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Li Q, Li B, Liu L, Wang KJ, Liu MY, Deng Y, Li Z, Zhao WD, Wu LY, Chen YH, Zhang K. Monocytes release cystatin F dimer to associate with Aβ and aggravate amyloid pathology and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:125. [PMID: 38730470 PMCID: PMC11088181 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has important clinical implications for guiding therapy. Impaired amyloid beta (Aβ) clearance is critical in the pathogenesis of sporadic AD, and blood monocytes play an important role in Aβ clearance in the periphery. However, the mechanism underlying the defective phagocytosis of Aβ by monocytes in AD remains unclear. METHODS Initially, we collected whole blood samples from sporadic AD patients and isolated the monocytes for RNA sequencing analysis. By establishing APP/PS1 transgenic model mice with monocyte-specific cystatin F overexpression, we assessed the influence of monocyte-derived cystatin F on AD development. We further used a nondenaturing gel to identify the structure of the secreted cystatin F in plasma. Flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and laser scanning confocal microscopy were used to analyse the internalization of Aβ by monocytes. Pull down assays, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy were used to determine the interactions and potential interactional amino acids between the cystatin F protein and Aβ. Finally, the cystatin F protein was purified and injected via the tail vein into 5XFAD mice to assess AD pathology. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that the expression of the cystatin F protein was specifically increased in the monocytes of AD patients. Monocyte-derived cystatin F increased Aβ deposition and exacerbated cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, secreted cystatin F in the plasma of AD patients has a dimeric structure that is closely related to clinical signs of AD. Moreover, we noted that the cystatin F dimer blocks the phagocytosis of Aβ by monocytes. Mechanistically, the cystatin F dimer physically interacts with Aβ to inhibit its recognition and internalization by monocytes through certain amino acid interactions between the cystatin F dimer and Aβ. We found that high levels of the cystatin F dimer protein in blood contributed to amyloid pathology and cognitive deficits as a risk factor in 5XFAD mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that the cystatin F dimer plays a crucial role in regulating Aβ metabolism via its peripheral clearance pathway, providing us with a potential biomarker for diagnosis and potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology,, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology,, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang Fifth People Hospital, Shenyang, 110023, China
| | - Kang-Ji Wang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology,, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Ming-Yue Liu
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology,, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Ze Li
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology,, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology,, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Li-Yong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Yu-Hua Chen
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology,, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology,, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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Zhou Y, Dong W, Wang L, Ren S, Wei W, Wu G. Cystatin C Attenuates Perihematomal Secondary Brain Injury by Inhibiting the Cathepsin B/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway in a Rat Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04195-4. [PMID: 38676809 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Secondary brain injury (SBI) is a noticeable contributor to the high mortality and morbidity rates associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and effective treatment options remain limited. Cystatin C (CysC) emerges as a novel candidate for SBI intervention. The therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of CysC in mitigating SBI following ICH were explored in the current research. An in vivo ICH rat model was established by injecting autologous blood into the right caudate nucleus. Western blotting (WB) was utilized to assess the levels of CysC, cathepsin B (CTSB), and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Subsequently, the ICH rat model was treated with exogenous CysC supplementation or CysC knockdown plasmids. Various parameters, including Evans blue (EB) extravasation, brain water content, and neurological function in rats, were examined. RT-qPCR and WB were employed to determine the expression levels of CTSB and the NLRP3 inflammasome. The co-expression of CTSB, CysC, and NLRP3 inflammasome with GFAP, NeuN, and Iba1 was assessed through double-labeled immunofluorescence. The interaction between CysC and CTSB was investigated using double-labeled immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation. The findings revealed an elevation of CysC expression level, particularly at 24 h after ICH. Exogenous CysC supplementation alleviated severe brain edema, neurological deficit scores, and EB extravasation induced by ICH. Conversely, CysC knockdown produced opposite effects. The expression levels of CTSB and the NLRP3 inflammasome were significantly risen following ICH, and exogenous CysC supplement attenuated their expression levels. Double-labeled immunofluorescence illustrated that CysC, CTSB, and the NLRP3 inflammasome were predominantly expressed in microglial cells, and the interaction between CysC and CTSB was evidenced. CysC exhibited potential in ameliorating SBI following ICH via effectively suppressing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome mediated by CTSB specifically in microglial cells. These findings underscore the prospective therapeutic efficacy of CysC in the treatment of ICH-induced complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Wentao Dong
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Likun Wang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Siying Ren
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Weiqing Wei
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
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Stephens KE, Moore C, Vinson DA, White BE, Renfro Z, Zhou W, Ji Z, Ji H, Zhu H, Guan Y, Taverna SD. Identification of Regulatory Elements in Primary Sensory Neurons Involved in Trauma-Induced Neuropathic Pain. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1845-1859. [PMID: 37792259 PMCID: PMC10896855 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a significant public health issue that is often refractory to existing therapies. Here we use a multiomic approach to identify cis-regulatory elements that show differential chromatin accessibility and reveal transcription factor (TF) binding motifs with functional regulation in the rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG), which contain cell bodies of primary sensory neurons, after nerve injury. We integrated RNA-seq to understand how differential chromatin accessibility after nerve injury may influence gene expression. Using TF protein arrays and chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR, we confirmed C/EBPγ binding to a differentially accessible sequence and used RNA-seq to identify processes in which C/EBPγ plays an important role. Our findings offer insights into TF motifs that are associated with chronic pain. These data show how interactions between chromatin landscapes and TF expression patterns may work together to determine gene expression programs in rat DRG neurons after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E Stephens
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Slot 512-47, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Cedric Moore
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- , Present address: 20400 Century Blvd, Suite 120, Germantown, MD, USA
| | - David A Vinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bryan E White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Slot 512-47, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Zachary Renfro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Slot 512-47, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
- Present address: School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhicheng Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Present address: Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sean D Taverna
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Almeida MF, Farizatto KLG, Almeida RS, Bahr BA. Lifestyle strategies to promote proteostasis and reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other proteinopathies. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 93:102162. [PMID: 38070831 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Unhealthy lifestyle choices, poor diet, and aging can have negative influences on cognition, gradually increasing the risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and the continuum comprising early dementia. Aging is the greatest risk factor for age-related dementias such as Alzheimer's disease, and the aging process is known to be influenced by life events that can positively or negatively affect age-related diseases. Remarkably, life experiences that make the brain vulnerable to dementia, such as seizure episodes, neurotoxin exposures, metabolic disorders, and trauma-inducing events (e.g. traumatic injuries or mild neurotrauma from a fall or blast exposure), have been associated with negative effects on proteostasis and synaptic integrity. Functional compromise of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, a major contributor to proteostasis, has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, obesity-related pathology, Huntington's disease, as well as in synaptic degeneration which is the best correlate of cognitive decline. Correspondingly, pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies that positively modulate lysosomal proteases are recognized as synaptoprotective through degradative clearance of pathogenic proteins. Here, we discuss life-associated vulnerabilities that influence key hallmarks of brain aging and the increased burden of age-related dementias. Additionally, we discuss exercise and diet among the lifestyle strategies that regulate proteostasis as well as synaptic integrity, leading to evident prevention of cognitive deficits during brain aging in pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Almeida
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina - Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina - Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA; Department of Biology & Marine Biology, and the Integrative, Comparative & Marine Biology Program, University of North Carolina - Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | - Karen L G Farizatto
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina - Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA
| | - Renato S Almeida
- Department of Biosciences, University of Taubate, Taubate, SP 12020-270, Brazil
| | - Ben A Bahr
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina - Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina - Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA.
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Rezaee D, Saadatpour F, Akbari N, Zoghi A, Najafi S, Beyranvand P, Zamani-Rarani F, Rashidi MA, Bagheri-Mohammadi S, Bakhtiari M. The role of microRNAs in the pathophysiology of human central nervous system: A focus on neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102090. [PMID: 37832609 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are suggested to play substantial roles in regulating the development and various physiologic functions of the central nervous system (CNS). These include neurogenesis, cell fate and differentiation, morphogenesis, formation of dendrites, and targeting non-neural mRNAs. Notably, deregulation of an increasing number of miRNAs is associated with several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and CNS tumors. They are particularly known to affect the amyloid β (Aβ) cleavage and accumulation, tau protein homeostasis, and expression of alpha-synuclein (α-syn), Parkin, PINK1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. These include miR-16, miR-17-5p, miR-20a, miR-106a, miR-106b, miR-15a, miR-15b, miR-103, miR-107, miR-298, miR-328, miR-195, miR-485, and miR-29. In CNS tumors, several miRNAs, including miR-31, miR-16, and miR-21 have been identified to modulate tumorigenesis through impacting tumor invasion and apoptosis. In this review article, we have a look at the recent advances on our knowledge about the role of miRNAs in human brain development and functions, neurodegenerative diseases, and their clinical potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delsuz Rezaee
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saadatpour
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayyereh Akbari
- Brain Mapping Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anahita Zoghi
- Brain Mapping Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parisa Beyranvand
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Zamani-Rarani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Rashidi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Bagheri-Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology and Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bakhtiari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
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Zhang Z, Zhan F. Type 2 Cystatins and Their Roles in the Regulation of Human Immune Response and Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5363. [PMID: 38001623 PMCID: PMC10670837 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatins are a family of intracellular and extracellular protease inhibitors that inhibit cysteine cathepsins-a group of lysosomal cysteine proteases that participate in multiple biological processes, including protein degradation and post-translational cleavage. Cysteine cathepsins are associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, tumor progression, and metastasis. Cystatins are categorized into three subfamilies: type 1, type 2, and type 3. The type 2 cystatin subfamily is the largest, containing 10 members, and consists entirely of small secreted proteins. Although type 2 cystatins have many shared biological roles, each member differs in structure, post-translational modifications (e.g., glycosylation), and expression in different cell types. These distinctions allow the type 2 cystatins to have unique biological functions and properties. This review provides an overview of type 2 cystatins, including their biological similarities and differences, their regulatory effect on human immune responses, and their roles in tumor progression, immune evasion, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Myeloma Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
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Stoka V, Vasiljeva O, Nakanishi H, Turk V. The Role of Cysteine Protease Cathepsins B, H, C, and X/Z in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15613. [PMID: 37958596 PMCID: PMC10650516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases are composed of 11 human cysteine cathepsins, originally located in the lysosomes. They exhibit broad specificity and act as endopeptidases and/or exopeptidases. Among them, only cathepsins B, H, C, and X/Z exhibit exopeptidase activity. Recently, cysteine cathepsins have been found to be present outside the lysosomes and often participate in various pathological processes. Hence, they have been considered key signalling molecules. Their potentially hazardous proteolytic activities are tightly regulated. This review aims to discuss recent advances in understanding the structural aspects of these four cathepsins, mechanisms of their zymogen activation, regulation of their activities, and functional aspects of these enzymes in neurodegeneration and cancer. Neurodegenerative effects have been evaluated, particularly in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Cysteine cathepsins also participate in tumour progression and metastasis through the overexpression and secretion of proteases, which trigger extracellular matrix degradation. To our knowledge, this is the first review to provide an in-depth analysis regarding the roles of cysteine cathepsins B, H, C, and X in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Further advances in understanding the functions of cysteine cathepsins in these conditions will result in the development of novel, targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Stoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olga Vasiljeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan;
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Stańczykiewicz B, Łuc M, Banach M, Zabłocka A. Cystatins: unravelling the biological implications for neuroprotection. Arch Med Sci 2023; 20:157-166. [PMID: 38414464 PMCID: PMC10895963 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/171706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystatins, a family of proteins known for their inhibitory role against cysteine proteases, have garnered significant attention in the field of neurodegeneration. Numerous genetic, experimental, and clinical studies concerning cystatin C suggest it plays an important role in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. Its beneficial effects are associated with cysteine protease inhibition, impact on β-amyloid aggregation, as well as regulation of cell proliferation, autophagy, and apoptosis. Cystatin isolated from chicken egg white, called ovocystatin, has been widely used in medical and pharmaceutical research due to its structural and biological similarities to human cystatin C. This article focuses on the potential use of cystatins, with special emphasis on easily obtained ovocystatin, in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia. The current evidence on cystatin use has shed light on its mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications for neuroprotection and maintenance of cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Stańczykiewicz
- Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Łuc
- Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zabłocka
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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9
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Ullah R, Lee EJ. Advances in Amyloid-β Clearance in the Brain and Periphery: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:216-246. [PMID: 37749925 PMCID: PMC10569141 DOI: 10.5607/en23014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the role of impaired amyloid-β clearance in the accumulation of amyloid-β in the brain and the periphery, which is closely associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The molecular mechanism underlying amyloid-β accumulation is largely unknown, but recent evidence suggests that impaired amyloid-β clearance plays a critical role in its accumulation. The review provides an overview of recent research and proposes strategies for efficient amyloid-β clearance in both the brain and periphery. The clearance of amyloid-β can occur through enzymatic or non-enzymatic pathways in the brain, including neuronal and glial cells, blood-brain barrier, interstitial fluid bulk flow, perivascular drainage, and cerebrospinal fluid absorption-mediated pathways. In the periphery, various mechanisms, including peripheral organs, immunomodulation/immune cells, enzymes, amyloid-β-binding proteins, and amyloid-β-binding cells, are involved in amyloid-β clearance. Although recent findings have shed light on amyloid-β clearance in both regions, opportunities remain in areas where limited data is available. Therefore, future strategies that enhance amyloid-β clearance in the brain and/or periphery, either through central or peripheral clearance approaches or in combination, are highly encouraged. These strategies will provide new insight into the disease pathogenesis at the molecular level and explore new targets for inhibiting amyloid-β deposition, which is central to the pathogenesis of sporadic AD (amyloid-β in parenchyma) and CAA (amyloid-β in blood vessels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Ullah
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eun Jeong Lee
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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10
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Wu Y, Mumford P, Noy S, Cleverley K, Mrzyglod A, Luo D, van Dalen F, Verdoes M, Fisher EMC, Wiseman FK. Cathepsin B abundance, activity and microglial localisation in Alzheimer's disease-Down syndrome and early onset Alzheimer's disease; the role of elevated cystatin B. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:132. [PMID: 37580797 PMCID: PMC10426223 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a cysteine protease that is implicated in multiple aspects of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. The endogenous inhibitor of this enzyme, cystatin B (CSTB) is encoded on chromosome 21. Thus, individuals who have Down syndrome, a genetic condition caused by having an additional copy of chromosome 21, have an extra copy of an endogenous inhibitor of the enzyme. Individuals who have Down syndrome are also at significantly increased risk of developing early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). The impact of the additional copy of CSTB on Alzheimer's disease development in people who have Down syndrome is not well understood. Here we compared the biology of cathepsin B and CSTB in individuals who had Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease, with disomic individuals who had Alzheimer's disease or were ageing healthily. We find that the activity of cathepsin B enzyme is decreased in the brain of people who had Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease compared with disomic individuals who had Alzheimer's disease. This change occurs independently of an alteration in the abundance of the mature enzyme or the number of cathepsin B+ cells. We find that the abundance of CSTB is significantly increased in the brains of individuals who have Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease compared to disomic individuals both with and without Alzheimer's disease. In mouse and human cellular preclinical models of Down syndrome, three-copies of CSTB increases CSTB protein abundance but this is not sufficient to modulate cathepsin B activity. EOAD and Alzheimer's disease-Down syndrome share many overlapping mechanisms but differences in disease occur in individuals who have trisomy 21. Understanding this biology will ensure that people who have Down syndrome access the most appropriate Alzheimer's disease therapeutics and moreover will provide unique insight into disease pathogenesis more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Wu
- The UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Paige Mumford
- The UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Suzanna Noy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Karen Cleverley
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alicja Mrzyglod
- The UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Dinghao Luo
- The UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Floris van Dalen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Frances K Wiseman
- The UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Kleeman SO, Thakir TM, Demestichas B, Mourikis N, Loiero D, Ferrer M, Bankier S, Riazat-Kesh YJ, Lee H, Chantzichristos D, Regan C, Preall J, Sinha S, Rosin N, Yipp B, de Almeida LG, Biernaskie J, Dufour A, Tober-Lau P, Ruusalepp A, Bjorkegren JL, Ralser M, Kurth F, Demichev V, Heywood T, Gao Q, Johannsson G, Koelzer VH, Walker BR, Meyer HV, Janowitz T. Cystatin C is glucocorticoid responsive, directs recruitment of Trem2+ macrophages, and predicts failure of cancer immunotherapy. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100347. [PMID: 37601967 PMCID: PMC10435381 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin C (CyC), a secreted cysteine protease inhibitor, has unclear biological functions. Many patients exhibit elevated plasma CyC levels, particularly during glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. This study links GCs with CyC's systemic regulation by utilizing genome-wide association and structural equation modeling to determine CyC production genetics in the UK Biobank. Both CyC production and a polygenic score (PGS) capturing predisposition to CyC production were associated with increased all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. We found that the GC receptor directly targets CyC, leading to GC-responsive CyC secretion in macrophages and cancer cells. CyC-knockout tumors displayed significantly reduced growth and diminished recruitment of TREM2+ macrophages, which have been connected to cancer immunotherapy failure. Furthermore, the CyC-production PGS predicted checkpoint immunotherapy failure in 685 patients with metastatic cancer from combined clinical trial cohorts. In conclusion, CyC may act as a GC effector pathway via TREM2+ macrophage recruitment and may be a potential target for combination cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam O. Kleeman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dominik Loiero
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Ferrer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Sean Bankier
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Hassal Lee
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Dimitrios Chantzichristos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claire Regan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole Rosin
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan Yipp
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Luiz G.N. de Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Arno Ruusalepp
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johan L.M. Bjorkegren
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Markus Ralser
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kurth
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Todd Heywood
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Qing Gao
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Viktor H. Koelzer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brian R. Walker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Tobias Janowitz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Cancer Institute, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
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12
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Silverglate B, Gao X, Lee HP, Maliha P, Grossberg GT. The aquaporin-4 water channel and updates on its potential as a drug target for Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:523-530. [PMID: 37475487 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2240017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although there are several FDA-approved treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD), only recently have disease-modifying therapies received approval for use in patients. In this narrative review, we examine the history of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) as a therapeutic target for NMOSD (neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder) and as a potential therapeutic target for AD. AREAS COVERED We review the basic science and discovery of AQP4, a transmembrane water-channel essential to regulating water balance in the central nervous system (CNS). We also review the pathogenesis of NMOSD, an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of cells that express AQP4. Then, we review how AQP4 is likely involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Finally, we discuss future challenges with drug design that would modulate AQP4 to potentially slow AD development. The literature search for this article consisted of searching Google Scholar and PubMed for permutations of the keywords 'Alzheimer's disease,' 'aquaporin-4,' 'neuromyelitis optica,' and their abbreviations. EXPERT OPINION We place research into AQP4 into context with other recent developments in AD research. A major difficulty with drug development for Alzheimer's is the lack of strategies to cleanly target the early pathogenesis of the disease. Targeting AQP4 may provide such a strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret Silverglate
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Gao
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hannah P Lee
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Peter Maliha
- Carolyn Wells-Peterson Geriatric Psychiatry Research Fellow, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - George T Grossberg
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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13
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Masi M, Biundo F, Fiou A, Racchi M, Pascale A, Buoso E. The Labyrinthine Landscape of APP Processing: State of the Art and Possible Novel Soluble APP-Related Molecular Players in Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076639. [PMID: 37047617 PMCID: PMC10095589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and its cleavage processes have been widely investigated in the past, in particular in the context of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Evidence of an increased expression of APP and its amyloidogenic-related cleavage enzymes, β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase, at the hit axon terminals following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), firstly suggested a correlation between TBI and AD. Indeed, mild and severe TBI have been recognised as influential risk factors for different neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. In the present work, we describe the state of the art of APP proteolytic processing, underlining the different roles of its cleavage fragments in both physiological and pathological contexts. Considering the neuroprotective role of the soluble APP alpha (sAPPα) fragment, we hypothesised that sAPPα could modulate the expression of genes of interest for AD and TBI. Hence, we present preliminary experiments addressing sAPPα-mediated regulation of BACE1, Isthmin 2 (ISM2), Tetraspanin-3 (TSPAN3) and the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGFA), each discussed from a biological and pharmacological point of view in AD and TBI. We finally propose a neuroprotective interaction network, in which the Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) and the signalling cascade of PKCβII/nELAV/VEGF play hub roles, suggesting that vasculogenic-targeting therapies could be a feasible approach for vascular-related brain injuries typical of AD and TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Masi
- Computational and Chemical Biology, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - André Fiou
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Erica Buoso
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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14
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Wang J, Mei Y, Zhang X, Wei X, Zhang Y, Wang D, Huang J, Zhu K, Peng G, Sun B. Aberrant serotonergic signaling contributes to the hyperexcitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112152. [PMID: 36821438 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivity of pyramidal neurons (PNs) in CA1 is an early event in Alzheimer's disease. However, factors accounting for the hyperactivity of CA1 PNs remain to be completely investigated. In the present study, we report that the serotonergic signaling is abnormal in the hippocampus of hAPP-J20 mice. Interestingly, chemogenetic activation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) neurons in the median raphe nucleus (MRN) attenuates the activity of CA1 PNs in hAPP-J20 mice by regulating the intrinsic properties or inhibitory synaptic transmission of CA1 PNs through 5-HT3aR and/or 5-HT1aR. Furthermore, activating MRN 5-HT neurons improves memory in hAPP-J20 mice, and this effect is mediated by 5-HT3aR and 5-HT1aR. Direct activation of 5-HT3aR and 5-HT1aR with their selective agonists also improves the memory of hAPP-J20 mice. Together, we identify the impaired 5-HT/5-HT3aR and/or 5-HT/5-HT1aR signaling as pathways contributing to the hyperexcitability of CA1 PNs and the impaired cognition in hAPP-J20 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Anesthesiology, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yufei Mei
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Anesthesiology, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Anesthesiology, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Anesthesiology, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Dongpi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Jinjin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Keqing Zhu
- National Human Brain Bank for Health and Disease and Department of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Guoping Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.
| | - Binggui Sun
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Anesthesiology, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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15
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Andrade-Guerrero J, Santiago-Balmaseda A, Jeronimo-Aguilar P, Vargas-Rodríguez I, Cadena-Suárez AR, Sánchez-Garibay C, Pozo-Molina G, Méndez-Catalá CF, Cardenas-Aguayo MDC, Diaz-Cintra S, Pacheco-Herrero M, Luna-Muñoz J, Soto-Rojas LO. Alzheimer's Disease: An Updated Overview of Its Genetics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043754. [PMID: 36835161 PMCID: PMC9966419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. It is classified as familial and sporadic. The dominant familial or autosomal presentation represents 1-5% of the total number of cases. It is categorized as early onset (EOAD; <65 years of age) and presents genetic mutations in presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), or the Amyloid precursor protein (APP). Sporadic AD represents 95% of the cases and is categorized as late-onset (LOAD), occurring in patients older than 65 years of age. Several risk factors have been identified in sporadic AD; aging is the main one. Nonetheless, multiple genes have been associated with the different neuropathological events involved in LOAD, such as the pathological processing of Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and Tau protein, as well as synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunctions, neurovascular alterations, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, among others. Interestingly, using genome-wide association study (GWAS) technology, many polymorphisms associated with LOAD have been identified. This review aims to analyze the new genetic findings that are closely related to the pathophysiology of AD. Likewise, it analyzes the multiple mutations identified to date through GWAS that are associated with a high or low risk of developing this neurodegeneration. Understanding genetic variability will allow for the identification of early biomarkers and opportune therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Andrade-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alberto Santiago-Balmaseda
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Paola Jeronimo-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Isaac Vargas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ana Ruth Cadena-Suárez
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad-Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuatitlan 53150, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Garibay
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
| | - Glustein Pozo-Molina
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez-Catalá
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Maria-del-Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo
- Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Sofía Diaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mar Pacheco-Herrero
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros 51000, Dominican Republic
| | - José Luna-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad-Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuatitlan 53150, Edomex, Mexico
- National Brain Bank-UNPHU, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Santo Domingo 1423, Dominican Republic
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (L.O.S.-R.); Tel.: +52-55-45-23-41-20 (J.L.-M.); +52-55-39-37-94-30 (L.O.S.-R.)
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (L.O.S.-R.); Tel.: +52-55-45-23-41-20 (J.L.-M.); +52-55-39-37-94-30 (L.O.S.-R.)
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Zhang L, Wong LR, Wong P, Shen W, Yang S, Huang L, Lim YA, Ho PCL. Chronic treatment with baicalein alleviates behavioural disorders and improves cerebral blood flow via reverting metabolic abnormalities in a J20 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 28:100599. [PMID: 36817510 PMCID: PMC9931920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalein (BE) has both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It has also been reported able to improve cerebral blood circulation in brain ischemic injury. However, its chronic efficacy and metabolomics in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain unknown. In this study, BE at 80 mg/kg was administrated through the oral route in J20 AD transgenic mice aged from aged 4 months to aged 10 months. Metabolic- and neurobehavioural phenotyping was done before and after 6 months' treatment to evaluate the drug efficacy and the relevant mechanisms. Meanwhile, molecular docking was used to study the binding affinity of BE and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) which is related to neuronal injury. The open field test showed that BE could suppress hyperactivity in J20 mice and increase the frequency of the target quadrant crossing in the Morris Water Maze test. More importantly, BE restored cerebral blood flow back to the normal level after the chronic treatment. A 1H NMR-based metabolomics study showed that BE treatment could restore the tricarboxylic acid cycle in plasma. And such a treatment could suppress oxidative stress, inhibit neuroinflammation, alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction, improve neurotransmission, and restore amino homeostasis via starch and sucrose metabolism and glycolipid metabolism in the cortex and hippocampus, which could affect the behavioural and cerebral blood flow. These findings showed that BE is a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ling Rong Wong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Peiyan Wong
- Neuroscience Phenotyping Core, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Wanxiang Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Shili Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Lizhen Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yun-An Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Paul Chi-Lui Ho
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore,Monash University Malaysia, School of Pharmacy, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia,Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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17
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Wang S, Lin X, Zhou J, Li M, Song D. Association between serum cystatin C level and cognition in older adults: a cross-sectional analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1200763. [PMID: 37207178 PMCID: PMC10188921 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1200763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Serum Cystatin C level, an indication of kidney function, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment. In this cross-sectional study, we looked into the relation between serum Cystatin C levels and cognition in a group of U.S. older adults. Method The data of this study were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002. A total of 4,832 older adults aged ≥60 who met the inclusion criteria were included. The Dade Behring N Latex Cystatin C assay, which is a particle-enhanced nephelometric assay (PENIA), was utilized to assess Cystatin C levels in participants' blood samples. Participants' cognition was examined using the digit symbol substitution test (DSST). Z-scores of the DSST were calculated based on sample means and standard deviations (SD). To investigate the relationships between the quartiles of serum Cystatin C level and DSST z scores, multiple linear regression models were developed while controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education. Results The average age of the participants was 71.1 (SD 7.8). The participants were about half female (50.5%), non-Hispanic White (61.2%), and (36.1%) who had completed at least some college. They had an average serum Cystatin C level of 1.0 mg/dl (SD 0.44). After performing multiple linear regression with a reference group consisting of participants in quartile one of plasma Cystatin C levels, we found that serum Cystatin C levels in quartiles three and four were independently associated with lower DSST z scores (β = -0.059, 95% CI -0.200 to -0.074 and β = -0.108, 95% CI -0.319 to -0.184, respectively). Conclusion Higher serum Cystatin C level is associated with worse processing speed, sustained attention, and working memory in older adults. Cystatin C level may be a biomarker for cognitive decline in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuechun Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Nursing, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Li
- Kentucky STD Prevention and Control, Frankfort, KY, United States
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Nursing, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Dan Song,
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Rody T, De Amorim JA, De Felice FG. The emerging neuroprotective roles of exerkines in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:965190. [PMID: 36118704 PMCID: PMC9472554 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.965190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive knowledge of the beneficial effects of physical exercise, a sedentary lifestyle is still a predominant harm in our society. Sedentarism is one of the major modifiable risk factors for metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD)–characterized by synaptic failure, amyloid protein deposition and memory loss. Physical exercise promotes neuroprotective effects through molecules released in circulation and mediates the physiological crosstalk between the periphery and the brain. This literature review summarizes the current understanding of the roles of exerkines, molecules released during physical exercise, as systemic and central factors that mediate the beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognition. We highlight the neuroprotective role of irisin—a myokine released from the proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) transmembrane protein. Lastly, we review evidence pointing to physical exercise as a potential preventative and interventional strategy against cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayna Rody
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia A. De Amorim
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G. De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fernanda G. De Felice,
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19
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Early Changes in Transcriptomic Profiles in Synaptodendrosomes Reveal Aberrant Synaptic Functions in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168888. [PMID: 36012153 PMCID: PMC9408306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the progressive decline of cognitive functions, and is closely associated with the dysfunction of synapses, which comprise the basic structure that mediates the communication between neurons. Although the protein architecture and machinery for protein translation at synapses are extensively studied, the impact that local changes in the mRNA reservoir have on AD progression is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the changes in transcriptomic profiles in the synaptodendrosomes purified from the cortices of AD mice at ages 3 and 6 months, a stage when early signatures of synaptic dysfunction are revealed. The transcriptomic profiles of synaptodendrosomes showed a greater number of localized differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 6-month-old AD mice compared with mice 3 months of age. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that these DEGs are majorly enriched in mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic activity. More specifically, we further identified three representative DEGs in mitochondrial and metabolic pathways—Prnp, Cst3, and Cox6c—that regulate the dendritic spine density and morphology in neurons. Taken together, this study provides insights into the transcriptomic changes in synaptodendrosomes during AD progression, which may facilitate the development of intervention strategies targeting local translation to ameliorate the pathological progression of AD.
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Drobny A, Prieto Huarcaya S, Dobert J, Kluge A, Bunk J, Schlothauer T, Zunke F. The role of lysosomal cathepsins in neurodegeneration: Mechanistic insights, diagnostic potential and therapeutic approaches. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119243. [PMID: 35217144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are ubiquitous organelles with a fundamental role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by mediating degradation and recycling processes. Cathepsins are the most abundant lysosomal hydrolyses and are responsible for the bulk degradation of various substrates. A correct autophagic function is essential for neuronal survival, as most neurons are post-mitotic and thus susceptible to accumulate cellular components. Increasing evidence suggests a crucial role of the lysosome in neurodegeneration as a key regulator of aggregation-prone and disease-associated proteins, such as α-synuclein, β-amyloid and huntingtin. Particularly, alterations in lysosomal cathepsins CTSD, CTSB and CTSL can contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases as seen for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, Dementia with Lewy Body and Multiple System Atrophy) as well as Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. In this review, we provide an overview of recent evidence implicating CTSD, CTSB and CTSL in neurodegeneration, with a special focus on the role of these enzymes in α-synuclein metabolism. In addition, we summarize the potential role of lysosomal cathepsins as clinical biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases and discuss potential therapeutic approaches by targeting lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Dobert
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annika Kluge
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Josina Bunk
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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21
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Stanczykiewicz B, Gburek J, Rutkowska M, Lemieszewska M, Gołąb K, Juszczyńska K, Piotrowska A, Trziszka T, Dzięgiel P, Podhorska-Okołów M, Zabłocka A, Rymaszewska J. Ovocystatin Induced Changes in Expression of Alzheimer's Disease Relevant Proteins in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092372. [PMID: 35566501 PMCID: PMC9103311 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ovocystatin is marked by structural and biological similarities to human cystatin C, which plays an important role in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, it has been shown that ovocystatin might prevent aging-related cognitive impairment in rats and reduce memory decline in an APP/PS1 mice model. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of ovocystatin on histopathological changes in APP/PS1 mice. Materials and methods: Ovocystatin was administered intraperitoneally for four weeks (40 μg/mouse) to 35-weeks-old transgenic (AD, n = 14) and wild type (NCAR, n = 15) mice (stock B6C3-Tg(APPswe, PSEN1dE9)85Dbo/Mmjax). A histopathological evaluation comprised antibodies directed against β-amyloid (1:400, SIG-39320-1000, Covance) and Tau (1:4000, AHB0042, Invitrogen). Three regions of the hippocampus— the dentate gyrus (DG) and the cornu ammonis (CA1 and CA3)—were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in each animal. All differences are expressed as percentage relative to the control group. Results: The main results showed that the percentage of immunoreactive area of β-amyloid, tau protein deposits in APP/PS1+ovCYS was decreased in DG, CA1, and CA3 regions compared with the APP/PS1 control, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Ovocystatin caused significant changes in the expression pattern of all investigated proteins in hippocampal tissues both in APP/PS1 and NCAR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartlomiej Stanczykiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.L.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-784-1600
| | - Jakub Gburek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.G.); (K.G.); (K.J.)
| | - Maria Rutkowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Lemieszewska
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Krzysztof Gołąb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.G.); (K.G.); (K.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Juszczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.G.); (K.G.); (K.J.)
| | - Aleksandra Piotrowska
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Tadeusz Trziszka
- Department of Animal Products Technology and Quality Management, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.P.); (P.D.)
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Zabłocka
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Rymaszewska
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.L.); (J.R.)
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22
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Ni J, Lan F, Xu Y, Nakanishi H, Li X. Extralysosomal cathepsin B in central nervous system: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13071. [PMID: 35411983 PMCID: PMC9425006 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CatB) is a typical cysteine lysosomal protease involved in a variety of physiologic and pathological processes. It is expressed in most cell types and is primarily localized within subcellular endosomal and lysosomal compartments. Emerging scientific evidence indicates that lysosomal leaked CatB is involved in mitochondrial stress, inflammasome activation, and nuclear senescence, but without the acidic environment. CatB is also secreted as a myokine, which is involved in muscle‐brain cross talk and neuronal dendritic remodeling. Lysosomal‐leaked and cellular‐secreted CatB functions are dependent on its enzymatic activity at a neutral pH. In the present review, we summarize the available experimental evidence that mechanistically links extralysosomal CatB to physiological and pathological functions in central nervous system, and their potential for use in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Lan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics & Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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23
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Characterization of Cysteine Cathepsin Expression in the Central Nervous System of Aged Wild-Type and Cathepsin-Deficient Mice. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The association of cathepsin proteases in neurobiology is increasingly recognized. Our previous studies indicated that cathepsin-K-deficient (Ctsk−/−) mice have learning and memory impairments. Alterations in cathepsin expression are known to result in compensatory changes in levels of related cathepsins. To gain insight into the therapeutic usefulness of cathepsin inhibitors in aging individuals with osteoporosis or neurodegenerative diseases, we studied for variations in cathepsin expression and activity in aged (18–20 months) versus young (5–7 months) wild-type (WT) and cathepsin-deficient mice brains. There were age-dependent increases in cathepsin B, D, and L and cystatin C protein levels in various brain regions, mainly of WT and Ctsk−/− mice. This corresponded with changes in activity levels of cathepsins B and L, but not cathepsin D. In contrast, very little age-dependent variation was observed in cathepsin-B- and cathepsin-L-deficient mouse brain, especially at the protein level. The observed alterations in cathepsin protein amounts and activity are likely contributing to changes in important aging-related processes such as autophagy. In addition, the results provide insight into the potential impact of cathepsin inhibitor therapy in aged individuals, as well as in long-term use of cathepsin inhibitor therapy.
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24
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Cui M, Yoshimori T, Nakamura S. Autophagy system as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Int 2022; 155:105308. [PMID: 35181396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionally conserved process by which cytoplasmic contents including protein aggregates and damaged organelles such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are sequestered by double-membrane structure, autophagosomes, and delivered to the lysosomes for degradation. Recently, considerable efforts have been made to reveal the role of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Impairment of autophagy aggravates the accumulation of misfolded protein and damaged organelles in neurons, while sufficient autophagic activity reduces such accumulation in nervous system and ameliorates the pathology. Here we summarize recent progress regarding the role of autophagy in several neurodegenerative diseases and the potential autophagy-associated therapies for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Cui
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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25
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Sharma A, Swetha R, Bajad NG, Ganeshpurkar A, Singh R, Kumar A, Singh SK. Cathepsin B - A Neuronal Death Mediator in Alzheimer’s Disease Leads to Neurodegeneration. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2012-2023. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220214095859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
The lysosomal cysteine protease enzyme, named Cathepsin B, mainly degrades the protein and manages its average turnover in our body. The Cathepsin B active form is mostly present inside the lysosomal part at a cellular level, providing the slightly acidic medium for its activation. Multiple findings on Cathepsin B reveal its involvement in neurons' degeneration and a possible role as a neuronal death mediator in several neurodegenerative diseases. In this review article, we highlight the participation of Cathepsin B in the etiology/progress of AD, along with various other factors. The enzyme is involved in producing neurotoxic Aβ amyloid in the AD brain by acting as the β-secretase enzyme in the regulated secretory pathways responsible for APP processing. Aβ amyloid accumulation and amyloid plaque formation lead to neuronal degeneration, one of the prominent pathological hallmarks of AD. Cathepsin B is also involved in the production of PGlu-Aβ, which is a truncated and highly neurotoxic form of Aβ. Some of the findings also revealed that Cathepsin B specific gene deletion decreases the level of PGlu-Aβ inside the brain of experimental mice. Therefore, neurotoxicity might be considered a new pathological indication of AD due to the involvement of Cathepsin B. It also damages neurons present in the CNS region by producing inflammatory responses and generating mitochondrial ROS. However, Cathepsin B inhibitors, i.e., CA-074, can prevent neuronal death in AD patients. The other natural inhibitors are also equally effective against neuronal damage with higher selectivity. Its synthetic inhibitors are specific for their target; however, they lose their selectivity in the presence of quite a few reducing agents. Therefore, a humanized monoclonal antibody is used as a selective Cathepsin B inhibitor to overcome the problem experienced. The use of Cathepsin B for the treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases could be considered a rational therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rayala Swetha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nilesh Gajanan Bajad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ankit Ganeshpurkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ravi Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
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26
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Zhao Y, Li L. Multimodal data integration via mediation analysis with high-dimensional exposures and mediators. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:2519-2533. [PMID: 35129252 PMCID: PMC9057105 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivated by an imaging proteomics study for Alzheimer's disease (AD), in this article, we propose a mediation analysis approach with high‐dimensional exposures and high‐dimensional mediators to integrate data collected from multiple platforms. The proposed method combines principal component analysis with penalized least squares estimation for a set of linear structural equation models. The former reduces the dimensionality and produces uncorrelated linear combinations of the exposure variables, whereas the latter achieves simultaneous path selection and effect estimation while allowing the mediators to be correlated. Applying the method to the AD data identifies numerous interesting protein peptides, brain regions, and protein–structure–memory paths, which are in accordance with and also supplement existing findings of AD research. Additional simulations further demonstrate the effective empirical performance of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lexin Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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27
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Zhang X, Wei X, Mei Y, Wang D, Wang J, Zhang Y, Li X, Gu Y, Peng G, Sun B. Modulating adult neurogenesis affects synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:3005-3019. [PMID: 34861165 PMCID: PMC8693766 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
New neurons are abnormal in the adult hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models. The effects of modulating adult neurogenesis on AD pathogenesis differ from study to study. We reported recently that ablation of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) was associated with improved memory in AD models. Here, we found that long-term potentiation (LTP) was improved in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice after ablation of aNSCs. This effect was confirmed in hAPP-J20 mice, a second AD mouse model. On the other hand, we found that exposure to enriched environment (EE) dramatically increased the number of DCX+ neurons, promoted dendritic growth, and affected the location of newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus of APP/PS1 mice, and EE exposure significantly ameliorated memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice. Together, our data suggest that both inhibiting abnormal adult neurogenesis and enhancing healthy adult neurogenesis could be beneficial for AD, and they are not mutually exclusive. Ablation of aNSCs improves hippocampal synaptic plasticity in AD mice Ablation of aNSCs results in hippocampal remodeling in AD mice EE accelerates development of new neurons and improves cognition in AD mice Effects of inhibiting and enhancing AHN on AD are not mutually exclusive
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, China
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Yufei Mei
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Dongpi Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China; Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Xuekun Li
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310029, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Guoping Peng
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Binggui Sun
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China.
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28
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miRNAs as Therapeutic Tools in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313012. [PMID: 34884818 PMCID: PMC8657443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an age-dependent, progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common type of dementia, accounting for 50–70% of all dementia cases. Due to the increasing incidence and corresponding socioeconomic burden of dementia, it has rapidly emerged as a challenge to public health worldwide. The characteristics of AD include the development of extracellular amyloid-beta plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, vascular changes, neuronal inflammation, and progressive brain atrophy. However, the complexity of the biology of AD has hindered progress in elucidating the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of AD, and the development of effective treatments. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, which are endogenous, noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides that function as posttranscriptional regulators of various genes) are attracting attention as powerful tools for studying the mechanisms of diseases, as they are involved in several biological processes and diseases, including AD. AD is a multifactorial disease, and several reports have suggested that miRNAs play an important role in the pathological processes of AD. In this review, the basic biology of miRNAs is described, and the function and physiology of miRNAs in the pathological processes of AD are highlighted. In addition, the limitations of current pharmaceutical therapies for the treatment of AD and the development of miRNA-based next-generation therapies are discussed.
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29
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Associations of serum cystatin C with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:576. [PMID: 34789194 PMCID: PMC8596898 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) have high suicidal ideation. There is evidence that serum cystatin C (Cys C) may be involved in the pathophysiology of MDD. The present study aimed to investigate Cys C concentration in patients with MDD and clarify its possible association with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. METHODS An online cross-sectional survey of 159 patients diagnosed with MDD was conducted. Serum Cys C levels were measured using ADVIA 2400 biochemical analyzer. The 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24) was administered to evaluate the depressive symptoms. Generalized linear regression, logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to examine the association of serum Cys C levels with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. RESULTS Serum Cys C levels were higher in MDD patients than in controls (p = 0.001) and were positively associated with scores on HAMD-24 in unadjusted (gender distribution, age, smoking, alcohol consumption, family history of depression and traumatic life events; (p = 0.003) and fully adjusted linear regression model (p = 0.005). The fully adjusted regression coefficient with 95% confidence intervals for serum Cys C levels and HAMD-24 score was 30.339 (9.602 to 51.077). The level of Cys C in the suicidal ideation (SI) group was significantly higher than that in the non-suicide ideation (non-SI) group (p = 0.001). Serum Cys C levels were positively associated with suicidal ideation in each logistic regression model (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Serum Cys C levels were elevated in MDD patients and appeared to be positively correlated with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. These findings suggest that the dysfunction of Cys C may be involved in the severity of depression and in the pathophysiological process of MDD. Thus, regulation of serum Cys C could potentially be an effective predictor of the severity of depression and potentially, play a role in reducing the risk of suicide in MDD patients.
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30
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Cystatin C Deficiency Increases LPS-Induced Sepsis and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Mice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082071. [PMID: 34440840 PMCID: PMC8391971 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin C is a potent cysteine protease inhibitor that plays an important role in various biological processes including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of CstC in inflammation is still unclear. In this study we demonstrated that cystatin C-deficient mice were significantly more sensitive to the lethal LPS-induced sepsis. We further showed increased caspase-11 gene expression and enhanced processing of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in CstC KO bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) upon LPS and ATP stimulation. Pre-treatment of BMDMs with the cysteine cathepsin inhibitor E-64d did not reverse the effect of CstC deficiency on IL-1β processing and secretion, suggesting that the increased cysteine cathepsin activity determined in CstC KO BMDMs is not essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The CstC deficiency had no effect on (mitochondrial) reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the MAPK signaling pathway or the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. However, CstC-deficient BMDMs showed dysfunctional autophagy, as autophagy induction via mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways was suppressed and accumulation of SQSTM1/p62 indicated a reduced autophagic flux. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the excessive inflammatory response to the LPS-induced sepsis in CstC KO mice is dependent on increased caspase-11 expression and impaired autophagy, but is not associated with increased cysteine cathepsin activity.
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31
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Lai SSM, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chok KC, Chye SM. Endosomal-lysosomal dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease: Pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1087-1100. [PMID: 33881723 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal-lysosomal system mediates the process of protein degradation through endocytic pathway. This system consists of early endosomes, late endosomes, recycling endosomes and lysosomes. Each component in the endosomal-lysosomal system plays individual crucial role and they work concordantly to ensure protein degradation can be carried out functionally. Dysregulation in the endosomal-lysosomal system can contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD endosomal-lysosomal abnormalities are the earliest pathological features to note and hence it is important to understand the involvement of endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD. In-depth understanding of this dysfunction can allow development of new therapeutic intervention to prevent and treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Shi Min Lai
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kian Chung Chok
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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32
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Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhou D, Li H, Xu Y. ErbB4 mediates amyloid β-induced neurotoxicity through JNK/tau pathway activation: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3497-3512. [PMID: 34212389 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously showed that ErbB4 in parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons was associated with Aβ-induced cognitive deficits; however, the underlying mechanism remains undetermined. Here we found that specific deletion of ErbB4 in PV neurons significantly attenuated oligomeric Aβ-induced neuronal toxicity and inhibited Aβ-induced decreases of PSD95 and synaptophysin. Moreover, specific ablation of ErbB4 in PV neurons altered activity-related protein c-Fos and decreased hippocampal PV neurons, especially in the dentate gyrus (DG) of hAPP-J20 mice. Furthermore, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a protein downstream of ErbB4, was activated by Aβ but not ErbB4's ligand neuregulin 1 (NRG1) β1, suggesting different downstream pathways for Aβ and NRG1β1. JNK phosphorylation was inhibited by the ErbB4 inhibitor AG1478 and by pretreatment with NRG1β1. More importantly, siRNA knockdown of ErbB4 decreased JNK phosphorylation and expression, tau phosphorylation at Ser396 and Thr 205, and Bax expression. Therefore, ErbB4 might mediate Aβ-induced neuropathology through the JNK/tau pathway and represent a potential therapeutic target in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of MOH, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of MOH, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
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Gupta R, Khan R, Cortes CJ. Forgot to Exercise? Exercise Derived Circulating Myokines in Alzheimer's Disease: A Perspective. Front Neurol 2021; 12:649452. [PMID: 34276532 PMCID: PMC8278015 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.649452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise plays an essential role in maintaining healthy neurocognitive function and central nervous system (CNS) immuno-metabolism in the aging CNS. Physical activity decreases the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD), is associated with better AD prognosis, and positively affects cognitive function in AD patients. Skeletal muscle is an important secretory organ, communicating proteotoxic and metabolic stress to distant tissues, including the CNS, through the secretion of bioactive molecules collectively known as myokines. Skeletal muscle undergoes significant physical and metabolic remodeling during exercise, including alterations in myokine expression profiles. This suggests that changes in myokine and myometabolite secretion may underlie the well-documented benefits of exercise in AD. However, to date, very few studies have focused on specific alterations in skeletal muscle-originating secreted factors and their potential neuroprotective effects in AD. In this review, we discuss exercise therapy for AD prevention and intervention, and propose the use of circulating myokines as novel therapeutic tools for modifying AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Gupta
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (CDIB), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (CDIB), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Constanza J Cortes
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (CDIB), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Center for Exercise Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,UAB Nathan Shock Center for the Excellence in the Study of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingman, Birmingham, AL, United States
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34
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Rojas M, Chávez-Castillo M, Bautista J, Ortega Á, Nava M, Salazar J, Díaz-Camargo E, Medina O, Rojas-Quintero J, Bermúdez V. Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Pathophysiologic and pharmacotherapeutics links. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:745-766. [PMID: 34168725 PMCID: PMC8192246 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two highly prevalent disorders worldwide, especially among elderly individuals. T2DM appears to be associated with cognitive dysfunction, with a higher risk of developing neurocognitive disorders, including AD. These diseases have been observed to share various pathophysiological mechanisms, including alterations in insulin signaling, defects in glucose transporters (GLUTs), and mitochondrial dysfunctions in the brain. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms implicated in the association of these pathologies as well as recent therapeutic alternatives. In this context, the hyperphosphorylation of tau and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles have been associated with the dysfunction of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in the nervous tissues as well as the decrease in the expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 in the different areas of the brain, increase in reactive oxygen species, and production of mitochondrial alterations that occur in T2DM. These findings have contributed to the implementation of overlapping pharmacological interventions based on the use of insulin and antidiabetic drugs, or, more recently, azeliragon, amylin, among others, which have shown possible beneficial effects in diabetic patients diagnosed with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Mervin Chávez-Castillo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Jordan Bautista
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Ángel Ortega
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Manuel Nava
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Edgar Díaz-Camargo
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Cúcuta 540006, Colombia
| | - Oscar Medina
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Cúcuta 540006, Colombia
| | - Joselyn Rojas-Quintero
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02155, United States
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
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35
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Hirao K, Yamashita F, Sakurai S, Tsugawa A, Haime R, Fukasawa R, Sato T, Kanetaka H, Umahara T, Sakurai H, Hanyu H, Shimizu S. Association of regional white matter hyperintensity volumes with cognitive dysfunction and vascular risk factors in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21:644-650. [PMID: 34105230 PMCID: PMC8453570 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM White matter hyperintensities (WMH) obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been reported to promote neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, little is known about the association between regional WMH (rWMH) and cognitive dysfunction in MCI. We hence investigated the associations between rWMH volumes and cognitive dysfunction in MCI. METHODS Thirty-eight subjects with amnestic MCI were analysed. The volumes of periventricular hyperintensities (PVH) and deep WMH (DWMH) were measured on a T2-FLAIR MRI using a 3D-slicer, and regional PVH and DWMH (rPVH and rDWMH) volumes were calculated. The associations of rPVH and rDWMH volumes with cognition and blood levels of various molecules were investigated. Furthermore, rPVH and rDWMH volumes were compared between MCI with vascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and dyslipidemia, and those without these risk factors. RESULTS rPVH volume (bilateral cornu frontale, pars parietalis, and cornu occipitale) positively correlated with Trail Making Test-A/B scores and CysC level, whereas rDWMH volume did not correlate with any of the items. rPVH volumes (right cornu frontale, bilateral pars parietalis and cornu occipitale, and right pars temporalis) and rDWMH volumes (left frontal and parietal lobes) were significantly larger in MCI patients with DM than in those without. CONCLUSIONS PVH volumes (bilateral areas of cornu frontale, pars parietalis, and cornu occipitale) were closely associated with attention and executive dysfunction. Serum CysC level and DM were associated with WMH volume, suggesting that CysC level and DM might be important markers for determining treatment strategies for white matter abnormalities in MCI. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 644-650.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hirao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Yamashita
- Department of Ultrahigh Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shu Sakurai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akito Tsugawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Haime
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Raita Fukasawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sato
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Kanetaka
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Umahara
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sakurai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruo Hanyu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Shimizu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Lee B, Shin M, Park Y, Won SY, Cho KS. Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115795. [PMID: 34071457 PMCID: PMC8198301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatments for most NDs. Meanwhile, numerous studies conducted on human and animal models over the past decades have showed that exercises had beneficial effects on NDs. Inter-tissue communication by myokine, a peptide produced and secreted by skeletal muscles during exercise, is thought to be an important underlying mechanism for the advantages. Here, we reviewed studies about the effects of myokines regulated by exercise on NDs and their mechanisms. Myokines could exert beneficial effects on NDs through a variety of regulatory mechanisms, including cell survival, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, proteostasis, oxidative stress, and protein modification. Studies on exercise-induced myokines are expected to provide a novel strategy for treating NDs, for which there are no adequate treatments nowadays. To date, only a few myokines have been investigated for their effects on NDs and studies on mechanisms involved in them are in their infancy. Therefore, future studies are needed to discover more myokines and test their effects on NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banseok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Myeongcheol Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Youngjae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
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37
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Morrone C, Smirnova NF, Jeridi A, Kneidinger N, Hollauer C, Schupp JC, Kaminski N, Jenne D, Eickelberg O, Yildirim AÖ. Cathepsin B promotes collagen biosynthesis, which drives bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:13993003.01416-2020. [PMID: 33303550 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01416-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is a major complication after lung transplantation (LTx). BOS is characterised by massive peribronchial fibrosis, leading to air trapping-induced pulmonary dysfunction. Cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, has been shown to enforce fibrotic pathways in several diseases. However, the relevance of cathepsin B in BOS progression has not yet been addressed. The aim of the study was to elucidate the function of cathepsin B in BOS pathogenesis.We determined cathepsin B levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue from healthy donors (HD) and BOS LTx patients. Cathepsin B activity was assessed via a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay and protein expression was determined using Western blotting, ELISA and immunostaining. To investigate the impact of cathepsin B in the pathophysiology of BOS, we used an in vivo orthotopic left LTx mouse model. Mechanistic studies were performed in vitro using macrophage and fibroblast cell lines.We found a significant increase of cathepsin B activity in BALF and lung tissue from BOS patients, as well as in our murine model of lymphocytic bronchiolitis. Moreover, cathepsin B activity was associated with increased biosynthesis of collagen and had a negative effect on lung function. We observed that cathepsin B was mainly expressed in macrophages that infiltrated areas characterised by a massive accumulation of collagen deposition. Mechanistically, macrophage-derived cathepsin B contributed to transforming growth factor-β1-dependent activation of fibroblasts, and its inhibition reversed the phenotype.Infiltrating macrophages release active cathepsin B, thereby promoting fibroblast activation and subsequent collagen deposition, which drive BOS. Cathepsin B represents a promising therapeutic target to prevent the progression of BOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Morrone
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Natalia F Smirnova
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aicha Jeridi
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Kneidinger
- Dept of Internal Medicine V, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Hollauer
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Jonas Christian Schupp
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dieter Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, PA, USA.,Contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany .,Contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
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38
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Hirao K, Yamashita F, Tsugawa A, Haime R, Fukasawa R, Sato T, Kanetaka H, Umahara T, Sakurai H, Hanyu H, Shimizu S. Association of White Matter Hyperintensity Progression with Cognitive Decline in Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:877-883. [PMID: 33579856 PMCID: PMC8075400 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: White matter hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI have been reported to increase the risk of conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, effects of the progression of WMH on the cognition of patients with MCI remains unclear to date. Objective: To investigate the association between WMH progression and cognitive decline in amnestic MCI patients. Methods: Thirty-eight subjects with amnestic MCI were analyzed prospectively every year for 2 years. Fourteen MCI subjects dropped out on the final visit, and therefore 24 subjects with MCI were analyzed for the entire duration. The volumes of periventricular hyperintensities (PVH) and deep WMH (DWMH) were measured on T2 FLAIR using the 3D-slicer. The associations between PVH/DWMH progression and cognitive decline were investigated. Results: An increase in DWMH volume significantly correlated with changes in Mini-Mental State Examination and category verbal fluency scores, whereas an increase in PVH volume did not correlate with changes in any item. Conclusion: DWMH progression was closely associated with a decline in frontal lobe function and semantic memory, suggesting that WMH progression might affect some AD pathophysiologies in amnestic MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hirao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Yamashita
- Department of Ultrahigh Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Akito Tsugawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Haime
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Raita Fukasawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sato
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Kanetaka
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Umahara
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sakurai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruo Hanyu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Shimizu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Oberstein TJ, Utz J, Spitzer P, Klafki HW, Wiltfang J, Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Maler JM. The Role of Cathepsin B in the Degradation of Aβ and in the Production of Aβ Peptides Starting With Ala2 in Cultured Astrocytes. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:615740. [PMID: 33510618 PMCID: PMC7836726 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.615740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes may not only be involved in the clearance of Amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but appear to produce N-terminally truncated Aβ (Aβn−x) independently of BACE1, which generates the N-Terminus of Aβ starting with Asp1 (Aβ1−x). A candidate protease for the generation of Aβn−x is cathepsin B (CatB), especially since CatB has also been reported to degrade Aβ, which could explain the opposite roles of astrocytes in AD. In this study, we investigated the influence of CatB inhibitors and the deletion of the gene encoding CatB (CTSB) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology on Aβ2−x and Aβ1−x levels in cell culture supernatants by one- and two-dimensional Urea-SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblot. While the cell-permeant inhibitors E64d and CA-074 Me did not significantly affect the Aβ1−x levels in supernatants of cultured chicken and human astrocytes, they did reduce the Aβ2−x levels. In the glioma-derived cell line H4, the Aβ2−x levels were likewise decreased in supernatants by treatment with the more specific, but cell-impermeant CatB-inhibitor CA-074, by CA-074 Me treatment, and by CTSB gene deletion. Additionally, a more than 2-fold increase in secreted Aβ1−x was observed under the latter two conditions. The CA-074 Me-mediated increase of Aβ1−x, but not the decrease of Aβ2−x, was influenced by concomitant treatment with the vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor Bafilomycin A1. This indicated that non-lysosomal CatB mediated the production of Aβ2−x in astrocytes, while the degradation of Aβ1−x seemed to be dependent on lysosomal CatB in H4 cells, but not in primary astrocytes. These findings highlight the importance of considering organelle targeting in drug development to promote Aβ degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Jan Oberstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janine Utz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Spitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Wolfgang Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany.,Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Piotr Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics and Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel Maler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Suire CN, Leissring MA. Cathepsin D: A Candidate Link between Amyloid β-protein and Tauopathy in Alzheimer Disease. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 2:10-15. [PMID: 33665647 PMCID: PMC7929084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular deposition of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) and intraneuronal accumulation of the microtubule-associated protein, tau. Despite a wealth of experimental and genetic evidence implicating both Aβ and tau in the pathogenesis of AD, the precise molecular links between these two pathological hallmarks have remained surprisingly elusive. Here, we review emerging evidence for a critical nexus among Aβ, tau, and the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CatD) that we hypothesize may play a pivotal role in the etiology of AD. CatD degrades both Aβ and tau in vitro, but the in vivo relevance of this lysosomal protease to these principally extracellular and cytosolic proteins, respectively, had remained undefined for many decades. Recently, however, our group found that genetic deletion of CatD in mice results in dramatic accumulation of Aβ in lysosomes, revealing that Aβ is normally trafficked to lysosomes in substantial quantities. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that tau is also trafficked to the lysosome via chaperone-mediated autophagy and other trafficking pathways. Thus, Aβ, tau and CatD are colocalized in the lysosome, an organelle that shows dysfunction early in AD pathogenesis, where they can potentially interact. Notably, we discovered that Aβ42-the Aβ species most strongly linked to AD pathogenesis-is a highly potent, low-nanomolar, competitive inhibitor of CatD. Taking these observations together, we hypothesize that Aβ42 may trigger tauopathy by competitive inhibition of CatD-mediated degradation of tau-pathogenic forms of tau, in particular. Herein, we review the evidence supporting this hypothesis and explore the implications for the molecular pathogenesis of AD. Future research into these novel mechanistic links among Aβ, tau and CatD promises to expand our understanding of the etiology of AD and could potentially lead to novel therapeutic approaches for combatting this devastating disease of brain and mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin N. Suire
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Malcolm A. Leissring
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA,Correspondence should be addressed to Malcolm A. Leissring;
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Zhang X, Mei Y, He Y, Wang D, Wang J, Wei X, Yang E, Zhou D, Shen H, Peng G, Shu Q, Li X, Luo B, Zhou Y, Sun B. Ablating Adult Neural Stem Cells Improves Synaptic and Cognitive Functions in Alzheimer Models. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 16:89-105. [PMID: 33382977 PMCID: PMC7897582 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is impaired in the hippocampus of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) as well as AD models. However, it is far from clear how modulating adult neurogenesis affects AD neuropathology. We confirm that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is impaired in two AD models. Surprisingly, however, cognitive functions are improved in AD models after ablating adult neural stem cells (aNSCs). Ablation of aNSCs does not affect the levels of amyloid β but restores the normal synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells of AD models. Furthermore, calbindin depletion in the DG of AD mice is ameliorated after aNSC ablation, and knocking down calbindin abolishes the effects of aNSC ablation on synaptic and cognitive functions of AD mice. Together, our data suggest that cognitive functions of AD mice are improved after aNSC ablation, which is associated with the restoration of synaptic transmission in the DG granule cells with calbindin as an important mediator. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was impaired in two AD models Cognitive functions were improved in AD models after ablation of aNSCs Ablating aNSCs restored the normal synaptic transmission in the DG granule cells of AD models Altered expression of calbindin mediated the effects of ablating aNSCs on synaptic and cognitive functions in AD mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, China
| | - Yufei Mei
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Dongpi Wang
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310052, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Enlu Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310052, China
| | - Haowei Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, China
| | - Guoping Peng
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310052, China
| | - Xuekun Li
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310052, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310029, China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Yudong Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.
| | - Binggui Sun
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.
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Gowrishankar S, Cologna SM, Givogri MI, Bongarzone ER. Deregulation of signalling in genetic conditions affecting the lysosomal metabolism of cholesterol and galactosyl-sphingolipids. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105142. [PMID: 33080336 PMCID: PMC8862610 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of lipids in neuroglial function is gaining momentum in part due to a better understanding of how many lipid species contribute to key cellular signalling pathways at the membrane level. The description of lipid rafts as membrane domains composed by defined classes of lipids such as cholesterol and sphingolipids has greatly helped in our understanding of how cellular signalling can be regulated and compartmentalized in neurons and glial cells. Genetic conditions affecting the metabolism of these lipids greatly impact on how some of these signalling pathways work, providing a context to understand the biological function of the lipid. Expectedly, abnormal metabolism of several lipids such as cholesterol and galactosyl-sphingolipids observed in several metabolic conditions involving lysosomal dysfunction are often accompanied by neuronal and myelin dysfunction. This review will discuss the role of lysosomal biology in the context of deficiencies in the metabolism of cholesterol and galactosyl-sphingolipids and their impact on neural function in three genetic disorders: Niemann-Pick type C, Metachromatic leukodystrophy and Krabbe’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gowrishankar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - S M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - M I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - E R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Lowe AJ, Sjödin S, Rodrigues FB, Byrne LM, Blennow K, Tortelli R, Zetterberg H, Wild EJ. Cerebrospinal fluid endo-lysosomal proteins as potential biomarkers for Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233820. [PMID: 32804976 PMCID: PMC7430717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular markers derived from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) represent an accessible means of exploring the pathobiology of Huntington's disease (HD) in vivo. The endo-lysosomal/autophagy system is dysfunctional in HD, potentially contributing to disease pathogenesis and representing a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Several endo-lysosomal proteins have shown promise as biomarkers in other neurodegenerative diseases; however, they have yet to be fully explored in HD. We performed parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry analysis (PRM-MS) of multiple endo-lysosomal proteins in the CSF of 60 HD mutation carriers and 20 healthy controls. Using generalised linear models controlling for age and CAG, none of the 18 proteins measured displayed significant differences in concentration between HD patients and controls. This was affirmed by principal component analysis, in which no significant difference across disease stage was found in any of the three components representing lysosomal hydrolases, binding/transfer proteins and innate immune system/peripheral proteins. However, several proteins were associated with measures of disease severity and cognition: most notably amyloid precursor protein, which displayed strong correlations with composite Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale, UHDRS Total Functional Capacity, UHDRS Total Motor Score, Symbol Digit Modalities Test and Stroop Word Reading. We conclude that although endo-lysosomal proteins are unlikely to have value as disease state CSF biomarkers for Huntington's disease, several proteins demonstrate associations with clinical severity, thus warranting further, targeted exploration and validation in larger, longitudinal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Lowe
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Sjödin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Filipe B. Rodrigues
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren M. Byrne
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rosanna Tortelli
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Wild
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Li Q, Haney MS. The role of glia in protein aggregation. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:105015. [PMID: 32663608 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation diseases involve intracellular accumulation or extracellular deposition of certain protein species in neuronal or glial cells, leading to neurodegeneration and shortened lifespan. Prime examples include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD), which are affected by overlapping or specific aggregation-prone proteins. Mounting evidence suggests that dysfunctional glial cells may be major drivers for some diseases, and when they are not causal factors, they could still significantly exacerbate or alleviate disease progression by playing a plethora of detrimental or beneficial roles. Here we review the diverse functions performed by glial cells in a variety of protein aggregation diseases, highlighting the complexity of the issue and the interconnected relationships between these multifaceted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael S Haney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Ciccone L, Shi C, di Lorenzo D, Van Baelen AC, Tonali N. The Positive Side of the Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid Cross-Interactions: The Case of the Aβ 1-42 Peptide with Tau, TTR, CysC, and ApoA1. Molecules 2020; 25:E2439. [PMID: 32456156 PMCID: PMC7288020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a progressive amyloidogenic disorder whose advancement is widely recognized to be connected to amyloid-β peptides and Tau aggregation. However, several other processes likely contribute to the development of AD and some of them might be related to protein-protein interactions. Amyloid aggregates usually contain not only single type of amyloid protein, but also other type of proteins and this phenomenon can be rationally explained by the process of protein cross-seeding and co-assembly. Amyloid cross-interaction is ubiquitous in amyloid fibril formation and so a better knowledge of the amyloid interactome could help to further understand the mechanisms of amyloid related diseases. In this review, we discuss about the cross-interactions of amyloid-β peptides, and in particular Aβ1-42, with other amyloids, which have been presented either as integrated part of Aβ neurotoxicity process (such as Tau) or conversely with a preventive role in AD pathogenesis by directly binding to Aβ (such as transthyretin, cystatin C and apolipoprotein A1). Particularly, we will focus on all the possible therapeutic strategies aiming to rescue the Aβ toxicity by taking inspiration from these protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ciccone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chenghui Shi
- CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, rue Jean-Baptiste Clément 5, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (C.S.); (D.d.L.)
| | - Davide di Lorenzo
- CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, rue Jean-Baptiste Clément 5, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (C.S.); (D.d.L.)
| | - Anne-Cécile Van Baelen
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), CEA, INRAE, Université Paris Saclay, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Nicolo Tonali
- CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, rue Jean-Baptiste Clément 5, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (C.S.); (D.d.L.)
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Taliyan R, Chandran SK, Kakoty V. Therapeutic Approaches to Alzheimer's Type of Dementia: A Focus on FGF21 Mediated Neuroprotection. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2555-2568. [PMID: 31333086 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are the most devastating disorder of the nervous system. The pathological basis of neurodegeneration is linked with dysfunctional protein trafficking, mitochondrial stress, environmental factors and aging. With the identification of insulin and insulin receptors in some parts of the brain, it has become evident that certain metabolic conditions associated with insulin dysfunction like Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia, obesity etc., are also known to contribute to neurodegeneration mainly Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Recently, a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) superfamily, FGF21 has proved tremendous efficacy in diseases like diabetes mellitus, obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Increased levels of FGF21 have been reported to exert multiple beneficial effects in metabolic syndrome. FGF21 receptors are present in certain areas of the brain involved in learning and memory. However, despite extensive research, its function as a neuroprotectant in AD remains elusive. FGF21 is a circulating endocrine hormone which is mainly secreted by the liver primarily in fasting conditions. FGF21 exerts its effects after binding to FGFR1 and co-receptor, β-klotho (KLB). It is involved in regulating energy via glucose and lipid metabolism. It is believed that aberrant FGF21 signalling might account for various anomalies like neurodegeneration, cancer, metabolic dysfunction etc. Hence, this review will majorly focus on FGF21 role as a neuroprotectant and potential metabolic regulator. Moreover, we will also review its potential as an emerging candidate for combating metabolic stress induced neurodegenerative abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Taliyan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sarathlal K Chandran
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Violina Kakoty
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
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Boutté AM, Hook V, Thangavelu B, Sarkis GA, Abbatiello BN, Hook G, Jacobsen JS, Robertson CS, Gilsdorf J, Yang Z, Wang KKW, Shear DA. Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury Triggers Dysregulation of Cathepsin B Protein Levels Independent of Cysteine Protease Activity in Brain and Cerebral Spinal Fluid. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1574-1586. [PMID: 31973644 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CatB), a lysosomal cysteine protease, is important to brain function and may have dual utility as a peripheral biomarker of moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study determined levels of pro- and mature (mat) CatB protein as well as cysteine protease activity within the frontal cortex (FC; proximal injury site), hippocampus (HC; distal injury site), and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) collected 1-7 days after craniotomy and penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) in rats. Values were compared with naïve controls. Further, the utility of CatB protein as a translational biomarker was determined in CSF derived from patients with severe TBI. Craniotomy increased matCatB levels in the FC and HC, and led to elevation of HC activity at day 7. PBBI caused an even greater elevation in matCatB within the FC and HC within 3-7 days. After PBBI, cysteine protease activity peaked at 3 days in the FC and was elevated at 1 day and 7 days, but not 3 days, in the HC. In rat CSF, proCatB, matCatB, and cysteine protease activity peaked at 3 days after craniotomy and PBBI. Addition of CA-074, a CatB-specific inhibitor, confirmed that protease activity was due to active matCatB in rat brain tissues and CSF at all time-points. In patients, CatB protein was detectable from 6 h through 10 days after TBI. Notably, CatB levels were significantly higher in CSF collected within 3 days after TBI compared with non-TBI controls. Collectively, this work indicates that CatB and its cysteine protease activity may serve as collective molecular signatures of TBI progression that differentially vary within both proximal and distal brain regions. CatB and its protease activity may have utility as a surrogate, translational biomarker of acute-subacute TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Boutté
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Bharani Thangavelu
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - George Anis Sarkis
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussets, USA
| | - Brittany N Abbatiello
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, California, USA
| | - J Steven Jacobsen
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Claudia S Robertson
- The Center for Neurosurgical Intensive Care, Ben Taub General Hospital Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Janice Gilsdorf
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Deborah A Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Viana GM, Gonzalez EA, Alvarez MMP, Cavalheiro RP, do Nascimento CC, Baldo G, D’Almeida V, de Lima MA, Pshezhetsky AV, Nader HB. Cathepsin B-associated Activation of Amyloidogenic Pathway in Murine Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I Brain Cortex. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041459. [PMID: 32093427 PMCID: PMC7073069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is caused by genetic deficiency of α-l-iduronidase and impairment of lysosomal catabolism of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. In the brain, these substrates accumulate in the lysosomes of neurons and glial cells, leading to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Their storage also affects lysosomal homeostasis-inducing activity of several lysosomal proteases including cathepsin B (CATB). In the central nervous system, increased CATB activity has been associated with the deposition of amyloid plaques due to an alternative pro-amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), suggesting a potential role of this enzyme in the neuropathology of MPS I. In this study, we report elevated levels of protein expression and activity of CATB in cortex tissues of 6-month-old MPS I (Idua -/- mice. Besides, increased CATB leakage from lysosomes to the cytoplasm of Idua -/- cortical pyramidal neurons was indicative of damaged lysosomal membranes. The increased CATB activity coincided with an elevated level of the 16-kDa C-terminal APP fragment, which together with unchanged levels of β-secretase 1 was suggestive for the role of this enzyme in the amyloidogenic APP processing. Neuronal accumulation of Thioflavin-S-positive misfolded protein aggregates and drastically increased levels of neuroinflammatory glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes and CD11b-positive activated microglia were observed in Idua -/- cortex by confocal fluorescent microscopy. Together, our results point to the existence of a novel CATB-associated alternative amyloidogenic pathway in MPS I brain induced by lysosomal storage and potentially leading to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Monteiro Viana
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil; (M.M.P.A.); (R.P.C.); (H.B.N.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.V); (A.V.P); Tel.: +55-11-55764438 (ext. 1188) (G.M.V.); Tel.: +1 (514)-345-4931 (ext. 2736) (A.V.P.)
| | - Esteban Alberto Gonzalez
- Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil; (E.A.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Marcela Maciel Palacio Alvarez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil; (M.M.P.A.); (R.P.C.); (H.B.N.)
| | - Renan Pelluzzi Cavalheiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil; (M.M.P.A.); (R.P.C.); (H.B.N.)
| | - Cinthia Castro do Nascimento
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04024-002, Brazil; (C.C.d.N.); (V.D.)
| | - Guilherme Baldo
- Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil; (E.A.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Vânia D’Almeida
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04024-002, Brazil; (C.C.d.N.); (V.D.)
| | - Marcelo Andrade de Lima
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Alexey V. Pshezhetsky
- Division of Medical Genetics, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Correspondence: (G.M.V); (A.V.P); Tel.: +55-11-55764438 (ext. 1188) (G.M.V.); Tel.: +1 (514)-345-4931 (ext. 2736) (A.V.P.)
| | - Helena Bonciani Nader
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil; (M.M.P.A.); (R.P.C.); (H.B.N.)
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Hippocampal Growth Factor and Myokine Cathepsin B Expression following Aerobic and Resistance Training in 3xTg-AD Mice. Int J Chronic Dis 2020; 2020:5919501. [PMID: 32090058 PMCID: PMC7011393 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5919501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic training (AT) can support brain health in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the role of resistance training (RT) in AD is not well established. Aside from direct effects on the brain, exercise may also regulate brain function through secretion of muscle-derived myokines. Aims. This study examined the effects of AT and RT on hippocampal BDNF and IGF-1 signaling, β-amyloid expression, and myokine cathepsin B in the triple transgenic (3xTg-AD) model of AD. 3xTg-AD mice were assigned to one of the following groups: sedentary (Tg), aerobic trained (Tg+AT, 9 wks treadmill running), or resistance trained (Tg+RT, 9 wks weighted ladder climbing) (n = 10/group). Rotarod latency and strength were assessed pre- and posttraining. Hippocampus and skeletal muscle were collected after training and analyzed by high-resolution respirometry, ELISA, and immunoblotting. Tg+RT showed greater grip strength than Tg and Tg+AT at posttraining (p < 0.01). Only Tg+AT improved rotarod peak latency (p < 0.01). Hippocampal IGF-1 concentration was ~15% greater in Tg+AT and Tg+RT compared to Tg (p < 0.05); however, downstream signals of p-IGF-1R, p-Akt, p-MAPK, and p-GSK3β were not altered. Cathepsin B, hippocampal p-CREB and BDNF, and hippocampal mitochondrial respiration were not affected by AT or RT. β-Amyloid was ~30% lower in Tg+RT compared to Tg (p < 0.05). This data suggests that regular resistance training reduces β-amyloid in the hippocampus concurrent with increased concentrations of IGF-1. Both types of training offered distinct benefits, either by improving physical function or by modifying signals in the hippocampus. Therefore, inclusion of both training modalities may address central defects, as well as peripheral comorbidities in AD.
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Madadi S, Schwarzenbach H, Saidijam M, Mahjub R, Soleimani M. Potential microRNA-related targets in clearance pathways of amyloid-β: novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:91. [PMID: 31749959 PMCID: PMC6852943 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalance between amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide synthesis and clearance results in Aβ deregulation. Failure to clear these peptides appears to cause the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In recent years, microRNAs have become established key regulators of biological processes that relate among others to the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. This review article gives an overview on microRNAs that are involved in the Aβ cascade and discusses their inhibitory impact on their target mRNAs whose products participate in Aβ clearance. Understanding of the mechanism of microRNA in the associated signal pathways could identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Madadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Heidi Schwarzenbach
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reza Mahjub
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Meysam Soleimani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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