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Notohamiprodjo S, Varasteh Z, Beer AJ, Niu G, Chen X(S, Weber W, Schwaiger M. Tumor Vasculature. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Fields GB, Stawikowski MJ. Imaging Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity Implicated in Breast Cancer Progression. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1406:303-29. [PMID: 26820965 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3444-7_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis has been cited as an important contributor to cancer initiation and progression. One can take advantage of tumor-associated proteases to selectively deliver imaging agents. Protease-activated imaging systems have been developed using substrates designed for hydrolysis by members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. We presently describe approaches by which one can optically image matrix metalloproteinase activity implicated in breast cancer progression, with consideration of selective versus broad protease probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA. .,Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987, USA.
| | - Maciej J Stawikowski
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
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Liu Q, Pan D, Cheng C, Zhang D, Zhang A, Wang L, Jiang H, Wang T, Liu H, Xu Y, Yang R, Chen F, Yang M, Zuo C. Development of a Novel PET Tracer [18F]AlF-NOTA-C6 Targeting MMP2 for Tumor Imaging. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141668. [PMID: 26540114 PMCID: PMC4634933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective The overexpression of gelatinases, that is, matrix metalloproteinase MMP2 and MMP9, has been associated with tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. To image MMP2 in tumors, we developed a novel ligand termed [18F]AlF-NOTA-C6, with consideration that: c(KAHWGFTLD)NH2 (herein, C6) is a selective gelatinase inhibitor; Cy5.5-C6 has been visualized in many in vivo tumor models; positron emission tomography (PET) has a higher detection sensitivity and a wider field of view than optical imaging; fluorine-18 (18F) is the optimal PET radioisotope, and the creation of a [18F]AlF-peptide complex is a simple procedure. Methods C6 was conjugated to the bifunctional chelator NOTA (1, 4, 7-triazacyclononanetriacetic acid) for radiolabeling [18F]AlF conjugation. The MMP2-binding characteristics and tumor-targeting efficacy of [18F]AlF-NOTA-C6 were tested in vitro and in vivo. Results The non-decay corrected yield of [18F]AlF-NOTA-C6 was 46.2–64.2%, and the radiochemical purity exceeded 95%. [18F]AlF-NOTA-C6 was favorably retained in SKOV3 and PC3 cells, determined by cell uptake. Using NOTA-C6 as a competitive ligand, the uptake of [18F]AlF-NOTA-C6 in SKOV3 cells decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In biodistribution and PET imaging studies, higher radioactivity concentrations were observed in tumors. Pre-injection of C6 caused a marked reduction in tumor tissue uptake. Immunohistochemistry showed MMP2 in tumor tissues. Conclusions [18F]AlF-NOTA-C6 was easy to synthesize and has substantial potential as an imaging agent that targets MMP2 in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- * E-mail: (QHL); (MY); (CJZ)
| | - Donghui Pan
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Anyu Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Hongdie Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Runlin Yang
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Min Yang
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, 214063, China
- * E-mail: (QHL); (MY); (CJZ)
| | - Changjing Zuo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- * E-mail: (QHL); (MY); (CJZ)
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Liu Q, Pan D, Cheng C, Zhang A, Ma C, Wang L, Zhang D, Liu H, Jiang H, Wang T, Xu Y, Yang R, Chen F, Yang M, Zuo C. Targeting of MMP2 activity in malignant tumors with a 68Ga-labeled gelatinase inhibitor cyclic peptide. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:939-44. [PMID: 26344861 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated levels of gelatinases (matrix metalloproteinases 2/9, i.e., MMP2 and MMP9) are associated with tumor progression, invasion and metastasis, so these enzymes are potential targets for tumor imaging. The peptide c(KAHWGFTLD)NH2 (herein, C6) is a selective gelatinase inhibitor. Cy5.5-C6 has been visualized in many tumor models in vivo. However, the sensitivity and penetrance of optical imaging are poor. It is well known that positron emission tomography (PET) has a high detection sensitivity and Gallium-68 ((68)Ga) is an optimal PET radioisotope. Thus, in the present study, we developed a novel ligand, (68)Ga-NOTA-C6, to image MMP2 activity in tumors. METHODS C6 was conjugated with the bifunctional chelator NOTA (1,4,7-triazacyclononanetriacetic acid) and labeled with (68)Ga. In vitro uptake and binding analyses were performed by using SKOV3 cell lines, coincubating with or without the MMP inhibitor doxycycline. The biodistribution and PET imaging were conducted on SKOV3 ovarian tumor models. MMP2 expression in tumors was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS The non-decay corrected yield of (68)Ga-NOTA-C6 was 61.8%-63.3%. (68)Ga-NOTA-C6 was stable in both physiological saline and human serum. The uptake of (68)Ga-NOTA-C6 in SKOV3 cells increased with time, and could be blocked by doxycycline in a dose dependent manner. The results of biodistribution and PET imaging showed that high radioactivity concentrations of (68)Ga-NOTA-C6 occurred in tumors. The ratios of tumor to blood, muscle and ovary and oviduct at 30, 60 and 120min p.i. were 2.78±0.54, 3.86±0.65, 0.48±0.14, and 1.73±0.36, 10.31±3.12, 1.22±0.10, and 2.50±0.78, 7.03±1.85, 0.97±0.25, respectively. The tracer was excreted mainly through the renal system, as evidenced by high levels of radioactivity in the kidneys. These data support the possibility of using (68)Ga-NOTA-C6 in PET to visualize tumors that overexpress MMP2. CONCLUSIONS (68)Ga-NOTA-C6 is a potential radiopharmaceutical for the imaging of in vivo MMP2 activity in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 200433.
| | - Donghui Pan
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, 214063
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 200433
| | - Anyu Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 200433
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China, 361004
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, 214063
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 200433
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 201203
| | - Hongdie Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 200433
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 200433
| | - Yuping Xu
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, 214063
| | - Runlin Yang
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, 214063
| | - Fei Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, 214063
| | - Min Yang
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, 214063.
| | - Changjing Zuo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 200433.
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Kawano T, Murata M, Piao JS, Narahara S, Hamano N, Kang JH, Hashizume M. Systemic delivery of protein nanocages bearing CTT peptides for enhanced imaging of MMP-2 expression in metastatic tumor models. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 16:148-58. [PMID: 25547485 PMCID: PMC4307240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) in metastatic cancer tissue, which is associated with a poor prognosis, is a potential target for tumor imaging in vivo. Here, we describe a metastatic cancer cell-targeted protein nanocage. An MMP-2-binding peptide, termed CTT peptide (CTTHWGFTLC), was conjugated to the surface of a naturally occurring heat shock protein nanocage by genetic modification. The engineered protein nanocages showed a binding affinity for MMP-2 and selective uptake in cancer cells that highly expressed MMP-2 in vitro. In near-infrared fluorescence imaging, the nanocages showed specific and significant accumulation in tumor tissue after intravenous injection in vivo. These protein nanocages conjugated with CTT peptide could be potentially applied to a noninvasive near-infrared fluorescence detection method for imaging gelatinase activity in metastatic tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Kawano
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Jing Shu Piao
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Sayoko Narahara
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Nobuhito Hamano
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Makoto Hashizume
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Wang H, Yang Z, Gu J. Therapeutic Targeting of Angiogenesis with a Recombinant CTT Peptide–Endostatin Mimic–Kringle 5 Protein. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2674-87. [PMID: 25127900 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Biomimetic Materials/chemistry
- Biomimetic Materials/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Endostatins/chemistry
- Endostatins/pharmacology
- HEK293 Cells
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Kringles
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Random Allocation
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Houbin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, LSC, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, LSC, Peking University, Beijing, China. Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Guangzhou, China.
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Eggleston H, Panizzi P. Molecular imaging of bacterial infections in vivo: the discrimination of infection from inflammation. INFORMATICS (MDPI) 2014; 1:72-99. [PMID: 26985401 PMCID: PMC4790455 DOI: 10.3390/informatics1010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging by definition is the visualization of molecular and cellular processes within a given system. The modalities and reagents described here represent a diverse array spanning both pre-clinical and clinical applications. Innovations in probe design and technologies would greatly benefit therapeutic outcomes by enhancing diagnostic accuracy and assessment of acute therapy. Opportunistic pathogens continue to pose a worldwide threat, despite advancements in treatment strategies, which highlights the continued need for improved diagnostics. In this review, we present a summary of the current clinical protocol for the imaging of a suspected infection, methods currently in development to optimize this imaging process, and finally, insight into endocarditis as a model of infectious disease in immediate need of improved diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Eggleston
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Peter Panizzi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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Altıparmak B, Lambrecht FY, Citak A. Design of radiolabeled gelatinase inhibitor peptide ((99m)Tc-CLP) and evaluation in rats. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 89:130-3. [PMID: 24631744 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In malignant tissues, MMP-9 (gelatinase B, 92 kDa type IV collagenase) and MMP-2 (gelatinase A, 72 kDa type IV collagenase) are the most prevalent matrix metalloproteinases related to the tumor aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Since elevated levels of gelatinases are associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients, these enzymes are potential targets for tumor imaging to possibly predict metastases. In the present study, a cyclic decapeptide, CLP (Cys-Leu-Pro-Gly-His-Trp-Gly-Phe-Pro-Ser-Cys), was selected as a basic peptide because of its selective inhibitory activity toward gelatinases. The peptide was labelled with (99m)Tc with a radiolabelling efficiency of 94.6±4.1%. After determining the appropriate conditions for radiolabelling, a biodistribution study of radiolabelled peptide in Albino Wistar rats was done. According to biodistribution data, (99m)Tc-CLP showed high uptake in the lung, liver, uterus and spleen. The amount of normal tissue MMPs enzymes is known to be lower than a tumor tissue. In this connection, our findings show that matrix metalloproteinases inhibitory peptide which is CLP is labeled with (99m)Tc with high yield and radiolabeled peptide might be might be utilized for the imaging of gelatinase activity due to overexpression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Altıparmak
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Science, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yurt Lambrecht
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Science, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Asli Citak
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Science, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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Altıparmak B, Lambrecht FY, Er O. Design of (99m) Tc-DTPA-CLP and preliminary evaluation in rats. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 83:362-6. [PMID: 24148110 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals are localized in (malignant) tumor tissues by different mechanisms. One of these mechanisms, gelatinase enzyme activity, is associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients and potential targets for tumor imaging. There are some gelatinases to be associated with metastatic potential for tumor imaging to possibly predict metastases. In this study, a cyclic decapeptide conjugate, DTPA-CLP (DTPA-Cys-Leu-Pro-Gly-His-Trp-Gly-Phe-Pro-Ser-Cys), was selected as a peptide conjugate because of its selective inhibitory activity toward gelatinases. Peptide-conjugated DTPA-CLP was labeled with (99m) Tc with a radiolabeling efficiency of 97.0 ± 2.8%. After determining optimization conditions for radiolabeling, a biodistribution study of radiolabeled peptide in albino Wistar rats was performed. According to biodistribution data, (99m) Tc-DTPA-CLP showed high uptake in the lung, liver, uterus, and spleen. These results show that (99m) Tc-DTPA-CLP may be used for the imaging of gelatinase activity in metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Altıparmak
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
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Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) exhibit a broad array of activities, some catalytic and some non-catalytic in nature. An overall lack of selectivity has rendered small molecule, active site targeted MMP inhibitors problematic in execution. Inhibitors that favor few or individual members of the MMP family often take advantage of interactions outside the enzyme active site. We presently focus on peptide-based MMP inhibitors and probes that do not incorporate conventional Zn2+ binding groups. In some cases, these inhibitors and probes function by binding only secondary binding sites (exosites), while others bind both exosites and the active site. A myriad of MMP mediated-activities beyond selective catalysis can be inhibited by peptides, particularly cell adhesion, proliferation, motility, and invasion. Selective MMP binding peptides comprise highly customizable, unique imaging agents. Areas of needed improvement for MMP targeting peptides include binding affinity and stability.
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is an integral part of tumor growth and invasion. This has led to the emergence of several antiangiogenic therapies and stimulated efforts to accurately evaluate the extent of angiogenesis before and in response to anticancer treatment. The most commonly used approach has been the assessment of new vessel formation in histological samples. However, it is becoming apparent that this is insufficient for a full understanding of tumor physiology and for in vivo guidance of cancer management. Imaging has the potential to provide noninvasive and repeatable assessment of the angiogenic process. Imaging approaches use a variety of modalities and are aimed at either assessment of the functional integrity of tumor vasculature or assessment of its molecular status. This review summarizes the aims and methods of clinical tumor angiogenesis imaging, including present technologies and ones that will be developed within the next 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Patel
- Department of Radiology, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
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Knapinska A, Fields GB. Chemical biology for understanding matrix metalloproteinase function. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2002-20. [PMID: 22933318 PMCID: PMC3951272 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family has long been associated with normal physiological processes such as embryonic implantation, tissue remodeling, organ development, and wound healing, as well as multiple aspects of cancer initiation and progression, osteoarthritis, inflammatory and vascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. The development of chemically designed MMP probes has advanced our understanding of the roles of MMPs in disease in addition to shedding considerable light on the mechanisms of MMP action. The first generation of protease-activated agents has demonstrated proof of principle as well as providing impetus for in vivo applications. One common problem has been a lack of agent stability at nontargeted tissues and organs due to activation by multiple proteases. The present review considers how chemical biology has impacted the progress made in understanding the roles of MMPs in disease and the basic mechanisms of MMP action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987 (USA)
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13
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Azhdarinia A, Wilganowski N, Robinson H, Ghosh P, Kwon S, Lazard ZW, Davis AR, Olmsted-Davis E, Sevick-Muraca EM. Characterization of chemical, radiochemical and optical properties of a dual-labeled MMP-9 targeting peptide. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3769-76. [PMID: 21612930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging possesses similar sensitivity to nuclear imaging and has led to the emergence of multimodal approaches with dual-labeled nuclear/near-infrared (NIR) agents. The growing impact of (68)Ga (t(1/2)=68 min) labeled peptides on preclinical and clinical research offers a promising opportunity to merge the high spatial resolution of NIR imaging with the clinically-accepted positron emission tomography (PET). Previously, dual-labeled agents have been prepared with longer-lived radiometals and showed no detrimental effects on optical properties as a result of radiolabeling. In this study, we selected a peptide (M(2)) that targets MMP-2/9 and is dual-labeled with IRDye 800 CW and (68)Ga. Since (68)Ga chelation typically requires low pH (3.5-4) and elevated heating temperatures (95 °C), we sought to evaluate the impact of (68)Ga labeling on the optical properties of M(2). An efficient method for preparation of (68)Ga-M(2) was developed and reaction conditions were optimized. Stability studies in PBS, DTPA, and serum were performed and high levels of intact agent were evident under each condition. The addition of multiple reporters to a targeting agent adds further complexity to the characterization and validation and thus requires not only testing to ensure the agent is stable chemically and radiochemically, but also optically. Therefore, fluorescence properties were evaluated using a spectrofluorometer as well as by fluorescence detection via HPLC. It was determined that (68)Ga-labeling conditions did not impair the fluorescent properties of the agent. The agent was then used for in vivo imaging in a mouse model of heterotopic ossification (HO) with activated MMP-9 expression as an early biomarker which precedes mineralization. Although (68)Ga-complexation greatly reduced binding affinity of the peptide and negated tracer uptake on PET, NIR imaging showed consistent fluorescent signal that correlated to MMP-9 expression. This attests to the feasibility of using (68)Ga/NIR for dual-labeling of other peptides or small molecules for multimodality molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azhdarinia
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Cochran R, Cochran F. Phage display and molecular imaging: expanding fields of vision in living subjects. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2011; 27:57-94. [PMID: 21415893 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2010.10648145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vivo molecular imaging enables non-invasive visualization of biological processes within living subjects, and holds great promise for diagnosis and monitoring of disease. The ability to create new agents that bind to molecular targets and deliver imaging probes to desired locations in the body is critically important to further advance this field. To address this need, phage display, an established technology for the discovery and development of novel binding agents, is increasingly becoming a key component of many molecular imaging research programs. This review discusses the expanding role played by phage display in the field of molecular imaging with a focus on in vivo applications. Furthermore, new methodological advances in phage display that can be directly applied to the discovery and development of molecular imaging agents are described. Various phage library selection strategies are summarized and compared, including selections against purified target, intact cells, and ex vivo tissue, plus in vivo homing strategies. An outline of the process for converting polypeptides obtained from phage display library selections into successful in vivo imaging agents is provided, including strategies to optimize in vivo performance. Additionally, the use of phage particles as imaging agents is also described. In the latter part of the review, a survey of phage-derived in vivo imaging agents is presented, and important recent examples are highlighted. Other imaging applications are also discussed, such as the development of peptide tags for site-specific protein labeling and the use of phage as delivery agents for reporter genes. The review concludes with a discussion of how phage display technology will continue to impact both basic science and clinical applications in the field of molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Cancer Center, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA
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Ujula T, Huttunen M, Luoto P, Peräkylä H, Simpura I, Wilson I, Bergman M, Roivainen A. Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Targeting Peptides: Syntheses, 68Ga-labeling, and Preliminary Evaluation in a Rat Melanoma Xenograft Model. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1612-21. [DOI: 10.1021/bc1000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Ujula
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Karyon-CTT Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, Turku Imanet, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics, Turku, Finland, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja Huttunen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Karyon-CTT Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, Turku Imanet, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics, Turku, Finland, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pauliina Luoto
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Karyon-CTT Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, Turku Imanet, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics, Turku, Finland, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu Peräkylä
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Karyon-CTT Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, Turku Imanet, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics, Turku, Finland, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Simpura
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Karyon-CTT Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, Turku Imanet, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics, Turku, Finland, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ian Wilson
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Karyon-CTT Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, Turku Imanet, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics, Turku, Finland, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mathias Bergman
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Karyon-CTT Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, Turku Imanet, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics, Turku, Finland, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Karyon-CTT Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, Turku Imanet, GE Healthcare Medical Diagnostics, Turku, Finland, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Lee S, Xie J, Chen X. Peptides and peptide hormones for molecular imaging and disease diagnosis. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3087-111. [PMID: 20225899 DOI: 10.1021/cr900361p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seulki Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Suite 1C14, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2281, USA
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Michalski MH, Chen X. Molecular imaging in cancer treatment. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 38:358-77. [PMID: 20661557 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The success of cancer therapy can be difficult to predict, as its efficacy is often predicated upon characteristics of the cancer, treatment, and individual that are not fully understood or are difficult to ascertain. Monitoring the response of disease to treatment is therefore essential and has traditionally been characterized by changes in tumor volume. However, in many instances, this singular measure is insufficient for predicting treatment effects on patient survival. Molecular imaging allows repeated in vivo measurement of many critical molecular features of neoplasm, such as metabolism, proliferation, angiogenesis, hypoxia, and apoptosis, which can be employed for monitoring therapeutic response. In this review, we examine the current methods for evaluating response to treatment and provide an overview of emerging PET molecular imaging methods that will help guide future cancer therapies.
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Wadas TJ, Wong EH, Weisman GR, Anderson CJ. Coordinating radiometals of copper, gallium, indium, yttrium, and zirconium for PET and SPECT imaging of disease. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2858-902. [PMID: 20415480 PMCID: PMC2874951 DOI: 10.1021/cr900325h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus J Wadas
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225 St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Abstract
The recognition that the successful clinical use of MMP inhibitors will require quantitative correlation of MMP activity with disease type, and to disease progression, has stimulated intensive effort toward the development of sensitive assay methods, improved analytical methods for the determination of the structural profile for MMP-sub-type inhibition, and the development of new methods for the determination - in both quantitative and qualitative terms - of MMP activity. This chapter reviews recent progress toward these objectives, with particular emphasis on the quantitative and qualitative profiling of MMP activity in cells and tissues. Quantitative determination of MMP activity is made from the concentration of the MMP from the tissue, using immobilization of a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor on a chromatography resin. Active MMP, to the exclusion of MMP zymogens and endogenous TIMP-inhibited MMPs, is retained on the column. Characterization of the MMP sub-type(s) follows from appropriate analysis of the active MMP eluted from the resin. Qualitative determination of MMP involvement in disease can be made using an MMP sub-type-selective inhibitor. The proof of principle, with respect to this qualitative determination of the disease involvement of the gelatinase MMP-2 and MMP-9 sub-types, is provided by the class of thiirane-based MMP mechanism-based inhibitors (SB-3CT as the prototype). Positive outcomes in animal models of disease having MMP-2 and/or -9 dependency follow administration of this MMP inhibitor, whereas this inhibitor is inactive in disease models where other MMPs (such as MMP-14) are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is a highly-controlled process that is dependent on the intricate balance of both promoting and inhibiting factors, involved in various physiological and pathological processes. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate angiogenesis has resulted in the design of new and more effective therapeutic strategies. Due to insufficient sensitivity to detect therapeutic effects by using standard clinical endpoints or by looking for physiological improvement, a multitude of imaging techniques have been developed to assess tissue vasculature on the structural, functional and molecular level. Imaging is expected to provide a novel approach to noninvasively monitor angiogenesis, to optimize the dose of new antiangiogenic agents and to assess the efficacy of therapies directed at modulation of the angiogenic process. All these methods have been successfully used preclinically and will hopefully aid in antiangiogenic drug development in animal studies. In this review article, the application of PET in angiogenesis imaging at both functional and molecular level will be discussed. For PET imaging of angiogenesis related molecular markers, we emphasize integrin alpha(v)beta(3), VEGF/VEGFR, and MMPs.
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Ogawa K, Mukai T. Targeted imaging and therapy for bone metastases: control of pharmacokinetics of bone-targeted radiopharmaceuticals. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(09)50032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Akizawa H, Uehara T, Arano Y. Renal uptake and metabolism of radiopharmaceuticals derived from peptides and proteins. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:1319-28. [PMID: 18508156 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled anti-CD20 antibodies have demonstrated impressive efficacy in the treatment of relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This encourages the treatment of solid tumor with radiolabeled antibody fragments and peptides. However, both preclinical and clinical studies revealed that persistent localization of radioactivity in the kidney constitutes a major obstacle that compromises therapeutic efficacy. Recent extensive studies show that long residence times of radiolabeled end products from lysosomes are responsible for the renal radioactivity levels. Recent studies have also elucidated the involvement of megalin-cubilin in renal tubular reabsorption of radiolabeled antibody fragments and peptides. In light of these findings, efforts are being made to block tubular reabsorption of radiolabeled antibody fragments and peptides by competitive inhibitors, charge modification, and PEGylation. An interposition of an enzyme-cleavable linkage between antibody fragments and radiolabels would constitute an alternative approach to reduce renal radioactivity levels. Recent findings of these studies will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Akizawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
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Synthesis of a beta-tetrapeptide analog as a mother compound for the development of matrix metalloproteinase-2-imaging agents. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:260-5. [PMID: 18310933 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is an attractive target for the diagnosis of cancer and atherosclerosis in nuclear imaging. A cyclic decapeptide, cCTTHWGFTLC (cCTT), has been used as the mother compound for the development of MMP-2-imaging agents with high potency and selectivity. Most of radiolabeled derivatives of cCTT currently developed for in vivo studies of MMP-2, however, suffer from low accumulation in the target tissues, such as tumors. For enhanced in vivo stability and tissue penetration, we designed a linear beta-tetrapeptide analog, H-beta 3-Phe-beta-Ala-beta 3-Trp-beta 3-His-OH (1), to mimic cCTT. The component beta-amino acids were prepared by reduction of N-protected alpha-amino acid methyl esters to the alcohols, followed by conversion into the cyanides, and subsequent hydrolysis. Compound 1 was obtained from these beta-amino acids by the conventional solution method. In MMP-2 inhibition assay, compound 1 displayed desirably significant inhibition, which was comparable to cCTT. These findings suggest that compound 1 may serve as a mother compound in the design and development of in vivo MMP-2-imaging agents.
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Mukai T. [Development of bifunctional radiopharmaceuticals for targeted imaging and therapy]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:1937-45. [PMID: 18057782 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In vivo radiopharmaceuticals have two different uses - for nuclear diagnostic imaging and for internal radiation therapy. For nuclear diagnostic imaging, it is necessary to make the difference of radioactivity levels between in the target regions and in the other regions at an early time after administration. For internal radiation therapy, a more selective accumulation of the radioactivity to the target regions is required to minimize an adverse effect. In order to achieve the highly selective accumulation of in vivo radiopharmaceuticals, it is necessary to find an appropriate target molecule in the first place and design a compound which can recognize the target molecule and stably label it with radionuclide. There are several proposed approaches to chemical design for this purpose. However, even with the specific recognition and stable radiolabel, targeted imaging and therapy are not necessarily achieved. We have been developing in vivo radiopharmaceuticals based on a chemical design called "bifunctional radiopharmaceutical." Bifunctional radiopharmaceuticals have the recognition site of the target molecule and binding site for the radionuclide independently in one molecule. This review summarizes our examples of chemical design of in vivo radiopharmaceuticals to achieve the targeted imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mukai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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