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Gomez-Pinilla F, Thapak P. Exercise epigenetics is fueled by cell bioenergetics: Supporting role on brain plasticity and cognition. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 220:43-55. [PMID: 38677488 PMCID: PMC11144461 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Exercise has the unique aptitude to benefit overall health of body and brain. Evidence indicates that the effects of exercise can be saved in the epigenome for considerable time to elevate the threshold for various diseases. The action of exercise on epigenetic regulation seems central to building an "epigenetic memory" to influence long-term brain function and behavior. As an intrinsic bioenergetic process, exercise engages the function of the mitochondria and redox pathways to impinge upon molecular mechanisms that regulate synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. We discuss how the action of exercise uses mechanisms of bioenergetics to support a "epigenetic memory" with long-term implications for neural and behavioral plasticity. This information is crucial for directing the power of exercise to reduce the burden of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Pavan Thapak
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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2
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Tribe AKW, Peng L, Teesdale-Spittle PH, McConnell MJ. BCL6 is a context-dependent mediator of the glioblastoma response to irradiation therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:131782. [PMID: 38734343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a rapidly fatal brain cancer that does not respond to therapy. Previous research showed that the transcriptional repressor protein BCL6 is upregulated by chemo and radiotherapy in glioblastoma, and inhibition of BCL6 enhances the effectiveness of these therapies. Therefore, BCL6 is a promising target to improve the efficacy of current glioblastoma treatment. BCL6 acts as a transcriptional repressor in germinal centre B cells and as an oncogene in lymphoma and other cancers. However, in glioblastoma, BCL6 induced by therapy may not be able to repress transcription. Using a BCL6 inhibitor, the whole proteome response to irradiation was compared with and without BCL6 activity. Acute high dose irradiation caused BCL6 to switch from repressing the DNA damage response to promoting stress response signalling. Rapid immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry of endogenous proteins (RIME) enabled comparison of BCL6 partner proteins between untreated and irradiated glioblastoma cells. BCL6 was associated with transcriptional coregulators in untreated glioblastoma including the known partner NCOR2. However, this association was lost in response to acute irradiation, where BCL6 unexpectedly associated with synaptic and plasma membrane proteins. These results reveal the activity of BCL6 under therapy-induced stress is context-dependent, and potentially altered by the intensity of that stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K W Tribe
- School of Biological Sciences, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Lifeng Peng
- School of Biological Sciences, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Paul H Teesdale-Spittle
- School of Biological Sciences, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Melanie J McConnell
- School of Biological Sciences, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
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3
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Lee KH, Stafford AM, Pacheco-Vergara M, Cichewicz K, Canales CP, Seban N, Corea M, Rahbarian D, Bonekamp KE, Gillie GR, Cruz DP, Gill AM, Hwang HE, Uhl KL, Jager TE, Shinawi M, Li X, Obenaus A, Crandall SR, Jeong J, Nord AS, Kim CH, Vogt D. Complimentary vertebrate Wac models exhibit phenotypes relevant to DeSanto-Shinawi Syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.26.595966. [PMID: 38826421 PMCID: PMC11142245 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.26.595966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Monogenic syndromes are associated with neurodevelopmental changes that result in cognitive impairments, neurobehavioral phenotypes including autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and seizures. Limited studies and resources are available to make meaningful headway into the underlying molecular mechanisms that result in these symptoms. One such example is DeSanto-Shinawi Syndrome (DESSH), a rare disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the WAC gene. Individuals with DESSH syndrome exhibit a recognizable craniofacial gestalt, developmental delay/intellectual disability, neurobehavioral symptoms that include autism, ADHD, behavioral difficulties and seizures. However, no thorough studies from a vertebrate model exist to understand how these changes occur. To overcome this, we developed both murine and zebrafish Wac/wac deletion mutants and studied whether their phenotypes recapitulate those described in individuals with DESSH syndrome. We show that the two Wac models exhibit craniofacial and behavioral changes, reminiscent of abnormalities found in DESSH syndrome. In addition, each model revealed impacts to GABAergic neurons and further studies showed that the mouse mutants are susceptible to seizures, changes in brain volumes that are different between sexes and relevant behaviors. Finally, we uncovered transcriptional impacts of Wac loss of function that will pave the way for future molecular studies into DESSH. These studies begin to uncover some biological underpinnings of DESSH syndrome and elucidate the biology of Wac, with advantages in each model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Han Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - April M Stafford
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Maria Pacheco-Vergara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Karol Cichewicz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis 95618, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis 95618, USA
| | - Cesar P Canales
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis 95618, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis 95618, USA
| | - Nicolas Seban
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis 95618, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis 95618, USA
| | - Melissa Corea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis 95618, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis 95618, USA
| | - Darlene Rahbarian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis 95618, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis 95618, USA
| | - Kelly E. Bonekamp
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Grant R. Gillie
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Dariangelly Pacheco Cruz
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Alyssa M Gill
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Hye-Eun Hwang
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Katie L Uhl
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | | | - Marwan Shinawi
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Director, Preclinical and Translational Imaging Center, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shane R Crandall
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Juhee Jeong
- Department of Molecular Pathology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Alex S Nord
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis 95618, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis 95618, USA
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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4
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Liu J, Mosti F, Zhao HT, Sotelo-Fonseca JE, Escobar-Tomlienovich CF, Lollis D, Musso CM, Mao Y, Massri AJ, Doll HM, Sousa AM, Wray GA, Schmidt E, Silver DL. A human-specific enhancer fine-tunes radial glia potency and corticogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.10.588953. [PMID: 38645099 PMCID: PMC11030412 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.10.588953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Humans evolved an extraordinarily expanded and complex cerebral cortex, associated with developmental and gene regulatory modifications 1-3 . Human accelerated regions (HARs) are highly conserved genomic sequences with human-specific nucleotide substitutions. Although there are thousands of annotated HARs, their functional contribution to human-specific cortical development is largely unknown 4,5 . HARE5 is a HAR transcriptional enhancer of the WNT signaling receptor Frizzled8 (FZD8) active during brain development 6 . Here, using genome-edited mouse and primate models, we demonstrate that human (Hs) HARE5 fine-tunes cortical development and connectivity by controlling the proliferative and neurogenic capacity of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Hs-HARE5 knock-in mice have significantly enlarged neocortices containing more neurons. By measuring neural dynamics in vivo we show these anatomical features correlate with increased functional independence between cortical regions. To understand the underlying developmental mechanisms, we assess progenitor fate using live imaging, lineage analysis, and single-cell RNA sequencing. This reveals Hs-HARE5 modifies radial glial progenitor behavior, with increased self-renewal at early developmental stages followed by expanded neurogenic potential. We use genome-edited human and chimpanzee (Pt) NPCs and cortical organoids to assess the relative enhancer activity and function of Hs-HARE5 and Pt-HARE5. Using these orthogonal strategies we show four human-specific variants in HARE5 drive increased enhancer activity which promotes progenitor proliferation. These findings illustrate how small changes in regulatory DNA can directly impact critical signaling pathways and brain development. Our study uncovers new functions for HARs as key regulatory elements crucial for the expansion and complexity of the human cerebral cortex.
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5
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Lin Y, Zhang L, Gao M, Tang Z, Cheng X, Li H, Qin J, Tian M, Jin G, Zhang X, Li W. miR-6076 targets BCL6 in SH-SY5Y cells to regulate amyloid-β-induced neuronal damage. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:4145-4154. [PMID: 37849385 PMCID: PMC10746944 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42 ) is strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study is to elucidate whether and how miR-6076 participates in the modulation of amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neuronal damage. To construct the neuronal damage model, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with Aβ1-42 . By qRT-PCR, we found that miR-6076 is significantly upregulated in Aβ1-42 -treated SH-SY5Y cells. After miR-6076 inhibition, p-Tau and apoptosis levels were downregulated, and cell viability was increased. Through online bioinformatics analysis, we found that B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) was a directly target of miR-6076 via dual-luciferase reporter assay. BCL6 overexpression mediated the decrease in elevated p-Tau levels and increased viability in SH-SY5Y cells following Aβ1-42 treatment. Our results suggest that down-regulation of miR-6076 could attenuate Aβ1-42 -induced neuronal damage by targeting BCL6, which provided a possible target to pursue for prevention and treatment of Aβ-induced neuronal damage in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of NeurobiologyNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of EducationNantongJiangsuPR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of NeurobiologyNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of EducationNantongJiangsuPR China
| | - Mengyue Gao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of NeurobiologyNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of EducationNantongJiangsuPR China
| | - Zixin Tang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of NeurobiologyNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of EducationNantongJiangsuPR China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of NeurobiologyNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of EducationNantongJiangsuPR China
| | - Haoming Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of NeurobiologyNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of EducationNantongJiangsuPR China
| | - Jianbing Qin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of NeurobiologyNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of EducationNantongJiangsuPR China
| | - Meiling Tian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of NeurobiologyNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of EducationNantongJiangsuPR China
| | - Guohua Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of NeurobiologyNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of EducationNantongJiangsuPR China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of NeurobiologyNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of EducationNantongJiangsuPR China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of NeurobiologyNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuPR China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of EducationNantongJiangsuPR China
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6
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Cossard A, Stam K, Smets A, Jossin Y. MKL/SRF and Bcl6 mutual transcriptional repression safeguards the fate and positioning of neocortical progenitor cells mediated by RhoA. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd0676. [PMID: 37967194 PMCID: PMC10651131 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, multiple intricate and intertwined cellular signaling pathways coordinate cell behavior. Their slightest alterations can have dramatic consequences for the cells and the organs they form. The transcriptional repressor Bcl6 was recently found as important for brain development. However, its regulation and integration with other signals is unknown. Using in vivo functional approaches combined with molecular mechanistic analysis, we identified a reciprocal regulatory loop between B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) and the RhoA-regulated transcriptional complex megakaryoblastic leukemia/serum response factor (MKL/SRF). We show that Bcl6 physically interacts with MKL/SRF, resulting in a down-regulation of the transcriptional activity of both Bcl6 and MKL/SRF. This molecular cross-talk is essential for the control of proliferation, neurogenesis, and spatial positioning of neural progenitors. Overall, our data highlight a regulatory mechanism that controls neuronal production and neocortical development and reveal an MKL/SRF and Bcl6 interaction that may have broader implications in other physiological functions and in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Cossard
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
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7
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Faraji J, Metz GAS. Toward reframing brain-social dynamics: current assumptions and future challenges. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1211442. [PMID: 37484686 PMCID: PMC10359502 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1211442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary analyses suggest that the human social brain and sociality appeared together. The two fundamental tools that accelerated the concurrent emergence of the social brain and sociality include learning and plasticity. The prevailing core idea is that the primate brain and the cortex in particular became reorganised over the course of evolution to facilitate dynamic adaptation to ongoing changes in physical and social environments. Encouraged by computational or survival demands or even by instinctual drives for living in social groups, the brain eventually learned how to learn from social experience via its massive plastic capacity. A fundamental framework for modeling these orchestrated dynamic responses is that social plasticity relies upon neuroplasticity. In the present article, we first provide a glimpse into the concepts of plasticity, experience, with emphasis on social experience. We then acknowledge and integrate the current theoretical concepts to highlight five key intertwined assumptions within social neuroscience that underlie empirical approaches for explaining the brain-social dynamics. We suggest that this epistemological view provides key insights into the ontology of current conceptual frameworks driving future research to successfully deal with new challenges and possible caveats in favour of the formulation of novel assumptions. In the light of contemporary societal challenges, such as global pandemics, natural disasters, violent conflict, and other human tragedies, discovering the mechanisms of social brain plasticity will provide new approaches to support adaptive brain plasticity and social resilience.
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8
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Shabani K, Pigeon J, Benaissa Touil Zariouh M, Liu T, Saffarian A, Komatsu J, Liu E, Danda N, Becmeur-Lefebvre M, Limame R, Bohl D, Parras C, Hassan BA. The temporal balance between self-renewal and differentiation of human neural stem cells requires the amyloid precursor protein. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd5002. [PMID: 37327344 PMCID: PMC10275593 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the developing human cerebral cortex occurs at a particularly slow rate owing in part to cortical neural progenitors preserving their progenitor state for a relatively long time, while generating neurons. How this balance between the progenitor and neurogenic state is regulated, and whether it contributes to species-specific brain temporal patterning, is poorly understood. Here, we show that the characteristic potential of human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to remain in a progenitor state as they generate neurons for a prolonged amount of time requires the amyloid precursor protein (APP). In contrast, APP is dispensable in mouse NPCs, which undergo neurogenesis at a much faster rate. Mechanistically, APP cell-autonomously contributes to protracted neurogenesis through suppression of the proneurogenic activator protein-1 transcription factor and facilitation of canonical WNT signaling. We propose that the fine balance between self-renewal and differentiation is homeostatically regulated by APP, which may contribute to human-specific temporal patterns of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Shabani
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Julien Pigeon
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marwan Benaissa Touil Zariouh
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Tengyuan Liu
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Azadeh Saffarian
- Scipio bioscience, iPEPS-ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jun Komatsu
- Scipio bioscience, iPEPS-ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Elise Liu
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Natasha Danda
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Becmeur-Lefebvre
- Genetics and Foetopathology, Centre Hospitalier Regional d’Orleans–Hôpital de la Source, Orleans, France
| | - Ridha Limame
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bohl
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Parras
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Bassem A. Hassan
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Koo B, Lee KH, Ming GL, Yoon KJ, Song H. Setting the clock of neural progenitor cells during mammalian corticogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 142:43-53. [PMID: 35644876 PMCID: PMC9699901 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) as primary neural stem cells in the developing mammalian cortex give rise to diverse types of neurons and glial cells according to sophisticated developmental programs with remarkable spatiotemporal precision. Recent studies suggest that regulation of the temporal competence of RGCs is a key mechanism for the highly conserved and predictable development of the cerebral cortex. Various types of epigenetic regulations, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and 3D chromatin architecture, play a key role in shaping the gene expression pattern of RGCs. In addition, epitranscriptomic modifications regulate temporal pre-patterning of RGCs by affecting the turnover rate and function of cell-type-specific transcripts. In this review, we summarize epigenetic and epitranscriptomic regulatory mechanisms that control the temporal competence of RGCs during mammalian corticogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss various developmental elements that also dynamically regulate the temporal competence of RGCs, including biochemical reaction speed, local environmental changes, and subcellular organelle remodeling. Finally, we discuss the underlying mechanisms that regulate the interspecies developmental tempo contributing to human-specific features of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonsang Koo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Heon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ki-Jun Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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10
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Van Heurck R, Bonnefont J, Wojno M, Suzuki IK, Velez-Bravo FD, Erkol E, Nguyen DT, Herpoel A, Bilheu A, Beckers S, Ledent C, Vanderhaeghen P. CROCCP2 acts as a human-specific modifier of cilia dynamics and mTOR signaling to promote expansion of cortical progenitors. Neuron 2023; 111:65-80.e6. [PMID: 36334595 PMCID: PMC9831670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a central signaling component during embryonic development. Here we focus on CROCCP2, a hominid-specific gene duplicate from ciliary rootlet coiled coil (CROCC), also known as rootletin, that encodes the major component of the ciliary rootlet. We find that CROCCP2 is highly expressed in the human fetal brain and not in other primate species. CROCCP2 gain of function in the mouse embryonic cortex and human cortical cells and organoids results in decreased ciliogenesis and increased cortical progenitor amplification, particularly basal progenitors. CROCCP2 decreases ciliary dynamics by inhibition of the IFT20 ciliary trafficking protein, which then impacts neurogenesis through increased mTOR signaling. Loss of function of CROCCP2 in human cortical cells and organoids leads to increased ciliogenesis, decreased mTOR signaling, and impaired basal progenitor amplification. These data identify CROCCP2 as a human-specific modifier of cortical neurogenesis that acts through modulation of ciliary dynamics and mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Van Heurck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Bonnefont
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marta Wojno
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ikuo K. Suzuki
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fausto D. Velez-Bravo
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emir Erkol
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dan Truc Nguyen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adèle Herpoel
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Angéline Bilheu
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie Beckers
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine Ledent
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium,Corresponding author
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11
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Neurodevelopmental disorders-high-resolution rethinking of disease modeling. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:34-43. [PMID: 36434058 PMCID: PMC9812768 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders arise due to various risk factors that can perturb different stages of brain development, and a combinatorial impact of these risk factors programs the phenotype in adulthood. While modeling the complete phenotype of a neurodevelopmental disorder is challenging, individual developmental perturbations can be successfully modeled in vivo in animals and in vitro in human cellular models. Nevertheless, our limited knowledge of human brain development restricts modeling strategies and has raised questions of how well a model corresponds to human in vivo brain development. Recent progress in high-resolution analysis of human tissue with single-cell and spatial omics techniques has enhanced our understanding of the complex events that govern the development of the human brain in health and disease. This new knowledge can be utilized to improve modeling of neurodevelopmental disorders and pave the way to more accurately portraying the relevant developmental perturbations in disease models.
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12
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Bustamante-Barrientos FA, Méndez-Ruette M, Molina L, Koning T, Ehrenfeld P, González CB, Wyneken U, Henzi R, Bátiz LF. Alpha-SNAP (M105I) mutation promotes neuronal differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells through overactivation of AMPK. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1061777. [PMID: 37113766 PMCID: PMC10127105 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1061777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The M105I point mutation in α-SNAP (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein-alpha) leads in mice to a complex phenotype known as hyh (hydrocephalus with hop gait), characterized by cortical malformation and hydrocephalus, among other neuropathological features. Studies performed by our laboratory and others support that the hyh phenotype is triggered by a primary alteration in embryonic neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) that leads to a disruption of the ventricular and subventricular zones (VZ/SVZ) during the neurogenic period. Besides the canonical role of α-SNAP in SNARE-mediated intracellular membrane fusion dynamics, it also negatively modulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. AMPK is a conserved metabolic sensor associated with the proliferation/differentiation balance in NSPCs. Methods: Brain samples from hyh mutant mice (hydrocephalus with hop gait) (B6C3Fe-a/a-Napahyh/J) were analyzed by light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and Western blot at different developmental stages. In addition, NSPCs derived from WT and hyh mutant mice were cultured as neurospheres for in vitro characterization and pharmacological assays. BrdU labeling was used to assess proliferative activity in situ and in vitro. Pharmacological modulation of AMPK was performed using Compound C (AMPK inhibitor) and AICAR (AMPK activator). Results: α-SNAP was preferentially expressed in the brain, showing variations in the levels of α-SNAP protein in different brain regions and developmental stages. NSPCs from hyh mice (hyh-NSPCs) displayed reduced levels of α-SNAP and increased levels of phosphorylated AMPKα (pAMPKαThr172), which were associated with a reduction in their proliferative activity and a preferential commitment with the neuronal lineage. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition of AMPK in hyh-NSPCs increased proliferative activity and completely abolished the increased generation of neurons. Conversely, AICAR-mediated activation of AMPK in WT-NSPCs reduced proliferation and boosted neuronal differentiation. Discussion: Our findings support that α-SNAP regulates AMPK signaling in NSPCs, further modulating their neurogenic capacity. The naturally occurring M105I mutation of α-SNAP provokes an AMPK overactivation in NSPCs, thus connecting the α-SNAP/AMPK axis with the etiopathogenesis and neuropathology of the hyh phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxs Méndez-Ruette
- Neuroscience Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- PhD Program in Biomedicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Molina
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Tania Koning
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos B. González
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ursula Wyneken
- Neuroscience Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Henzi
- Neuroscience Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
- *Correspondence: Luis Federico Bátiz, ; Roberto Henzi,
| | - Luis Federico Bátiz
- Neuroscience Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Luis Federico Bátiz, ; Roberto Henzi,
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13
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McLachlan T, Matthews WC, Jackson ER, Staudt DE, Douglas AM, Findlay IJ, Persson ML, Duchatel RJ, Mannan A, Germon ZP, Dun MD. B-cell Lymphoma 6 (BCL6): From Master Regulator of Humoral Immunity to Oncogenic Driver in Pediatric Cancers. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1711-1723. [PMID: 36166198 PMCID: PMC9716245 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a protooncogene in adult and pediatric cancers, first identified in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) where it acts as a repressor of the tumor suppressor TP53, conferring survival, protection, and maintenance of lymphoma cells. BCL6 expression in normal B cells is fundamental in the regulation of humoral immunity, via initiation and maintenance of the germinal centers (GC). Its role in B cells during the production of high affinity immunoglobins (that recognize and bind specific antigens) is believed to underpin its function as an oncogene. BCL6 is known to drive the self-renewal capacity of leukemia-initiating cells (LIC), with high BCL6 expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and glioblastoma (GBM) associated with disease progression and treatment resistance. The mechanisms underpinning BCL6-driven therapy resistance are yet to be uncovered; however, high activity is considered to confer poor prognosis in the clinical setting. BCL6's key binding partner, BCL6 corepressor (BCOR), is frequently mutated in pediatric cancers and appears to act in concert with BCL6. Using publicly available data, here we show that BCL6 is ubiquitously overexpressed in pediatric brain tumors, inversely to BCOR, highlighting the potential for targeting BCL6 in these often lethal and untreatable cancers. In this review, we summarize what is known of BCL6 (role, effect, mechanisms) in pediatric cancers, highlighting the two sides of BCL6 function, humoral immunity, and tumorigenesis, as well as to review BCL6 inhibitors and highlight areas of opportunity to improve the outcomes of patients with pediatric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha McLachlan
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William C. Matthews
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evangeline R. Jackson
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dilana E. Staudt
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alicia M. Douglas
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Izac J. Findlay
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mika L. Persson
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan J. Duchatel
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Abdul Mannan
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zacary P. Germon
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew D. Dun
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Corresponding Author: Matthew D. Dun, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Level 3, Life Sciences Bldg, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Phone: 612-4921-5693; E-mail:
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14
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Petridi S, Dubal D, Rikhy R, van den Ameele J. Mitochondrial respiration and dynamics of in vivo neural stem cells. Development 2022; 149:285126. [PMID: 36445292 PMCID: PMC10112913 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the developing and adult brain undergo many different transitions, tightly regulated by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. While the role of signalling pathways and transcription factors is well established, recent evidence has also highlighted mitochondria as central players in NSC behaviour and fate decisions. Many aspects of cellular metabolism and mitochondrial biology change during NSC transitions, interact with signalling pathways and affect the activity of chromatin-modifying enzymes. In this Spotlight, we explore recent in vivo findings, primarily from Drosophila and mammalian model systems, about the role that mitochondrial respiration and morphology play in NSC development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Petridi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Dnyanesh Dubal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.,Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Richa Rikhy
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Jelle van den Ameele
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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15
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Wiegreffe C, Wahl T, Joos NS, Bonnefont J, Liu P, Britsch S. Developmental cell death of cortical projection neurons is controlled by a Bcl11a/Bcl6‐dependent pathway. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54104. [PMID: 35766181 PMCID: PMC9346488 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental neuron death plays a pivotal role in refining organization and wiring during neocortex formation. Aberrant regulation of this process results in neurodevelopmental disorders including impaired learning and memory. Underlying molecular pathways are incompletely determined. Loss of Bcl11a in cortical projection neurons induces pronounced cell death in upper‐layer cortical projection neurons during postnatal corticogenesis. We use this genetic model to explore genetic mechanisms by which developmental neuron death is controlled. Unexpectedly, we find Bcl6, previously shown to be involved in the transition of cortical neurons from progenitor to postmitotic differentiation state to provide a major checkpoint regulating neuron survival during late cortical development. We show that Bcl11a is a direct transcriptional regulator of Bcl6. Deletion of Bcl6 exerts death of cortical projection neurons. In turn, reintroduction of Bcl6 into Bcl11a mutants prevents induction of cell death in these neurons. Together, our data identify a novel Bcl11a/Bcl6‐dependent molecular pathway in regulation of developmental cell death during corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Wahl
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy Ulm University Ulm Germany
| | | | - Jerome Bonnefont
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI) Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
- VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven Department of Neuroscience Leuven Brain Institute Leuven Belgium
| | - Pentao Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Stefan Britsch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy Ulm University Ulm Germany
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16
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Louwen F, Kreis NN, Ritter A, Friemel A, Solbach C, Yuan J. BCL6, a key oncogene, in the placenta, pre-eclampsia and endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update 2022; 28:890-909. [PMID: 35640966 PMCID: PMC9629482 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The key oncogene B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) drives malignant progression by promoting proliferation, overriding DNA damage checkpoints and blocking cell terminal differentiation. However, its functions in the placenta and the endometrium remain to be defined. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Recent studies provide evidence that BCL6 may play various roles in the human placenta and the endometrium. Deregulated BCL6 might be related to the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia (PE) as well as endometriosis. In this narrative review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the pathophysiological role of BCL6 in these two reproductive organs, discuss related molecular mechanisms, and underline associated research perspectives. SEARCH METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed for human, animal and cellular studies published until October 2021 in the following areas: BCL6 in the placenta, in PE and in endometriosis, in combination with its functions in proliferation, fusion, migration, invasion, differentiation, stem/progenitor cell maintenance and lineage commitment. OUTCOMES The data demonstrate that BCL6 is important in cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration and invasion of trophoblastic cells. BCL6 may have critical roles in stem/progenitor cell survival and differentiation in the placenta and the endometrium. BCL6 is aberrantly upregulated in pre-eclamptic placentas and endometriotic lesions through various mechanisms, including changes in gene transcription and mRNA translation as well as post-transcriptional/translational modifications. Importantly, increased endometrial BCL6 is considered to be a non-invasive diagnostic marker for endometriosis and a predictor for poor outcomes of IVF. These data highlight that BCL6 is crucial for placental development and endometrium homeostasis, and its upregulation is associated with the pathogenesis of PE, endometriosis and infertility. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The lesson learned from studies of the key oncogene BCL6 reinforces the notion that numerous signaling pathways and regulators are shared by tumors and reproductive organs. Their alteration may promote the progression of malignancies as well as the development of gestational and reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Louwen
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina-Naomi Kreis
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Ritter
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Friemel
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Solbach
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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17
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Romero-Morales AI, Gama V. Revealing the Impact of Mitochondrial Fitness During Early Neural Development Using Human Brain Organoids. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:840265. [PMID: 35571368 PMCID: PMC9102998 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.840265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis -including function, morphology, and inter-organelle communication- provides guidance to the intrinsic developmental programs of corticogenesis, while also being responsive to environmental and intercellular signals. Two- and three-dimensional platforms have become useful tools to interrogate the capacity of cells to generate neuronal and glia progeny in a background of metabolic dysregulation, but the mechanistic underpinnings underlying the role of mitochondria during human neurogenesis remain unexplored. Here we provide a concise overview of cortical development and the use of pluripotent stem cell models that have contributed to our understanding of mitochondrial and metabolic regulation of early human brain development. We finally discuss the effects of mitochondrial fitness dysregulation seen under stress conditions such as metabolic dysregulation, absence of developmental apoptosis, and hypoxia; and the avenues of research that can be explored with the use of brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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18
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Donega V, van der Geest AT, Sluijs JA, van Dijk RE, Wang CC, Basak O, Pasterkamp RJ, Hol EM. Single-cell profiling of human subventricular zone progenitors identifies SFRP1 as a target to re-activate progenitors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1036. [PMID: 35210419 PMCID: PMC8873234 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the decline of neurogenesis at birth, progenitors of the subventricular zone (SVZ) remain mostly in a quiescent state in the adult human brain. The mechanisms that regulate this quiescent state are still unclear. Here, we isolate CD271+ progenitors from the aged human SVZ for single-cell RNA sequencing analysis. Our transcriptome data reveal the identity of progenitors of the aged human SVZ as late oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. We identify the Wnt pathway antagonist SFRP1 as a possible signal that promotes quiescence of progenitors from the aged human SVZ. Administration of WAY-316606, a small molecule that inhibits SFRP1 function, stimulates activation of neural stem cells both in vitro and in vivo under homeostatic conditions. Our data unravel a possible mechanism through which progenitors of the adult human SVZ are maintained in a quiescent state and a potential target for stimulating progenitors to re-activate. The decline in neurogenesis following birth is accompanied with a quiescent state characteristic of neural progenitors of the adult brain. Here, the authors identify the Wnt pathway antagonist SFRP1 as a potential signal that promotes quiescence and show that its inhibition stimulates stem cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Donega
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Astrid T van der Geest
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline A Sluijs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roland E van Dijk
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, and Chinese University of Hong Kong -Sichuan University Joint Laboratory in Reproductive Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.,Institute of Biochemistry, Charite-University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Onur Basak
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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19
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Major brain malformations: corpus callosum dysgenesis, agenesis of septum pellucidum and polymicrogyria in patients with BCORL1-related disorders. J Hum Genet 2022; 67:95-101. [PMID: 34400773 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE BCORL1, a transcriptional co-repressor, has a role in cortical migration, neuronal differentiation, maturation, and cerebellar development. We describe BCORL1 as a new genetic cause for major brain malformations. METHODS AND RESULTS We report three patients from two unrelated families with neonatal onset intractable epilepsy and profound global developmental delay. Brain MRI of two siblings from the first family depicted hypoplastic corpus callosum and septal agenesis (ASP) in the older brother and unilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria (PMG) in the younger one. MRI of the patient from the second family demonstrated complete agenesis of corpus callosum (CC). Whole Exome Sequencing revealed a novel hemizygous variant in NM_021946.5 (BCORL1):c.796C>T (p.Pro266Ser) in the two siblings from the first family and the NM_021946.5 (BCORL1): c.3376G>A; p.Asp1126Asn variant in the patient from the second family, both variants inherited from healthy mothers. We reviewed the patients' charts and MRIs and compared the phenotype to the other published BCORL1-related cases. Brain malformations have not been previously described in association with the BCORL1 phenotype. We discuss the potential influence of BCORL1 on brain development. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that BCORL1 variants present with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders and can lead to major brain malformations originating at different stages of fetal development. We suggest adding BCORL1 to the genetic causes of PMG, ASP, and CC dysgenesis.
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Epigenetic repression of Wnt receptors in AD: a role for Sirtuin2-induced H4K16ac deacetylation of Frizzled1 and Frizzled7 promoters. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3024-3033. [PMID: 35296808 PMCID: PMC9205772 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports a role for deficient Wnt signalling in Alzheimer's disease (AD). First, the Wnt antagonist DKK1 is elevated in AD brains and is required for amyloid-β-induced synapse loss. Second, LRP6 Wnt co-receptor is required for synapse integrity and three variants of this receptor are linked to late-onset AD. However, the expression/role of other Wnt signalling components remain poorly explored in AD. Wnt receptors Frizzled1 (Fzd1), Fzd5, Fzd7 and Fzd9 are of interest due to their role in synapse formation/plasticity. Our analyses showed reduced FZD1 and FZD7 mRNA levels in the hippocampus of human early AD stages and in the hAPPNLGF/NLGF mouse model. This transcriptional downregulation was accompanied by reduced levels of the pro-transcriptional histone mark H4K16ac and a concomitant increase of its deacetylase Sirt2 at Fzd1 and Fzd7 promoters in AD. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of Sirt2 rescued Fzd1 and Fzd7 mRNA expression and H4K16ac levels at their promoters. In addition, we showed that Sirt2 recruitment to Fzd1 and Fzd7 promoters is dependent on FoxO1 activity in AD, thus acting as a co-repressor. Finally, we found reduced levels of SIRT2 inhibitory phosphorylation in nuclear samples from human early AD stages with a concomitant increase in the SIRT2 phosphatase PP2C. This results in hyperactive nuclear Sirt2 and favours Fzd1 and Fzd7 repression in AD. Collectively, our findings define a novel role for nuclear hyperactivated SIRT2 in repressing Fzd1 and Fzd7 expression via H4K16ac deacetylation in AD. We propose SIRT2 as an attractive target to ameliorate AD pathology.
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21
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Ouyang Y, Liu D, Zhang L, Li X, Chen X, Zhao C. Green Alga Enteromorpha prolifera Oligosaccharide Ameliorates Ageing and Hyperglycemia through Gut-Brain Axis in Age-Matched Diabetic Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100564. [PMID: 34894199 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE To investigate the anti-ageing and anti-diabetic effects of Enteromorpha prolifera oligosaccharide (EPO) in age-matched streptozocin-induced diabetic mice. METHODS AND RESULTS LC-MS metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing is used to identify the brain metabolites and gut microbiota, respectively. EPO could significantly improve glucose metabolism and activity of total superoxide dismutase in serum. It also could regulate the tricarboxylic acid cycle, arginine, and inosine-related metabolic pathways in the brain of aged diabetic mice. Inosine is found to enhance the relative expressions of daf-2, daf-16, and skn-1 in insulin-resistant Caenorhabditis elegans. Additionally, EPO could alter the composition and diversity of gut microbiota in mice. It could upregulate the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3/Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1)/B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) pathways in the brain and the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK)/FOXO1/Bcl-6 signaling axis in the intestine to regulate glucose metabolite status and ageing in mice. EPO could also improve the levels of glucagon-like peptide type 1 (GLP1) expression in the gut, thereby inducing high expression of GLP1 receptor in the brain to control glucose metabolites through the brain-gut axis. Enterococcus is negatively correlated with AMP in the brain and could be a potential hallmark species in age-related diabetes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that EPO could be a potential novel natural drug for the treatment of diabetes in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhen Ouyang
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lizhu Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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22
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WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Soft Tissue Sarcomas: New Therapeutic Opportunities? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215521. [PMID: 34771683 PMCID: PMC8583315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in fundamental processes for the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. However, little is known about its relevance for mesenchymal neoplasms, such us soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Chemotherapy based on doxorubicin (DXR) still remains the standard first-line treatment for locally advanced unresectable or metastatic STS, although overall survival could not be improved by combination with other chemotherapeutics. In this sense, the development of new therapeutic approaches continues to be an unmatched goal. This review covers the most important molecular alterations of the WNT signaling pathway in STS, broadening the current knowledge about STS as well as identifying novel drug targets. Furthermore, the current therapeutic options and drug candidates to modulate WNT signaling, which are usually classified by their interaction site upstream or downstream of β-catenin, and their presumable clinical impact on STS are discussed. Abstract Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a very heterogeneous group of rare tumors, comprising more than 50 different histological subtypes that originate from mesenchymal tissue. Despite their heterogeneity, chemotherapy based on doxorubicin (DXR) has been in use for forty years now and remains the standard first-line treatment for locally advanced unresectable or metastatic STS, although overall survival could not be improved by combination with other chemotherapeutics. In this sense, the development of new therapeutic approaches continues to be a largely unmatched goal. The WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in various fundamental processes for embryogenic development, including the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Although the role of this pathway has been widely researched in neoplasms of epithelial origin, little is known about its relevance for mesenchymal neoplasms. This review covers the most important molecular alterations of the WNT signaling pathway in STS. The detection of these alterations and the understanding of their functional consequences for those pathways controlling sarcomagenesis development and progression are crucial to broaden the current knowledge about STS as well as to identify novel drug targets. In this regard, the current therapeutic options and drug candidates to modulate WNT signaling, which are usually classified by their interaction site upstream or downstream of β-catenin, and their presumable clinical impact on STS are also discussed.
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23
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Iwata R, Vanderhaeghen P. Regulatory roles of mitochondria and metabolism in neurogenesis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:231-240. [PMID: 34171617 PMCID: PMC8415079 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) undergo massive molecular and cellular changes during neuronal differentiation. These include mitochondria and metabolism remodelling, which were thought to be mostly permissive cues, but recent work indicates that they are causally linked to neurogenesis. Striking remodelling of mitochondria occurs right after mitosis of NSCs, which influences the postmitotic daughter cells towards self-renewal or differentiation. The transitioning to neuronal fate requires metabolic rewiring including increased oxidative phosphorylation activity, which drives transcriptional and epigenetic effects to influence cell fate. Mitochondria metabolic pathways also contribute in an essential way to the regulation of NSC proliferation and self-renewal. The influence of mitochondria and metabolism on neurogenesis is conserved from fly to human systems, but also displays striking differences linked to cell context or species. These new findings have important implications for our understanding of neurodevelopmental diseases and possibly human brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Iwata
- VIB KULeuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Brussels, 1070, Belgium
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- VIB KULeuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Brussels, 1070, Belgium.
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24
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Bedogni F, Hevner RF. Cell-Type-Specific Gene Expression in Developing Mouse Neocortex: Intermediate Progenitors Implicated in Axon Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:686034. [PMID: 34321999 PMCID: PMC8313239 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.686034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortex projection neurons (PNs) are generated from intermediate progenitors (IPs), which are in turn derived from radial glial progenitors (RGPs). To investigate developmental processes in IPs, we profiled IP transcriptomes in embryonic mouse neocortex, using transgenic Tbr2-GFP mice, cell sorting, and microarrays. These data were used in combination with in situ hybridization to ascertain gene sets specific for IPs, RGPs, PNs, interneurons, and other neural and non-neural cell types. RGP-selective transcripts (n = 419) included molecules for Notch receptor signaling, proliferation, neural stem cell identity, apical junctions, necroptosis, hippo pathway, and NF-κB pathway. RGPs also expressed specific genes for critical interactions with meningeal and vascular cells. In contrast, IP-selective genes (n = 136) encoded molecules for activated Delta ligand presentation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, core planar cell polarity (PCP), axon genesis, and intrinsic excitability. Interestingly, IPs expressed several “dependence receptors” (Unc5d, Dcc, Ntrk3, and Epha4) that induce apoptosis in the absence of ligand, suggesting a competitive mechanism for IPs and new PNs to detect key environmental cues or die. Overall, our results imply a novel role for IPs in the patterning of neuronal polarization, axon differentiation, and intrinsic excitability prior to mitosis. Significantly, IPs highly express Wnt-PCP, netrin, and semaphorin pathway molecules known to regulate axon polarization in other systems. In sum, IPs not only amplify neurogenesis quantitatively, but also molecularly “prime” new PNs for axogenesis, guidance, and excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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25
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Jiang M, Tang T, Liang X, Li J, Qiu Y, Liu S, Bian S, Xie Y, Fang F, Cang J. Maternal sevoflurane exposure induces temporary defects in interkinetic nuclear migration of radial glial progenitors in the fetal cerebral cortex through the Notch signalling pathway. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13042. [PMID: 33955094 PMCID: PMC8168415 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of general anaesthetics on fetal brain development remain elusive. Radial glial progenitors (RGPs) generate the majority of neurons in developing brains. Here, we evaluated the acute alterations in RGPs after maternal sevoflurane exposure. METHODS Pregnant mice were exposed to 2.5% sevoflurane for 6 hours on gestational day 14.5. Interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) of RGPs in the ventricular zone (VZ) of the fetal brain was evaluated by thymidine analogues labelling. Cell fate of RGP progeny was determined by immunostaining using various neural markers. The Morris water maze (MWM) was used to assess the neurocognitive behaviours of the offspring. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed for the potential mechanism, and the potential mechanism validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), Western blot and rescue experiments. Furthermore, INM was examined in human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived 3D cerebral organoids. RESULTS Maternal sevoflurane exposure induced temporary abnormities in INM, and disturbed the cell cycle progression of RGPs in both rodents and cerebral organoids without cell fate alternation. RNA-Seq analysis, qPCR and Western blot showed that the Notch signalling pathway was a potential downstream target. Reactivation of Notch by Jag1 and NICD overexpression rescued the defects in INM. Young adult offspring showed no obvious cognitive impairments in MWM. CONCLUSIONS Maternal sevoflurane exposure during neurogenic period temporarily induced abnormal INM of RGPs by targeting the Notch signalling pathway without inducing long-term effects on RGP progeny cell fate or offspring cognitive behaviours. More importantly, the defects of INM in hESC-derived cerebral organoids provide a novel insight into the effects of general anaesthesia on human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Department of AnesthesiaZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Tianxiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceInstitutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinyue Liang
- Department of AnesthesiaZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Juchen Li
- Department of AnesthesiaZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of AnesthesiaZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shiwen Liu
- Department of AnesthesiaZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shan Bian
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchShanghai East HospitalTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yunli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceInstitutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of AnesthesiaZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Cang
- Department of AnesthesiaZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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26
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Zhang T, Liu T, Mora N, Guegan J, Bertrand M, Contreras X, Hansen AH, Streicher C, Anderle M, Danda N, Tiberi L, Hippenmeyer S, Hassan BA. Generation of excitatory and inhibitory neurons from common progenitors via Notch signaling in the cerebellum. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109208. [PMID: 34107249 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain neurons arise from relatively few progenitors generating an enormous diversity of neuronal types. Nonetheless, a cardinal feature of mammalian brain neurogenesis is thought to be that excitatory and inhibitory neurons derive from separate, spatially segregated progenitors. Whether bi-potential progenitors with an intrinsic capacity to generate both lineages exist and how such a fate decision may be regulated are unknown. Using cerebellar development as a model, we discover that individual progenitors can give rise to both inhibitory and excitatory lineages. Gradations of Notch activity determine the fates of the progenitors and their daughters. Daughters with the highest levels of Notch activity retain the progenitor fate, while intermediate levels of Notch activity generate inhibitory neurons, and daughters with very low levels of Notch signaling adopt the excitatory fate. Therefore, Notch-mediated binary cell fate choice is a mechanism for regulating the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neurons from common progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tengyuan Liu
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalia Mora
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Justine Guegan
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Bertrand
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ximena Contreras
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Andi H Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Carmen Streicher
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Marica Anderle
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Natasha Danda
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Luca Tiberi
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Bassem A Hassan
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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27
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Gantner CW, Hunt CPJ, Niclis JC, Penna V, McDougall SJ, Thompson LH, Parish CL. FGF-MAPK signaling regulates human deep-layer corticogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1262-1275. [PMID: 33836146 PMCID: PMC8185433 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite heterogeneity across the six layers of the mammalian cortex, all excitatory neurons are generated from a single founder population of neuroepithelial stem cells. However, how these progenitors alter their layer competence over time remains unknown. Here, we used human embryonic stem cell-derived cortical progenitors to examine the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Notch signaling in influencing cell fate, assessing their impact on progenitor phenotype, cell-cycle kinetics, and layer specificity. Forced early cell-cycle exit, via Notch inhibition, caused rapid, near-exclusive generation of deep-layer VI neurons. In contrast, prolonged FGF2 promoted proliferation and maintained progenitor identity, delaying laminar progression via MAPK-dependent mechanisms. Inhibiting MAPK extended cell-cycle length and led to generation of layer-V CTIP2+ neurons by repressing alternative laminar fates. Taken together, FGF/MAPK regulates the proliferative/neurogenic balance in deep-layer corticogenesis and provides a resource for generating layer-specific neurons for studying development and disease. FGF/MAPK regulates the proliferative/neurogenic balance in deep-layer corticogenesis FGF/MAPK signaling maintains the progenitor pool and generates layer-VI neurons MAPK inhibition prolongs cell cycle to yield layer-V neurons, repressing other fates Protocols to generate layer-specific cortical neurons to study development and disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos W Gantner
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Cameron P J Hunt
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan C Niclis
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Vanessa Penna
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDougall
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lachlan H Thompson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Clare L Parish
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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28
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Kitazawa T, Machlab D, Joshi O, Maiorano N, Kohler H, Ducret S, Kessler S, Gezelius H, Soneson C, Papasaikas P, López-Bendito G, Stadler MB, Rijli FM. A unique bipartite Polycomb signature regulates stimulus-response transcription during development. Nat Genet 2021; 53:379-391. [PMID: 33603234 PMCID: PMC7610396 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rapid cellular responses to environmental stimuli are fundamental for development and maturation. Immediate early genes can be transcriptionally induced within minutes in response to a variety of signals. How their induction levels are regulated and their untimely activation by spurious signals prevented during development is poorly understood. We found that in developing sensory neurons, before perinatal sensory-activity-dependent induction, immediate early genes are embedded into a unique bipartite Polycomb chromatin signature, carrying active H3K27ac on promoters but repressive Ezh2-dependent H3K27me3 on gene bodies. This bipartite signature is widely present in developing cell types, including embryonic stem cells. Polycomb marking of gene bodies inhibits mRNA elongation, dampening productive transcription, while still allowing for fast stimulus-dependent mark removal and bipartite gene induction. We reveal a developmental epigenetic mechanism regulating the rapidity and amplitude of the transcriptional response to relevant stimuli, while preventing inappropriate activation of stimulus-response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kitazawa
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dania Machlab
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Onkar Joshi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Maiorano
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hubertus Kohler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Ducret
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Kessler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Gezelius
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Charlotte Soneson
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Papasaikas
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guillermina López-Bendito
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Michael B. Stadler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filippo M. Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Correspondence to:
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29
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Johnson TS, Xiang S, Dong T, Huang Z, Cheng M, Wang T, Yang K, Ni D, Huang K, Zhang J. Combinatorial analyses reveal cellular composition changes have different impacts on transcriptomic changes of cell type specific genes in Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:353. [PMID: 33432017 PMCID: PMC7801680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains are characterized by progressive neuron loss and gliosis. Previous studies of gene expression using bulk tissue samples often fail to consider changes in cell-type composition when comparing AD versus control, which can lead to differences in expression levels that are not due to transcriptional regulation. We mined five large transcriptomic AD datasets for conserved gene co-expression module, then analyzed differential expression and differential co-expression within the modules between AD samples and controls. We performed cell-type deconvolution analysis to determine whether the observed differential expression was due to changes in cell-type proportions in the samples or to transcriptional regulation. Our findings were validated using four additional datasets. We discovered that the increased expression of microglia modules in the AD samples can be explained by increased microglia proportions in the AD samples. In contrast, decreased expression and perturbed co-expression within neuron modules in the AD samples was likely due in part to altered regulation of neuronal pathways. Several transcription factors that are differentially expressed in AD might account for such altered gene regulation. Similarly, changes in gene expression and co-expression within astrocyte modules could be attributed to combined effects of astrogliosis and astrocyte gene activation. Gene expression in the astrocyte modules was also strongly correlated with clinicopathological biomarkers. Through this work, we demonstrated that combinatorial analysis can delineate the origins of transcriptomic changes in bulk tissue data and shed light on key genes and pathways involved in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis S Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Shunian Xiang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Tianhan Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael Cheng
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Tianfu Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Dong Ni
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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30
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Bonnefont J, Vanderhaeghen P. Neuronal fate acquisition and specification: time for a change. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 66:195-204. [PMID: 33412482 PMCID: PMC8064025 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, neural stem/progenitor cells generate hundreds of different cell types through the combination of intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Recent data obtained in mouse and human cortical neurogenesis provide novel views about this interplay and how it evolves with time, whether during irreversible cell fate transitions that neural stem cells undergo to become neurons, or through gradual temporal changes of competence that lead to increased neuronal diversity from a common stem cell pool. In each case the temporal changes result from a dynamic balance between intracellular states and extracellular signalling factors. The underlying mechanisms are mostly conserved across species, but some display unique features in human corticogenesis, thereby linking temporal features of neurogenesis and human brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Bonnefont
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; VIB-KULeuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KULeuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; VIB-KULeuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KULeuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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31
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Aylwin CF, Lomniczi A. Sirtuin (SIRT)-1: At the crossroads of puberty and metabolism. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2020; 14:65-72. [PMID: 32905232 PMCID: PMC7467505 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus reside two neuronal systems in charge of regulating feeding control and reproductive development. The melanocortin system responds to metabolic fluctuations adjusting food intake, whereas kisspeptin neurons are in charge of the excitatory control of Gonadotropin Hormone Releasing Hormone (GnRH) neurons. While it is known that the melanocortin system regulates GnRH neuronal activity, it was recently demonstrated that kisspeptin neurons not only innervate melanocortin neurons, but also play an active role in the control of metabolism. These two neuronal systems are intricately interconnected forming loops of stimulation and inhibition according to metabolic status. Furthermore, intracellular and epigenetic pathways respond to external environmental signals by changing DNA conformation and gene expression. Here we review the role of Silent mating type Information Regulation 2 homologue 1 (Sirt1), a class III NAD+ dependent protein deacetylase, in the ARC control of pubertal development and feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Aylwin
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, OHSU, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Alejandro Lomniczi
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, OHSU, Beaverton, OR, USA
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32
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Iwata R, Casimir P, Vanderhaeghen P. Mitochondrial dynamics in postmitotic cells regulate neurogenesis. Science 2020; 369:858-862. [PMID: 32792401 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba9760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of neural stem cells into neurons is associated with the remodeling of organelles, but whether and how this is causally linked to fate change is poorly understood. We examined and manipulated mitochondrial dynamics during mouse and human cortical neurogenesis. We reveal that shortly after cortical stem cells have divided, daughter cells destined to self-renew undergo mitochondrial fusion, whereas those that retain high levels of mitochondria fission become neurons. Increased mitochondria fission promotes neuronal fate, whereas induction of mitochondria fusion after mitosis redirects daughter cells toward self-renewal. This occurs during a restricted time window that is doubled in human cells, in line with their increased self-renewal capacity. Our data reveal a postmitotic period of fate plasticity in which mitochondrial dynamics are linked with cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Iwata
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium.,ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Casimir
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium.,ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium.,ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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33
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Abstract
The neocortex is the largest part of the mammalian brain and is the seat of our higher cognitive functions. This outstanding neural structure increased massively in size and complexity during evolution in a process recapitulated today during the development of extant mammals. Accordingly, defects in neocortical development commonly result in severe intellectual and social deficits. Thus, understanding the development of the neocortex benefits from understanding its evolution and disease and also informs about their underlying mechanisms. Here, I briefly summarize the most recent and outstanding advances in our understanding of neocortical development and focus particularly on dorsal progenitors and excitatory neurons. I place special emphasis on the specification of neural stem cells in distinct classes and their proliferation and production of neurons and then discuss recent findings on neuronal migration. Recent discoveries on the genetic evolution of neocortical development are presented with a particular focus on primates. Progress on all these fronts is being accelerated by high-throughput gene expression analyses and particularly single-cell transcriptomics. I end with novel insights into the involvement of microglia in embryonic brain development and how improvements in cultured cerebral organoids are gradually consolidating them as faithful models of neocortex development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Borrell
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Miguel Hernández, Ramon y Cajal s/n, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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