, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France and
| | - Virginie Buggia-Prévot
- From the Équipe Labellisée “Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale” and “Excellence Laboratory Distalz”, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275 CNRS/UNSA, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France and
| | - Eric Duplan
- From the Équipe Labellisée “Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale” and “Excellence Laboratory Distalz”, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275 CNRS/UNSA, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France and
| | - Dolores Delprete
- From the Équipe Labellisée “Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale” and “Excellence Laboratory Distalz”, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275 CNRS/UNSA, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France and
| | - Mounia Chami
- From the Équipe Labellisée “Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale” and “Excellence Laboratory Distalz”, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275 CNRS/UNSA, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France and
| | - Jean-François Peyron
- the Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, UMR INSERM U895/UNS, 151 route Saint Antoine de Ginestière, BP 2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex 3, France
| | - Frédéric Checler
- From the Équipe Labellisée “Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale” and “Excellence Laboratory Distalz”, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275 CNRS/UNSA, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France and
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40
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Mincheva-Tasheva S, Soler RM. NF-κB signaling pathways: role in nervous system physiology and pathology. Neuroscientist 2012; 19:175-94. [PMID: 22785105 DOI: 10.1177/1073858412444007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathways related to cell survival regulate neuronal physiology during development and neurodegenerative disorders. One of the pathways that have recently emerged with an important role in these processes is nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The activity of this pathway leads to the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB transcription factors and the regulation of anti-apoptotic gene expression. Different stimuli can activate the pathway through different intracellular cascades (canonical, non-canonical, and atypical), contributing to the translocation of specific dimers of the NF-κB transcription factors, and each of these dimers can regulate the transcription of different genes. Recent studies have shown that the activation of this pathway regulates opposite responses such as cell survival or neuronal degeneration. These apparent contradictory effects depend on conditions such as the pathway stimuli, the origin of the cells, or the cellular context. In the present review, the authors summarize these findings and discuss their significance with respect to survival or death in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefka Mincheva-Tasheva
- Neuronal Signaling Unit, Dep. Ciencies Mediques Basiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
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von Bernhardi R, Eugenín J. Alzheimer's disease: redox dysregulation as a common denominator for diverse pathogenic mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:974-1031. [PMID: 22122400 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and a progressive neurodegeneration that appears to result from multiple pathogenic mechanisms (including protein misfolding/aggregation, involved in both amyloid β-dependent senile plaques and tau-dependent neurofibrillary tangles), metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction, excitoxicity, calcium handling impairment, glial cell dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, which could be secondary to several of the other pathophysiological mechanisms, appears to be a major determinant of the pathogenesis and progression of AD. The identification of oxidized proteins common for mild cognitive impairment and AD suggests that key oxidation pathways are triggered early and are involved in the initial progression of the neurodegenerative process. Abundant data support that oxidative stress, also considered as a main factor for aging, the major risk factor for AD, can be a common key element capable of articulating the divergent nature of the proposed pathogenic factors. Pathogenic mechanisms influence each other at different levels. Evidence suggests that it will be difficult to define a single-target therapy resulting in the arrest of progression or the improvement of AD deterioration. Since oxidative stress is present from early stages of disease, it appears as one of the main targets to be included in a clinical trial. Exploring the articulation of AD pathogenic mechanisms by oxidative stress will provide clues for better understanding the pathogenesis and progression of this dementing disorder and for the development of effective therapies to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommy von Bernhardi
- Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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42
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Deane R, Singh I, Sagare AP, Bell RD, Ross NT, LaRue B, Love R, Perry S, Paquette N, Deane RJ, Thiyagarajan M, Zarcone T, Fritz G, Friedman AE, Miller BL, Zlokovic BV. A multimodal RAGE-specific inhibitor reduces amyloid β-mediated brain disorder in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1377-92. [PMID: 22406537 DOI: 10.1172/jci58642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease (AD), amyloid β peptide (Aβ) accumulates in plaques in the brain. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) mediates Aβ-induced perturbations in cerebral vessels, neurons, and microglia in AD. Here, we identified a high-affinity RAGE-specific inhibitor (FPS-ZM1) that blocked Aβ binding to the V domain of RAGE and inhibited Aβ40- and Aβ42-induced cellular stress in RAGE-expressing cells in vitro and in the mouse brain in vivo. FPS-ZM1 was nontoxic to mice and readily crossed the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In aged APPsw/0 mice overexpressing human Aβ-precursor protein, a transgenic mouse model of AD with established Aβ pathology, FPS-ZM1 inhibited RAGE-mediated influx of circulating Aβ40 and Aβ42 into the brain. In brain, FPS-ZM1 bound exclusively to RAGE, which inhibited β-secretase activity and Aβ production and suppressed microglia activation and the neuroinflammatory response. Blockade of RAGE actions at the BBB and in the brain reduced Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in brain markedly and normalized cognitive performance and cerebral blood flow responses in aged APPsw/0 mice. Our data suggest that FPS-ZM1 is a potent multimodal RAGE blocker that effectively controls progression of Aβ-mediated brain disorder and that it may have the potential to be a disease-modifying agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Deane
- Center of Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized in part by the increased presence of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques. Alzheimer's Disease is considered an inflammatory disease and, as such, nuclear factor-kappaB (NFκB) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of AD. Insulin acts as a neurotrophic factor. Yet, in the context of insulin resistance, concomitant hyperinsulinemia may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. METHODS Rat Primmary Hippocampal Neurons (RPHN) were treated with insulin in the absence and presence of Wortmannin and ERK5 small inhibitory RNA and assayed for downstream effectors of activated ERK5. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that genetic inhibition of ERK5 blocks insulin stimulated (1) activation and translocation of ERK5 and NFκB, (2) phosphorylation of IKKα via association with ERK5, (3) increases in Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 soluble proteins 3-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively, and (4) increases in tau phosphorylation in RPHN. CONCLUSIONS ERK5 plays an active role in insulin signaling in neurons and may be a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Paris D, Beaulieu-Abdelahad D, Bachmeier C, Reed J, Ait-Ghezala G, Bishop A, Chao J, Mathura V, Crawford F, Mullan M. Anatabine lowers Alzheimer's Aβ production in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 670:384-91. [PMID: 21958873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain Aβ accumulation represents a key pathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we investigated the impact of anatabine, a minor alkaloid present in plants of the Solanacea family on Aβ production in vitro using a cell line overexpressing the human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and in vivo using a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. In vitro, anatabine lowers Aβ₁₋₄₀ and Aβ₁₋₄₂ levels in a dose dependent manner and reduces sAPPβ production without impacting sAPPα levels suggesting that anatabine lowers Aβ production by mainly impacting the β-cleavage of APP. Additionally, we show that anatabine lowers NFκB activation at doses that inhibit Aβ production in vitro. Since NFκB is known to regulate BACE-1 expression (the rate limiting enzyme responsible for Aβ production), we determined the impact of anatabine on BACE-1 transcription. We show that anatabine inhibits BACE-1 transcription and reduces BACE-1 protein levels in human neuronal like SHSY-5Y cells suggesting that the Aβ lowering properties of anatabine are mediated via a regulation of BACE-1 expression. In vivo, we show that an acute treatment with anatabine for four days significantly lowers brain soluble Aβ₁₋₄₀ and Aβ₁₋₄₂ levels in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Altogether our data suggest that anatabine may represent an interesting compound for regulating brain Aβ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paris
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA.
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Jo MR, Park MH, Choi DY, Yuk DY, Lee YM, Lee JM, Jeong JH, Oh KW, Lee MS, Han SB, Hong JT. Neuroprotective Effect of L-Theanine on Aβ-Induced Neurotoxicity through Anti-Oxidative Mechanisms in SK-N-SH and SK-N-MC Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2011.19.3.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Paris D, Mathura V, Ait-Ghezala G, Beaulieu-Abdelahad D, Patel N, Bachmeier C, Mullan M. Flavonoids lower Alzheimer's Aβ production via an NFκB dependent mechanism. Bioinformation 2011; 6:229-36. [PMID: 21738321 PMCID: PMC3124791 DOI: 10.6026/97320630006229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the brain accumulation of Aβ peptides and by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles. Aβ is believed to play an important role in AD and it has been shown that certain flavonoids can affect Aβ production. Recently, it was suggested that the Aβ lowering properties of flavonoids are mediated by a direct inhibition the β-secretase (BACE-1) activity, the rate limiting enzyme responsible for the production of Aβ peptides. Westernblots and ELISAs were employed to monitor the impact of flavonoids on amyloid precursor protein processing and Aβ production. A cell free chemoluminescent assay using human recombinant BACE-1 was used to assess the effect of flavonoids on BACE-1 activity. The effect of flavonoids on NFκB activation was determined by using a stable NFκB luciferase reporter cell line. Molecular docking simulations were performed to predict the binding of flavonoids to the BACE-1 catalytic site. Real time quantitative PCR was used to determine the effect of flavonoids on BACE-1 transcription. We show in a cell free assay that flavonoids are only weak inhibitors of BACE-1 activity. Docking simulation studies with different BACE-1 structures also suggest that flavonoids are poor BACE-1 inhibitors as they appear to adopt various docking poses in the active site pocket and have weak docking scores that differ as a function of the BACE-1 structures studied. Moreover, a weak correlation was observed between the effect of flavonoids on Aβ production in vitro and their ability to lower BACE-1 activity suggesting that the Aβ lowering properties of flavonoids in whole cells are not mediated via direct inhibition of BACE-1 activity. We found however a strong correlation between the inhibition of NFκB activation by flavonoids and their Aβ lowering properties suggesting that flavonoids inhibit Aβ production in whole cells via NFκB related mechanisms. As NFκB has been shown to regulate BACE-1 expression, we show that NFκB lowering flavonoids inhibit BACE-1 transcription in human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Altogether, our data suggest that flavonoids inhibit Aβ and sAPPβ production by regulating BACE-1 expression and not by directly inhibiting BACE-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paris
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, Florida 34243, USA
| | - Venkat Mathura
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, Florida 34243, USA
| | | | | | - Nikunj Patel
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, Florida 34243, USA
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, Florida 34243, USA
| | - Michael Mullan
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, Florida 34243, USA
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Dandona P, Mohamed I, Ghanim H, Sia CL, Dhindsa S, Dandona S, Makdissi A, Chaudhuri A. Insulin suppresses the expression of amyloid precursor protein, presenilins, and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:1783-8. [PMID: 21411544 PMCID: PMC3100748 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine whether peripheral blood mononuclear cells express amyloid precursor protein (APP) and other mediators involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and whether their expression is suppressed by insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Ten obese type 2 diabetic patients were infused with insulin (2 U/h with 100 ml 5% dextrose/h) for 4 h. Patients were also infused with 5% dextrose/h or normal physiological saline for 4 h, respectively, on two other days as controls. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 2, 4, and 6 h. RESULTS Insulin infusion significantly suppressed the expression of APP, presenilin-1, presenilin-2, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Dextrose and saline infusions did not alter these indices. Insulin infusion also caused significant parallel reductions in nuclear factor-κB binding activity and plasma concentrations of serum amyloid A and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. CONCLUSIONS A low dose infusion of insulin suppresses APP, presenilin-1, presenilin-2, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β, key proteins involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, in parallel with exerting its other antiinflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Dandona
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York 14209, USA.
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Paris D, Bachmeier C, Patel N, Quadros A, Volmar CH, Laporte V, Ganey J, Beaulieu-Abdelahad D, Ait-Ghezala G, Crawford F, Mullan MJ. Selective antihypertensive dihydropyridines lower Aβ accumulation by targeting both the production and the clearance of Aβ across the blood-brain barrier. Mol Med 2011; 17:149-62. [PMID: 21170472 PMCID: PMC3060987 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several large population-based or clinical trial studies have suggested that certain dihydropyridine (DHP) L-type calcium channel blockers (CCBs) used for the treatment of hypertension may confer protection against the development of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, other studies with drugs of the same class have shown no beneficial clinical effects. To determine whether certain DHPs are able to impact underlying disease processes in AD (specifically the accumulation of the Alzheimer Aβ peptide), we investigated the effect of several antihypertensive DHPs and non-DHP CCBs on Aβ production. Among the antihypertensive DHPs tested, a few, including nilvadipine, nitrendipine and amlodipine inhibited Aβ production in vitro, whereas others had no effect or raised Aβ levels. In vivo, nilvadipine and nitrendipine acutely reduced brain Aβ levels in a transgenic mouse model of AD (Tg PS1/APPsw) and improved Aβ clearance across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), whereas amlodipine and nifedipine were ineffective showing that the Aβ-lowering activity of the DHPs is independent of their antihypertensive activity. Chronic oral treatment with nilvadipine decreased Aβ burden in the brains of Tg APPsw (Tg2576) and Tg PS1/APPsw mice, and also improved learning abilities and spatial memory. Our data suggest that the clinical benefit conferred by certain antihypertensive DHPs against AD is unrelated to their antihypertensive activity, but rely on their ability to lower brain Aβ accumulation by affecting both Aβ production and Aβ clearance across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paris
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243, United States of America.
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Young AMH, Campbell E, Lynch S, Suckling J, Powis SJ. Aberrant NF-kappaB expression in autism spectrum condition: a mechanism for neuroinflammation. Front Psychiatry 2011; 2:27. [PMID: 21629840 PMCID: PMC3098713 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum condition (ASC) is recognized as having an inflammatory component. Post-mortem brain samples from patients with ASC display neuroglial activation and inflammatory markers in cerebrospinal fluid, although little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is a protein found in almost all cell types and mediates regulation of immune response by inducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, establishing a feedback mechanism that can produce chronic or excessive inflammation. This article describes immunodetection and immunofluorescence measurements of NF-κB in human post-mortem samples of orbitofrontal cortex tissue donated to two independent centers: London Brain Bank, Kings College London, UK (ASC: n = 3, controls: n = 4) and Autism Tissue Program, Harvard Brain Bank, USA (ASC: n = 6, controls: n = 5). The hypothesis was that concentrations of NF-κB would be elevated, especially in activated microglia in ASC, and pH would be concomitantly reduced (i.e., acidification). Neurons, astrocytes, and microglia all demonstrated increased extranuclear and nuclear translocated NF-κB p65 expression in brain tissue from ASC donors relative to samples from matched controls. These between-groups differences were increased in astrocytes and microglia relative to neurons, but particularly pronounced for highly mature microglia. Measurement of pH in homogenized samples demonstrated a 0.98-unit difference in means and a strong (F = 98.3; p = 0.00018) linear relationship to the expression of nuclear translocated NF-κB in mature microglia. Acridine orange staining localized pH reductions to lysosomal compartments. In summary, NF-κB is aberrantly expressed in orbitofrontal cortex in patients with ASC, as part of a putative molecular cascade leading to inflammation, especially of resident immune cells in brain regions associated with the behavioral and clinical symptoms of ASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M H Young
- Bute Medical School, University of St. Andrews Fife, Scotland, UK
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Spitzer P, Herrmann M, Klafki HW, Smirnov A, Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J, Maler JM. Phagocytosis and LPS alter the maturation state of β-amyloid precursor protein and induce different Aβ peptide release signatures in human mononuclear phagocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:59. [PMID: 20929546 PMCID: PMC2958903 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The classic neuritic β-amyloid plaque of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is typically associated with activated microglia and neuroinflammation. Similarly, cerebrovascular β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits are surrounded by perivascular macrophages. Both observations indicate a contribution of the mononuclear phagocyte system to the development of β-amyloid. METHODS Human CD14-positive mononuclear phagocytes were isolated from EDTA-anticoagulated blood by magnetic activated cell sorting. After a cultivation period of 72 hours in serum-free medium we assessed the protein levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) as well as the patterns and the amounts of released Aβ peptides by ELISA or one-dimensional and two-dimensional urea-based SDS-PAGE followed by western immunoblotting. RESULTS We observed strong and significant increases in Aβ peptide release upon phagocytosis of acetylated low density lipoprotein (acLDL) or polystyrene beads and also after activation of the CD14/TLR4 pathway by stimulation with LPS. The proportion of released N-terminally truncated Aβ variants was increased after stimulation with polystyrene beads and acLDL but not after stimulation with LPS. Furthermore, strong shifts in the proportions of single Aβ1-40 and Aβ2-40 variants were detected resulting in a stimulus-specific Aβ signature. The increased release of Aβ peptides was accompanied by elevated levels of full length APP in the cells. The maturation state of APP was correlated with the release of N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that mononuclear phagocytes potentially contribute to the various N-truncated Aβ variants found in AD β-amyloid plaques, especially under neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Spitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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